1
|
Al-Failakawi A, Al-Jarallah A, Rao M, Khan I. The Role of Claudins in the Pathogenesis of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Experimental Colitis: The Effects of Nobiletin. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1122. [PMID: 39334888 PMCID: PMC11430412 DOI: 10.3390/biom14091122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease is not well understood. This study investigated the roles and regulation of the claudin-1, -2, -3, and -4 isoforms in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, and the potential therapeutic effects of nobiletin. METHODS Colitis was induced in rats by administering dextran sulfate sodium [DSS] in drinking water for seven days. Animals were treated daily with nobiletin [oral, 60 mg/Kg body weight] and studied in four groups, C [non-colitis control], D [DSS-induced colitis], CN [nobiletin-treated non-colitis control], and DN [nobiletin-treated DSS-induced colitis]. On day seven, the animals were sacrificed, and colonic tissues were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Both macroscopic and microscopic findings suggest the progression of colitis. In the inflamed colon, claudin-1 and -4 proteins were decreased, claudin-2 increased, while the claudin-3 protein remained unchanged. Except for claudin-1, these changes were not paralleled by mRNA expression, indicating a complex regulatory mechanism. Uniform β-actin expression along with consistent quality and yield of total RNA indicated selectivity of these changes. Nobiletin treatment reversed these changes. CONCLUSIONS Altered expression of the claudin isoforms -1, -2, and -4 disrupts tight junctions, exposing the lamina propria to microflora, leading to electrolyte disturbance and the development of ulcerative colitis. Nobiletin with its anti-inflammatory properties may be useful in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Al-Failakawi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait; (A.A.-F.); (A.A.-J.)
| | - Aishah Al-Jarallah
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait; (A.A.-F.); (A.A.-J.)
| | - Muddanna Rao
- Departments of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait;
| | - Islam Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait; (A.A.-F.); (A.A.-J.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Populin LC, Rajala AZ, Matkowskyj KA, Saha S, Zeng W, Christian B, McVea A, Tay EX, Mueller EM, Malone ME, Brust-Mascher I, McMillan AB, Ludwig KA, Suminski AJ, Reardon C, Furness JB. Characterization of idiopathic chronic diarrhea and associated intestinal inflammation and preliminary observations of effects of vagal nerve stimulation in a non-human primate. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14876. [PMID: 39072841 PMCID: PMC11321913 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is commonly associated with irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, microscopic colitis, and other gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Spontaneously occurring idiopathic chronic diarrhea is frequent in rhesus macaques, but has not been used as a model for the investigation of diarrhea or its treatment. We characterized this condition and present preliminary data demonstrating that left vagal nerve stimulation provides relief. METHODS Stool consistency scores were followed for up to 12 years. Inflammation was assessed by plasma C-reactive protein, [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake, measured by positron emission tomography (PET), multiplex T cell localization, endoscopy and histology. The vagus was stimulated for 9 weeks in conscious macaques, using fully implanted electrodes, under wireless control. KEY RESULTS Macaques exhibited recurrent periods of diarrhea for up to 12 years, and signs of inflammation: elevated plasma C-reactive protein, increased bowel FDG uptake and increased mucosal T helper1 T-cells. The colon and distal ileum were endoscopically normal, and histology revealed mild colonic inflammation. Application of vagal nerve stimulation to conscious macaques (10 Hz, 30 s every 3 h; 24 h a day for 9 weeks) significantly reduced severity of diarrhea and also reduced inflammation, as measured by FDG uptake and C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES These macaques exhibit spontaneously occurring diarrhea with intestinal inflammation that can be reduced by VNS. The data demonstrate the utility of this naturally occurring primate model to study the physiology and treatments for chronic diarrhea and the neural control circuits influencing diarrhea and inflammation that are not accessible in human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Populin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Abigail Z Rajala
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Sumona Saha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Weifeng Zeng
- Department of Surgery, Dental and Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Bradley Christian
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Andrew McVea
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Emmy Xue Tay
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis
| | - Ellie M Mueller
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Margaret E Malone
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Alan B McMillan
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Aaron J Suminski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Colin Reardon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jin J, Tang Y, Cao L, Wang X, Chen Y, An G, Zhang H, Pan G, Bao J, Zhou Z. Microsporidia persistence in host impairs epithelial barriers and increases chances of inflammatory bowel disease. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0361023. [PMID: 38149855 PMCID: PMC10846195 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03610-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are intracellular fungus-like pathogens and the infection symptoms include recurrent diarrhea and systematic inflammations. The major infection route of microsporidia is the digestive tract. Since microsporidia are hard to fully eliminate, the interactions and persistence of the pathogen within epithelium may modulate host susceptibility to digestive disorders. In this study, both in vitro and in vivo infection models were applied. The alterations of epithelial barrier integrity, permeability, and tight junction proteins after microsporidia infection were assessed on MDCK/Caco-2 monolayers. The fecal intestinal microbiota and tissue alterations after microsporidia infection were assessed on C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, the susceptibility to develop dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) was also analyzed by the murine infection model. The results demonstrated that microsporidia infection increased epithelium permeability, weakened wound healing capability, and destructed tight junction protein zonula occludens-1. Microsporidia infection also dysregulates intestinal microbiota. These impairing effects of microsporidia increased host vulnerability to develop enteritis as shown by the murine model of DSS-induced IBD. Our study is the first to elucidate molecular mechanisms of the damaging effects of microsporidia on host epithelium and pointed out the cryptic threats of latent microsporidia infection to