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Gee CW, Andersen-Ranberg J, Boynton E, Rosen RZ, Jorgens D, Grob P, Holman HYN, Niyogi KK. Implicating the red body of Nannochloropsis in forming the recalcitrant cell wall polymer algaenan. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5456. [PMID: 38937455 PMCID: PMC11211512 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Stramenopile algae contribute significantly to global primary productivity, and one class, Eustigmatophyceae, is increasingly studied for applications in high-value lipid production. Yet much about their basic biology remains unknown, including the nature of an enigmatic, pigmented globule found in vegetative cells. Here, we present an in-depth examination of this "red body," focusing on Nannochloropsis oceanica. During the cell cycle, the red body forms adjacent to the plastid, but unexpectedly it is secreted and released with the autosporangial wall following cell division. Shed red bodies contain antioxidant ketocarotenoids, and overexpression of a beta-carotene ketolase results in enlarged red bodies. Infrared spectroscopy indicates long-chain, aliphatic lipids in shed red bodies and cell walls, and UHPLC-HRMS detects a C32 alkyl diol, a potential precursor of algaenan, a recalcitrant cell wall polymer. We propose that the red body transports algaenan precursors from plastid to apoplast to be incorporated into daughter cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Gee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Johan Andersen-Ranberg
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Frederiksberg, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Ethan Boynton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rachel Z Rosen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA
| | - Danielle Jorgens
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Patricia Grob
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hoi-Ying N Holman
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Pasaribu B, Purba NP, Dewanti LP, Pasaribu D, Khan AMA, Harahap SA, Syamsuddin ML, Ihsan YN, Siregar SH, Faizal I, Herawati T, Irfan M, Simorangkir TPH, Kurniawan TA. Lipid Droplets in Endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae spp. Associated with Corals. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:949. [PMID: 38611478 PMCID: PMC11013053 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Symbiodiniaceae species is a dinoflagellate that plays a crucial role in maintaining the symbiotic mutualism of reef-building corals in the ocean. Reef-building corals, as hosts, provide the nutrition and habitat to endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species and Symbiodiniaceae species transfer the fixed carbon to the corals for growth. Environmental stress is one of the factors impacting the physiology and metabolism of the corals-dinoflagellate association. The environmental stress triggers the metabolic changes in Symbiodiniaceae species resulting in an increase in the production of survival organelles related to storage components such as lipid droplets (LD). LDs are found as unique organelles, mainly composed of triacylglycerols surrounded by phospholipids embedded with some proteins. To date, it has been reported that investigation of lipid droplets significantly present in animals and plants led to the understanding that lipid droplets play a key role in lipid storage and transport. The major challenge of investigating endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species lies in overcoming the strategies in isolating lesser lipid droplets present in its intercellular cells. Here, we review the most recent highlights of LD research in endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species particularly focusing on LD biogenesis, mechanism, and major lipid droplet proteins. Moreover, to comprehend potential novel ways of energy storage in the symbiotic interaction between endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species and its host, we also emphasize recent emerging environmental factors such as temperature, ocean acidification, and nutrient impacting the accumulation of lipid droplets in endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buntora Pasaribu
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
- Shallow Coastal and Aquatic Research Forensic (SCARF) Laboratory, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Noir Primadona Purba
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Lantun Paradhita Dewanti
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia;
| | - Daniel Pasaribu
- Faculty of Law, Social, and Political Sciences, Universitas Terbuka, Tangerang 15437, Indonesia;
| | - Alexander Muhammad Akbar Khan
- Tropical Marine Fisheries Undergraduate Programme for Pangandaran Campus, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia;
| | - Syawaludin Alisyahbana Harahap
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Mega Laksmini Syamsuddin
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Yudi Nurul Ihsan
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Sofyan Husein Siregar
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru 28291, Indonesia;
| | - Ibnu Faizal
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia; (N.P.P.); (S.A.H.); (M.L.S.); (Y.N.I.); (I.F.)
| | - Titin Herawati
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
- Master Program of Marine Conservation, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40600, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Irfan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
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Wang M, Ye X, Bi H, Shen Z. Microalgae biofuels: illuminating the path to a sustainable future amidst challenges and opportunities. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:10. [PMID: 38254224 PMCID: PMC10804497 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The development of microalgal biofuels is of significant importance in advancing the energy transition, alleviating food pressure, preserving the natural environment, and addressing climate change. Numerous countries and regions across the globe have conducted extensive research and strategic planning on microalgal bioenergy, investing significant funds and manpower into this field. However, the microalgae biofuel industry has faced a downturn due to the constraints of high costs. In the past decade, with the development of new strains, technologies, and equipment, the feasibility of large-scale production of microalgae biofuel should be re-evaluated. Here, we have gathered research results from the past decade regarding microalgae biofuel production, providing insights into the opportunities and challenges faced by this industry from the perspectives of microalgae selection, modification, and cultivation. In this review, we suggest that highly adaptable microalgae are the preferred choice for large-scale biofuel production, especially strains that can utilize high concentrations of inorganic carbon sources and possess stress resistance. The use of omics technologies and genetic editing has greatly enhanced lipid accumulation in microalgae. However, the associated risks have constrained the feasibility of large-scale outdoor cultivation. Therefore, the relatively controllable cultivation method of photobioreactors (PBRs) has made it the mainstream approach for microalgae biofuel production. Moreover, adjusting the performance and parameters of PBRs can also enhance lipid accumulation in microalgae. In the future, given the relentless escalation in demand for sustainable energy sources, microalgae biofuels should be deemed a pivotal constituent of national energy planning, particularly in the case of China. The advancement of synthetic biology helps reduce the risks associated with genetically modified (GM) microalgae and enhances the economic viability of their biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Ye
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Hongwen Bi
- Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Zhongbao Shen
- Grass and Science Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China.
