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Arango-De la Pava LD, González-Cortázar M, Zamilpa A, Cuéllar-Ordaz JA, de la Cruz-Cruz HA, Higuera-Piedrahita RI, López-Arellano R. Bio-guided isolation of a new sesquiterpene from Artemisia cina with anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus L3 infective larvae. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305155. [PMID: 38865346 PMCID: PMC11168668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a blood-feeding gastrointestinal parasite that impacts grazing sheep, causing economic losses in animal production. Due to its anthelmintic resistance, alternative antiparasitic treatments like plant-based anthelmintics are necessary to explore. Artemisia cina (Asteraceae) is a plant whose n-hexane extract and ethyl acetate extract exhibit anthelmintic activity against H. contortus, the n-hexane more active. To discover additional bioactive metabolites, a chemical analysis was performed on ethyl acetate extract, which presented an LC90 of 3.30 mg/mL and allowed the isolation of 11-[(1R,5S,7R,8R,10S,)-1,8-dihydroxy-5,10-dimethyl-4-oxodecahydroazulen-7-yl] acrylic acid. This new sesquiterpene was identified through one and two-dimensional NMR. The compound was named cinic acid and displayed an LC50 of 0.13 (0.11-0.14) mg/mL and LC90 of 0.40 (0.37-0.44) mg/mL, which, compared with ethyl acetate extract larvicidal activity, was 256-fold more active at LC50 and 15.71-fold at LC90. In this study, a new sesquiterpene with larvicidal activity against H. contortus L3 infective larvae was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Artemisia cina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis David Arango-De la Pava
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán, Estado de México, México
| | - Manasés González-Cortázar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Jorge Alfredo Cuéllar-Ordaz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán, Estado de México, México
| | | | | | - Raquel López-Arellano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
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2
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Eteme ON, Zondegoumba EN, Tadayozzi YS, Serafim JA, Leite WQ, de Freitas Genari Severino M, Vicente EF. Methods for extraction, isolation and sequencing of cyclotides and others cyclic peptides with anti-helminthic activities: An overview. Parasitol Int 2024; 98:102808. [PMID: 37717651 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The mortality rate caused by parasitic worms on their hosts is of great concern and studies have been carried out to find molecules to reduce the prevalence, host-parasite interaction, and resistance of parasites to treatments. Existing drugs on the market are very often toxic and have many side effects, hence the need to find new, more active molecules. It has been demonstrated in several works that medicinal plants constitute a wide range of new molecules that can solve this problem. Several works have already been able to demonstrate that cyclic peptides of plant origin have shown good activity in the fight against different types of helminths. Therefore, this review aims to provide a general overview of the methods and techniques of extraction, isolation, activities and mechanisms of action of cyclotides and other cyclic peptides for application in the treatment of helminthic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Ndogo Eteme
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil; University of Yaounde I, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, PO. BOX 812, Cameroon.
| | | | - Yasmin Saegusa Tadayozzi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil
| | - Jessica Aparecida Serafim
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil
| | - Wendell Queiroz Leite
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Festozo Vicente
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo 17602-496, Brazil.
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3
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Prangthip P, Tummatorn J, Adisakwattana P, Uthailak N, Boonyuen U, Tipthara P, Tarning J, Laohapaisan P, Thongsornkleeb C, Ruchirawat S, Reamtong O. Anthelmintic efficacy evaluation and mechanism of N-methylbenzo[d]oxazol-2-amine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22840. [PMID: 38129499 PMCID: PMC10739888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic roundworms cause significant sickness and mortality in animals and humans. In livestock, these nematodes have severe economic impact and result in losses in food production on a global scale. None of the currently available drugs ideally suit all treatment circumstances, and the development of drug-resistant nematode strains has become a challenge to control the infection. There is an urgent need to develop novel anthelmintic compounds. According to our previous report, N-methylbenzo[d]oxazol-2-amine (1) showed anthelmintic activity and lowest cytotoxicity. In this study, in vivo anthelmintic properties were evaluated using Trichinella spiralis infected mice. Toxicity was evaluated using the rats and mode of action using molecular docking and metabolomics approaches. The in vivo results demonstrate that a dose of 250 mg/kg reduced the T. spiralis abundance in the digestive tract by 49%. The 250 mg/kg Albendazole was served as control. The relatively low acute toxicity was categorized into chemical category 5, with an LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg body. Molecular docking analysis showed the T. spiralis tubulin beta chain and glutamate-gated channels might not be the main targets of compound 1. Metabolomics analysis was used to explain the effects of compound 1 on the T. spiralis adult worm. The results demonstrated that compound 1 significantly up-regulated the metabolism of purine, pyrimidine and down-regulated sphingolipid metabolism. In conclusion, compound 1 could be a potential molecule for anthelmintic development. The bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and absorption of this compound should be studied further to provide information for its future efficacy improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattaneeya Prangthip
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jumreang Tummatorn
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Naphatsamon Uthailak
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Phornpimon Tipthara
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pavitra Laohapaisan
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Charnsak Thongsornkleeb
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Program on Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Ramlal A, Nautiyal A, Kumar J, Mishra V, Sogan N, Nasser B. Singab A. Botanicals against some important nematodal diseases: Ascariasis and hookworm infections. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103814. [PMID: 37841664 PMCID: PMC10570706 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascariasis and intestinal parasitic nematodes are the leading cause of mass mortality infecting many people across the globe. In light of the various deleterious side effects of modern chemical-based allopathic drugs, our preferences have currently shifted towards the use of traditional plant-based drugs or botanicals for treating diseases. The defensive propensities in the botanicals against parasites have probably evolved during their co-habitation with parasites, humans and plants in nature and hence their combative interference in one another's defensive mechanisms has occurred naturally ultimately being very effective in treating diseases. This article broadly outlines the utility of plant-based compounds or botanicals prepared from various medicinal herbs that have the potential to be developed as effective therapies against the important parasites causing ascariasis and intestinal hookworm infections leading to ascariasis & infections and thereby human mortality, wherein allopathic treatments are less effective and causes enormous side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyagari Ramlal