public health as reflected by the increased chances of developing more severe diseases.IMPORTANCEMicrosporidia are widely present in nature and usually cause latent and persistent infections in hosts. Given the fact that the digestive tract is the major infection route, it is of great importance to explore the consequences of microsporidia infection on the intestinal epithelial barrier and the risks to the host. In this study, we demonstrated the destructing effects of microsporidium infection on epithelial barriers manifested as increased epithelial permeability, weakened wound healing ability, and disrupted tight junctions. Moreover, microsporidia made the host more susceptible to dextran sulfate sodium-induced inflammatory bowel disease. These findings provide new evidence for us to better understand and develop novel strategies for microsporidia prevention and disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyan Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunlin Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yebo Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guozhen An
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huarui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialing Bao
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sommersberger S, Gunawan S, Elger T, Fererberger T, Loibl J, Huss M, Kandulski A, Krautbauer S, Müller M, Liebisch G, Buechler C, Tews HC. Altered fecal bile acid composition in active ulcerative colitis. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:199. [PMID: 37980492 PMCID: PMC10656844 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbed bile acid homeostasis associated with a rise of primary and a decline of secondary bile acids is a consistent finding in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Whether fecal bile acids may emerge as biomarkers for IBD diagnosis and disease severity is less clear. Our study aimed to identify associations of 18 fecal bile acid species with IBD entity and disease activity. METHODS Stool samples of 62 IBD patients and 17 controls were collected. Eighteen fecal bile acid species were quantified by LC-MS/MS using stable isotope dilution. Lipid levels normalized to a dry weight of the fecal homogenates and ratios of single bile acid species to total bile acid levels were used for calculations. RESULTS IBD patients exhibited altered primary and secondary bile acid ratios in stool, with notable distinctions between ulcerative colitis (UC) compared to Crohn's disease (CD) and healthy controls. Fecal calprotectin was negatively correlated with glycolithocholic acid (GLCA) and hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) in UC. These bile acids were reduced in stool of UC patients with fecal calprotectin levels > 500 µg/g compared to UC patients with low calprotectin levels. Moreover, negative associations of six secondary bile acids with C-reactive protein (CRP) existed in UC. In CD patients, fecal bile acids did not correlate with CRP or fecal calprotectin. Diarrhoea is common in IBD, and UC patients with diarrhoea had reduced deoxycholic acid (DCA), glycine conjugated DCA (GDCA) and lithocholic acid in stool in contrast to patients with normal stool consistency. Fecal bile acid levels were not associated with diarrhoea in CD patients. UC patients treated with mesalazine had increased levels of fecal GDCA whereas no such changes were observed in CD patients. Bile acid levels of CD and UC patients treated with biologicals or corticosteroids did not change. Relative levels of GHDCA (specificity: 79%, sensitivity: 67%) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (specificity: 74%, sensitivity: 63%) were the most specific to distinguish UC from CD. CONCLUSION Disrupted fecal bile acid homeostasis is associated with disease severity and disease symptoms in UC but not in CD, potentially aiding in distinguishing IBD subtypes and classifying the pathophysiology of diarrhoea in UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Sommersberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gunawan
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Elger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Fererberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Loibl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Muriel Huss
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arne Kandulski
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Hauke Christian Tews
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ai L, Guo L, Liu W, Xue X, Li L, Sheng Z, Gao C. Determination and Mechanism of Antidiarrheal Chemical Constituents of Paederia scandens Determined by HPLC-ESI-MS Integrated with Network Pharmacology. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:28834-28845. [PMID: 37576641 PMCID: PMC10413830 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Paederia scandens is a natural medicinal plant that is widely used for its various pharmacological effects including antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. However, there is no scientific evidence to support its antidiarrheal effect. In this study, the antidiarrheal activity of P. scandens was evaluated using several validated models. By using HPLC-ESI-MS in conjunction with a network pharmacology approach, the possible antidiarrheal mechanisms of P. scandens active fragments were studied, and they were subsequently verified in a mouse model of diarrhea. Finally, utilizing molecular docking, active compounds that might have antidiarrheal properties were hypothesized. The results show that the main antidiarrheal part of P. scandens has 10 chemical components in the n-butanol fraction (PSNB). The key targets of PSNB and diarrhea, EGFR, AKT1, and PIK3CA, were screened by network pharmacology analysis. And the mechanism of PSNB in the treatment of diarrhea may be highly related to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Besides, through the qRT-PCR and western-blot experiments, it was found that PSNB could inhibit the gene expression of proinflammatory factors by reducing the protein expression of AKT1 and PI3K and regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway in mice. In addition, asperuloside, paederosidic acid, paederoside, paederosidic acid methyl ester, and 6'-O-E-feruloylmonotropein have better docking energies than other chemical components in PSNB with EGFR, AKT1, and PIK3CA. In conclusion, the main antidiarrheal active site of P. scandens is the n-butanol site. PSNB may exert an antidiarrheal effect by regulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Among them, asperuloside, paederosidic acid, paederoside, paederosidic acid methyl ester, and 6'-O-E-feruloylmonotropein may be the active ingredients that exert an antidiarrheal effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Ai
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural
University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang
Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Liyang Guo
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural
University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang
Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Weixue Liu
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural
University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang
Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Xuexue Xue
