Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of watercress extract on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Modulatory potential of Bacopa monnieri against aflatoxin B1 induced biochemical, molecular and histological alterations in rats

Oxidative injury is concerned with the pathogenesis of several liver injuries, including those from acute liver failure to cirrhosis. This study was designed to explore the antioxidant activity of Bacopa monnieri (BM) on Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induced oxidative damage in Wistar albino rats. Aflatoxin B1 treatment (200 μg/kg/day, p.o.) for 28 days induced oxidative injury by a significant alteration in serum liver function test marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, albumin and bilirubin), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) along with reduction of antioxidant enzymes (GSH, SOD, CAT), GSH cycle enzymes and drug-metabolizing enzymes (AH and AND). Treatment of rats with B. monnieri (20, 30 and 40 mg/kg for 5 days, p.o.) after 28 days of AFB1 intoxication significantly restored these parameters near control in a dose-dependent way. Histopathological examination disclosed extensive hepatic injuries, characterized by cellular necrosis, infiltration, congestion and sinusoidal dilatation in the AFB1-treated group. Treatment with B. monnieri significantly reduced these toxic effects resulting from AFB1. B. monnieriper se group (40 mg/kg) did not show any significant change and proved safe. The cytotoxic activity of B. monnieri was also evaluated on HepG2 cells and showed a good percentage of cytotoxic activity. This finding suggests that B. monnieri protects the liver against oxidative damage caused by AFB1, which aids in the evaluation of the traditional usage of this medicinal plant.

The hydroalcoholic extract of Nasturtium officinale reduces oxidative stress markers and increases total antioxidant capacity in patients with asthma

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Asthma is a common chronic disease characterized by inflammation of the airways. One of the most devastating consequences of this inflammatory process is the production of reactive oxygen species responsible for oxidative stress. Nasturtium officinale commonly known as watercress has traditionally been applied in Iranian folk medicine to treat respiratory disorders and diseases mainly bronchitis and asthma. In accordance with these ethnopharmacological reports, through our previous in vivo experiment, we have confirmed significant effect of its hydroalcoholic extract in reducing lung inflammation and oxidative stress in an ovalbumin-induced asthmatic rat model.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of N. officinale hydroalcoholic extract (NOE) in patients with asthma, in order to confirm our findings of the previous performed in vivo study.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The NOE capsules (500 mg) were treated twice daily for 4 weeks as a supplementary treatment in a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial in asthmatics. The primary outcome was Asthma Control Test score. The blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of the study. Then, the level of inflammatory markers, oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured.

RESULTS

Treatment with NOE for one month caused a reduction in the levels of MDA, PCO and NO metabolite markers compared to the placebo group. In addition, FRAP levels as an indicator of total antioxidant capacity in the intervention group was significantly increased at the end of the treatment period compared to pre-treatment values.

CONCLUSION

Findings demonstrated that NOE may have a therapeutic effect on asthma by improving oxidative stress. However, more studies are required to support these results. Moreover, bio-assay guided fractionation and isolation approach can be conducted to identify major bioactive compound/s.

Natural Products for Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury: A Review

The liver plays a vital role in metabolism, synthesis, and detoxification, but it is susceptible to damage from various factors such as viral infections, drug reactions, excessive alcohol consumption, and autoimmune diseases. This susceptibility is particularly problematic for patients requiring medication, as drug-induced liver injury often leads to underestimation, misdiagnosis, and difficulties in treatment. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used and safe drug in therapeutic doses but can cause liver toxicity when taken in excessive amounts. This study aimed to investigate the hepatotoxicity of APAP and explore potential treatment strategies using a mouse model of APAP-induced liver injury. The study involved the evaluation of various natural products for their therapeutic potential. The findings revealed that natural products demonstrated promising hepatoprotective effects, potentially alleviating liver damage and improving liver function through various mechanisms such as oxidative stress and inflammation, which cause changes in signaling pathways. These results underscore the importance of exploring novel treatment options for drug-induced liver injury, suggesting that further research in this area could lead to the development of effective preventive and therapeutic interventions, ultimately benefiting patients with liver injury caused by medicine.

Biofabricated Palladium Nanoparticle-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Using the Punica granatum (Pomegranate) Peel Extract: Investigation of Potent In Vivo Hepatoprotective Activity against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Wistar Albino Rats

Acute acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity is a predominant clinical problem, which causes serious liver injury in both humans and experimental animals. This study presents the histological and biochemical factor and antioxidant enzyme level changes induced by an acute acetaminophen overdose in Wistar albino rat livers to elucidate the effective hepatoprotective potential of biofabricated palladium nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (rGO/PdNPs-NC) compared to silymarin. After detailed characterization of the hepatoprotective potential of the synthesized rGO/PdNPs-NC, the rats were divided into eight groups (n = 6): control group (normal saline, 1 mL/kg b.w.), silymarin, Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel extract, PdNPs, reduced graphene oxide (rGO-PG), and reduced graphene oxide palladium nanocomposites (rGO/PdNPs-NC, low and high doses) for 7 successive days. The acetaminophen (APAP)-treated group was administered a single dose of acetaminophen (2 g/kg b.w.) on the 8th day. The histopathological results showed that the acetaminophen overdose group exhibited massive intrahepatic hemorrhagic necrosis around the centrilobular region with hepatocytes with vacuolization and swollen cytoplasm found in the liver architecture. This hepatopotential was further assessed by various biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, ALB, ALP, LDH, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, and total protein. Also, the antioxidant parameters such as SOD, CAT, MDA, GSH, GRD, and GST were assayed. Rats of groups 7 and 8 showed a significant decrease in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, LDH, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin (p < 0.001), while a significant increase in the final total protein and ALB as compared to group 2 rats (p < 0.001) was observed. The antioxidant parameters exhibited that rats of groups 7 and 8 showed a significant (p < 0.001) increase in the level of SOD, CAT, GSH, GRD, and GST without affecting the MDA as compared to group 2 rats. Also, the hepatoprotective potential of rGO/PdNPs-NC (low and high doses) was comparable to that of the standard reference drug silymarin. The present study reveals that the rGO/PdNPs-NC possesses significant hepatoprotective activity and acts as an effective and promising curative agent against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity.

Melatonin-Attenuated Oxidative Stress in High-Risk Pregnant Women Receiving Enoxaparin and Aspirin

Objective

In pregnancy, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress is important. Administration of melatonin during pregnancy can improve reproductive performance by improving the placental antioxidant system and inflammatory response. This investigation was carried out to evaluate the beneficial impact of melatonin on the oxidative stress state among high-risk pregnant women receiving enoxaparin and aspirin.