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa Campus, New Delhi, Delhi, India 110012
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia 11800
| | - Aparna Nautiyal
- Department of Botany, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110019
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Life Sciences Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 560100
- Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), First Floor, MTNL Building, 9 Lodhi Road, CGO Complex, Pragati Vihar, New Delhi, Delhi, India 110003
| | - Vachaspati Mishra
- Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyay College, University of Delhi, Dwarka, Delhi, India 110078
| | - Nisha Sogan
- Department of Botany, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110019
| | - Abdel Nasser B. Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt 11156
- Centre of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
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Emsley E, Matshotshi A, Mathebula E, Mohlakoana S, Ramatla T, Thekisoe O, Tsotetsi-Khambule A. Assessment of gastrointestinal nematode anthelmintic resistance and acaricidal efficacy of fluazuron-flumethrin on sheep and goat ticks in the North West province of South Africa. Vet World 2023; 16:1615-1626. [PMID: 37766712 PMCID: PMC10521178 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1615-1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Anthelmintic resistance (AR) and acaricide resistance (ACR) pose great economic threat to communal livestock raised by rural communities, limiting sustainable production. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of AR and ACR against nematodes and ticks that infest small ruminants (sheep and goats) from small-scale farming communities in the North West Province of South Africa, as well as document the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods The study was conducted on small-scale farming locations in two districts of the North West Province, namely, Dr. Ruth Segomotsi Mompati district and Dr. Kenneth Kaunda district, from November 2019 to March 2020. A questionnaire survey based specifically on antiparasitic treatment and related management practices was administered to 86 small-scale farmers. A fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to determine in vivo AR in small ruminants against benzimidazole (BZD), levamisole, and macrocyclic lactone on nine ruminant farms. Then, deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from L3 larvae and resistant nematodes were identified using a polymerase chain reaction, targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 gene. An egg hatch assay (EHA) and a larval mortality assay (LMA) were used to determine in vitro AR against thiabendazole (TBZ and BZD) in the same farms. Acaricide resistance against fluazuron-flumethrin (Drastic Deadline eXtreme) pour-on was assessed using an adult immersion test (AIT) on Rhipicephalus evertsi. Results Questionnaire results indicated that most farmers (89%) relied solely on anthelmintics. Farmers used visual appraisal to estimate the dosage, which is the primary cause of resistance. The FECRT revealed AR in all the farms. Egg hatch assay results revealed AR development against TBZ in all districts, with >95% of the eggs hatching at variable doses. Larval mortality assay results revealed the development of resistance against BZD, with 50% of L3 larvae surviving at different doses in all farms. Adult immersion test results indicated that fluazuron-flumethrin (>99%) exhibited high acaricidal efficacy against R. evertsi by inhibiting tick oviposition. Conclusion This investigation found that sheep and goats in the studied areas are developing AR to gastrointestinal parasites. The findings of in vivo tests showed resistance with fecal egg count reduction percentage of <95% or lower confidence limit of <90%. The results of EHA and LMA revealed no evidence of inhibition of egg development and larval mortality, indicating the development of resistance. Acaricide resistance was not detected against fluazuron-flumethrin, which is commonly used in the study areas. Thus, developing management methods for these economically significant livestock nematodes, including teaching small-scale farmers how to properly administer anthelmintics and acaricides to their livestock, is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Emsley
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Asiashu Matshotshi
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Roodepoort, 1709, South Africa
| | - Eric Mathebula
- Biometry, Agricultural Research Council, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
| | - Setjhaba Mohlakoana
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Ana Tsotetsi-Khambule
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Roodepoort, 1709, South Africa
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6
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Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alkazmi L, El-Bouseary MM, Hamad RS, Abdelhamid M, Batiha GES. The Potential Nexus between Helminths and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Literature Review. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:5544819. [PMID: 37383608 PMCID: PMC10299886 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5544819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic helminth infections (CHIs) can induce immunological tolerance through the upregulation of regulatory T cells. In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), abnormal adaptive immune response and exaggerated immune response may cause immune-mediated tissue damage. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and CHIs establish complicated immune interactions due to SARS-CoV-2-induced immunological stimulation and CHIs-induced immunological tolerance. However, COVID-19 severity in patients with CHIs is mild, as immune-suppressive anti-inflammatory cytokines counterbalance the risk of cytokine storm. Since CHIs have immunomodulatory effects, therefore, this narrative review aimed to clarify how CHIs modulate the immunoinflammatory response in SARS-CoV-2 infection. CHIs, through helminth-derived molecules, may suppress SARS-CoV-2 entry and associated hyperinflammation through attenuation of the inflammatory signaling pathway. In addition, CHIs may reduce the COVID-19 severity by reducing the SARS-CoV-2 entry points in the initial phase and immunomodulation in the late phase of the disease by suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, CHIs may reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing hyperinflammation and exaggerated immune response. Thus, retrospective and prospective studies are recommended in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Luay Alkazmi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maisra M. El-Bouseary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rabab S. Hamad
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abdelhamid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
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7