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Mao X, Zhou X, Fan X, Jin W, Xi J, Tu R, Naushad M, Li X, Liu H, Wang Q. Proteomic analysis reveals mechanisms of mixed wastewater with different N/P ratios affecting the growth and biochemical characteristics of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 381:129141. [PMID: 37169198 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Effects of different nutrient ratios on the biochemical compositions of microalgae and the changes were rarely studied at the molecular level. In this study, the impacts of various nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P) ratios on growing of C. pyrenoidosa, as well as biochemical compositions and the metabolic regulation mechanism in mixed sewage, were investigated. The results suggested that 18 was optimal N/P ratio, while the dry weight (1.0 g/L), chlorophyll-a (Chla) (3.63 mg/L), and lipid production (0.28 g/L) were all the highest comparing with other groups. In contrast, the protein production (0.37 g/L) was the least. The nature of the regulatory mechanisms inthe metabolic pathways of these biochemical compositions was revealed by proteomic results, and there were 62 different expression proteins (DEPs) taken part in fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis metabolism (FA), amino acid biosynthesis metabolism (AA), photosynthesis (PHO), carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms (CFP), and central carbon metabolism (CCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Xiumin Fan
- Shenzhen ecological and environmental intelligent management and control center, Shenzhen, 518034, China
| | - Wenbiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jingjing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Renjie Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Mu Naushad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuan Li
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Huan Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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Liu K, Li J, Xing C, Yuan H, Yang J. Characterization of Auxenochlorella protothecoides acyltransferases and potential of their protein interactions to promote the enrichment of oleic acid. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:69. [PMID: 37085915 PMCID: PMC10120206 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After centuries of heavy reliance on fossil fuel energy, the world suffers from an energy crisis and global warming, calling for carbon emission reduction and a transition to clean energy. Microalgae have attracted much attention as a potential feedstock for biofuel production due to their high triacylglycerol content and CO2 sequestration ability. Many diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) species have been characterized, which catalyze the final committed step in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. However, the detailed structure-function features of DGATs and the role of the interactions among DGAT proteins in lipid metabolism remained largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, the three characterized DGATs of Auxenochlorella protothecoides 2341 showed distinct structural and functional conservation. Functional complementation analyses showed that ApDGAT1 had higher activity than ApDGAT2b in yeast and model microalgae, and ApDGAT2a had no activity in yeast. The N-terminus was not essential to the catalysis function of ApDGAT1 but was crucial to ApDGAT2b as its enzyme activity was sensitive to any N-terminus modifications. Similarly, when acyl-CoA binding proteins (ACBPs) were fused to the N-terminus of ApDGAT1 and ApDGAT2b, zero and significant activity changes were observed, respectively. Interestingly, the ApACBP3 + ApDGAT1 variant contributed to higher oil accumulation than the original DGAT1, and ApACBP1 + ApDGAT1 fusion boosted oleic acid content in yeast. Overexpression of the three DGATs and the variation of ApACBP3 + ApDGAT1 increased the content of C18:1 of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC-5235. Significantly, ApDGAT1 interacted with itself, ApDGAT2b, and ApACBP1, which indicated that these three lipid metabolic proteins might have been a part of a dynamic protein interactome that facilitated the enrichment of oleic acid. CONCLUSIONS This study provided new insights into the functional and structural characteristics of DGATs and elucidated the importance of these physical interactions in potential lipid channeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chao Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Hanano A, Blée E, Murphy DJ. Caleosin/peroxygenases: multifunctional proteins in plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:387-409. [PMID: 36656070 PMCID: PMC10072107 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caleosin/peroxygenases (CLO/PXGs) are a family of multifunctional proteins that are ubiquitous in land plants and are also found in some fungi and green algae. CLO/PXGs were initially described as a class of plant lipid-associated proteins with some similarities to the oleosins that stabilize lipid droplets (LDs) in storage tissues, such as seeds. However, we now know that CLO/PXGs have more complex structures, distributions and functions than oleosins. Structurally, CLO/PXGs share conserved domains that confer specific biochemical features, and they have diverse localizations and functions. SCOPE This review surveys the structural properties of CLO/PXGs and their biochemical roles. In addition to their highly conserved structures, CLO/PXGs have peroxygenase activities and are involved in several aspects of oxylipin metabolism in plants. The enzymatic activities and the spatiotemporal expression of CLO/PXGs are described and linked with their wider involvement in plant physiology. Plant CLO/PXGs have many roles in both biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants and in their responses to environmental toxins. Finally, some intriguing developments in the biotechnological uses of CLO/PXGs are addressed. CONCLUSIONS It is now two decades since CLO/PXGs were first recognized as a new class of lipid-associated proteins and only 15 years since their additional enzymatic functions as a new class of peroxygenases were discovered. There are many interesting research questions that remain to be addressed in future physiological studies of plant CLO/PXGs and in their recently discovered roles in the sequestration and, possibly, detoxification of a wide variety of lipidic xenobiotics that can challenge plant welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsamie Hanano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria
| | - Elizabeth Blée
- Former Head of Phyto-oxylipins laboratory, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Denis J Murphy
- School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, Treforest, UK
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria