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural
University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang
Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Li
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural
University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang
Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Zunlai Sheng
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural
University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang
Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Chunbo Gao
- Heilongjiang
International University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dietary polysaccharides from guavira pomace, a co-product from the fruit pulp industry, display therapeutic application in gut disorders. Food Res Int 2022; 156:111291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
7
|
A Low-FODMAP Diet Provides Benefits for Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms but Not for Improving Stool Consistency and Mucosal Inflammation in IBD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102072. [PMID: 35631213 PMCID: PMC9146862 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols diet (LFD) is claimed to improve functional gastrointestinal symptoms (FGSs). However, the role of LFD in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients with FGSs remains unclear. Objective: To systematically assess the efficacy of LFD in IBD patients with FGSs. Methods: Six databases were searched from inception to 1 January 2022. Data were synthesized as the relative risk of symptoms improvement and normal stool consistency, mean difference of Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), Short IBD Questionnaire (SIBDQ), IBS Quality of Life (IBS-QoL), Harvey-Bradshaw index (HBi), Mayo score, and fecal calprotectin (FC). Risk of bias was assessed based on study types. A funnel plot and Egger’s test were used to analyze publication bias. Results: This review screened and included nine eligible studies, including four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and five before–after studies, involving a total of 446 participants (351 patients with LFD vs. 95 controls). LFD alleviated overall FGSs (RR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.33–0.66, p = 0.0000) and obtained higher SIBDQ scores (MD = 11.24, 95% CI 6.61 to 15.87, p = 0.0000) and lower HBi score of Crohn’s disease (MD = −1.09, 95% CI −1.77 to −0.42, p = 0.002). However, there were no statistically significant differences in normal stool consistency, BSFS, IBS-QoL, Mayo score of ulcerative colitis, and FC. No publication bias was found. Conclusions: LFD provides a benefit in FGSs and QoL but not for improving stool consistency and mucosal inflammation in IBD patients. Further well-designed RCTs are needed to develop the optimal LFD strategy for IBD.
Collapse
|
8
|
Populin L, Stebbing MJ, Furness JB. Neuronal regulation of the gut immune system and neuromodulation for treating inflammatory bowel disease. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:953-966. [PMID: 34761177 PMCID: PMC8565205 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut immune system in the healthy intestine is anti-inflammatory, but can move to a pro-inflammatory state when the gut is challenged by pathogens or in disease. The nervous system influences the level of inflammation through enteric neurons and extrinsic neural connections, particularly vagal and sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract, each of which exerts anti-inflammatory effects. Within the enteric nervous system (ENS), three neuron types that influence gut immune cells have been identified, intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons that project to the mucosa, and cholinergic neurons that influence macrophages in the external muscle layers. The enteric neuropeptides, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tachykinins, and neuromedin U (NMU), which are contained in IPANs, and VIP produced by the mucosa innervating neurons, all influence immune cells, notably innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILC2 are stimulated by VIP to release IL-22, which promotes microbial defense and tissue repair. Enteric neurons are innervated by the vagus, and, in the large intestine, by the pelvic nerves. Vagal nerve stimulation reduces gut inflammation, which may be both by stimulation of efferent (motor) pathways to the ENS, and stimulation of afferent pathways that connect to integrating centers in the CNS. Efferent pathways from the CNS have their anti-inflammatory effects through either or both vagal efferent neurons and sympathetic pathways. The final neurons in sympathetic pathways reduce gut inflammation by the action of noradrenaline on β2 adrenergic receptors expressed by immune cells. Activation of neural anti-inflammatory pathways is an attractive option to treat inflammatory bowel disease that is refractory to other treatments. Further investigation of the ways in which enteric reflexes, vagal pathways and sympathetic pathways integrate their effects to modulate the gut immune system and gut inflammation is needed to optimize neuromodulation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Populin
- Department of NeuroscienceSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Martin J. Stebbing
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Anatomy & PhysiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - John B. Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Anatomy & PhysiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Unique Regulation of Intestinal Villus Epithelial Cl -/HCO 3- Exchange by Cyclooxygenase Pathway Metabolites of Arachidonic Acid in a Mouse Model of Spontaneous Ileitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084171. [PMID: 33920650 PMCID: PMC8074161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolytes (NaCl) and fluid malabsorption cause diarrhea in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Coupled NaCl absorption, mediated by Na+/H+ and Cl-/HCO3- exchanges on the intestinal villus cells brush border membrane (BBM), is inhibited in IBD. Arachidonic acid metabolites (AAMs) formed via cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways are elevated in IBD. However, their effects on NaCl absorption are not known. We treated SAMP1/YitFc (SAMP1) mice, a model of spontaneous ileitis resembling human IBD, with Arachidonyl Trifluoro Methylketone (ATMK, AAM inhibitor), or with piroxicam or MK-886, to inhibit COX or LOX pathways, respectively. Cl-/HCO3- exchange, measured as DIDS-sensitive 36Cl uptake, was significantly inhibited in villus cells and BBM vesicles of SAMP1 mice compared to AKR/J controls, an effect reversed by ATMK. Piroxicam, but not MK-886, also reversed the inhibition. Kinetic studies showed that inhibition was secondary to altered Km with no effects on Vmax. Whole cell or BBM protein levels of Down-Regulated in Adenoma (SLC26A3) and putative anion transporter-1 (SLC26A6), the two key BBM Cl-/HCO3- exchangers, were unaltered. Thus, inhibition of villus cell Cl-/HCO3- exchange by COX pathway AAMs, such as prostaglandins, via reducing the affinity of the exchanger for Cl-, and thereby causing NaCl malabsorption, could significantly contribute to IBD-associated diarrhea.