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Štěrbová K, Rychlá N, Matoušková P, Skálová L, Raisová Stuchlíková L. Short-chain dehydrogenases in Haemonchus contortus: changes during life cycle and in relation to drug-resistance. Vet Res 2023; 54:19. [PMID: 36882840 PMCID: PMC9993613 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) regulate the activities of many hormones and other signaling molecules and participate in the deactivation of various carbonyl-bearing xenobiotics. Nevertheless, knowledge about these important enzymes in helminths remains limited. The aim of our study was to characterize the SDR superfamily in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Genome localization of SDRs was explored, and phylogenetic analysis in comparison with SDRs from free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the domestic sheep (Ovis aries, a typical host of H. contortus) was constructed. The expression profile of selected SDRs during the life cycle along with differences between the drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains, were also studied. Genome sequencing enabled the identification of 46 members of the SDR family in H. contortus. A number of genes have no orthologue in the sheep genome. In all developmental stages of H. contortus, SDR1, SDR3, SDR5, SDR6, SDR14, and SDR18 genes were the most expressed, although in individual stages, huge differences in expression levels were observed. A comparison of SDRs expression between the drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of H. contortus revealed several SDRs with changed expression in the resistant strain. Specifically, SDR1, SDR12, SDR13, SDR16 are SDR candidates related to drug-resistance, as the expression of these SDRs is consistently increased in most stages of the drug-resistant H. contortus. These findings revealing several SDR enzymes of H. contortus warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolína Štěrbová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Rychlá
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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8
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Imran IB, Engström MT, Karonen M, Williams AR, Salminen JP. Alkaline oxidization can increase the in vitro antiparasitic activity of proanthocyanidin-rich plant extracts against Ascarissuum. Exp Parasitol 2023; 248:108493. [PMID: 36889503 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a class of plant specialized metabolites with well-documented bioactivities such as antiparasitic effects. However, little is known about how the modification of PAs influences their bioactivity. The objective of this study was to investigate a wide range of PA-containing plant samples to determine if extracts containing PAs modified by oxidation had altered antiparasitic activities, compared to the original extracts that had not been modified in alkaline conditions. We extracted and analyzed samples from 61 proanthocyanidin-rich plants. The extracts were then oxidized under alkaline conditions. We used these non-oxidized and oxidized proanthocyanidin-rich extracts to conduct a detailed analysis of direct antiparasitic effects against the intestinal parasite Ascaris suum in vitro. These tests showed that the proanthocyanidin-rich extracts had antiparasitic activity. Modification of these extracts significantly increased the antiparasitic activity for the majority the extracts, suggesting that the oxidation procedure enhanced the bioactivity of the samples. Some samples that showed no antiparasitic activity before oxidation showed very high activity after the oxidation. High levels of other polyphenols in the extracts, such as flavonoids, was found to be associated with increased antiparasitic activity following oxidation. Thus, our in vitro screening opens up the opportunity for future research to better understand the mechanism of action how alkaline treatment of PA-rich plant extracts increases their biological activity and potential as novel anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Bin Imran
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Marica T Engström
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Maarit Karonen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrew R Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
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9
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Nath TC, Eom KS, Choe S, Mukutmoni M, Khanum H, Bhuiyan JU, Islam KM, Islam S, Zohra F, Park H, Lee D. An update of intestinal helminth infections among urban slum communities in Bangladesh. IJID REGIONS 2022; 5:1-7. [PMID: 36105668 PMCID: PMC9465421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infections remain prevalent in urban slum communities in Bangladesh. School-aged children had a higher infection rate compared with adults. Ascaris lumbricoides was predominant in children, and hookworms were predominant in adults. Rhabditis sp. was observed for the first time in humans in Bangladesh. A significant association was found between free-roaming animals and human parasitic infections.
Aim Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilak Chandra Nath
- Department of Parasitology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
- International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Keeseon S. Eom
- International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Department of Parasitology and Parasite Research Centre, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Seongjun Choe
- Department of Parasitology and Parasite Research Centre, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | | | - Hamida Khanum
- Department of Zoology, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jamal Uddin Bhuiyan
- Department of Parasitology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | | | - Saiful Islam
- Department of Parasitology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Fatematuz Zohra
- Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Bangladesh
| | - Hansol Park
- International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Corresponding authors at: International Parasite Resource Bank (iPRB), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
| | - Dongmin Lee
- International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Department of Parasitology and Parasite Research Centre, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Corresponding authors at: International Parasite Resource Bank (iPRB), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
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Essential Oils as Novel Anthelmintic Drug Candidates. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238327. [PMID: 36500419 PMCID: PMC9735941 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Helminths, with an estimated 1.5 billion annual global infections, are one of the major health challenges worldwide. The current strategy of the World Health Organization to prevent helminth infection includes increasing hygienic awareness, providing better sanitation and preventative anthelmintic drug therapy in vulnerable populations. Nowadays, anthelmintic drugs are used heavily in livestock, both in case of infection and as a preventative measure. However, this has led to the development of resistance against several of the most common drugs, such as levamisole, ivermectin and thiabendazole. As many as 70% of the livestock in developed countries now has helminths that are drug resistant, and multiple resistance is common. Because of this, novel anthelmintics are urgently needed to help combat large-scale production losses. Prior to this review, no comprehensive review of the anthelmintic effects of essential oils and their components existed. Multiple review articles have been published on the uses of a single plant and its extracts that only briefly touch upon their anthelmintic activity. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of essential oils and their components as anthelmintic treatment against a wider variety of helminths.