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Murison V, Hérault J, Schoefs B, Marchand J, Ulmann L. Bioinformatics-Based Screening Approach for the Identification and Characterization of Lipolytic Enzymes from the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020125. [PMID: 36827166 PMCID: PMC9964374 DOI: 10.3390/md21020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleaginous diatoms accumulate lipids of biotechnological interest when exposed to nutrient stress conditions such as nitrogen starvation. While accumulation mechanisms are well-known and have been engineered to improve lipid production, degradation mechanisms remain poorly investigated in diatoms. Identifying lipid-degrading enzymes is the initial step to understanding the catabolic processes. In this study, an in silico screening of the genome of Phaeodactylum tricornutum led to the identification of 57 putative triacylglycerol lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) grouped in 4 families. Further analysis revealed the presence of conserved domains and catalytic residues of lipases. Physico-chemical characteristics and subcellular localization predictions highlighted that a majority of these putative proteins are hydrophilic and cytosolic, suggesting they could be recruited to lipid droplets directly from the cytosol. Among the 57 identified putative proteins, three lipases were identified as possibly involved in lipophagy due to a potential vacuolar localization. The expression of the mRNA corresponding to the 57 proteins was then searched in 3 transcriptomic datasets obtained under nitrogen starvation. Nine genes were highly regulated and were considered as encoding enzymes with a probable important function in lipid catabolism. A tertiary structure prediction of these nine candidates yielded eight functional 3D models. Among those, two downregulated enzymes, Phatr3_J54974 and Phatr3_EG00720, were highlighted as good targets for future functional genomics and purification studies to investigate their role in lipid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Murison
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, Département Génie Biologique, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Le Mans Université, F-53020 Laval, France
| | - Josiane Hérault
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, Département Génie Biologique, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Le Mans Université, F-53020 Laval, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Le Mans Université, F-72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Justine Marchand
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Le Mans Université, F-72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, Département Génie Biologique, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Le Mans Université, F-53020 Laval, France
- Correspondence:
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Proteomic and lipidomic analyses of lipid droplets in Aurantiochytrium limacinum ATCC MYA-1381. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Shi M, Yu L, Shi J, Liu J. A conserved MYB transcription factor is involved in regulating lipid metabolic pathways for oil biosynthesis in green algae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:576-594. [PMID: 35342951 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Green algae can accumulate high levels of triacylglycerol (TAG), yet knowledge remains fragmented on the regulation of lipid metabolic pathways by transcription factors (TFs). Here, via bioinformatics and in vitro and in vivo analyses, we revealed the roles of a myeloblastosis (MYB) TF in regulating TAG accumulation in green algae. CzMYB1, an R2R3-MYB from Chromochloris zofingiensis, was transcriptionally upregulated upon TAG-inducing conditions and correlated well with many genes involved in the de novo fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid activation and desaturation, membrane lipid turnover, and TAG assembly. Most promoters of these genes were transactivated by CzMYB1 in the yeast one-hybrid assay and contained the binding elements CNGTTA that were recognized by CzMYB1 through the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. CrMYB1, a close homologue of CzMYB1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that recognized similar elements for binding, also transcriptionally correlated with many lipid metabolic genes. Insertional disruption of CrMYB1 severely suppressed the transcriptional expression of CrMYB1, as well as of key lipogenic genes, and impaired TAG level considerably under stress conditions. Our results reveal that this MYB, conserved in green algae, is involved in regulating global lipid metabolic pathways for TAG biosynthesis and accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meicheng Shi
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lihua Yu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianan Shi
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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10
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Li F, Han X, Guan H, Xu MC, Dong YX, Gao XQ. PALD encoding a lipid droplet-associated protein is critical for the accumulation of lipid droplets and pollen longevity in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:204-219. [PMID: 35348222 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pollen longevity is critical for plant pollination and hybrid seed production, but few studies have focused on pollen longevity. In this study, we identified an Arabidopsis thaliana gene, Protein associated with lipid droplets (PALD), which is strongly expressed in pollen and critical for the regulation of pollen longevity. PALD was expressed specifically in mature pollen grains and the pollen tube, and its expression was upregulated under dry conditions. PALD encoded a lipid droplet (LD)-associated protein and its N terminus was critical for the LD localization of PALD. The number of LDs and diameter were reduced in pollen grains of the loss-of-function PALD mutants. The viability and germination of the mature pollen grains of the pald mutants were comparable with those of the wild-type, but after the pollen grains were stored under dry conditions, pollen germination and male transmission of the mutant were compromised compared with those of the wild-type. Our study suggests that PALD was required for the maintenance of LD quality in mature pollen grains and regulation of pollen longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xiao Han
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Huan Guan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Mei Chen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Yu Xiu Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xin-Qi Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
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11
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Wood EE, Ross ME, Jubeau S, Montalescot V, Stanley MS. Progress towards a targeted biorefinery of Chromochloris zofingiensis: a review. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022; 14:8127-8152. [PMID: 38510795 PMCID: PMC10948469 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-02955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Biorefinery approaches offer the potential to improve the economics of the microalgae industry by producing multiple products from a single source of biomass. Chromochloris zofingiensis shows great promise for biorefinery due to high biomass productivity and a diverse range of products including secondary carotenoids, predominantly astaxanthin; lipids such as TAGs; carbohydrates including starch; and proteins and essential amino acids. Whilst this species has been demonstrated to accumulate multiple products, the development of an integrated downstream process to obtain these is lacking. The objective of this review paper is to assess the research that has taken place and to identify the steps that must be taken to establish a biorefinery approach for C. zofingiensis. In particular, the reasons why C. zofingiensis is a promising species to target for biorefinery are discussed in terms of cellular structure, potential products, and means to accumulate desirable components via the alteration of culture conditions. Future advances and the challenges that lie ahead for successful biorefinery of this species are also reviewed along with potential solutions to address them. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13399-022-02955-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor E. Wood