Methods

In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 40 pregnant women, aged 15-45 years at 6 weeks of pregnancy, were randomly selected and divided into intervention and control groups. The control group received prophylaxis enoxaparin and aspirin once daily between 6 and 16 weeks of pregnancy. The intervention group was taken enoxaparin and aspirin for 9 weeks and melatonin once daily from the sixth week of pregnancy to delivery time. Blood samples were taken to measure some oxidative stress biomarkers including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), total thiol (T-SH), protein carbonyl (PCO), and nitric oxide (NO). The level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was also determined.

Results

TAC and T-SH levels increased significantly in the intervention group in comparison with the control group. Melatonin administration compared to the control group led to a significantly decreased level of NO and an insignificant hs-CRP level.

Conclusion

Melatonin supplementation in high-risk pregnancy had favorable effects on TAC, T-SH, NO, and hs-CRP levels, improved antioxidant activity, and reduced inflammation. More studies are needed in different pregnancy conditions along with the measurement of different biomarkers.

Comparative Effect of the Active Substance of Thyme with N-Acetyl Cysteine on Hematological Parameters and Histopathological Changes of Bone Marrow and Liver in Rat Models of Acetaminophen Toxicity

Acetaminophen has always been at the center of attention as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which is generally associated with the serious side effects on liver and the hematological parameters. This study aimed to compare the effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and thyme extract on rat models of acetaminophen-induced toxicity. The present experimental study was conducted on 48 Wistar rats randomized into six groups, including the control group (no treatment); the Ac group (470 mg/kg of acetaminophen); the Ac + 100Ex, Ac + 200Ex, and Ac + 400Ex groups (acetaminophen + thyme extract at doses of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg); and Ac + NA group (acetaminophen + NAC). After weighing, a blood sample was taken from heart at the end of the period. The measured parameters were hematological, liver biochemical, and oxidative stress profiles. A part of the liver tissue was also fixed for the pathological examinations. The bone marrow was aspirated to check for cellular changes as well. The lowest mean of the final weight and liver weight to body weight ratio was observed in the Ac group. Weight loss was compensated in Ac + NA and Ac + 200Ex groups (P = 0.035). White blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), Hemoglobin (Hgb), and Hematocrit (HCT) in Ac and Ac + 400Ex groups showed significant differences from those of the other test groups (P < 0.001). Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes in Ac + 200Ex and Ac + NA groups showed a significant decrease compared to those of the other treatment groups (P = 0.043). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) had the lowest levels in Ac and Ac + 400Ex groups, while malondialdehyde (MDA) had the highest content. In this regard, the liver histopathological indices (necrosis, hyperemia, and hemorrhage) in the Ac + 200Ex and Ac + NA groups reached their lowest grades in the treatment groups. The mean number of erythroid and myeloid cells in the Ac group reached the lowest (17.40 ± 3.48). The microscopic appearance of the bone marrow cells was different from normocytosis in the control group to hypocytosis in the Ac and Ac + 400Ex groups. Thymol, as an effective ingredient in thyme extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg compared to NAC, had a unique effect on reducing bone marrow and liver cell-tissue changes due to the acetaminophen toxicity.

The hepatoprotective candidates by synergistic formula of marine and terrestrial against Acetaminophen toxicity using in-vitro, in-vivo, and in silico screening approach

Background

One of the most regularly used hepatotoxic medicines is paracetamol (acetaminophen, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol; APAP). It causes liver failure in overdoses but is safe at therapeutic dosages. Combination therapy combining many natural compounds with a synergistic impact as hepatoprotective agents has become an essential therapeutic method against various disorders.

Objective

Due to the lack of literature on paracetamol's effects on hematological and hepatic status parameters in male albino mice, the main goal of this study was to compare the hepatoprotective activities of a mixture of three marine-derived polyphenolics and polysaccharides (Sargassum vulgare Bacillus oceanisediminis, and alginic acids) to Chrysanthemum extract and the mixture of them.

Methods

Sargassumvulgare, Bacillus Oceanisediminis, and alginate, as well as Chrysanthemum ethanol extracts, were tested for APAP-induced liver damage. Group 1 received saline solution subcutaneously, while Group 2 received 500 mg/kg body weight/day APAP intraperitoneal. Group 3 got 200 mg/day algal extract i.p. As in group 3, group 4 got an i.p. dose of 200 mg of algal extract before the APAP dose. This group was protected by Sargassum vulgare extract. Group 5: Received 200 mg/100 g/body of Bacillus oceanisediminis extracts i.p. for one week. Group 6: Received 200 mg/body of Bacillus oceanisediminis extract i.p. for one week before APAP treatment. Alginate (p200 mg/body weight/day) was given to Group 7. As in group 7, group 8 received 200 mg/body weight/day alginate extract i.p. before APAP. Group 9: Chrysanthemum extracts 200 mg/day for a week. Group 10: got an i.p. dose of Chrysanthemum extracts for one week before the APAP dose. Group 11: Four mixed extracts (Bacillus Oceanisediminis, Sargassum vulgare, Chrysanthemum, and alginate) were i.p200 mg/day for one week as a positive (+ve) control group. Group 12: Received i.p200 mg/kg combination extract for one week before APAP.

Results

Due to their synergistic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, marine extracts and combinations of marine-derived extracts demonstrated a great effect against APAP toxicity, demonstrating hepatoprotective potential against APAP-induced liver damage.

Conclusion

The synergy of the three marine-derived combinations may lead to novel liver toxicity prevention agents.

Polyphenolics, glucosinolates and isothiocyanates profiling of aerial parts of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) is a rich source of secondary metabolites with disease-preventing and/or health-promoting properties. Herein, we have utilized extraction procedures to isolate fractions of polyphenols, glucosinolates and isothiocyanates to determine their identification, and quantification. In doing so, we have utilized reproducible analytical methodologies based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry by either positive or negative ion mode. Due to the instability and volatility of isothiocyanates, we followed an ammonia derivatization protocol which converts them into respective ionizable thiourea derivatives. The analytes' content distribution map was created on watercress flowers, leaves and stems. We have demonstrated that watercress contains significantly higher levels of gluconasturtiin, phenethyl isothiocyanate, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and isorhamnetin, among others, with their content decreasing from flowers (82.11 ± 0.63, 273.89 ± 0.88, 1459.30 ± 12.95 and 289.40 ± 1.37 ng/g of dry extract respectively) to leaves (32.25 ± 0.74, 125.02 ± 0.52, 1197.86 ± 4.24 and 196.47 ± 3.65 ng/g of det extract respectively) to stems (9.20 ± 0.11, 64.7 ± 0.9, 41.02 ± 0.18, 65.67 ± 0.84 ng/g of dry extract respectivbely). Pearson's correlation analysis has shown that the content of isothiocyanates doesn't depend only on the bioconversion of individual glucosinolates but also on other glucosinolates of the same group. Overall, we have provided comprehensive analytical data of the major watercress metabolites thereby providing an opportunity to exploit different parts of watercress for potential therapeutic applications.