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In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of a Hydroalcoholic Extract from Guazuma ulmifolia Leaves against Haemonchus contortus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101160. [PMID: 36297217 PMCID: PMC9607474 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to assess the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of a hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) and their fractions (aqueous, Aq-F and organic, EtOAc-F) from Guazuma ulmifolia leaves using Haemonchus contortus as a biological model. The egg hatching inhibition (EHI) and larval mortality against infective larvae (L3) tests were used to determine the anthelmintic effect of the treatments. The extract and fractions were tested at different concentrations against eggs and L3. Additionally, distilled water and methanol were used as negative controls and ivermectin as a positive control. The extract and fractions were subjected to HPLC analysis to identify the major compounds. The HAE displayed the highest ovicidal activity (100% EHI at 10 mg/mL). Fractionation of the HA extract allowed increasing the nematicidal effect in the EtOAc-F (100% EHI at 0.62 mg/mL and 85.35% mortality at 25 mg/mL). The phytochemical analysis of the extract and fractions revealed the presence of kaempferol, ethyl ferulate, ethyl coumarate, flavonol, luteolin, ferulic acid, luteolin rhamnoside, apigenin rutinoside, coumaric acid derivative, luteolin glucoside, and quercetin glucoside. These results suggest that G. ulmifolia leaves could be potential candidates for the control of H. contortus or other gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes.
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Antitrypanosomal and Anthelminthic Properties of Ethanol Extracts of Carica papaya Linn. and Ceiba pentandra (L) Gaertn. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5251930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common diseases that affect low-income countries are helminthosis and trypanosomosis. In Ghana, and in many other African countries, herbal treatment of various diseases is still common. In the present study, we sought to determine the antitrypanosomal and anthelminthic activities of Carica papaya and Ceiba pentandra. The ethanol extracts of Carica papaya stem bark (PPSe) and leaves (PPLe) and ethanol extracts of Ceiba pentandra stem bark (CPSe) and leaves (CPLe) were screened against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Pheretima posthuma worms in vitro. CPSe exhibited strong antitrypanosomal activity, while the other extracts exhibited moderate activity against T. b. brucei. All the extracts showed weak selective indices (SI) when tested on Jurkat cell lines, which is indicative of a potential toxic effect. When the extracts were screened against P. posthuma worms, only PPSe and CPSe were able to kill the worms after the exposure time at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/mL. PPSe was again the only extract that potentiated the anthelminthic activity of albendazole against P. posthuma worms. Preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of compounds with antitrypanosomal and anthelminthic properties. The results confirmed the potential of C. papaya and C. pentandra as remedies for trypanosomosis and helminthosis and also gives credence to their folkloric use.
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Dimunová D, Matoušková P, Podlipná R, Boušová I, Skálová L. The role of UDP-glycosyltransferases in xenobiotic-resistance. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:282-298. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2083632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dimunová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Podlipná
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Praha 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Boušová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Pereira de Araújo M, Sato MO, Sato M, Bandara WM KM, Coelho LFL, Souza RLM, Kawai S, Marques MJ. Unbalanced relationships: insights into the interaction between gut microbiota, geohelminths, and schistosomiasis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13401. [PMID: 35539016 PMCID: PMC9080432 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosts and their microbiota and parasites have co-evolved in an adaptative relationship since ancient times. The interaction between parasites and intestinal bacteria in terms of the hosts' health is currently a subject of great research interest. Therapeutic interventions can include manipulations of the structure of the intestinal microbiota, which have immunological interactions important for modulating the host's immune system and for reducing inflammation. Most helminths are intestinal parasites; the intestinal environment provides complex interactions with other microorganisms in which internal and external factors can influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Moreover, helminths and intestinal microorganisms can modulate the host's immune system either beneficially or harmfully. The immune response can be reduced due to co-infection, and bacteria from the intestinal microbiota can translocate to other organs. In this way, the treatment can be compromised, which, together with drug resistance by the parasites makes healing even more difficult. Thus, this work aimed to understand interactions between the microbiota and parasitic diseases caused by the most important geohelminths and schistosomiasis and the consequences of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Pereira de Araújo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil,Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Marcello Otake Sato
- Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Megumi Sato
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Satoru Kawai
- Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Marcos José Marques
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Microbiome "Inception": an Intestinal Cestode Shapes a Hierarchy of Microbial Communities Nested within the Host. mBio 2022; 13:e0067922. [PMID: 35502903 PMCID: PMC9239044 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00679-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of a holobiont, a host organism and its associated microbial communities, encapsulates the vital role the microbiome plays in the normal functioning of its host. Parasitic infections can disrupt this relationship, leading to dysbiosis. However, it is increasingly recognized that multicellular parasites are themselves holobionts. Intestinal parasites share space with the host gut microbiome, creating a system of nested microbiomes within the primary host. However, how the parasite, as a holobiont, interacts with the host holobiont remains unclear, as do the consequences of these interactions for host health. Here, we used 16S amplicon and shotgun metagenomics sequencing to characterize the microbiome of the intestinal cestode Eubothrium and its effect on the gut microbiome of its primary host, Atlantic salmon. Our results indicate that cestode infection is associated with salmon gut dysbiosis by acting as a selective force benefiting putative pathogens and potentially introducing novel bacterial species to the host. Our results suggest that parasitic cestodes may themselves be holobionts nested within the microbial community of their holobiont host, emphasizing the importance of also considering microbes associated with parasites when studying intestinal parasitic infections.