- University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI); Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA UK
- Xanthella Ltd, Malin House, European Marine Science Park, Dunstaffnage, Argyll, Oban PA37 1SZ Scotland, UK
| | - Michael E. Ross
- University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI); Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA UK
| | - Sébastien Jubeau
- Xanthella Ltd, Malin House, European Marine Science Park, Dunstaffnage, Argyll, Oban PA37 1SZ Scotland, UK
| | | | - Michele S. Stanley
- University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI); Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA UK
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12
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Bai F, Yu L, Shi J, Li-Beisson Y, Liu J. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases activate fatty acids for lipid synthesis, remodeling and energy production in Chlamydomonas. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:823-837. [PMID: 34665469 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (LACSs) play many roles in mammals, yeasts and plants, but knowledge on their functions in microalgae remains fragmented. Here via genetic, biochemical and physiological analyses, we unraveled the function and roles of LACSs in the model microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In vitro assays on purified recombinant proteins revealed that CrLACS1, CrLACS2 and CrLACS3 all exhibited bona fide LACS activities toward a broad range of free fatty acids. The Chlamydomonas mutants compromised in CrLACS1, CrLACS2 or CrLACS3 did not show any obvious phenotypes in lipid content or growth under nitrogen (N)-replete condition. But under N-deprivation, CrLACS1 or CrLACS2 suppression resulted in c. 50% less oil, yet with a higher amount of chloroplast lipids. By contrast, CrLACS3 suppression impaired oil remobilization and cell growth severely during N-recovery, supporting its role in fatty acid β-oxidation to provide energy and carbon sources for regrowth. Transcriptomics analysis suggested that the observed lipid phenotypes are likely not due to transcriptional reprogramming but rather a shift in metabolic adjustment. Taken together, this study provided solid experimental evidence for essential roles of the three Chlamydomonas LACS enzymes in lipid synthesis, remodeling and catabolism, and highlighted the importance of lipid homeostasis in cell growth under nutrient fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Bai
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lihua Yu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianan Shi
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Aix Marseille Université, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, 13108, France
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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13
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Sirohi R, Joun J, Choi HI, Gaur VK, Sim SJ. Algal glycobiotechnology: omics approaches for strain improvement. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:163. [PMID: 34419059 PMCID: PMC8379821 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae has the capability to replace petroleum-based fuels and is a promising option as an energy feedstock because of its fast growth, high photosynthetic capacity and remarkable ability to store energy reserve molecules in the form of lipids and starch. But the commercialization of microalgae based product is difficult due to its high processing cost and low productivity. Higher accumulation of these molecules may help to cut the processing cost. There are several reports on the use of various omics techniques to improve the strains of microalgae for increasing the productivity of desired products. To effectively use these techniques, it is important that the glycobiology of microalgae is associated to omics approaches to essentially give rise to the field of algal glycobiotechnology. In the past few decades, lot of work has been done to improve the strain of various microalgae such as Chlorella, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Botryococcus braunii etc., through genome sequencing and metabolic engineering with major focus on significantly increasing the productivity of biofuels, biopolymers, pigments and other products. The advancements in algae glycobiotechnology have highly significant role to play in innovation and new developments for the production algae-derived products as above. It would be highly desirable to understand the basic biology of the products derived using -omics technology together with biochemistry and biotechnology. This review discusses the potential of different omic techniques (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) to improve the yield of desired products through algal strain manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Joun
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136713, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Ii Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136713, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek Kumar Gaur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136713, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Li-Beisson Y, Kong F, Wang P, Lee Y, Kang BH. The disassembly of lipid droplets in Chlamydomonas. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1359-1364. [PMID: 34028037 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous and specialized organelles in eukaryotic cells. Consisting of a triacylglycerol core surrounded by a monolayer of membrane lipids, LDs are decorated with proteins and have myriad functions, from carbon/energy storage to membrane lipid remodeling and signal transduction. The biogenesis and turnover of LDs are therefore tightly coordinated with cellular metabolic needs in a fluctuating environment. Lipid droplet turnover requires remodeling of the protein coat, lipolysis, autophagy and fatty acid β-oxidation. Several key components of these processes have been identified in Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), including the major lipid droplet protein, a CXC-domain containing regulatory protein, the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding DTH1 (DELAYED IN TAG HYDROLYSIS1), two lipases and two enzymes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation. Here, we review LD turnover and discuss its physiological significance in Chlamydomonas, a major model green microalga in research on algal oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li-Beisson
- CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Aix-Marseille Univ, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, 13108, France
| | - Fantao Kong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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15