The Hydroalcoholic Extract of Nasturtium officinale Reduces Lung Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Ovalbumin-Induced Rat Model of Asthma

Background

Asthma is known as a disease that causes breathing problems in children and adults and is also associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress of the airways. Nasturtium officinale (NO) possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties, particularly anti-inflammation and antioxidant potentials. Thus, this study for the first time was aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of NO extract (NOE) in an ovalbumin-induced rat model of asthma.

Materials and Methods

Forty-four male Wistar rats were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce asthma symptoms. The animals were allocated into five groups: control (C), asthmatic (A), A + NOE (500 mg/kg), NOE (500 mg/kg), and A + dexamethasone (DX, 2.5 mg/kg). After 7 days, blood and tissue samples were taken from the rats. Then, the level of inflammatory markers, oxidative stress parameters, and antioxidant enzymes activity were measured.

Results

The obtained results showed that OVA-sensitive rats significantly increased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1B, TGF-β, and SMA-α compared to the control group (p < 0.05), while treatment with NOE remarkably reduced the SMA-α gene expression compared to the asthma group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, it decreased the expression of IL-1B and TNF-α genes, although it was not statistically significant. The level of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) significantly reduced in A group compared to the C group (p < 0.05), whereas NOE administration significantly increased this marker (p < 0.05). Moreover, NOE attenuated inflammation and alveolar injury in the lungs of OVA-sensitive rat compared to the nontreated A group.

Conclusions

Overall, our findings demonstrated that NOE somewhat is able to reduce airway inflammation by reducing inflammatory and increasing GPX activity. Indeed, further experiments investigating the impact of different extract doses are needed to confirm the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of NOE.

Ethnobotany and Toxicity Status of Medicinal Plants with Cosmeceutical Relevance from Eastern Cape, South Africa

The indigenous people of the Eastern Cape residing within the richest plant biodiversity in the world, including Africa’s floral ‘gold mine’, have a long history of plant use for skincare. However, such rich flora comes with numerous plants that have the potential to cause harm to humans through their usage. Therefore, the study was aimed at documenting the toxicity status of important medicinal plants used by the indigenous people from the Eastern Cape for skincare and supported by literature for cosmeceutical relevance. A list of plants used for skincare was produced following an ethnobotanical survey. In addition, data on the level of toxicity and cosmeceutical relevance of plants listed from the survey were collected from literature resources. The study listed a total of 38 plants from 25 plant families, the majority being represented by the Asphodelaceae and Asteraceae, both at 13.2%. The most preferred plant parts were the leaves (60.4%) indicating sustainable harvesting practices by the community. The literature reports validated 70% of the medicinal plants surveyed for skincare were nontoxic. Most of the plants can be incorporated in the formulation of products intended for skincare due to their low toxicity and high cosmeceutical relevance.

Protective Effects of Polydatin from Grapes and Reynoutria japonica Houtt. on Damaged Macrophages Treated with Acetaminophen

The unregulated use of acetaminophen (APAP), an antipyretic and analgesic drug, harms hepatocytes and kidney cells, leading to liver failure and acute kidney injury. Herein, we investigate whether APAP damages macrophages in the immune system by observing its effects on macrophage proliferation and apoptosis. Using proteomics, we analyzed the effects of APAP on macrophage protein expression profiles and evaluated whether polydatin, the active ingredient in grapes and wine, can repair the damaged cells. The results showed that APAP alters the morphology and physiological processes of macrophages, inhibits macrophage proliferation, and promotes apoptosis. We observed 528 differentially expressed proteins when 500 µg/mL APAP was administered to the cells. These proteins are involved in biological processes including cell division, apoptosis, and acute phase response. Overall, our findings demonstrate that APAP harms the immune system by damaging macrophages and that polydatin can repair this damage.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Thymus daenensis Čelak and Stachys pilifera Benth

Herein, the effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Thymus daenensis Celak (TDC) and Stachys pilifera Benth (SPB) plants on HepG2 cell line were investigated by using different analyses. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis of extracts were investigated by MTT method, AnnV/PI apoptosis assay, and their antioxidant capacity was evaluated by total thiol and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) assay. The results revealed that the SBP extract was more cytotoxic compared with the TDC extract and increased over time (128.49 µg/mL vs 107.11 µg/mL IC₅₀ values for 24 and 72 h, respectively). Although, AnnV/PI apoptosis assay showed apoptosis induction for both extracts, but the caspase-3 activity assay revealed that TDC extract significantly increased caspase-3 activity compared with the control and SPB extract. Increasing the activity of GPX by SPB extract revealed that it has high antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, the TDC and SPB with high antioxidant capacity have high cytotoxicity against HepG2 cancer cells and have high capability as a medicinal plant.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Crude Stem Bark Extracts and Solvent Fractions of Cordia africana against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Rats

Cordia africana Lam (Boraginaceae) is widely used in Ethiopian folk medicine for the treatment of different types of liver disorders. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of an aqueous (CAAE), 80% methanol extracts of C. africana stem bark (CAME), and the solvent fractions of the methanol extract against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in rats. Acute toxicity test and APAP-induced lethality test were done on mice of either sex, while APAP dose selection test was done on female rats. Male rats were used for hepatoprotective experiments and the liver injury was induced using 2 g/kg APAP given orally. Serum levels of the liver enzymes and total bilirubin (TB), as well as lipid profiles, were determined. Histopathological examination of the liver tissues was also conducted to confirm the findings of biochemical analysis. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) sodium pentobarbital (SPB)-induced sleeping duration was also used to determine the protective effect of the test substances. Oral administration of APAP resulted in a significant increase in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), TB, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TGs) and decrease in serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Administration of the standard drug, silymarin 100 mg/kg, extracts at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg and fractions at the dose of 400 mg/kg reversed the serum levels of all parameters to normal. CAME exerted a significant dose-dependent hepatoprotective effect in terms of ALT and AST, while CAAE significant dose-dependent hepatoprotective effect was in terms of AST, ALP, and TGs. The protective effect of the extracts and fractions was also confirmed by histopathological investigations and SPB-induced sleeping time. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that C. africana stem bark aqueous, 80% methanol crude extracts, and solvent fractions of the methanol extract showed hepatoprotective effects.

