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Sergi E, Orfanakis M, Dimitriadi A, Christou M, Zachopoulou A, Kourkouta C, Printzi A, Zervou SK, Makridis P, Hiskia A, Koumoundouros G. Sublethal exposure to Microcystis aeruginosa extracts during embryonic development reduces aerobic swimming capacity in juvenile zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 243:106074. [PMID: 35030472 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) pose an intensifying ecological threat. Microcystis aeruginosa is a common CyanoHAB species in freshwater ecosystems, with severe toxic effects in a wide range of organisms. In the present paper we examined whether transient and short (48 h) exposure of fish embryos to sublethal levels of M. aeruginosa crude extract (200 mg biomass dw L-1) affects swimming performance at later life stages (end of metamorphosis, ca 12 mm TL, 22,23 days post-fertilization). Pre-exposed metamorphosing larvae presented a significant decrease in swimming performance (9.7 ± 1.6 vs 11.4 ± 1.7 TL s-1 in the control group, p < 0.01), and a significant decrease in the ventricle length-to-depth ratio (1.23 ± 0.15 vs 1.42 ± 0.15 in control fish, p < 0.05). In addition, extract-exposed fish presented significantly elevated rates of vertebral abnormalities (82 ± 13% vs 7 ± 4% in the control group), mainly consisting of the presence of extra neural and haemal processes. No significant differences between groups were detected in survival and growth rates. Results are discussed in respect to the mechanisms that might mediate the detected cyanobacterial effects. This is the first evidence of a direct link between sublethal exposure to M. aeruginosa during the embryonic period and swimming performance at later life-stages. Decreased swimming performance, altered cardiac shape, and elevated vertebral abnormalities in response to early exposure to M. aeruginosa could have significant effects on fish populations in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Christou
- Biology Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | - Alice Printzi
- Biology Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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Falfushynska H, Horyn O, Osypenko I, Rzymski P, Wejnerowski Ł, Dziuba MK, Sokolova IM. Multibiomarker-based assessment of toxicity of central European strains of filamentous cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon gracile and Raphidiopsis raciborskii to zebrafish Danio rerio. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 194:116923. [PMID: 33631698 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The global increase in cyanobacterial blooms poses environmental and health threats. Selected cyanobacterial strains reveal toxicities despite a lack of synthesis of known toxic metabolites, and the mechanisms of these toxicities are not well understood. Here we investigated the toxicity of non-cylindrospermopsin and non-microcystin producing Aphanizomenon gracile and Raphidiopsis raciborskii of Central European origin to zebrafish exposed for 14 days to their extracts. Toxicological screening revealed the presence of anabaenopeptins and a lack of anatoxin-a, ß-methylamino-L-alanine or saxitoxins in examined extracts. The responses were compared to 20 μg L-1 of common cyanobacterial toxins cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR). The expression of the marker genes involved in apoptosis (caspase 3a and 3b, Bcl-2, BAX, p53, MAPK, Nrf2), DNA damage detection and repair (GADD45, RAD51, JUN, XPC), detoxification (CYP1A, CYP26, EPHX1), lipid metabolism (PPARa, FABP1, PLA2), phosphorylation/dephosphorylation (PPP6C, PPM1) and cytoskeleton (actin, tubulin) were examined using targeted transcriptomics. Cellular stress and toxicity biomarkers (oxidative injury, antioxidant enzymes, thiol pool status, and lactate dehydrogenase activity) were measured in the liver, and acetylcholinesterase activity was determined as an index of neurotoxicity in the brain. The extracts of three cyanobacterial strains that produce no known cyanotoxins caused marked toxicity in D. rerio, and the biomarker profiles indicate different toxic mechanisms between the bioactive compounds extracted from these strains and the purified cyanotoxins. All studied cyanobacterial extracts and purified cyanotoxins induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, downregulated Nrf2 and CYP26B1, disrupted phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes and actin/tubulin cytoskeleton and upregulated apoptotic activity in the liver. The tested strains and purified toxins displayed distinctively different effects on lipid metabolism. Unlike CYN and MC-LR, the Central European strain of A. gracile and R. raciborskii did not reveal a genotoxic potential. These findings help to further understand the ecotoxicological consequences of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine; Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oksana Horyn
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Inna Osypenko
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland; Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Wejnerowski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin K Dziuba