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Zhang Y, Ye Y, Bai F, Liu J. The oleaginous astaxanthin-producing alga Chromochloris zofingiensis: potential from production to an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:119. [PMID: 33992124 PMCID: PMC8126118 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The algal lipids-based biodiesel, albeit having advantages over plant oils, still remains high in the production cost. Co-production of value-added products with lipids has the potential to add benefits and is thus believed to be a promising strategy to improve the production economics of algal biodiesel. Chromochloris zofingiensis, a unicellular green alga, has been considered as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production because of its robust growth and ability of accumulating high levels of triacylglycerol under multiple trophic conditions. This alga is also able to synthesize high-value keto-carotenoids and has been cited as a candidate producer of astaxanthin, the strongest antioxidant found in nature. The concurrent accumulation of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin enables C. zofingiensis an ideal cell factory for integrated production of the two compounds and has potential to improve algae-based production economics. Furthermore, with the advent of chromosome-level whole genome sequence and genetic tools, C. zofingiensis becomes an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the production of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin by C. zofingiensis. We also update our understanding in the distinctive molecular mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis, with an emphasis on triacylglycerol and astaxanthin biosynthesis and crosstalk between the two pathways. Furthermore, strategies for trait improvements are discussed regarding triacylglycerol and astaxanthin synthesis in C. zofingiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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16
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Senevirathna JDM, Asakawa S. Multi-Omics Approaches and Radiation on Lipid Metabolism in Toothed Whales. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:364. [PMID: 33923876 PMCID: PMC8074237 DOI: 10.3390/life11040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid synthesis pathways of toothed whales have evolved since their movement from the terrestrial to marine environment. The synthesis and function of these endogenous lipids and affecting factors are still little understood. In this review, we focused on different omics approaches and techniques to investigate lipid metabolism and radiation impacts on lipids in toothed whales. The selected literature was screened, and capacities, possibilities, and future approaches for identifying unusual lipid synthesis pathways by omics were evaluated. Omics approaches were categorized into the four major disciplines: lipidomics, transcriptomics, genomics, and proteomics. Genomics and transcriptomics can together identify genes related to unique lipid synthesis. As lipids interact with proteins in the animal body, lipidomics, and proteomics can correlate by creating lipid-binding proteome maps to elucidate metabolism pathways. In lipidomics studies, recent mass spectroscopic methods can address lipid profiles; however, the determination of structures of lipids are challenging. As an environmental stress, the acoustic radiation has a significant effect on the alteration of lipid profiles. Radiation studies in different omics approaches revealed the necessity of multi-omics applications. This review concluded that a combination of many of the omics areas may elucidate the metabolism of lipids and possible hazards on lipids in toothed whales by radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayan D. M. Senevirathna
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
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17
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Chakdar H, Hasan M, Pabbi S, Nevalainen H, Shukla P. High-throughput proteomics and metabolomic studies guide re-engineering of metabolic pathways in eukaryotic microalgae: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 321:124495. [PMID: 33307484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic microalgae are a rich source of commercially important metabolites including lipids, pigments, sugars, amino acids and enzymes. However, their inherent genetic potential is usually not enough to support high level production of metabolites of interest. In order to move on from the traditional approach of improving product yields by modification of the cultivation conditions, understanding the metabolic pathways leading to the synthesis of the bioproducts of interest is crucial. Identification of new targets for strain engineering has been greatly facilitated by the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing and spectroscopic techniques discussed in this review. Despite the availability of high throughput analytical tools, examples of gathering and application of proteomic and metabolomic data for metabolic engineering of microalgae are few and mainly limited to lipid production. The present review highlights the application of contemporary proteomic and metabolomic techniques in eukaryotic microalgae for redesigning pathways for enhanced production of algal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillol Chakdar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh 275103, India
| | - Mafruha Hasan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sunil Pabbi
- Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue Green Algae (CCUBGA), Division of Microbiology, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012
| | - Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India; School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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18
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Wang X, Zhong Z, Chen X, Hong Z, Lin W, Mu X, Hu X, Zheng H. High-Fat Diets with Differential Fatty Acids Induce Obesity and Perturb Gut Microbiota in Honey Bee. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020834. [PMID: 33467664 PMCID: PMC7830725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HFD (high-fat diet) induces obesity and metabolic disorders, which is associated with the alteration in gut microbiota profiles. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the processes are poorly understood. In this study, we used the simple model organism honey bee to explore how different amounts and types of dietary fats affect the host metabolism and the gut microbiota. Excess dietary fat, especially palm oil, elicited higher weight gain, lower survival rates, hyperglycemic, and fat accumulation in honey bees. However, microbiota-free honey bees reared on high-fat diets did not significantly change their phenotypes. Different fatty acid compositions in palm and soybean oil altered the lipid profiles of the honey bee body. Remarkably, dietary fats regulated lipid metabolism and immune-related gene expression at the transcriptional level. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that biological processes, including transcription factors, insulin secretion, and Toll and Imd signaling pathways, were significantly different in the gut of bees on different dietary fats. Moreover, a high-fat diet increased the relative abundance of Gilliamella, while the level of Bartonella was significantly decreased in palm oil groups. This study establishes a novel honey bee model of studying the crosstalk between dietary fat, gut microbiota, and host metabolism.