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hammer HF. Management of Chronic Diarrhea in Primary Care: The Gastroenterologists' Advice. Dig Dis 2021; 39:615-621. [PMID: 33588424 DOI: 10.1159/000515219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic diarrhea is defined as more than 3 bowel movements per day, or loose stools, or stool weight >200 g/day for at least 4 weeks. Accompanying symptoms may include urgency, abdominal pain, or cramps. SUMMARY A number of causes have to be considered, including inflammatory, neoplastic, malabsorptive, infective, vascular, and functional gastrointestinal diseases. Other causes include food intolerances, side effects of drugs, or postsurgical conditions. Diarrhea may also be symptom of a systemic disease, like diabetes or hyperthyroidism. Special patient groups, like the very elderly and immunocompromised patients, pose special challenges. This review follows a question-answer style and addresses questions raised on the intersection of primary and secondary care. What do you mean by diarrhea? Why is it important to distinguish between acute or chronic diarrhea? How shall the patient with chronic diarrhea be approached? How can history and physical exam help? How can routine laboratory tests help in categorizing diarrhea? Which additional laboratory tests may be helpful? How to proceed in undiagnosed or intractable diarrhea? What are the treatment options in patients with chronic diarrhea? Key Messages: Acute diarrhea is usually of infectious origin with the main treatment goal of preventing water and electrolyte disturbances. Chronic diarrhea is usually not of infectious origin and may be the symptom of a large number of gastrointestinal and general diseases or drug side effects. In undiagnosed or intractable diarrhea, the question shall be raised whether the appropriate tests have been performed and interpreted correctly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz F Hammer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Diarrhea, an illness of both the developed and developing world, involves the burdensome characteristics of frequent bowel movements, loose stools, and abdominal discomfort. Diarrhea is a long-standing challenge in palliative care and can have a myriad of causes, making symptomatic treatment pertinent when illness evaluation is ongoing, when there is no definitive treatment approach, or when effective treatment cannot be attained. Symptomatic therapy is a common approach in palliative care settings. Bismuth is a suitable agent for symptomatic therapy and can be effectively employed for management of chronic diarrhea. The objective of this narrative review is to examine the role of bismuth in management of diarrheal symptoms. To explore this, PubMed (including Medline) and Embase were used to search the existing literature on bismuth and diarrhea published from 1980 to 2019. It was found that bismuth has potential utility for diarrheal relief in multiple settings, including microscopic colitis, traveler's diarrhea, gastrointestinal infection, cancer, and chemotherapy. It also has great potential for use in palliative care patients, due to its minimal side effects. Overall, the antisecretory, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties of bismuth make it a suitable therapy for symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. The limited range of adverse side effects makes it an appealing option for patients with numerous comorbidities. Healthcare providers can explore bismuth as an adjunct therapy for diarrhea management in an array of conditions, especially in the palliative care setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Senderovich
- Geriatrics & Pain Medicine & Palliative Care Physician, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Assistant Professor at the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Division of Palliative Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan Vierhout
- Geriatrics & Pain Medicine & Palliative Care Physician, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Priyamvada S, Anbazhagan AN, Kumar A, Chatterjee I, Borthakur A, Saksena S, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK. All-trans Retinoic Acid Counteracts Diarrhea and Inhibition of Downregulated in Adenoma Expression in Gut Inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:534-545. [PMID: 31634391 PMCID: PMC7456978 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal epithelial apical membrane Cl-/HCO3- exchanger DRA (downregulated in adenoma, SLC26A3) has emerged as an important therapeutic target for diarrhea, emphasizing the potential therapeutic role of agents that upregulate DRA. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a key vitamin A metabolite, was earlier shown by us to stimulate DRA expression in intestinal epithelial cells. However, its role in modulating DRA in gut inflammation has not been investigated. AIMS Our aim was to analyze the efficacy of ATRA in counteracting inflammation-induced decrease in DRA in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-treated Caco-2 cells and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated C57BL/6J mice served as in vitro and in vivo models of gut inflammation, respectively. The effect of ATRA on IFN-γ-mediated inhibition of DRA function, expression, and promoter activity were elucidated. In the DSS colitis model, diarrheal phenotype, cytokine response, in vivo imaging, myeloperoxidase activity, and DRA expression were measured in the distal colon. RESULTS All-trans retinoic acid (10 μM, 24 h) abrogated IFN-γ (30 ng/mL, 24 h)-induced decrease in DRA function, expression, and promoter activity in Caco-2 cells. All-trans retinoic acid altered IFN-γ signaling via blocking IFN-γ-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT-1. All-trans retinoic acid cotreatment (1 mg/kg BW, i.p. daily) of DSS-treated mice (3% in drinking water for 7 days) alleviated colitis-associated weight loss, diarrheal phenotype, and induction of IL-1β and CXCL1 and a decrease in DRA mRNA and protein levels in the colon. CONCLUSION Our data showing upregulation of DRA under normal and inflammatory conditions by ATRA demonstrate a novel role of this micronutrient in alleviating IBD-associated diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ishita Chatterjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alip Borthakur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seema Saksena
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
What Is the Impact of Diet on Nutritional Diarrhea Associated with Gut Microbiota in Weaning Piglets: A System Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6916189. [PMID: 31976326 PMCID: PMC6949732 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6916189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Piglets experience severe growth challenges and diarrhea after weaning due to nutritional, social, psychological, environmental, and physiological changes. Among these changes, the nutritional factor plays a key role in postweaning health. Dietary protein, fibre, starch, and electrolyte levels are highly associated with postweaning nutrition diarrhea (PWND). In this review, we mainly discuss the high protein, fibre, resistant starch, and electrolyte imbalance in diets that induce PWND, with a focus on potential mechanisms in weaned piglets.