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers: Protection mechanisms and strategies against oxidative stress-related diseases

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (Menispermaceae) is a Mediterranean herb, used in Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani, and folk medicines. The herb is also used in conventional medicine to treat oxidative stress-related diseases and conditions, including inflammation, pain, diarrhea, asthma, respiratory infections, cancer, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disorders.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

The taxonomy, botanical classification, geographical distribution, and ethnobotanical uses of T. cordifolia, as well as the phytochemical compounds found in the herb, the toxicology of and pharmacological and clinical studies on the effects of T. cordifolia are all covered in this study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To gather information on T. cordifolia, we used a variety of scientific databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. The information discussed focuses on biologically active compounds found in T. cordifolia, and common applications and pharmacological activity of the herb, as well as toxicological and clinical studies on its properties.

RESULTS

The findings of this study reveal a connection between the use of T. cordifolia in conventional medicine and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and other biological effects. The entire plant, stem, leaves, root, and extracts of T. cordifolia have been shown to have a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective impact. Toxicological testing demonstrated that this plant may have medicinal applications. T. cordifolia contains a variety of biologically active compounds from various chemical classes, including alkaloids, terpenoids, sitosterols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Based on the reports researched for this review, we believe that chemicals in T. cordifolia may activate Nrf2, which leads to the overexpression of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, GPx, GST, and GR, and thereby induces the adaptive response to oxidative stress. T. cordifolia is also able to reduce NF-κB signalling by inhibiting PI3K/Akt, activating AMPK and sirtuins, and downregulating PI3K/Akt.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that the pharmacological properties displayed by T. cordifolia back up its conventional uses. Antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, nephroprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective activities were all demonstrated in T. cordifolia stem extracts. To validate pharmacodynamic targets, further research is needed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of the known compounds against gastrointestinal diseases, inflammatory processes, and microbial infections, as immunostimulants, and in chemotherapy. The T. cordifolia safety profile was confirmed in a toxicological analysis, which prompted pharmacokinetic assessment testing to confirm its bioavailability.

Occurrence and exposure risk assessment of organic micropollutants in indoor dust from Malaysia

Indoor dust is an important source of human exposure to hazardous organic micropollutants (OMPs) because humans spend about 90 % of their time in the indoor environments. This study initially analyzed the concentrations and compositions of OMPs in the dust of different indoor environments from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A total of 57 OMPs were detected and assigned to 7 chemical classes in this study. The total concentration of OMPs ranged from 5980 to 183,000 ng/g, with the median concentration of 46,400 ng/g. Personal care products, organophosphate esters, and pesticides were the dominant groups, with their median concentrations at 12,000, 10,000, and 5940 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations and compositions of influential OMPs varied in different microenvironments, suggesting different sources and usage patterns in the house. Then, the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of exposure to these substances for diverse age groups were assessed based on the median concentration. Cumulative noncarcinogenic risks of these OMPs via ingestion pathway were estimated to be negligible (1.41 × 10^-4 - 1.87 × 10^-3). The carcinogenic risks of these OMPs were higher than 10^-6 (1.63 × 10^-6 - 6.17 × 10^-6) and should be noted. Theobromine accounted for more than 89 % of the cumulative cancer risk, implying that the carcinogenic risk of theobromine needs further monitoring in the future. Toddler was the most affected group for cancer risk among all the age groups, regardless of the microenvironments. These findings from this study may provide a benchmark for future efforts to ensure the safety of indoor dust for the local residents.

Protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys pilifera on paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in female rats

Background and purpose:

Stachys pilifera is used in traditional medicine due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. The goal of this study was to examine the renoprotective activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of S. pilifera on paracetamol (PCM)-induced nephrotoxicity.

Experimental approach:

The Wistar female rats were randomly divided into four groups including control, PCM, S. pilifera hydroalcoholic extract (SPE), and PCM + SPE. The animals received SPE (500 mg/kg) for one week and PCM (3 g/kg) on the 6^th day orally. Kidney function tests and oxidant/antioxidant markers were determined in serum and tissue homogenate, respectively. Protein and mRNA levels of TNF-α, as well as hematoxylin and eosin staining, were assessed in the kidney tissue.

Findings/Results:

Treatment with SPE in the PCM group significantly decreased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine against the merely PCM rats (P < 0.05). The amount of nitric oxide metabolite and superoxide dismutase activity in the group receiving SPE showed a significant increase compared to PCM rats (P < 0.05). A significant difference in TNF-α levels between the groups was not observed. Histological changes were improved in the rats treated with SPE.

Conclusion and implications:

Totally, our findings showed that SPE can inhibit PCM nephrotoxicity by enhancing kidney function markers, antioxidant status, and histological changes. Though, more researches are required to estimate the possible mechanism of SPE.

Immunomodulating Effect of the Consumption of Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) on Exercise-Induced Inflammation in Humans

The vegetable watercress (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.) is, besides being a generally nutritious food, a rich source of glucosinolates. Gluconasturtiin, the predominant glucosinolate in watercress, has been shown to have several health beneficial properties through its bioactive breakdown product phenethyl isothiocyanate. Little is known about the immunoregulatory effects of watercress. Moreover, anti-inflammatory effects have mostly been shown in in vitro or in animal models. Hence, we conducted a proof-of-concept study to investigate the effects of watercress on the human immune system. In a cross-over intervention study, 19 healthy subjects (26.5 ± 4.3 years; 14 males, 5 females) were given a single dose (85 g) of fresh self-grown watercress or a control meal. Two hours later, a 30 min high-intensity workout was conducted to promote exercise-induced inflammation. Blood samples were drawn before, 5 min after, and 3 h after the exercise unit. Inflammatory blood markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, MCP-1, MMP-9) were analyzed in whole blood cultures after ex vivo immune cell stimulation via lipopolysaccharides. A mild pro-inflammatory reaction was observed after watercress consumption indicated by an increase in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, whereas the immune response was more pronounced for both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) after the exercise unit compared to the control meal. During the recovery phase, watercress consumption led to a stronger anti-inflammatory downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. In conclusion, we propose that watercress causes a stronger pro-inflammatory response and anti-inflammatory counter-regulation during and after exercise. The clinical relevance of these changes should be verified in future studies.