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Vico P, Bonilla S, Cremella B, Aubriot L, Iriarte A, Piccini C. Biogeography of the cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis (Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii: Integrating genomics, phylogenetic and toxicity data. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 148:106824. [PMID: 32294544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Raphidiopsis (Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii, a globally distributed bloom-forming cyanobacterium, produces either the cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYL) in Oceania, Asia and Europe or the neurotoxin saxitoxin (STX) and analogues (paralytic shellfish poison, PSP) in South America (encoded by sxt genetic cluster) and none of them in Africa. Nevertheless, this particular geographic pattern is usually overlooked in current hypotheses about the species dispersal routes. Here, we combined genomics, phylogenetic analyses, toxicity data and a literature survey to unveil the evolutionary history and spread of the species. Phylogenies based on 354 orthologous genes from all the available genomes and ribosomal ITS sequences of the taxon showed two well-defined clades: the American, having the PSP producers; and the Oceania/Europe/Asia, including the CYL producers. We propose central Africa as the original dispersion center (non-toxic populations), reaching North Africa and North America (in former Laurasia continent). The ability to produce CYL probably took place in populations that advanced to sub-Saharan Africa and then to Oceania and South America. According to the genomic context of the sxt cluster found in PSP-producer strains, this trait was acquired once by horizontal transfer in South America, where the ability to produce CYL was lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Vico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Biología Computacional, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Avenida A. Navarro 3051, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sylvia Bonilla
- Sección Limnología, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Physiology and Ecology Phytoplankton Group, CSIC, Uruguay
| | - Bruno Cremella
- Sección Limnología, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Physiology and Ecology Phytoplankton Group, CSIC, Uruguay; Laboratory of Environmental Analysis, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luis Aubriot
- Sección Limnología, Instituto de Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Physiology and Ecology Phytoplankton Group, CSIC, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Iriarte
- Laboratorio de Biología Computacional, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Avenida A. Navarro 3051, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Claudia Piccini
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Henao E, Murphy PJ, Falfushynska H, Horyn O, Evans DM, Klimaszyk P, Rzymski P. Polymethoxy-1-Alkenes Screening of Chlorella and Spirulina Food Supplements Coupled with In Vivo Toxicity Studies. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E111. [PMID: 32050689 PMCID: PMC7077266 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Selected species of cyanobacteria and green algae have been reported to produce lipophilic polymethoxy-1-alkenes (PMAs) which were shown to exhibit in vivo teratogenicity. Considering that information on PMAs in Arthospira sp. (known commercially as Spirulina) and Chlorella sp. cultivated for food supplement production was essentially lacking, the present study screened Chlorella (n = 10) and Spirulina (n = 13) food supplements registered in the European Union. Mass spectrometry analysis of column fractionated extracts was performed. None of the four variants previously reported in some cyanobacteria and green algae, nor any potentially related structures were detected in the studied samples. Since the isolated lipophilic fractions contained various compounds, they were further screened for in vivo teratogenicity in Danio rerio embryo, and for the potential to induce oxidative stress and genotoxicity in the liver and neurotoxicity in the brain of adult zebrafish. None of the tested food supplements had detectable levels of PMAs or any potentially related structures. No teratogenicity was revealed except for spinal curvature induced by fractions obtained from two Chlorella products. Selected fractions revealed cytotoxicity as indicated by an increased level of reactive oxygen species, catalase activity, lipid peroxidation and increased frequency of DNA strand breaks in hepatic tissue. The majority (60%) of Chlorella fractions induced an increase in cholinesterase activity in zebrafish brain homogenate while exposure to 61.5% of Spirulina fractions was associated with its decrease. The present study confirms that Chlorella and Spirulina food supplements are free of teratogenic PMAs, although the observed in vivo toxicities raise questions regarding the quality of selected products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Henao
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, 100-00 Cali, Colombia;
| | - Patrick J. Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, Alun Roberts Building (Chemistry), Bangor University, LL57 2UW Bangor, Wales;
| | - Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| | - Oksana Horyn
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| | - Daniel M. Evans
- School of Natural Sciences, Alun Roberts Building (Chemistry), Bangor University, LL57 2UW Bangor, Wales;
| | - Piotr Klimaszyk
- Department of Water Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