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da Silva Felix RC, Barbosa TN, Marques HP, de Oliveira Rebouças CK, da Silveira Pereira JC, Batista JIL, de Paiva Soares KM, da Silva MDC, Bezerra ACDS. In vitro nematocidal activity of Punica granatum L. against gastrointestinal helminths in goats. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:236-242. [PMID: 35299932 PMCID: PMC8901839 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal activity, phytochemistry, and toxicity of a saline extract obtained from peel of Punica granatum L fruits. The ovicidal activity was evaluated by the hatching inhibition of eggs recovered from fecal samples of naturally infected goats; the phytochemical analysis was carried out using the fruit peel; and the toxicity was tested on Artemia salina, using saline extract. The results showed that the ovicidal effect of the tested extract was 99% (25 mg mL-1), 99% (12.5 mg mL-1), 98% (6.25 mg mL-1), and 95% (3.12 mg mL-1), higher than that of the control drug, thiabendazole (83%). The phytochemical analysis showed presence of phenols, anthraquinones, and condensed and hydrolysable tannins in the fruit extract. The toxicity test of the extract of P. granatum showed an LC50 of 6.19 mg mL-1, which indicates a safe use for a concentration of 3.12 mg mL-1, since it was the tested concentration that was below the reliable LC50. The saline extract from peels of P. granatum has ovicidal activity, important secondary metabolites, and absence of toxicity at the lowest concentration tested. However, in vivo tests in experimental models are recommended before performing experiments in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Cristinne da Silva Felix
- grid.412393.e0000 0004 0644 0007Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente, Tecnologia e Sociedade, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Tallyson Nogueira Barbosa
- grid.412393.e0000 0004 0644 0007Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | | | | | | | - João Inácio Lopes Batista
- grid.412393.e0000 0004 0644 0007Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Karoline Mikaelle de Paiva Soares
- grid.412393.e0000 0004 0644 0007Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Michele Dalvina Correia da Silva
- grid.412393.e0000 0004 0644 0007Laboratório de Biotecnologia Molecular, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Diógenes Suassuna Bezerra
- grid.412393.e0000 0004 0644 0007Laboratório de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Doenças Infecto-Parasitárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
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Idris OA, Wintola OA, Afolayan AJ. Anthelmintic potency of Rumex crispus L. extracts against Caenorhabditis elegans and non-targeted identification of the bioactive compounds. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:541-549. [PMID: 35002450 PMCID: PMC8716969 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional healers and ethnoveterinary therapists use several medicinal plants, such as Rumex crispus L., to treat endoparasite infections. R. crispus has been established by researchers to be effective agasint a few parasitic worms. In this study, we evaluated the potency of R. crispus extracts on the model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans and the bioactive compounds of the extracts were also identified. The solvent extracts of R. crispus were tested against C. elegans for up to 72 h. The effect of the extracts on C. elegans was examined using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). LM and SEM analysis showed damage on the body wall, reduced body and slight modifications of the nematode organs. The lethality test reveals a significant reduction in the viability of the nematode with the water extract of leaf (LF-WAE), among others, having the strongest potency against the nematode, with 83% lethality. Anlysis done with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra reveals various characteristic vibration bands and fingerprint bands at 3400–600 cm−1, identifying phenols, organic acids, aromatics, amines, among others in the plant. The compounds were identified with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), under the categories of flavonoids, steroidal alkaloids and proanthocyanidin. In conclusion, this study confirmed that R. crispus has anthelmintic potential, using standardised C. elegans models as a tool and suggests that there could be novel compounds yet to be explored in the studied plant that could be of great benefit to livestock and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladayo Amed Idris
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.,Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management (UESM), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa
| | - Olubunmi Abosede Wintola
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony Jide Afolayan
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Hoffmann T, Hahn A, Verweij JJ, Leboulle G, Landt O, Strube C, Kann S, Dekker D, May J, Frickmann H, Loderstädt U. Differing Effects of Standard and Harsh Nucleic Acid Extraction Procedures on Diagnostic Helminth Real-Time PCRs Applied to Human Stool Samples. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020188. [PMID: 33572338 PMCID: PMC7916106 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess standard and harsher nucleic acid extraction schemes for diagnostic helminth real-time PCR approaches from stool samples. A standard procedure for nucleic acid extraction from stool and a procedure including bead-beating as well as proteinase K digestion were compared with group-, genus-, and species-specific real-time PCR assays targeting helminths and nonhelminth pathogens in human stool samples. From 25 different in-house and commercial helminth real-time PCR assays applied to 77 stool samples comprising 67 historic samples and 10 external quality assessment scheme samples positively tested for helminths, higher numbers of positive test results were observed after bead-beating-based nucleic acid extraction for 5/25 (20%) real-time PCR assays irrespective of specificity issues. Lower cycle threshold values were observed for one real-time PCR assay after the standard extraction scheme, and for four assays after the bead-beating-based scheme. Agreement between real-time PCR results after both nucleic acid extraction strategies according to Cohen’s kappa ranged from poor to almost perfect for the different assays. Varying agreement was observed in eight nonhelminth real-time PCR assays applied to 67 historic stool samples. The study indicates highly variable effects of harsh nucleic acid extraction approaches depending on the real-time PCR assay used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.H.); or (H.F.)