The potential effect of phytochemicals and herbal plant remedies for treating drug-induced hepatotoxicity: a review

Drug-induced liver injury significantly caused by synthetic drugs, and other xenobiotics contribute to clinical hepatic dysfunction, which has been a substantial challenge for both patients and physicians. Traditional medicines used as an alternative therapy because of their pharmacological benefits, less or no side effects, and enormous availability in nature. Phytochemicals are essential ingredients of plants that reduce necrotic cell death, restore the antioxidant defence mechanism, limit oxidative stress, and prevent the inflammation of tissue and dysfunction of the mitochondria. In this review, we principally focused on the potential effect of the herbal plants and their phytochemicals in treating drug-induced hepatotoxicity.

Protective Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Rosa canina Fruit on Vancomycin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats

Vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity (VIN) has been reported to occur in 5–35% of recipient patients. The aims of the study were to evaluate protective effects of Rosa canina (RC) on VIN in rats. Rats were randomly divided into five groups as follows: control group I, group II (received VAN 400 mg/kg/day, every 12 h at doses of 200 mg/kg/day, for 7 consecutive days), group III (VAN + RC 250 mg/kg/day, for 7 consecutive days), group IV (VAN + RC 500 mg/kg/day, for consecutive days), and group V (received RC 500 mg/kg/day, for consecutive 7 days). On the eighth day after anesthetizing the animals, blood samples were taken from the heart, and then, the kidneys were removed to investigate kidney function, oxidative stress, and histopathological marker. Also, the chemical composition of RC extract was identified by GC-MS analysis. Oral dose of 500 mg/kg RC extract significantly reduced the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) and also the kidney tissue MDA, protein carbonyl, and NO metabolites (nitrite) levels compared to the VAN-treated group (P < 0.05). Based on histopathological analysis, RC extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg inhibited the destructive effects of VAN on kidney tissues. GC-MS analysis indicated that the main compositions were found to be lactose (21.96%), 3-t-butyloxaziridine (20.91%), and 5-oxymethylfurfurole (16.75%). The results indicated that oral administration of RC was able to reduce VAN-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, possibly through antioxidant pathways.

The Effect of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Watercress on the Levels of Protein Carbonyl, Inflammatory Markers, and Vitamin E in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

Introduction

Chronic kidney disorder is a main public health concern. Inflammatory processes and oxidative stress are common in end-stage renal disease patients. We aimed to evaluate the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of watercress (WC) on the inflammatory cytokines and protein carbonyl (PCO) contents in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Methods

This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial performed on 46 hemodialysis patients. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: intervention group (500 mg hydroalcoholic extract of WC every day for 4 weeks) and control group (500 mg of white flour every night for 4 weeks). The blood samples were taken to determine the levels of vitamin E, PCO, and inflammatory cytokines at baseline and the end of treatment.

Results

Forty-five patients completed the study (22 patients in the intervention group and 23 patients in the control group). There was a significant reduction in the PCO level (20.33 ± 4.40 vs. 15.06 ± 6.41, P=0.001) in the intervention group; also, this change was statistically significant relative to the control group. Furthermore, there were significant reductions in hs-CRP (8953.30 ± 5588.06 vs. 7249.86 ± 5091.62, P=0.007) and IL-6 (60.10 (55.99, 73.10) vs. 55.21 (53.39, 60.48), P=0.050) in the intervention group, but these changes were not significant in comparison with the control group.

Conclusion

We conclude that the hydroalcoholic extract of WC reduced the PCO content in hemodialysis patients via inhibition of protein oxidation. Although WC administration had caused a significant reduction in IL-6 and CRP levels, these differences were not statistically significant relative to the control group. Further research is needed to identify the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of WC in hemodialysis patients.

A Narrative Review on Therapeutic Potentials of Watercress in Human Disorders

Watercress (WC) is an aquatic vegetable that belongs to the Brassicaceae family, and it often grows near water. In traditional medicine, WC is a known remedy for hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, arthritis, bronchitis, diuresis, odontalgia, and scurvy. It also acts as an antiestrogenic and can be used as a nutritional supplement. It has been reported that these therapeutic effects are due to primary metabolites such as isothiocyanates, glucosinolates, polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids, and proanthocyanidins), vitamins (B₁, B₂, B₃, B₆, E, and C), terpenes (including carotenoids), and bioelements which exist in this plant. Many pharmacological studies confirm the antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antipsoriatic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, renoprotective, hepatoprotective, and antigenotoxicity effects of WC. The consumption of WC extract can be useful in reducing the complications of hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. Furthermore, the extract of WC could markedly augment the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. Interestingly, consumption of food rich in polyphenols such as WC extract can help reduce oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cancer susceptibility. Several studies also showed that WC extract significantly reduced liver injury as a result of cholestatic hepatic injury, gamma radiation, arsenic, and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. In this review, the researchers focus on the phytochemical and biochemical characterizations of WC and its therapeutic effects in the treatment of human diseases.

Nephroprotective Effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Hydroalcoholic Extract, Carvacrol, and Thymol on Kidney Toxicity Induced by Cisplatin in Rats

Background

Cisplatin (Cis) is an anticancer drug; however, it has dose-dependent renal toxicity. The current study aims to investigate the protective effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss. hydroalcoholic extract (Z.M.B), carvacrol, and thymol on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Materials and Methods

Forty-two Wistar male rats were randomly allocated into six groups (n = 7). Group I received normal saline; group II received Cis (7 mg/kg. ip); group III received the Z.M.B extract only (500 mg/kg/d, po); group IV received Z.M.B extract (500 mg/kg/d, po) + Cis; group V received carvacrol (50 mg/kg/d, po) + Cis; and group VI received thymol (50 mg/kg/d, po) + Cis. The levels of biochemical markers, oxidative stress parameters, and histopathological staining were determined in serum and renal tissues. Also, the chemical compositions (carvacrol and thymol) of the Z.M.B extract were assayed by HPLC analysis.