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Pipal M, Priebojova J, Koci T, Blahova L, Smutna M, Hilscherova K. Field cyanobacterial blooms producing retinoid compounds cause teratogenicity in zebrafish embryos. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125061. [PMID: 31877619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria routinely release potentially harmful bioactive compounds into the aquatic environment. Several recent studies suggested a potential link between the teratogenicity of effects caused by cyanobacteria and production of retinoids. To investigate this relationship, we analysed the teratogenicity of field-collected cyanobacterial bloom samples by means of an in vivo zebrafish embryo test, an in vitro reporter gene bioassay and by the chemical analysis of retinoids. Extracts of biomass from cyanobacterial blooms with the dominance of Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon klebahnii were collected from water bodies in the Czech Republic and showed significant retinoid-like activity in vitro, as well as high degrees of teratogenicity in vivo. Chemical analysis was then used to identify a set of retinoids in ng per gram of dry weight concentration range. Subsequent fractionation and bioassay-based characterization identified two fractions with significant in vitro retinoid-like activity. Moreover, in most of the retinoids eluted from these fractions, teratogenicity with malformations typical for retinoid signalling disruption was observed in zebrafish embryos after exposure to the total extracts and these in vitro effective fractions. The zebrafish embryo test proved to be a sensitive toxicity indicator of the biomass extracts, as the teratogenic effects occurred at even lower concentrations than those expected from the activity detected in vitro. In fact, teratogenicity with retinoid-like activity was detected at concentrations that are commonly found in biomasses and even in bulk water surrounding cyanobacterial blooms. Overall, these results provide evidence of a link between retinoid-like activity, teratogenicity and the retinoids produced by cyanobacterial water blooms in the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Pipal
- RECETOX Faculty of Science Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Priebojova
- RECETOX Faculty of Science Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Koci
- RECETOX Faculty of Science Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Blahova
- RECETOX Faculty of Science Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Smutna
- RECETOX Faculty of Science Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Hilscherova
- RECETOX Faculty of Science Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Henao E, Rzymski P, Waters MN. A Review on the Study of Cyanotoxins in Paleolimnological Research: Current Knowledge and Future Needs. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:E6. [PMID: 31861931 PMCID: PMC7020453 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial metabolites are increasingly studied, in regards to their biosynthesis, ecological role, toxicity, and potential biomedical applications. However, the history of cyanotoxins prior to the last few decades is virtually unknown. Only a few paleolimnological studies have been undertaken to date, and these have focused exclusively on microcystins and cylindrospermopsins, both successfully identified in lake sediments up to 200 and 4700 years old, respectively. In this paper, we review direct extraction, quantification, and application of cyanotoxins in sediment cores, and put forward future research prospects in this field. Cyanobacterial toxin research is also compared to other paleo-cyanobacteria tools, such as sedimentary pigments, akinetes, and ancient DNA isolation, to identify the role of each tool in reproducing the history of cyanobacteria. Such investigations may also be beneficial for further elucidation of the biological role of cyanotoxins, particularly if coupled with analyses of other abiotic and biotic sedimentary features. In addition, we identify current limitations as well as future directions for applications in the field of paleolimnological studies on cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Henao
- Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, 100-00 Cali, Colombia
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Matthew N. Waters
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Funchess Hall, AL 36849, USA
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Roegner A, Truong L, Weirich C, Pírez-Schirmer M, Brena B, Miller TR, Tanguay R. Combined Danio rerio embryo morbidity, mortality and photomotor response assay: A tool for developmental risk assessment from chronic cyanoHAB exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134210. [PMID: 32380631 PMCID: PMC7111134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater harmful algal blooms produce a broad array of bioactive compounds, with variable polarity. Acute exposure to cyanotoxins can impact the liver, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and immune function. Increasing evidence suggests chronic effects from low-level exposures of cyanotoxins and other associated bioactive metabolites of cyanobacterial origin. These sundry compounds persist in drinking and recreational waters and challenge resource managers in detection and removal. A systematic approach to assess the developmental toxicity of cyanobacterial metabolite standards was employed utilizing a robust and high throughput developmental Danio rerio embryo platform that incorporated a neurobehavioral endpoint, photomotor response. Subsequently, we applied the platform to cyanobacterial bloom surface water samples taken from temperate recreational beaches and tropical lake subsistence drinking water sources as a model approach. Dechorionated Danio rerio embryos were statically immersed beginning at four to six hours post fertilization at environmentally relevant concentrations, and then assessed at 24 h and 5 