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Jaco J. Verweij
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, 5042 AD Tilburg, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Olfert Landt
- TIB MOLBIOL, 12103 Berlin, Germany; (G.L.); (O.L.)
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Simone Kann
- Medical Mission Institute, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Denise Dekker
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (D.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Jürgen May
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (D.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (T.H.); or (H.F.)
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Loderstädt
- Department of Hospital Hygiene & Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Salikin NH, Nappi J, Majzoub ME, Egan S. Combating Parasitic Nematode Infections, Newly Discovered Antinematode Compounds from Marine Epiphytic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1963. [PMID: 33322253 PMCID: PMC7764037 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematode infections cause debilitating diseases and impede economic productivity. Antinematode chemotherapies are fundamental to modern medicine and are also important for industries including agriculture, aquaculture and animal health. However, the lack of suitable treatments for some diseases and the rise of nematode resistance to many available therapies necessitates the discovery and development of new drugs. Here, marine epiphytic bacteria represent a promising repository of newly discovered antinematode compounds. Epiphytic bacteria are ubiquitous on marine surfaces where they are under constant pressure of grazing by bacterivorous predators (e.g., protozoans and nematodes). Studies have shown that these bacteria have developed defense strategies to prevent grazers by producing toxic bioactive compounds. Although several active metabolites against nematodes have been identified from marine bacteria, drug discovery from marine microorganisms remains underexplored. In this review, we aim to provide further insight into the need and potential for marine epiphytic bacteria to become a new source of antinematode drugs. We discuss current and emerging strategies, including culture-independent high throughput screening and the utilization of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model target organism, which will be required to advance antinematode drug discovery and development from marine microbial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Hawani Salikin
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (N.H.S.); (J.N.); (M.E.M.)
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jadranka Nappi
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (N.H.S.); (J.N.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Marwan E. Majzoub
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (N.H.S.); (J.N.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Suhelen Egan
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (N.H.S.); (J.N.); (M.E.M.)
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Camargo de Lima J, Floriani MA, Debarba JA, Paludo GP, Monteiro KM, Moura H, Barr JR, Zaha A, Ferreira HB. Dynamics of protein synthesis in the initial steps of strobilation in the model cestode parasite Mesocestoides corti (syn. vogae). J Proteomics 2020; 228:103939. [PMID: 32798775 PMCID: PMC10491476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mesocestoides corti (syn. vogae) is a useful model for developmental studies of platyhelminth parasites of the Cestoda class, such as Taenia spp. or Echinococcus spp. It has been used in studies to characterize cestode strobilation, i.e. the development of larvae into adult worms. So far, little is known about the initial molecular events involved in cestode strobilation and, therefore, we carried out a study to characterize newly synthesized (NS) proteins upon strobilation induction. An approach based on bioorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging and mass spectrometry was used to label, isolate, identify, and quantify NS proteins in the initial steps of M. corti strobilation. Overall, 121 NS proteins were detected exclusively after induction of strobilation, including proteins related to development pathways, such as insulin and notch signaling. Metabolic changes that take place in the transition from the larval stage to adult worm were noted in special NS protein subsets related to developmental processes, such as focal adhesion, cell leading edge, and maintenance of location. The data shed light on mechanisms underlying early steps of cestode strobilation and enabled identification of possible developmental markers. We also consider the use of developmental responsive proteins as potential drug targets for developing novel anthelmintics. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Larval cestodiases are life-threatening parasitic diseases that affect both man and domestic animals worldwide. Cestode parasites present complex life cycles, in which they undergo major morphological and physiological changes in the transition from one life-stage to the next. One of these transitions occurs during cestode strobilation, when the mostly undifferentiated and non-segmented larval or pre-adult form develops into a fully segmented and sexually differentiated (strobilated) adult worm. Although the proteomes of bona fide larvae and strobialted adults have been previously characterized for a few cestode species, little is still known about the dynamic of protein synthesis during the early steps of cestode strobilation. Now, the assessment of newly synthesized (NS) proteins within the first 48 h of strobilation the model cestode M. corti allowed to shed light on molecular mechanisms that are triggered by strobilation induction. The functional analyses of this repertoire of over a hundred NS proteins pointed out to changes in metabolism and activation of classical developmental signaling pathways in early strobilation. Many of the identified NS proteins may become valuable cestode developmental markers and their involvement in vital processes make them also good candidate targets for novel anthelmintic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson Camargo de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular e Celular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maiara Anschau Floriani
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João Antônio Debarba
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular e Celular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Prado Paludo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular e Celular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karina Mariante Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular e Celular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hercules Moura
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - John R Barr
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular e Celular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular e Celular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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21
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Zaman MA, Abbas RZ, Qamar W, Qamar MF, Mehreen U, Shahid Z, Kamran M. Role of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants against Ascaridia galli. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1782801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arfan Zaman
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fiaz Qamar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Mehreen
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Shahid
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Nematicidal Activity of Holigarna caustica (Dennst.) Oken Fruit Is Due to Linoleic Acid. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071043. [PMID: 32674325 PMCID: PMC7408404 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Holigarna caustica (Dennst.) Oken is used by the tribes of Northeast India for the treatment of intestinal problems. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the active principles of this plant responsible for its anthelmintic activity, using bioassay-guided fractionation. An ethanol extract of H. caustica fruit was fractionated on a silica gel column, followed by HPLC, while nematicidal activity was followed throughout on Caenorhabditis (C.) elegans as a model organism. Our study constitutes the first nematicidal report for this plant. Bioassay-guided purification led to the isolation of one compound (IC50 = 0.4 µM) as the only active constituent in the most active fraction. The compound was identified as linoleic acid based on spectroscopic data (1H and 13C NMR and ESI-MS). No cytotoxicity was observed in the crude extract or in linoleic acid (up to 356 µM). The results support the use of H. caustica for the treatment of intestinal problems by traditional healers in India.