Result

The results revealed that Z.M.B extract, carvacrol, and thymol markedly decreased the renal index as compared with the Cis-only group. Also, carvacrol and thymol significantly reduced the blood urea nitrogen level as compared with the Cis-only group. Furthermore, Z.M.B extract, carvacrol, and thymol significantly attenuated the Cis-induced increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide metabolite. Additionally, histopathological examination showed that Z.M.B extract, carvacrol, and thymol markedly ameliorated Cis-induced renal tubular necrosis.

Conclusion

The results showed renoprotective effects of Z.M.B extract, carvacrol, and thymol in Cis-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Therefore, Z.M.B extract can be considered as a potential candidate for the protection of nephrotoxicity induced by Cis.

Effects of Nasturtium officinale Extract on Antioxidant and Biochemical Parameters in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial

Background

Increased oxidative stress play an important role in the risk of cardiovascular disease, mortality, and mortality patients undergoing dialysis. Nasturtium officinale (watercress) contains numerous phytochemical compounds that act as an antioxidant by preventing oxidative damage to biomolecules. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the effect of the ethanolic extract of Nasturtium officinale (EENO) on antioxidant and biochemical markers of hemodialysis patients.

Methods

In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 46 hemodialysis patients were randomly recruited to consume either 500 mg/day EENO (n = 23) or placebo capsule (n = 23) for 4 weeks, at Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Yasuj, Iran, in 2019. Biomarkers of oxidative stress including glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total sulfhydryl protein (T-SH) and biochemical parameters such as BUN, Hb, WBC, PLT, Ca, Ph, K, ALB, TChol, TG, LDL, and HDL were evaluated on days 0 and 28.

Results

The serum levels of MDA and BUN significantly decreased after taking EENO supplementation (P < 0.001); however, SOD activity increased during the same period (P < 0.001). The serum levels of TAC remained constant in the intervention group, while it significantly declined in the placebo group (P < 0.09). The extract also prevented elevation in the serum levels of LDL and TG compared to the placebo group, although it was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The data indicated that the consumption of EENO improved some of the antioxidant parameters and minimizes the change in TG and LDL in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, due to the role of these factors in mortality and morbidity of dialysis patients, EENO can improve the condition of dialysis patients. However, more studies with longer intervention times and different doses of EENO are recommended.

Oligopin® Supplementation Mitigates Oxidative Stress in Postmenopausal Women with Osteopenia: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Evidence indicates a close association between oxidative stress and the etiopathogenesis of osteopenia. In vitro and animal studies report that Oligopin®, an extract of French maritime pine bark extract, has beneficial effects on oxidative stress.

PURPOSE

Here, we aimed to determine whether supplementation with Oligopin® affects bone turnover markers, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative stress markers in these patients.

METHODS

Forty-three postmenopausal women with osteopenia were randomized in a placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial to receive either 150 mg/day Oligopin® (n = 22) or placebo (n = 21) for 12 weeks. Plasma levels of bone turnover markers; osteocalcin (OC), type I collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX-1), OC/CTX1 ratio along with total antioxidant capacity(TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, protein carbonyl, and total thiol contents in plasma, activities of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma as well as mRNA expression of MnSOD, catalase, and Nrf2 in PBMCs were measured at the baseline and the end of the intervention.

RESULTS

Oligopin® supplementation significantly increased OC levels and the ratio of OC to CTX1 in women with osteopenia compared to placebo intervention after 12 weeks. Oligopin® significantly decreased plasma protein carbonyl content in postmenopausal women compared with the after placebo treatment. Moreover, Oligopin® intervention significantly increased plasma total thiol content, TAC, plasma activity of both MnSOD and catalase, and the transcript level of Nrf2, MnSOD, and catalase in comparison with the placebo group.

CONCLUSION

Supplementation with 150 mg/day Oligopin® for 12 weeks exerts beneficial effects in postmenopausal osteopenia through improving the antioxidant defense system in the plasma and PBMCs that was accompanied by an increase in indicators of bone turnover.

Protective and therapeutic effects of ethanolic extract of Nasturtium officinale (watercress) and vitamin E against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats

Background and purpose

Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic disease of the lungs caused by inflammation, species of reactive oxygen, and immune defects. Antioxidant properties of Nasturtium officinale has been reported in some studies. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Nasturtium officinale (EENO) on bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis in rats.

Experimental approach

Forty adult male Wistar rats (180-220 g) were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups. Normal control, BLM control received a single dose of BLM (6 IU/kg) intratracheally only on the first day, EENO + BLM group received EENO (500 mg/kg) one week before intratracheal BLM instillation and two weeks afterward, BLM + EENO group and BML + vitamin E group received EENO (500 mg/kg) and vitamin E (500 mg/kg) half-hour after BLM installation, respectively. The animals were sacrificed on day 22. Change in body weight, lung index, serum level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) metabolite, lung tissue hydroxyproline content and lung pathology were assessed.

Findings/Results

Pre- or post-treatment with EENO attenuated pulmonary fibrosis as evidenced by normalized lung index, improved histological changes and inhibited collagen deposition (hydroxyproline) in the animal lung. EENO also decreased MDA and NO metabolite release in comparison to the BLM control. vitamin E (500 mg/ kg) also significantly inhibited the BLM-induced lung toxicity.

Conclusions and implications

EENO can prevent BLM-induced lung fibrosis in rats via antioxidant activities. However, more studies are needed to elicit the exact mechanism of this effect.

Nephroprotective property of Trifolium repens leaf extract against paracetamol-induced kidney damage in mice

Paracetamol-induced toxicity is one of the major drawbacks in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. The present study was performed to find out the impacts of phenolic compounds in the Trifolium repens (white clover) leaves (TR) against the paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. The extract was administered orally to mice in different doses (1, 2, and 3 mL having a dry mass of 11.0 mg/mL) along with paracetamol (300 mg/kg) alone or in combination. Kidney histology, serum renal function tests, serum electrolytes, reduced glutathione, and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Paracetamol significantly affected kidney weight, renal profile biochemistry, serum electrolytes, reduced glutathione, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (as lipid peroxidation) in mice. The amount of total phenolic compounds identified in the extract was 8.89 mg/g, representing 80.8% of the extract. The simultaneous administration of the TR extract leads to the normalization of all those parameters, which were deviated due to paracetamol ingestion. Kidney histological examination showed that nephrotoxicity was induced due to paracetamol, while the extract rich in phenolic compounds acts as therapeutic agents. The administration of extract also normalized the reduced glutathione from 0.837 to 2.21 of the paracetamol and paracetamol with 3-mL extract, respectively. Lipid peroxidation in the kidney was significantly (p < 0.05) declined by the extract (0.435 µmol/g) as compared to PC (3.96 µmol/g). In conclusion, TR extract possesses active beneficial phenolic compounds with nephroprotective function.