Collapse
|
14
|
BuPiHeWei Decoction Ameliorates 5-Fu-Induced Intestinal Mucosal Injury in the Rats by Regulating the TLR-4/NF- κB Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:5673272. [PMID: 31929815 PMCID: PMC6942857 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5673272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BuPiHeWei (BPHW) decoction, a classic Traditional Chinese Medicinal (TCM) prescription, has been widely used in clinical practice to relieve digestive symptoms caused by chemotherapy, such as diarrhea and vomiting. The present study aimed to investigate whether BPHW decoction exerted a protective role in the 5-Fu-induced intestinal mucosal injury in the rats by regulating the mechanisms of TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway. There were 35 Sprague Dawley rats randomly divided into four groups: normal control group, 5-Fu group, 5-Fu + BPHW decoction group (10.5 g/kg, for five continuous days), and 5-Fu + Bacillus licheniformis capsule group (0.2 g/kg, for five continuous days). Animal models were established by intraperitoneal injection of 5-Fu (30 mg/Kg, for five consecutive days). At the end of the treatment period, body weight, diarrhea score, and histological examination were examined. Furthermore, the expression of TLR-4/NF-κB pathway was detected to reveal its mechanism. The results showed that BPHW decoction effectively reduced diarrhea score and increased body weight and height of villi after 5-Fu chemotherapy. In addition, BPHW decoction could significantly inhibit the expression of TLR-4, NF-κB, and inflammatory factors (including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in the intestine, and the efficacy was significantly higher than that of Bacillus licheniformis capsule. In summary, BPHW decoction might be considered an effective drug to alleviate intestinal mucosal injury in the rats induced by 5-Fu.
Collapse
|
15
|
Qiu Y, Zhang J, Ji R, Zhou Y, Shao L, Chen D, Tan J. Preventative effects of selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium longum on irinotecan-induced small intestinal mucositis in mice. Benef Microbes 2019; 10:569-577. [PMID: 30964326 DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal mucositis is a frequent side effect in cancer patients who are treated with chemotherapy. There are no effective treatment strategies to date. To find a novel way to alleviate mucositis, the effects of selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium longum (Se-B. longum) in preventing irinotecan (CPT-11)-induced intestinal mucositis in a mouse model were investigated. We tested the ability of Se-B. longum (Se 0.6 mg/kg, 5×108 cfu/mice) to reduce small intestinal mucositis induced by CPT-11 (75 mg/kg, daily) injected intraperitoneally for four consecutive days in mice. Se-B. longum significantly decreased mortality induced by CPT-11 from 71.4% to 16.7%. CPT-11 induced body weight loss, which was alleviated by preventative and simultaneous administration of Se-B. longum. Se-B. longum significantly decreased the severity of diarrhoea from 11 to 4% compared to the CPT-11 group. Inflammation, including intestinal shortening and upregulation of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β induced by CPT- 11, were prevented by Se-B. longum. Se-B. longum is effective in preventing small intestinal mucositis induced by CPT-11 and therefore has potential to be used clinically by cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Qiu
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 201203, China P.R.,3 Pharmacy Department, Shanghai Tenth People's hospital, 301 Yanchang Middle Road, Shanghai 201203, China P. R
| | - J Zhang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China P.R
| | - R Ji
- 2 State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China P.R
| | - Y Zhou
- 2 State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China P.R
| | - L Shao
- 4 Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Road, Shanghai 201203, China P.R
| | - D Chen
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 201203, China P.R
| | - J Tan
- 2 State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China P.R
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hou RG, Fan L, Liu JJ, Cheng Y, Chang ZP, Wu B, Shao YY. Bile acid malabsorption is associated with diarrhea in acute phase of colitis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:1328-1336. [PMID: 30383974 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids (BAs) critically depends on BA transporters and enzymes, which can be affected by inflammatory bowel disease. Diarrhea in colitis is believed to result in part from BA malabsorption. The work aimed to investigate whether diarrhea in colitis was associated with the expression of BA transporters, enzymes, and nuclear receptors. RT-qPCR and Western blot techniques were used to evaluate the gene and protein levels of Cyp7a1, Asbt, SHP, FXR, Ostβ in a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic-acid-induced rat model of colitis. The total BAs (TBAs) levels were assayed using ELISA kits, and the individual BAs were measured by LC-MS/MS. Results showed that the fecal excretions of TBAs were significantly increased by 1.6-fold in acute stage of colitis. In ileum, Asbt was significantly decreased; however, there was a compensatory increase in Cyp7a1 level in liver. Moreover, FXR has a decreased tendency and the downstream target gene SHP was downregulated. Contrary to acute stage, molecular changes were completely reversible during the remission phase. Our results indicated that the expression of Asbt and Cyp7a1 were altered in acute colitis, which performed vital roles in maintaining BA homeostasis. Early medical manipulation of BA transporters and enzymes may help prevent diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Gang Hou
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Lei Fan
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Jun-Jin Liu
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Zhuang-Peng Chang
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Bei Wu
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Yun-Yun Shao
