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Varga E, Prause HC, Riepl M, Hochmayr N, Berk D, Attakpah E, Kiss E, Medić N, Del Favero G, Larsen TO, Hansen PJ, Marko D. Cytotoxicity of Prymnesium parvum extracts and prymnesin analogs on epithelial fish gill cells RTgill-W1 and the human colon cell line HCEC-1CT. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:999-1014. [PMID: 38212450 PMCID: PMC10861388 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms kill fish populations worldwide, as exemplified by the haptophyte microalga Prymnesium parvum. The suspected causative agents are prymnesins, categorized as A-, B-, and C-types based on backbone carbon atoms. Impacts of P. parvum extracts and purified prymnesins were tested on the epithelial rainbow trout fish gill cell line RTgill-W1 and on the human colon epithelial cells HCEC-1CT. Cytotoxic potencies ranked A > C > B-type with concentrations spanning from low (A- and C-type) to middle (B-type) nM ranges. Although RTgill-W1 cells were about twofold more sensitive than HCEC-1CT, the cytotoxicity of prymnesins is not limited to fish gills. Both cell lines responded rapidly to prymnesins; with EC50 values for B-types in RTgill-W1 cells of 110 ± 11 nM and 41.5 ± 0.6 nM after incubations times of 3 and 24 h. Results of fluorescence imaging and measured lytic effects suggest plasma membrane interactions. Postulating an osmotic imbalance as mechanisms of toxicity, incubations with prymnesins in media lacking either Cl-, Na+, or Ca2+ were performed. Cl- removal reduced morphometric rearrangements observed in RTgill-W1 and cytotoxicity in HCEC-1CT cells. Ca2+-free medium in RTgill-W1 cells exacerbated effects on the cell nuclei. Prymnesin composition of different P. parvum strains showed that analog composition within one type scarcely influenced the cytotoxic potential, while analog type potentially dictate potency. Overall, A-type prymnesins were the most potent ones in both cell lines followed by the C-types, and lastly B-types. Disturbance of Ca2+ and Cl- ionoregulation may be integral to prymnesin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Unit Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hélène-Christine Prause
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Riepl
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Hochmayr
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Deniz Berk
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Attakpah
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Endre Kiss
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikola Medić
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
- Center for Bioresources, Division for Food and Production, Danish Technological Institute, Gregersensvej 8, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38-40, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Caron DA, Lie AAY, Buckowski T, Turner J, Frabotta K. The Effect of pH and Salinity on the Toxicity and Growth of the Golden Alga, Prymnesium parvum. Protist 2023; 174:125927. [PMID: 36565615 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2022.125927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bioassays using cultures of the toxic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum and the ciliate Cyclidium sp. as prey were conducted to test the effect of pH (range = 6.5 - 8.5), salinity (range = 1.50 - 7.50‰), and a combination of pH and salinity on the toxicity of P. parvum. pH had a significant effect on P. parvum toxicity. Toxicity was rapidly (within 24 hr) induced by increasing pH of the medium, or reduced by lowering pH. Conversely, lowering salinity reduced toxicity, albeit less effectively compared to pH, and P. parvum cells remained toxic at the lowest values tested (1.50‰ at pH 7.5). An additional effect between pH and salinity was also observed: low salinity combined with low pH led to not only decreased toxicity, but also resulted in lower P. parvum growth rates. Such effects of pH and salinity on P. parvum growth and toxicity provide insight into the environmental factors supporting community dominance and toxic blooms of the alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Caron
- Aquatic EcoTechnologies, LLC, Santa Cruz, CA 95065, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Alle A Y Lie
- Aquatic EcoTechnologies, LLC, Santa Cruz, CA 95065, USA
| | - Tom Buckowski
- Lake Mission Viejo Association, Mission Viejo, CA 92692, USA
| | - Jim Turner
- Lake Mission Viejo Association, Mission Viejo, CA 92692, USA
| | - Kevin Frabotta
- Lake Mission Viejo Association, Mission Viejo, CA 92692, USA
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Clinton M, Król E, Sepúlveda D, Andersen NR, Brierley AS, Ferrier DEK, Hansen PJ, Lorenzen N, Martin SAM. Gill Transcriptomic Responses to Toxin-producing Alga Prymnesium parvum in Rainbow Trout. Front Immunol 2021; 12:794593. [PMID: 34956228 PMCID: PMC8693183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gill of teleost fish is a multifunctional organ involved in many physiological processes, including protection of the mucosal gill surface against pathogens and other environmental antigens by the gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT). Climate change associated phenomena, such as increasing frequency and magnitude of harmful algal blooms (HABs) put extra strain on gill function, contributing to enhanced fish mortality and fish kills. However, the molecular basis of the HAB-induced gill injury remains largely unknown due to the lack of high-throughput transcriptomic studies performed on teleost fish in laboratory conditions. We used juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to investigate the transcriptomic responses of the gill tissue to two (high and low) sublethal densities of the toxin-producing alga Prymnesium parvum, in relation to non-exposed control fish. The exposure time to P. parvum (4–5 h) was sufficient to identify three different phenotypic responses among the exposed fish, enabling us to focus on the common gill transcriptomic responses to P. parvum that were independent of dose and phenotype. The inspection of common differentially expressed genes (DEGs), canonical pathways, upstream regulators and downstream effects pointed towards P. parvum-induced inflammatory response and gill inflammation driven by alterations of Acute Phase Response Signalling, IL-6 Signalling, IL-10 Signalling, Role of PKR in Interferon Induction and Antiviral Response, IL-8 Signalling and IL-17 Signalling pathways. While we could not determine if the inferred gill inflammation was progressing or resolving, our study clearly suggests that P. parvum blooms may contribute to the serious gill disorders in fish. By providing insights into the gill transcriptomic responses to toxin-producing P. parvum in teleost fish, our research opens new avenues for investigating how to monitor and mitigate toxicity of HABs before they become lethal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag Clinton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Elżbieta Król