Renoprotective Effects of Origanum majorana Methanolic L and Carvacrol on Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Kidney Injury in Male Rats

Background. The most important cause of acute renal failure in normal kidneys is ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The aim of the current study was to investigate the protective effects of Origanum majorana (OM) methanolic extract, carvacrol, and vitamin E on I/R-induced kidney injury in male rats. Material and Method. Thirty Wistar male rats were randomly allocated into 5 groups; sham, I/R, I/R + OM (300 mg/kg), I/R + carvacrol (75 mg/kg), and I/R + vitamin E (100 mg/kg). Renal function markers, oxidant-antioxidant parameters, and histopathological examination were evaluated. Results. It was exhibited that the urea, creatinine, protein carbonyl, glomerular filtration rate, total thiol, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and histopathological changes markedly reversed in the treatment groups with OM or carvacrol in comparison to the I/R merely group. Conclusion. We conclude that OM extract or its ingredient, carvacrol, exerts renoprotective impacts in I/R-induced kidney injury possibly by scavenging free radicals and increasing antioxidant power.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Apium graveolens L. extracts mitigate against fatal acetaminophen-induced acute liver toxicity

In the present work, antioxidant activity, total phenolics (TP), and total flavonoids (TF) contents of aqueous and methanol extracts of celery were determined, in addition to untargeted metabolites profiling its methanol celery root extract (MCRE) via UPLC-MS. Although MCRE exhibited the lowest TPC and TFC levels, it presented the most potential hydroxyl radical quenching effect using electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping technique. Treatment of Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity (AAH) rats with MCRE lowered serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, TNF-α, and IL-1β significantly. Additionally, MCRE significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glutathione (GSH) levels relative to AAH rats. Strikingly, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of all groups revealed a 100% prevention of acetaminophen-induced mortality of rats by MCRE pretreatment (100 mg/kg/day). MCRE prevented AAH-associated severe weight loss and elicited normal behavior in the rescued rats. Our results suggest that pretreatment with MCRE can mitigate against overdosed acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure and warrant further investigations on the potential of postinjury intervention. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity (AAH) accounts for alerting numbers of overdose-related acute liver failure and liver transplant cases with increased morbidity and mortality rates. Currently proposed mechanisms implicate mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of AAH, which underline current interventions employing antioxidants to combat liver damage by over-dosed acetaminophen. The present work uncovers potent protective effects of some celery extracts (and their fractions) against acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Treatment of rats with fatal liver injury with methanol extract of celery root significantly reduced secretion of liver enzymes and markedly decreased inflammatory as well as oxidative stress markers in these animals. This, in turn, rescued challenged rats exposed to fatal doses of acetaminophen completely, which establishes methanol extracts of celery roots as effective therapeutic intervention against AAH. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was determined using EPR technique, and the secondary metabolites related to antioxidant activity were characterized via UPLC-MS.

Anticancer activity of Astragalus ovinus against 7, 12 dimethyl benz (a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats

OBJECTIVE

Some species of Astragalus are used for the treatment of various types of cancer. The present study was designed to evaluate the anticancer potential of Astragalus ovinus extract (AOE) against DMBA-induced breast carcinoma in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The anti-tumor and antioxidant effects of AOE were evaluated against DMBA-induced breast carcinoma in rats using DPPH, FRAP and ABTS technique, respectively. Forty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups including the control group received a single dose of DMBA solvent orally, and groups II, III and IV received a single dose of DMBA (40 mg/kg) dissolved in olive oil. Groups I and II received normal saline and groups III and IV were treated with AOE orally (120 and 240 mg/kg respectively) for 60 consecutive days. Chemopreventive effects were assessed in terms of diameter and volume of tumors, expression levels of PCNA, and serum levels of CA15.3, p53, MDA, CAT, and calcium, and histopathological features.

RESULTS

AOE contained a noticeable amount of phenolic and flavonoids compounds. This extract showed a potent antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo. AOE significantly decreased the diameter and volume of tumors (p<0.01) and reduced the serum levels of CA15.3 (p<0.001), p53 (p<0.01), MDA (p<0.001), and calcium (p<0.01). AOE also decreased the expression of PCNA in cancerous tissues and reduced the histopathological deformity.

CONCLUSION

According to the data, AOE produced a significant chemopreventive activity in DMBA-induced breast tumors in rats, probably due to its antioxidant and its inhibitory effect on some tumorigenicity markers such as CA15.3, p53 and PCNA activity.

Protective effect of Nasturtium officinale R. Br and quercetin against cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is used in the management of autoimmune conditions and malignant illnesses. However, its therapeutic use is limited because of its severe side effects, especially hepatotoxicity attributed to oxidative stress. Nasturtium officinale R. Br (watercress or WC) has pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammation, and antioxidant activities. Therefore, the present study was design to assess effects of WC or its active ingredient, quercetin (QE), against CPA-induced hepatotoxicity. For this study, 49 male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly selected and categorized into seven equal groups. The animals were pre- and post-treated with both hydroalcoholic extract of WC (500 mg/kg) and quercetin (75 mg/kg) for 10 consecutive days, and intraperitoneal administration of CPA (200 mg/kg) was performed on only day 10, one hour before the last dose of WC or quercetin. On day 11, all the animals were sacrificed, and their blood and liver were gathered for evaluation of the liver enzyme, hepatic oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes activity, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. CPA significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PCO) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and liver biomarkers. Otherwise, hepatic catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), total thiol content (tSH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were considerably lower than the control group. Results showed that WC has the ability to reduce the changes (MDA, PCO, FRAP, CAT, ALT and AST) and QE (MDA, PCO, AST) induced by CPA (p < 0.05). Histopathological finding confirmed the indicated results. These findings propose that WC and QE have protective effect against the CPA-induced hepatotoxicity by decreasing oxidative stress.