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Chitikina SS, Buddiga P, Deb PK, Mailavaram RP, Venugopala KN, Nair AB, Al-Jaidi B, Kar S. Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of some novel (E)-2-methyl/propyl-4-(2-(substitutedbenzylidene)hydrazinyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lalthanpuii PB, Lalchhandama K. Intestinal cestodes of chicken are effectively killed by quinoline-rich extract of Spilanthes acmella. Vet World 2020; 13:821-826. [PMID: 32546932 PMCID: PMC7245699 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.821-826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Spilanthes acmella is used for the treatment of intestinal helminth infections in Mizo traditional medicine. In spite of a variety of drugs developed for helminthiases, an entirely safe and absolutely effective drug is still lacking, so much so that infections remain a major problem in human and animal welfare. In this study, we attempted to substantiate S. acmella as an anticestodal agent. Materials and Methods The aqueous extract of the aerial parts of S. acmella was prepared and from it a bioactive fraction was obtained using column chromatography. Chemical analyses were done using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Helminth survival test was performed in vitro on an intestinal cestode, Raillietina tetragona. Structural effects on the cestode were examined under scanning electron microscopy. Results From the bioactive fraction of S. acmella extract, TLC indicated the presence of an aromatic quinone, which was identified using GC-MS as a quinoline derivative (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline having a retention time of 24.97 min and chemical formula of C12H15N). The quinoline-rich fraction showed concentration-dependent activity against R. tetragona as that of albendazole. Scanning electron microscopy of the treated cestode revealed classic anthelmintic effects such as tegumental shrinkage and damage of surface organs. The scolex was shrunk, suckers were degenerated with disintegrated spines, and rostellum was completely collapsed. There were severe damages on the tegument and formation of pit-like scars on the proglottids. Conclusion The efficacy of S. acmella extract and structural damages it caused on the cestode indicates that it is a potential source of anthelmintic agent and that 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline contributes to its antiparasitic activity.
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Characterization of viruses in a tapeworm: phylogenetic position, vertical transmission, and transmission to the parasitized host. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:1755-1767. [PMID: 32286546 PMCID: PMC7305300 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic flatworms (Neodermata) infect all vertebrates and represent a significant health and economic burden worldwide due to the debilitating diseases they cause. This study sheds light for the first time into the virome of a tapeworm by describing six novel RNA virus candidate species associated with Schistocephalus solidus, including three negative-strand RNA viruses (order Jingchuvirales, Mononegavirales, and Bunyavirales) and three double-stranded RNA viruses. Using in vitro culture of S. solidus, controlled experimental infections and field sampling, we demonstrate that five of these viruses are vertically transmitted, and persist throughout the S. solidus complex life cycle. Moreover, we show that one of the viruses, named Schistocephalus solidus rhabdovirus (SsRV1), is excreted by the parasite and transmitted to parasitized hosts indicating that it may impact S. solidus-host interactions. In addition, SsRV1 has a basal phylogenetic position relative to vertebrate rhabdoviruses suggesting that parasitic flatworms could have contributed to virus emergence. Viruses similar to four of the S. solidus viruses identified here were found in geographically distant S. solidus populations through data mining. Further studies are necessary to determine if flatworm viruses can replicate in parasitized hosts, how they contribute to parasite infection dynamics and if these viruses could be targeted for treatment of parasitic disease.
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Lemos M, Pedro JM, Fançony C, Moura S, Brito M, Nery SV, Sousa CP, Barros H. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis preventive chemotherapy: Adverse events in children from 2 to 15 years in Bengo province, Angola. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229247. [PMID: 32160223 PMCID: PMC7065752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventive chemotherapy campaigns with praziquantel and albendazole are being implemented in Angola, as a high priority public health intervention. However, there are no published data regarding adverse events associated with these medications. In this context, we analysed adverse events due to co-administration of praziquantel and albendazole in endemic areas of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in Bengo, Angola. In the context of a targeted drug administration, between December 2012 and September 2013, we conducted two surveys after co-administrating single oral doses of praziquantel and albendazole tablets to children 2 to 15 years of age. About 24 hours after each treatment, participants answered a questionnaire about adverse events. At baseline, 605 children (55.0% male; mean age: 9.7 years) were treated; 460 were interviewed and 257 (55.9%) reported at least one adverse event, 62.3% (160/257) of children being infected with schistosoma haematobium. After six months of treatment, among 339 children surveyed, 184 (54.3%) reported adverse events, with 49.5% (91/184) of infected children. Adverse events were most common in preschool-aged children, with no significant difference between genders. The most frequent adverse events in the two surveys were abdominal pain (18.5%, 25.7%), headache (20.9%, 23.0%) and dizziness (15.7%, 19.8%). Children aged 12 to 15 years (adjusted OR = 0.40, p = 0.040) and those with mixed infection (adjusted OR = 0.04, p = 0.011) had lower odds of adverse events. After the second treatment, those with heavy infection (adjusted OR = 2.72, p = 0.018) and aged 9-11 years (adjusted OR = 2.01, p = 0.049) had significantly fewer adverse events. About 2.0% of children experienced severe adverse events. This study adds evidence that preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths control is safe, but cases of adverse events are expected. Standardized methodologies to discriminate drug-related adverse events from the clinical manifestations of the infections are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lemos
- CISA—Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Caxito, Angola
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola
| | - Joao M. Pedro
- CISA—Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Caxito, Angola
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Fançony
- CISA—Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Caxito, Angola
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Moura
- CISA—Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Caxito, Angola
| | - Miguel Brito
- CISA—Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Angola, Caxito, Angola