days for morbidity, morphological changes, and photomotor response. At least one assessed endpoint deviated significantly for exposed embryos for 22 out of 25 metabolites examined. Notably, the alkaloid lyngbyatoxin-a resulted in profound, dose-dependent morbidity and mortality beginning at 5 μg/L. In addition, hydrophobic components of extracts from beach monitoring resulted in potent morbidity and mortality despite only trace cyanotoxins detected. The hydrophilic extracts with several order of magnitude higher concentrations of microcystins resulted in no morbidity or mortality. Developmental photomotor response was consistently altered in environmental bloom samples, independent of the presence or concentration of toxins detected in extracts. While limited with respect to more polar compounds, this novel screening approach complements specific fingerprinting of acutely toxic metabolites with robust assessment of developmental toxicity, critical for chronic exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Roegner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, 28645 East Highway 34, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Chelsea Weirich
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Macarena Pírez-Schirmer
- Departamento de Biociencias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Instituto de Higiene, A. Navarro 3051, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Brena
- Departamento de Biociencias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Instituto de Higiene, A. Navarro 3051, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Biociencias, Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Robert Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, 28645 East Highway 34, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
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Rzymski P, Evans DM, Murphy PJ, Kokociński M. A study of polymethoxy-1-alkenes in Raphidiopsis (Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile isolated in Poland. Toxicon 2019; 171:51-53. [PMID: 31586555 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that teratogenic polymethoxy-1-alkenes (PMAs) are produced by phylogenetically diverse cyanobacteria taxa, however corresponding studies on the occurrence of PMAs in European cyanobacteria are lacking. Herein, the presence of PMAs in strains of Raphidiopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile isolated from surface waters in Poland was studied using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. No PMAs were detected in any of the strains investigated, indicating that production of these compounds may be geographically diversified. Further studies are necessary to elucidate mechanisms of cyanobacterial PMAs synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Daniel M Evans
- School of Natural Sciences, Alun Roberts Building (Chemistry), Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Patrick J Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, Alun Roberts Building (Chemistry), Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG, UK
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Fernandes K, Gomes A, Calado L, Yasui G, Assis D, Henry T, Fonseca A, Pinto E. Toxicity of Cyanopeptides from Two Microcystis Strains on Larval Development of Astyanax altiparanae. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E220. [PMID: 31013880 PMCID: PMC6520764 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorption and accumulation of bioavailable cyanobacterial metabolites (including cyanotoxins) are likely in fish after senescence and the rupturing of cells during bloom episodes. We determined the toxicity of cyanopeptides identified from two strains of Microcystis (M. panniformis MIRS-04 and M. aeruginosa NPDC-01) in a freshwater tropical fish, Astyanax altiparanae (yellowtail tetra, lambari). Aqueous extracts of both Microcystis strains were prepared in order to simulate realistic fish exposure to these substances in a freshwater environment. Both strains were selected because previous assays evidenced the presence of microcystins (MCs) in MIRS-04 and lack of cyanotoxins in NPDC-01. Identification of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites was performed by LC-HR-QTOF-MS and quantification of the MC-LR was carried out by LC-QqQ-MS/MS. MIRS-04 produces the MCs MC-LR, MC-LY and MC-HilR as well as micropeptins B, 973, 959 and k139. NPCD-01 biosynthetizes microginins FR1, FR2/FR4 and SD-755, but does not produce MCs. Larval fish survival and changes in morphology were assessed for 96 h exposure to aqueous extracts of both strains at environmentally relevant concentrations from 0.1 to 0.5 mg (dry weight)/mL, corresponding to 0.15 to 0.74 μg/mL of MC-LR (considering dried amounts of MIRS-04 for comparison). Fish mortality increased with concentration and time of exposure for both strains of Microcystis. The frequencies of morphological abnormalities increased with concentration in both strains, and included abdominal and pericardial oedema, and spinal curvature. Results demonstrate that toxicity was not solely caused by MCs, other classes of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites contributed to the observed toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Fernandes
- Natural Resources Institute, Federal University of Itajubá, 1303 BPS Avenue, Itajubá, MG 37500-903, Brazil.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 580 Professor Lineu Prestes Avenue, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Andreia Gomes
- Natural Resources Institute, Federal University of Itajubá, 1303 BPS Avenue, Itajubá, MG 37500-903, Brazil.
- Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Washington Luis Highway, Niteroi, RJ 24310-000, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Calado
- National Center for Research and Conservation of Continentals' Fish-CEPTA, SP-201 (Pref. Euberto Nemésio Pereira de Godoy-Motorway), Km 6.5, Pirassununga, SP 13630-970, Brazil.
- Faculty of Technology, State University of Campinas, 1888 Paschoal Marmo Street, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil.
| | - George Yasui
- National Center for Research and Conservation of Continentals' Fish-CEPTA, SP-201 (Pref. Euberto Nemésio Pereira de Godoy-Motorway), Km 6.5, Pirassununga, SP 13630-970, Brazil.
| | - Diego Assis
- Bruker Daltonics Corporation, Condomínio BBP-Barão de Mauá, Atibaia, SP 12954-260, Brazil.
| | - Theodore Henry
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences (ILES), Center for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology (CMBB), The School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society (EGIS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Ana Fonseca
- Natural Resources Institute, Federal University of Itajubá, 1303 BPS Avenue, Itajubá, MG 37500-903, Brazil.
| | - Ernani Pinto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 580 Professor Lineu Prestes Avenue, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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Yang Y, Chen Y, Cai F, Liu X, Wang Y, Li R. Toxicity-associated changes in the invasive cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in response to nitrogen fluctuations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:1041-1049. [PMID: 29153475 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is of particular concern due to its ability to fix nitrogen (N), sporadic bloom, potential toxicity and apparent invasiveness. However, the toxicity associated behavior and response of toxic C. raciborskii under N fluctuations in water have been poorly investigated. The present study initiated based on the field survey in which Cylindrospermopsis species was found to have a high fitness under nitrate concentrations fluctuating from 0.02 mg L-1 to 2.90 mg L-1 in Chinese freshwater lakes. Examination on the role of short-term N fluctuations was conducted in two C. raciborskii strains which were exposed to a range of N concentrations supplied in two patterns, namely one-time pattern and ten-time pattern in which the equal amount of N was divided into ten-time accretions. The results showed the growth of both strains were not vulnerable to the transient nutrient fluctuations. The toxic strain showed considerable toxicological flexibility with the highest yield of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) obtained in the absence of N and the lowest in full medium. Generally, larger amounts of total CYN were observed at lower N levels, indicating that N deficiency promoted the intracellular accumulation and simultaneously restrained the extracellular release of CYN. Furthermore, CYN production was significantly different in two N supply patterns. The maximum quotas of intracellular and extracellular CYN in one-time pattern were respectively 2.79-3.53 and 3.94-7.20 times higher compared to the ten-time pattern. To our knowledge, our results are the first evidence of toxicity variations of C. raciborskii to the impermanent N fluctuations, shedding new light on its toxicological plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangfang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yilang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Rzymski P, Poniedziałek B, Mankiewicz-Boczek J, Faassen EJ, Jurczak T, Gągała-Borowska I, Ballot A, Lürling M, Kokociński M. Polyphasic toxicological screening of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile isolated in Poland. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jaja-Chimedza A, Sanchez K, Gantar M, Gibbs P, Schmale M, Berry JP. Carotenoid glycosides from cyanobacteria are teratogenic in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:478-489. [PMID: 28189893 PMCID: PMC5835316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenicity of cyanobacteria is widely associated with production of several well-described toxins that pose recognized threats to human and ecosystem health as part of both freshwater eutrophication, and episodic blooms in freshwater and coastal habitats. However, a preponderance of evidence indicates contribution of additional bioactive, and potentially toxic, metabolites. In the present study, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo was used as a model