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19
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Wan X, Zhou XR, Moncalian G, Su L, Chen WC, Zhu HZ, Chen D, Gong YM, Huang FH, Deng QC. Reprogramming microorganisms for the biosynthesis of astaxanthin via metabolic engineering. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 81:101083. [PMID: 33373616 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for astaxanthin in food, feed, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications because of its superior anti-oxidative and coloring properties. However, naturally produced astaxanthin is expensive, mainly due to low productivity and limited sources. Reprogramming of microorganisms for astaxanthin production via metabolic engineering is a promising strategy. We primarily focus on the application of synthetic biology, enzyme engineering and metabolic engineering in enhancing the synthesis and accumulation of astaxanthin in microorganisms in this review. We also discuss the biosynthetic pathways of astaxanthin within natural producers, and summarize the achievements and challenges in reprogramming microorganisms for enhancing astaxanthin production. This review illuminates recent biotechnological advances in microbial production of astaxanthin. Future perspectives on utilization of new technologies for boosting microbial astaxanthin production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | | | - Gabriel Moncalian
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Lin Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, PR China
| | - Wen-Chao Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Hang-Zhi Zhu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yang-Min Gong
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Feng-Hong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | - Qian-Chun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China; Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
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20
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Kumar G, Shekh A, Jakhu S, Sharma Y, Kapoor R, Sharma TR. Bioengineering of Microalgae: Recent Advances, Perspectives, and Regulatory Challenges for Industrial Application. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:914. [PMID: 33014997 PMCID: PMC7494788 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae, due to their complex metabolic capacity, are being continuously explored for nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and other industrially important bioactives. However, suboptimal yield and productivity of the bioactive of interest in local and robust wild-type strains are of perennial concerns for their industrial applications. To overcome such limitations, strain improvement through genetic engineering could play a decisive role. Though the advanced tools for genetic engineering have emerged at a greater pace, they still remain underused for microalgae as compared to other microorganisms. Pertaining to this, we reviewed the progress made so far in the development of molecular tools and techniques, and their deployment for microalgae strain improvement through genetic engineering. The recent availability of genome sequences and other omics datasets form diverse microalgae species have remarkable potential to guide strategic momentum in microalgae strain improvement program. This review focuses on the recent and significant improvements in the omics resources, mutant libraries, and high throughput screening methodologies helpful to augment research in the model and non-model microalgae. Authors have also summarized the case studies on genetically engineered microalgae and highlight the opportunities and challenges that are emerging from the current progress in the application of genome-editing to facilitate microalgal strain improvement. Toward the end, the regulatory and biosafety issues in the use of genetically engineered microalgae in commercial applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan Kumar
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Ajam Shekh
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru, India
| | - Sunaina Jakhu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Ritu Kapoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- Division of Crop Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
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21
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Kou Y, Liu M, Sun P, Dong Z, Liu J. High light boosts salinity stress-induced biosynthesis of astaxanthin and lipids in the green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Zhang Y, Ye Y, Ding W, Mao X, Li Y, Gerken H, Liu J. Astaxanthin Is Ketolated from Zeaxanthin Independent of Fatty Acid Synthesis in Chromochloris zofingiensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:883-897. [PMID: 32385091 PMCID: PMC7333715 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of astaxanthin, a high-value keto-carotenoid with broad industrial applications, remains unambiguous in algae. Here, we dissected the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway and the coordination between astaxanthin and triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis in the emerging model alga Chromochloris zofingiensis In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that astaxanthin, utilizing the methylerythritol phosphate pathway-derived isopentenyl diphosphate as the building block, was synthesized from β-carotenoid ketolase-mediated ketolation of zeaxanthin rather than β-carotenoid hydroxylase-mediated hydroxylation of canthaxanthin, thus leading to the buildup of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin as end products in C. zofingiensis The synthesized astaxanthin, stored in TAG-filled lipid droplets, was esterified mainly with the fatty acid C18:1, which was not catalyzed by any acyltransferase previously proposed. Astaxanthin accumulated in a well-coordinated manner with TAG, supported by the coordinated up-regulation of both biosynthetic pathways at the transcriptional level. Nevertheless, astaxanthin and TAG showed no interdependence: inhibition of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis severely attenuated TAG biosynthesis but promoted the accumulation of astaxanthin, particularly in the diester form, leading to a fivefold increase in the astaxanthin/TAG ratio; however, inhibition of astaxanthin biosynthesis showed little effect on TAG accumulation. Our data suggest that an increase in astaxanthin accumulation following inhibition of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis, which is not regulated at the transcriptional level, is likely derived from the conversion of other carotenoids rather than from a shunt of carbon flux from lipid biosynthesis. Combined, these findings further our understanding of astaxanthin biosynthesis and provide a feasible strategy for promoting astaxanthin content and purity in algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuemei Mao