- a School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000 China.,b Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030000, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases broadly categorized into Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with increasing prevalence worldwide. The etiology of the disease is complex and involves a combination of genetic, environmental, immunological and gut microbial factors. Recurring and bloody diarrhea is the most prevalent and debilitating symptom in IBD. The pathogenesis of IBD-associated diarrhea is multifactorial and is essentially an outcome of mucosal damage caused by persistent inflammation resulting in dysregulated intestinal ion transport, impaired epithelial barrier function and increased accessibility of the pathogens to the intestinal mucosa. Altered expression and/or function of epithelial ion transporters and channels is the principle cause of electrolyte retention and water accumulation in the intestinal lumen leading to diarrhea in IBD. Aberrant barrier function further contributes to diarrhea via leak-flux mechanism. Mucosal penetration of enteric pathogens promotes dysbiosis and exacerbates the underlying immune system further perpetuating IBD associated-tissue damage and diarrhea. Here, we review the mechanisms of impaired ion transport and loss of epithelial barrier function contributing to diarrhea associated with IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Magalhães D, Soares-da-Silva P, Magro F. The effect of PRR ligands on the membrane potential of intestinal epithelial cells. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:978-984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
19
|
Magalhães D, Cabral JM, Soares-da-Silva P, Magro F. Role of epithelial ion transports in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G460-76. [PMID: 26744474 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00369.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with a complex pathogenesis. Diarrhea is a highly prevalent and often debilitating symptom of IBD patients that results, at least in part, from an intestinal hydroelectrolytic imbalance. Evidence suggests that reduced electrolyte absorption is more relevant than increased secretion to this disequilibrium. This systematic review analyses and integrates the current evidence on the roles of epithelial Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (NKA), Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHEs), epithelial Na(+) channels (ENaC), and K(+) channels (KC) in IBD-associated diarrhea. NKA is the key driving force of the transepithelial ionic transport and its activity is decreased in IBD. In addition, the downregulation of apical NHE and ENaC and the upregulation of apical large-conductance KC all contribute to the IBD-associated diarrhea by lowering sodium absorption and/or increasing potassium secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Magalhães
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal; and MedInUP-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Cabral
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal; and MedInUP-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal; and MedInUP-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Magro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal; and MedInUP-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Beserra FP, Santos RDC, Périco LL, Rodrigues VP, Kiguti LRDA, Saldanha LL, Pupo AS, da Rocha LRM, Dokkedal AL, Vilegas W, Hiruma-Lima CA. Cissus sicyoides: Pharmacological Mechanisms Involved in the Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiarrheal Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E149. [PMID: 26805827 PMCID: PMC4783883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological mechanisms involved in anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal actions of hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves of Cissus sicyoides (HECS). The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by oral administration of HECS against acute model of edema induced by xylene, and the mechanisms of action were analysed by involvement of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂). The antidiarrheal effect of HECS was observed and we analyzed the motility and accumulation of intestinal fluid. We also analyzed the antidiarrheal mechanisms of action of HECS by evaluating the role of the opioid receptor, α₂ adrenergic receptor, muscarinic receptor, nitric oxide (NO) and PGE₂. The oral administration of HECS inhibited the edema induced by xylene and AA and was also able to significantly decrease the levels of PGE₂. The extract also exhibited significant anti-diarrheal activity by reducing motility and intestinal fluid accumulation. This extract significantly reduced intestinal transit stimulated by muscarinic agonist and intestinal secretion induced by PGE₂. Our data demonstrate that the mechanism of action involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of HECS is related to PGE₂. The antidiarrheal effect of this extract may be mediated by inhibition of contraction by acting on the intestinal smooth muscle and/or intestinal transit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pereira Beserra
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Raquel de Cássia Santos
- Unidade Integrada de Farmacologia e Gastroenterologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade São Francisco, CEP 12916-900 Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Lucena Périco
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Peixoto Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Ricardo de Almeida Kiguti
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Leonardo Saldanha
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 17033-360 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - André Sampaio Pupo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lúcia Regina Machado da Rocha
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Anne Lígia Dokkedal
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 17033-360 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 11330-900 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, CEP 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rtibi K, Jabri MA, Selmi S, Sebai H, Amri M, El-Benna J, Marzouki L. Ceratonia siliqua leaves exert a strong ROS-scavenging effect in human neutrophils, inhibit myeloperoxydase in vitro and protect against intestinal fluid and electrolytes secretion in rats. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11297h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are induced by biological, chemical and physical factors which are, in turn, associated with an increased risk of several human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaïs Rtibi
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies
- Département des Sciences Biologiques
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis
- 2092 Tunis
- Tunisia
| | - Mohammed-Amine Jabri
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja
- 382-9000 Béja
- Tunisia
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée
| | - Slimen Selmi
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja
- 382-9000 Béja
- Tunisia
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja
- 382-9000 Béja
- Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amri