The effects of rosmarinic acid on oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a potential herbal medicine and has received considerable attention due to its strong antioxidant properties. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of RA on inflammation and oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs were pre-treated with various contents of RA (20, 40, 80 µM) for 24 h, then, stimulated with LPS (10 ng/ml) for more 6 h. ELISA and Real-time PCR were done to detect the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β and IL-10. Western blot was done to investigate the phosphorylated amounts of P65-NF-κB and JNK. Inflammatory cytokines and oxidant-antioxidant parameters were determined by colorimetric and ELISA methods. The results indicated that LPS augmented the protein levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β cytokines as well as the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, and IL-10 cytokines in in PBMCs. However, pretreatment with RA could reduce the impact of LPS on inflammatory markers. In addition, RA inhibited P65-NF-κB and JNK phosphorylation. LPS also caused a decrease in antioxidant enzymes, total thiol, and total antioxidant capacity as well as an increment in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide metabolite contents that RA abrogated them. Collectively, our finding demonstrated that RA ameliorates LPS-induced inflammation in PBMCs. RA reduces oxidative stress by preventing lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production as well as restarting the activity of the GPx and SOD enzymes. Furthermore, our findings indicated that RA was able to protect PBMCs from inflammation via inhibiting the NF-κB and JNK MAPK pathways. This evidence shows a promising therapeutic role for RA in inflammatory status.

Assessment of function, histopathological changes, and oxidative stress in liver tissue due to ionizing and non-ionizing radiations

BACKGROUND

Compared to past decades, humans are exposed to rapidly increasing levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMF). Despite numerous studies, the biological effects of human exposure to different levels of RF-EMF are not fully understood yet. This study aimed to evaluate the bioeffects of exposure to "900/1800 MHz" and "2.4 GHz" RF-EMFs, and x-rays alone as well as their potential interactions, i.e. inducing simple additive, adaptive, or synergistic effects.

METHODS

120 Wistar rats were randomly divided into ten groups of 12 each. The rats were exposed to RF-EMF, 10 cGy, and 8 Gy x-rays, a combination of these exposures, or only sham-exposed. The levels of liver enzymes were determined in serum samples by an auto-analyzer. Moreover, the histopathological changes, and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total thiols, and protein carbonyl (PCO) were measured.

RESULTS

Among the markers of liver function, gamma-glutamyltransferase was not associated with irradiation but, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase showed some levels of association. MDA and PCO levels after 8 Gy irradiation increased, but pre-exposure to RF-EMF could modulate their changes. At the cellular level, the frequency of lobular inflammation was associated with the type of intervention.

CONCLUSION

The exposure to both ionizing and non-ionizing radiations could alter some liver function tests. A short term pre-exposure to RF-EMF before exposure to an 8 Gy challenging dose of x-rays caused the alterations in oxidative stress markers and liver function tests, which indicate that oxidative stress is possibly involved in the adaptive response.

Antioxidant and protective effect of Stachys pilifera Benth against nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats

The aim of current study was to assess the antioxidant and renoprotective effects of Stachys pilifera Benth (S.P.B.) hydroalcoholic extract on nephrotoxicity induced with cisplatin (CP). Adult rats with bodyweight of 180-220 g were divided into five groups (n = 7) treated as follows: group 1, control; group 2, CP; group 3, pretreatment with S.P.B. before CP; group 4, posttreatment with S.P.B. after CP; and, group 5, S.P.B. extract. A single dose of CP (7 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected on the fifth day and hydroalcoholic extract of S.P.B. (500 mg kg^-1  day^-1 ) was orally administered. The levels of oxidative stress markers, biochemical tests, and histopathological staining were assayed in serum and renal tissue. Also, the chemical composition of S.P.B. extract was determined by GC-MS analysis. The main compositions of S.P.B. extract identified by GC-MS analysis, were hexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-1-ol, 3,7,11,16-tetramethyl (24.77%), thymol (14.1%), and linolenic acid (13.4%). In groups treated and pretreated with S.P.B., blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide metabolite in serum as well as malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl content of kidney tissues were significantly decreased in comparison to CP group; in contrast, total thiol group showed a significant increase in treated group as compared to CP group. Furthermore, histological investigation indicated that treatment with S.P.B. improved renal damages induced by CP. The current study showed that S.P.B. hydroalcoholic extract improved the biochemical parameters and kidney function as well as restored antioxidant activity in CP-induced nephrotoxicity. However, it needs more investigations to define the mechanism of S.P.B. action. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In different regions of Iran, Stachys is demonstrated by 34 species, out of which 13 are endemic, one of these endemic species is Stachys pilifera Benth (S.P.B.). The oil of S.P.B. is mainly consisted of cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, cis-chrysanthenol, spathulenol, β-caryophyllene, linalool, and terpinen-4-ol. Moreover, phytochemical studies have shown the presence of compounds such as diterpenes, phenylethanoid glycosides, saponins, terpenoides, and flavonoids in Stachys species. The aerial parts of S.P.B. are consumed as herbal tea to treat several disorders, for example, infections, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis in Iranian folk medicine. The aim of current study was to evaluate the antioxidant and protective effects of S.P.B. hydroalcoholic extract on nephrotoxicity induced with cisplatin (CP). The current study showed that S.P.B. hydroalcoholic extract improved the biochemical parameters and kidney function as well as restored antioxidant activity in CP-induced nephrotoxicity. However, it needs more researches to define the mechanism of S.P.B. action.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys pilifera. Benth on acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity in male rats

Background

Acetaminophen (APAP) at high doses causes adverse side effects such as hepatotoxicity. The aim of the current study was to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys pilifera. Benth (SP) on hepatotoxicity induced by APAP in male rats.

Methods

Adult male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: control (C), APAP (2 g/kg), APAP + SP (500 mg/kg), and APAP + Silymarin (SM, 100 mg/kg) as positive control group. On the seventh day, the rats were sacrificed after taking blood samples. Then levels of biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers and activity of antioxidant enzymes were measured.

Results

In the APAP group, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes activity was significantly increased and the level of protein carbonyl (PCO) was insignificantly increased as compared to control group. In addition, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and total thiol in the APAP group was significantly decreased compared to the normal rats. Stachys pilifera. Benth extract administration significantly reduced the activity of AST and ALT enzymes and the level of PCO compared to the APAP group, while significantly elevated the activity of GPX enzyme.

Conclusion

Hydroalcoholic extract of SP diminishes hepatotoxicity induced by APAP by reducing the amount of liver function indicators (AST and ALT). Furthermore, the hydroalcoholic extract of SP is capable of reducing oxidative stress through inhibiting protein oxidation as well as boosting the activity of GPX enzyme. In this respect, the hepatoprotective impact induced by the SP extract may possibly be attributable to its reactive oxygen species scavenging and antioxidant properties.