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yantao Li
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science and University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21202
| | - Henri Gerken
- Arizona Center for Algal Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University Polytechnic Campus, Mesa, Arizona 85212
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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23
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Zheng C, Aslam M, Liu X, Du H, Xie X, Jia H, Huang N, Tang K, Yang Y, Li P. Impact of Pb on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii at Physiological and Transcriptional Levels. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1443. [PMID: 32676066 PMCID: PMC7333365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace elements stress is one of the most damaging abiotic stresses in environment. Nevertheless, the defense mechanism in microalgae remains poorly understood. In this study, physiological and molecular methods were performed to analyze the defense responses in green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. It was speculated that the defense responses might mainly be due to the regulation of hormone signaling, indicating its potential role in alleviating the Pb toxicity besides other physiological and molecular defense responses like decrease in growth rate, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis efficiency, intensification of antioxidative mechanisms, regulation of transcription factors, trace elements chelation, and sequestration into vacuole via trace elements transporters. The sole differentially expressed ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters indicated that ABC transporters might play a very important role in the transport and relocation of Pb in C. reinhardtii. Additionally, our data provide the required knowledge for future investigations regarding Pb toxicity and defense mechanisms in algae, and detection of trace elements pollution in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canqi Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Du
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xihui Xie
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haojie Jia
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiming Tang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingquan Yang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Lundquist PK, Shivaiah KK, Espinoza-Corral R. Lipid droplets throughout the evolutionary tree. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 78:101029. [PMID: 32348789 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular lipid droplets are utilized for lipid storage and metabolism in organisms as evolutionarily diverse as animals, fungi, plants, bacteria, and archaea. These lipid droplets demonstrate great diversity in biological functions and protein and lipid compositions, yet fundamentally share common molecular and ultrastructural characteristics. Lipid droplet research has been largely fragmented across the diversity of lipid droplet classes and sub-classes. However, we suggest that there is great potential benefit to the lipid community in better integrating the lipid droplet research fields. To facilitate such integration, we survey the protein and lipid compositions, functional roles, and mechanisms of biogenesis across the breadth of lipid droplets studied throughout the natural world. We depict the big picture of lipid droplet biology, emphasizing shared characteristics and unique differences seen between different classes. In presenting the known diversity of lipid droplets side-by-side it becomes necessary to offer for the first time a consistent system of categorization and nomenclature. We propose a division into three primary classes that reflect their sub-cellular location: i) cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CYTO-LDs), that are present in the eukaryotic cytoplasm, ii) prokaryotic lipid droplets (PRO-LDs), that exist in the prokaryotic cytoplasm, and iii) plastid lipid droplets (PL-LDs), that are found in plant plastids, organelles of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Within each class there is a remarkable array of sub-classes displaying various sizes, shapes and compositions. A more integrated lipid droplet research field will provide opportunities to better build on discoveries and accelerate the pace of research in ways that have not been possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Lundquist
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Kiran-Kumar Shivaiah
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Roberto Espinoza-Corral
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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25
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Ischebeck T, Krawczyk HE, Mullen RT, Dyer JM, Chapman KD. Lipid droplets in plants and algae: Distribution, formation, turnover and function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 108:82-93. [PMID: 32147380 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant oils represent an energy-rich and carbon-dense group of hydrophobic compounds. These oils are not only of economic interest, but also play important, fundamental roles in plant and algal growth and development. The subcellular storage compartments of plant lipids, referred to as lipid droplets (LDs), have long been considered relatively inert oil vessels. However, research in the last decade has revealed that LDs play far more dynamic roles in plant biology than previously appreciated, including transient neutral lipid storage, membrane remodeling, lipid signaling, and stress responses. Here we discuss recent developments in the understanding of LD formation, turnover and function in land plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Ischebeck
- University of Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hannah E Krawczyk
- University of Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert T Mullen
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John M Dyer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, 85138, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- University of North Texas, BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
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26