- H&TRC—Health and Technology Research Center, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Vaz Nery
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carlos Pinto Sousa
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola
| | - Henrique Barros
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Luber V, Lutz M, Abele‐Horn M, Einsele H, Grigoleit GU, Mielke S. Excretion of
Ascaris lumbricoides
following reduced‐intensity allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and consecutive treatment with mebendazole. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13224. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Luber
- Department of Internal Medicine II University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
- Department of Hematology and Oncology Sana Hospital Hof Hof Germany
| | - Mathias Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine II University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
- Department of Medicine A University Hospital of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Marianne Abele‐Horn
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | | | - Stephan Mielke
- Department of Internal Medicine II University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
- CAST Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
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Zajíčková M, Nguyen LT, Skálová L, Raisová Stuchlíková L, Matoušková P. Anthelmintics in the future: current trends in the discovery and development of new drugs against gastrointestinal nematodes. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:430-437. [PMID: 31883953 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs), the most abundant and serious parasites of livestock, has become difficult because of the limited number of available drugs and fast development of drug resistance. Thus, considerable efforts have been devoted to developing new anthelmintics that are efficient against nematodes, especially resistant species. Here, we summarize the most recent results using various approaches: target-based or high-throughput screening (HTS) of compound libraries; the synthesis of new derivatives or new combinations of current anthelmintics; the repurposing of drugs currently approved for other indications; and lastly, the identification of active plant products. We also evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Zajíčková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Linh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Evaluation of the Bioactivities of Rumex crispus L. Leaves and Root Extracts Using Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiparasitic Assays. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:6825297. [PMID: 31827556 PMCID: PMC6885263 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6825297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Traditional folks in different parts of the world use Rumex crispus L. for the treatment of microbial infections, malaria, and sleeping sickness in the form of decoction or tincture. In the search for a natural alternative remedy, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antitrypanosomal, and antiplasmodial efficacy and the toxicity of R. crispus extracts. Antimicrobial potency of the extracts was evaluated using the agar dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antitrypanosomal activity of the extracts was evaluated with the Trypanosoma brucei brucei model while the antimalaria potency was tested using Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain. Toxicity was then tested with brine shrimp assay and cytotoxicity (HeLa cells). The acetone extract of the root (RT-ACE) reveals the highest antimicrobial potency with the lowest MIC value of <1.562 mg/mL for all bacteria strains and also showed high potent against fungi. RT-ACE (IC50: 13 μg/mL) and methanol extract of the leaf (LF-MEE; IC50: 15 μg/mL) show a strong inhibition of P. falciparum. The ethanol extract of the root (RT-ETE: IC50: 9.7 μg/mL) reveals the highest inhibition of T.b. brucei parasite. RT-ETE and RT-ACE were found to have the highest toxicity in brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) and cytotoxicity which correlates in the two assays. This research revealed Rumex crispus has potency against microorganisms, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium and could be a potential source for the treatment of these diseases.
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Mouiche MMM, Njingou BZN, Moffo F, Mpouam SE, Feussom JMK, Awah-Ndukum J. Veterinary pharmacovigilance in sub-Sahara Africa context: a pilot study of adverse reactions to veterinary medicine in Cameroon. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:301. [PMID: 31426790 PMCID: PMC6701137 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sub-Saharan African market is highly affected by counterfeit veterinary drugs. Though these counterfeit and non-compliance of drugs can induce adverse effects during their utilization, there is no monitoring system of veterinary medicines. The present pilot study was carried out in Cameroon to identify and describe suspected cases of adverse reactions to veterinary drugs in animals and / or humans as well as inefficacy of veterinary drugs. The methodology involved a descriptive cross-sectional survey of 67 actors in the veterinary medicine sector in Cameroon. RESULTS A total of 74/120 (62%) cases of suspected adverse effects and or lack of efficacy of veterinary drugs in animals and 46 (38%) cases of adverse reactions in humans were identified. Antiparasitics were the most incriminated therapeutic class in animals (61%) and human (56%). Adverse reactions were reported in dogs (44%) and poultry (24%) while drug inefficacy was most observed in poultry (47%). According to animal health professionals, levamisole (24%) and ivermectin (16%) were identified to be responsible for the adverse effects and that the highest level of inefficacy was most frequently reported for oxytetracycline (29%). The main adverse reactions were systemic (22%), gastrointestinal (20%) and neurological (13%) disorders. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that misuse and circulation of poor quality as well as lack of efficacy of veterinary drugs is very common in Cameroon. Adverse reactions were observed in animals and humans. Therefore, the establishment of a national veterinary pharmacovigilance system based on solid legal bases is essential for a continuous assessment of the risks-benefits effects of veterinary drugs marketed in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Moctar Mouliom Mouiche
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
- MOSAIC, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Badou Zaki Ndouoya Njingou
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Frédéric Moffo
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Serge Eugene Mpouam
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Jean Marc Kameni Feussom
- Cameroon Epidemiological Network for Animal Diseases (RESCAM), Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries (MINEPIA), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Julius Awah-Ndukum
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
- College of Technology, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
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