of vertebrate development to identify, and subsequently isolate and characterize, teratogenic metabolites from two representative strains of C. raciborskii. Using this approach, three chemically related carotenoids - and specifically the xanthophyll glycosides, myxol 2'-glycoside (1), 4-ketomyxol 2'-glycoside (2) and 4-hydroxymyxol 2'-glycoside (3) - which are, otherwise, well known pigment molecules from cyanobacteria were isolated as potently teratogenic compounds. Carotenoids are recognized "pro-retinoids" with retinoic acid, as a metabolic product of the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids, established as both key mediator of embryo development and, consequently, a potent teratogen. Accordingly, a comparative toxicological study of chemically diverse carotenoids, as well as apocarotenoids and retinoids, was undertaken. Based on this, a working model of the developmental toxicity of carotenoids as pro-retinoids is proposed, and the teratogenicity of these widespread metabolites is discussed in relation to possible impacts on aquatic vertebrate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Jaja-Chimedza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - Kristel Sanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Miroslav Gantar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Patrick Gibbs
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Michael Schmale
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33146, USA.
| | - John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
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Berry JP, Roy U, Jaja-Chimedza A, Sanchez K, Matysik J, Alia A. High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Intact Zebrafish Embryos Detects Metabolic Changes Following Exposure to Teratogenic Polymethoxyalkenes from Algae. Zebrafish 2016; 13:456-65. [PMID: 27348393 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for imaging and chemical analyses of in vivo, or otherwise intact, biological systems are rapidly emerging and finding diverse applications within a wide range of fields. Very recently, several NMR-based techniques have been developed for the zebrafish as a model animal system. In the current study, the novel application of high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR is presented as a means of metabolic profiling of intact zebrafish embryos. Toward investigating the utility of HR-MAS NMR as a toxicological tool, these studies specifically examined metabolic changes of embryos exposed to polymethoxy-1-alkenes (PMAs)-a recently identified family of teratogenic compounds from freshwater algae-as emerging environmental contaminants. One-dimensional and two-dimensional HR-MAS NMR analyses were able to effectively identify and quantify diverse metabolites in early-stage (≤36 h postfertilization) embryos. Subsequent comparison of the metabolic profiles between PMA-exposed and control embryos identified several statistically significant metabolic changes associated with subacute exposure to the teratogen, including (1) elevated inositol as a recognized component of signaling pathways involved in embryo development; (2) increases in several metabolites, including inositol, phosphoryl choline, fatty acids, and cholesterol, which are associated with lipid composition of cell membranes; (3) concomitant increase in glucose and decrease in lactate; and (4) decreases in several biochemically related metabolites associated with central nervous system development and function, including γ-aminobutyric acid, glycine, glutamate, and glutamine. A potentially unifying model/hypothesis of PMA teratogenicity based on the data is presented. These findings, taken together, demonstrate that HR-MAS NMR is a promising tool for metabolic profiling in the zebrafish embryo, including toxicological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Berry
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , North Miami, Florida
| | - Upasana Roy
- 2 Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany .,3 Institut für Analytische Chemie, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Asha Jaja-Chimedza
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , North Miami, Florida
| | - Kristel Sanchez
- 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , North Miami, Florida
| | - Joerg Matysik
- 3 Institut für Analytische Chemie, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Alia
- 2 Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany .,4 Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden, the Netherlands
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