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Kretzschmar FK, Doner NM, Krawczyk HE, Scholz P, Schmitt K, Valerius O, Braus GH, Mullen RT, Ischebeck T. Identification of Low-Abundance Lipid Droplet Proteins in Seeds and Seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1326-1345. [PMID: 31826923 PMCID: PMC7054876 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The developmental program of seed formation, germination, and early seedling growth requires not only tight regulation of cell division and metabolism, but also concerted control of the structure and function of organelles, which relies on specific changes in their protein composition. Of particular interest is the switch from heterotrophic to photoautotrophic seedling growth, for which cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) play a critical role as depots for energy-rich storage lipids. Here, we present the results of a bottom-up proteomics study analyzing the total protein fractions and LD-enriched fractions in eight different developmental phases during silique (seed) development, seed germination, and seedling establishment in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The quantitative analysis of the LD proteome using LD-enrichment factors led to the identification of six previously unidentified and comparably low-abundance LD proteins, each of which was confirmed by intracellular localization studies with fluorescent protein fusions. In addition to these advances in LD protein discovery and the potential insights provided to as yet unexplored aspects in plant LD functions, our data set allowed for a comparative analysis of the LD protein composition throughout the various developmental phases examined. Among the most notable of the alterations in the LD proteome were those during seedling establishment, indicating a switch in the physiological function(s) of LDs after greening of the cotyledons. This work highlights LDs as dynamic organelles with functions beyond lipid storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska K Kretzschmar
- University of Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nathan M Doner
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hannah E Krawczyk
- University of Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patricia Scholz
- University of Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schmitt
- University of Göttingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- University of Göttingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- University of Göttingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert T Mullen
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Till Ischebeck
- University of Göttingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Zienkiewicz K, Zienkiewicz A. Degradation of Lipid Droplets in Plants and Algae-Right Time, Many Paths, One Goal. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:579019. [PMID: 33014002 PMCID: PMC7509404 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.579019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, lipids in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major reservoir of cellular carbon and energy. These TAGs are packed into specialized organelles called lipid droplets (LDs). They can be found in most, if not all, types of cells, from bacteria to human. Recent data suggest that rather than being simple storage organelles, LDs are very dynamic structures at the center of cellular metabolism. This is also true in plants and algae, where LDs have been implicated in many processes including energy supply; membrane structure, function, trafficking; and signal transduction. Plant and algal LDs also play a vital role in human life, providing multiple sources of food and fuel. Thus, a lot of attention has been paid to metabolism and function of these organelles in recent years. This review summarizes the most recent advances on LDs degradation as a key process for TAGs release. While the initial knowledge on this process came from studies in oilseeds, the findings of the last decade revealed high complexity and specific mechanisms of LDs degradation in plants and algae. This includes identification of numerous novel proteins associated with LDs as well as a prominent role for autophagy in this process. This review outlines, systemizes, and discusses the most current data on LDs catabolism in plants and algae.
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28
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Mao X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Liu J. Novel insights into salinity-induced lipogenesis and carotenogenesis in the oleaginous astaxanthin-producing alga Chromochloris zofingiensis: a multi-omics study. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:73. [PMID: 32322303 PMCID: PMC7161124 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromochloris zofingiensis, a freshwater alga capable of synthesizing both triacylglycerol (TAG) and astaxanthin, has been receiving increasing attention as a leading candidate producer. While the mechanism of oleaginousness and/or carotenogenesis has been studied under such induction conditions as nitrogen deprivation, high light and glucose feeding, it remains to be elucidated in response to salt stress, a condition critical for reducing freshwater footprint during algal production processes. RESULTS Firstly, the effect of salt concentrations on growth, lipids and carotenoids was examined for C. zofingiensis, and 0.2 M NaCl demonstrated to be the optimal salt concentration for maximizing both TAG and astaxanthin production. Then, the time-resolved lipid and carotenoid profiles and comparative transcriptomes and metabolomes were generated in response to the optimized salt concentration for congruent analysis. A global response was triggered in C. zofingiensis allowing acclimation to salt stress, including photosynthesis impairment, ROS build-up, protein turnover, starch degradation, and TAG and astaxanthin accumulation. The lipid metabolism involved a set of stimulated biological pathways that contributed to carbon precursors, energy and reductant molecules, pushing and pulling power, and storage sink for TAG accumulation. On the other hand, salt stress suppressed lutein biosynthesis, stimulated astaxanthin biosynthesis (mainly via ketolation), yet had little effect on total carotenoid flux, leading to astaxanthin accumulation at the expense of lutein. Astaxanthin was predominantly esterified and accumulated in a well-coordinated manner with TAG, pointing to the presence of common regulators and potential communication for the two compounds. Furthermore, the comparison between salt stress and nitrogen deprivation conditions revealed distinctions in TAG and astaxanthin biosynthesis as well as critical genes with engineering potential. CONCLUSIONS Our multi-omics data and integrated analysis shed light on the salt acclimation of C. zofingiensis and underlying mechanisms of TAG and astaxanthin biosynthesis, provide engineering implications into future trait improvements, and will benefit the development of this alga for production uses under saline environment, thus reducing the footprint of freshwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Mao
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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