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Dagoberto Sepúlveda
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Andrew S Brierley
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - David E K Ferrier
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Samuel A M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Siregar P, Audira G, Feng LY, Lee JH, Santoso F, Yu WH, Lai YH, Li JH, Lin YT, Chen JR, Hsiao CD. Pharmaceutical Assessment Suggests Locomotion Hyperactivity in Zebrafish Triggered by Arecoline Might Be Associated with Multiple Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Activation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040259. [PMID: 33916832 PMCID: PMC8066688 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Arecoline is one of the nicotinic acid-based alkaloids, which is found in the betel nut. In addition to its function as a muscarinic agonist, arecoline exhibits several adverse effects, such as inducing growth retardation and causing developmental defects in animal embryos, including zebrafish, chicken, and mice. In this study, we aimed to study the potential adverse effects of waterborne arecoline exposure on zebrafish larvae locomotor activity and investigate the possible mechanism of the arecoline effects in zebrafish behavior. The zebrafish behavior analysis, together with molecular docking and the antagonist co-exposure experiment using muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists were conducted. Zebrafish larvae aged 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) were exposed to different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 ppm) of arecoline for 30 min and 24 h, respectively, to find out the effect of arecoline in different time exposures. Locomotor activities were measured and quantified at 120 hpf. The results showed that arecoline caused zebrafish larvae locomotor hyperactivities, even at a very low concentration. For the mechanistic study, we conducted a structure-based molecular docking simulation and antagonist co-exposure experiment to explore the potential interactions between arecoline and eight subtypes, namely, M1a, M2a, M2b, M3a, M3b, M4a, M5a, and M5b, of zebrafish endogenous muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Arecoline was predicted to show a strong binding affinity to most of the subtypes. We also discovered that the locomotion hyperactivity phenotypes triggered by arecoline could be rescued by co-incubating it with M1 to M4 mAChR antagonists. Taken together, by a pharmacological approach, we demonstrated that arecoline functions as a highly potent hyperactivity-stimulating compound in zebrafish that is mediated by multiple muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Siregar
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (P.S.); (G.A.)
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 3020314, Taiwan;
| | - Gilbert Audira
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (P.S.); (G.A.)
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 3020314, Taiwan;
| | - Ling-Yi Feng
- School of Pharmacy and Ph.D. Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Substance and Behavior Addiction Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hau Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (J.-H.L.); (W.-H.Y.)
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Fiorency Santoso
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 3020314, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Hao Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (J.-H.L.); (W.-H.Y.)
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Jih-Heng Li
- School of Pharmacy and Ph.D. Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Substance and Behavior Addiction Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-H.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (C.-D.H.)
| | - Ying-Ting Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (J.-H.L.); (W.-H.Y.)
- Drug Development & Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-H.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (C.-D.H.)
| | - Jung-Ren Chen
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (P.S.); (G.A.)
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 3020314, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (J.-H.L.); (Y.-T.L.); (C.-D.H.)
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5
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Taylor RB, Hill BN, Langan LM, Chambliss CK, Brooks BW. Sunlight concurrently reduces Prymnesium parvum elicited acute toxicity to fish and prymnesins. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127927. [PMID: 32814137 PMCID: PMC8117398 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Prymnesium parvum continues to spread globally, producing harmful algal blooms that release toxins known to cause fish kills. While previous work has identified possible P. parvum toxin(s) (e.g., prymnesins, fatty acids, fatty acid amides) and investigated treatment strategies targeted at minimizing cell abundance, studies examining efficacy of treatment approaches to remove toxins are lacking. To understand influences of sunlight on toxins stability and toxicity to fish, acutely toxic P. parvum cultures were exposed to three light scenarios (lab dark control, field dark, and field light) and then evaluated for acute toxicity to fish and prymnesins abundance. Previous work showed acute toxicity to fathead minnow larvae was ameliorated after 2 h of sunlight exposure, and results observed herein found an identical trend. Acute toxicity disappeared in light exposed filtrate, but filtrate exposed to 35 °C without sunlight remained acutely toxic to fish. Additionally, six prymnesins were identified through high-resolution mass spectrometry and abundance corresponded to acute toxicity levels. Prymnesins were present at the highest level in filtrate that was acutely toxic but diminished in filtrate that was exposed to light and correspondingly ameliorated acute toxicity to fish. These findings suggest prymnesins are responsible for measured acute toxicity and are photo-labile, which represents an important implication for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raegyn B Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Bridgett N Hill
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Laura M Langan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX, 76798, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97224, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
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