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies
- Département des Sciences Biologiques
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis
- 2092 Tunis
- Tunisia
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM U773 Centre de Recherche Biomédicale
- Faculté de Médecine X. Bichat
- 75018 Paris
- France
| | - Lamjed Marzouki
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies
- Département des Sciences Biologiques
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis
- 2092 Tunis
- Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Priyamvada S, Gomes R, Gill RK, Saksena S, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK. Mechanisms Underlying Dysregulation of Electrolyte Absorption in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Associated Diarrhea. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:2926-35. [PMID: 26595422 PMCID: PMC4662046 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic inflammation of the intestine affects the normal fluid and electrolyte absorption leading to diarrhea, the hallmark symptom of IBD. The management of IBD-associated diarrhea still remains to be a challenge, and extensive studies over the last 2 decades have focused on investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying IBD-associated diarrhea. These studies have shown that the predominant mechanism of diarrhea in IBD involves impairment of electroneutral NaCl absorption, with very little role if any played by anion secretion. The electroneutral NaCl absorption involves coupled operation of Na/H exchanger 3 (NHE3 or SLC9A3) and Cl/HCO3 exchanger DRA (Down Regulated in Adenoma, or SLC26A3). Increasing evidence now supports the critical role of a marked decrease in NHE3 and DRA function and/or expression in IBD-associated diarrhea. This review provides a detailed analysis of the current knowledge related to alterations in NHE3 and DRA function and expression in IBD including the mechanisms underlying these observations and highlights the potential of these transporters as important and novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Rochelle Gomes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Seema Saksena
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease involves 2 major disorders, ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease, both of which are due to inflammatory dysregulation in the gastrointestinal tract. Although these disorders have many overlapping features in pathophysiology and management, our current understanding of inflammatory bowel disease has illuminated several distinguishing features of the 2 diseases. This article highlights similarities and differences most applicable to a primary care physician's practice. Also detailed are disease-related and treatment-related complications, and routine health maintenance practices for the patient with inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean R Park
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, M112 Starling Loving Hall, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sheryl A Pfeil
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, 395 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lima-Júnior RCP, Freitas HC, Wong DVT, Wanderley CWS, Nunes LG, Leite LL, Miranda SP, Souza MHLP, Brito GAC, Magalhães PJC, Teixeira MM, Cunha FQ, Ribeiro RA. Targeted inhibition of IL-18 attenuates irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2335-50. [PMID: 24428790 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intestinal mucositis is a common side-effect of irinotecan-based cancer chemotherapy regimens. This mucositis is associated with cytokine activation and NO synthesis. Production of IL-18 is up-regulated in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, we have investigated the role of IL-18 in the pathogenesis of irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wild type (WT), IL-18 or caspase-1 knockout mice were treated with either saline or irinotecan (60 mg·kg⁻¹ per 4 days, i.p.) or the IL-18 binding protein (IL-18bp, 10 mg·kg⁻¹) before irinotecan. On day 5, diarrhoea was monitored and proximal intestinal strips were obtained for histopathology, in vitro gut contractility, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible NOS (iNOS) activity, and detection of IL-18 expression. KEY RESULTS Irinotecan induced severe diarrhoea accompanied by intestinal injury (villi shortening and increased crypt depth). Additionally, irinotecan treatment increased MPO and iNOS activity, iNOS immunostaining and IL-18 expression in WT mice compared with saline treatment. The IL-18 production was associated with macrophages. In vitro, intestinal smooth muscle strips were hyperresponsive to ACh after irinotecan treatment. Increases in MPO and iNOS activity, intestinal contractility and diarrhoea were prevented in caspase-1 knockout and IL-18 knockout mice, and in IL-18bp-treated WT mice. Furthermore, the Survival of irinotecan-treated mice was increased and iNOS immunoexpression and IL-18 production prevented in IL-18 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Targeting IL-18 function may be a promising therapeutic approach to decreasing the severity of intestinal mucositis during irinotecan treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C P Lima-Júnior
- Nucleus for the Study of Toxicities of the Cancer Treatment, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the most versatile tissues in the organism, responsible for providing a tight barrier between dietary and bacterial antigens and the mucosal and systemic immune system while maintaining efficient digestive and absorptive processes to ensure adequate nutrient and energy supply. Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) are associated with a breakdown of both functions, which in some cases are clearly interrelated. In this updated literature review, we focus on the effects of intestinal inflammation and the associated immune mediators on selected aspects of the transepithelial transport of macronutrients and micronutrients. The mechanisms responsible for nutritional deficiencies are not always clear and could be related to decreased intake, malabsorption, and excess losses. We summarize the known causes of nutrient deficiencies and the mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease-associated diarrhea. We also overview the consequences of impaired epithelial transport, which infrequently transcend its primary purpose to affect the gut microbial ecology and epithelial integrity. Although some of those regulatory mechanisms are relatively well established, more work needs to be done to determine how inflammatory cytokines can alter the transport process of nutrients across the gastrointestinal and renal epithelia.
Collapse
|
26
|
Nair DG, Miller KG, Lourenssen SR, Blennerhassett MG. Inflammatory cytokines promote growth of intestinal smooth muscle cells by induced expression of PDGF-Rβ. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:444-54. [PMID: 24417820 PMCID: PMC3955151 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thickening of the inflamed intestinal wall involves growth of smooth muscle cells (SMC), which contributes to stricture formation. Earlier, the growth factor platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB was identified as a key mitogen for SMC from the rat colon (CSMC), and CSMC growth in colitis was associated with both appearance of its receptor, PDGF-Rβ and modulation of phenotype. Here, we examined the role of inflammatory cytokines in inducing and modulating the growth response to PDGF-BB. CSMC were enzymatically isolated from Sprague–Dawley rats, and the effect of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, transforming growth factor (TGF), IL-17A and IL-2 on CSMC growth and responsiveness to PDGF-BB were assessed using proliferation assays, PCR and western blotting. Conditioned medium (CM) was obtained at 48 hrs of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis. Neither CM alone nor cytokines caused proliferation of early-passage CSMC. However, CM from inflamed, but not control colon significantly promoted the effect of PDGF-BB. IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-17A, but not other cytokines, increased the effect of PDGF-BB because of up-regulation of mRNA and protein for PDGF-Rβ without change in receptor phosphorylation. PDGF-BB was identified in adult rat serum (RS) and RS-induced CSMC proliferation was inhibited by imatinib, suggesting that blood-derived PDGF-BB is a local mitogen in vivo. In freshly isolated CSMC, CM from the inflamed colon as well as IL-1β and TNF-α induced the early expression of PDGF-Rβ, while imatinib blocked subsequent RS-induced cell proliferation. Thus, pro-inflammatory cytokines both initiate and maintain a growth response in CSMC via PDGF-Rβ and serum-derived PDGF-BB, and control of PDGF-Rβ expression may be beneficial in chronic intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dileep G Nair
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mazzolin LP, Kiguti LRDA, da Maia EO, Fernandes LTL, da Rocha LRM, Vilegas W, Pupo AS, Di Stasi LC, Hiruma-Lima CA. Antidiarrheal and intestinal antiinflammatory activities of a methanolic extract of Qualea parviflora Mart. in experimental models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:1016-1023. [PMID: 24157378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE An ethnopharmacological survey indicated that the bark from Qualea parviflora Mart. (Vochysiaceae) could be used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea and intestinal inflammation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a methanolic extract from the bark of Qualea parviflora (QP) in an experimental model of diarrhea and intestinal inflammation induced in rodents. MATERIAL AND METHODS The antidiarrheal and antispasmodic effects of QP were investigated by measuring intestinal motility, diarrhea, and intestinal fluid accumulation in rodents after challenging with a cathartic agent. In addition, the effects of QP on the contractility of the isolated mice-ileum preparation were determined. Acute intestinal inflammation was induced in male Wistar rats by the rectal administration of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in 50% ethanol (0.25 mL). QP was administered orally (for 5 days) prior to the induction of inflammation. The colonic injury and extent of inflammation were assessed by macroscopic damage scores and lesion length. The enhanced colonic mucosal injury, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress were evaluated by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity; the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL1-β), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels; and the glutathione (GSH) content. RESULTS Oral treatment with QP (500 mg/kg) delayed the onset of diarrhea, reduced the amount of liquid stool, and decreased the severity of the diarrhea and the evacuation index in rodents challenged with castor oil (p<0.01). Additionally, QP (150-500 µg/mL) demonstrated effective antispasmodic activity against carbachol-induced contractions of mouse ileum in vitro. Oral treatment (25 and 50 mg/kg/day) with QP significantly reduced the intestinal inflammation induced by TNBS in rats (52% and 45%, respectively). Improvement of colonic mucosal injury by treatment with QP was demonstrated by a decrease in MDA levels and an increase in GSH content in colonic tissue. QP also prevented intestinal inflammation as evidenced by reduced cytokine levels (TNF-α and IL1-β) and low MPO activity. CONCLUSIONS The ethnopharmacological usefulness of the bark from Qualea parviflora against diarrhea containing blood and mucus was supported by the observed antidiarrheal, antispasmodic, and intestinal antiinflammatory properties of this medicinal plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucilene Patrícia Mazzolin
- Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP - Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|