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Roth L, Dogan S, Tuna BG, Aranyi T, Benitez S, Borrell-Pages M, Bozaykut P, De Meyer GRY, Duca L, Durmus N, Fonseca D, Fraenkel E, Gillery P, Giudici A, Jaisson S, Johansson M, Julve J, Lucas-Herald AK, Martinet W, Maurice P, McDonnell BJ, Ozbek EN, Pucci G, Pugh CJA, Rochfort KD, Roks AJM, Rotllan N, Shadiow J, Sohrabi Y, Spronck B, Szeri F, Terentes-Printzios D, Tunc Aydin E, Tura-Ceide O, Ucar E, Yetik-Anacak G. Pharmacological modulation of vascular ageing: A review from VascAgeNet. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102122. [PMID: 37956927 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Vascular ageing, characterized by structural and functional changes in blood vessels of which arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction are key components, is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and other age-related diseases. As the global population continues to age, understanding the underlying mechanisms and developing effective therapeutic interventions to mitigate vascular ageing becomes crucial for improving cardiovascular health outcomes. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the current knowledge on pharmacological modulation of vascular ageing, highlighting key strategies and promising therapeutic targets. Several molecular pathways have been identified as central players in vascular ageing, including oxidative stress and inflammation, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, cellular senescence, macroautophagy, extracellular matrix remodelling, calcification, and gasotransmitter-related signalling. Pharmacological and dietary interventions targeting these pathways have shown potential in ameliorating age-related vascular changes. Nevertheless, the development and application of drugs targeting vascular ageing is complicated by various inherent challenges and limitations, such as certain preclinical methodological considerations, interactions with exercise training and sex/gender-related differences, which should be taken into account. Overall, pharmacological modulation of endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness as hallmarks of vascular ageing, holds great promise for improving cardiovascular health in the ageing population. Nonetheless, further research is needed to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and optimize the efficacy and safety of these interventions for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Roth
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Soner Dogan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Bilge Guvenc Tuna
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Tamas Aranyi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sonia Benitez
- CIBER de Diabetes y enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Borrell-Pages
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Perinur Bozaykut
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2 "Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
| | - Nergiz Durmus
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Diogo Fonseca
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emil Fraenkel
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Philippe Gillery
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2 "Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Alessandro Giudici
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphane Jaisson
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2 "Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
| | | | - Josep Julve
- CIBER de Diabetes y enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition group, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pascal Maurice
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2 "Matrix Aging and Vascular Remodelling", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
| | - Barry J McDonnell
- Centre for Cardiovascular Health and Ageing, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emine Nur Ozbek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Giacomo Pucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Christopher J A Pugh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Health and Ageing, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Keith D Rochfort
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy, and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anton J M Roks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Disease and Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- CIBER de Diabetes y enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pathophysiology of lipid-related diseases, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Shadiow
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yahya Sohrabi
- Molecular Cardiology, Dept. of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00 Prague, Czechia
| | - Bart Spronck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Flora Szeri
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dimitrios Terentes-Printzios
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elif Tunc Aydin
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Olga Tura-Ceide
- Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eda Ucar
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Gunay Yetik-Anacak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acıbadem Mehmet Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkiye.
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2
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Power G, Padilla J. (Re)modeling high-salt diet-induced hypertension in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H470-H472. [PMID: 36827228 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00093.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Power
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States
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3
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Kodithuwakku V, Climie RE. More to Determine About Early Vascular Ageing in Young People. Heart Lung Circ 2022; 31:1427-1428. [PMID: 36436839 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vimarsha Kodithuwakku
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Rachel E Climie
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia.
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Spronck B, Obeid MJ, Paravathaneni M, Gadela NV, Singh G, Magro CA, Kulkarni V, Kondaveety S, Gade KC, Bhuva R, Kulick-Soper CM, Sanchez N, Akers S, Chirinos JA. Predictive Ability of Pressure-Corrected Arterial Stiffness Indices: Comparison of Pulse Wave Velocity, Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI), and CAVI0. Am J Hypertens 2022; 35:272-280. [PMID: 34664629 PMCID: PMC8903891 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpab168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is blood pressure (BP) dependent, leading to the development of the BP-corrected metrics cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and CAVI0. We aimed to assess risk prediction by heart-to-ankle PWV (haPWV), CAVI, and CAVI0 in a US population. METHODS We included 154 subjects (94.8% male; 47.7% African American) with and without heart failure (HF). Left and right haPWV, CAVI, and CAVI0 were measured with the VaSera 1500N device. We prospectively followed participants for a mean of 2.56 years for the composite endpoint death or HF-related hospital admission (DHFA). RESULTS Left and right haPWV, CAVI, and CAVI0 values did not differ significantly. In unadjusted analyses, haPWV (left standardized hazard ratio [HR] = 1.51, P = 0.007; right HR = 1.66, P = 0.003), CAVI (left HR = 1.45, P = 0.012; right HR = 1.58, P = 0.006), and CAVI0 (left HR = 1.39, P = 0.022; right HR = 1.44, P = 0.014) significantly predicted DHFA. Predictive ability showed a decreasing trend from haPWV to CAVI to CAVI0; in line with the increasing amount of BP correction in these metrics. In Cox models, right-sided metrics showed a trend toward stronger predictive ability than left-sided metrics. After adjustment for baseline HF status, the Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) risk score, and systolic BP, right haPWV (HR = 1.58, P = 0.025) and CAVI (HR = 1.44, P = 0.044), but no other stiffness metrics, remained predictive. CONCLUSIONS Although conceptually attractive, BP-corrected arterial stiffness metrics do not offer better prediction of DHFA than conventional arterial stiffness metrics, nor do they predict DHFA independently of systolic BP. Our findings support PWV as the primary arterial stiffness metric for outcome prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Spronck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Jo Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mahati Paravathaneni
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Naga Vaishnavi Gadela
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | - Caroline A Magro
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Varsha Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Soumya Kondaveety
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keerthi Chandrika Gade
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rushik Bhuva
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colin M Kulick-Soper
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nicolas Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott Akers
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julio A Chirinos
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Cardiovascular Division and Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Giudici A, Palombo C, Kozakova M, Morizzo C, Cruickshank JK, Khir AW. Subject-Specific Pressure Normalization of Local Pulse Wave Velocity: Separating Intrinsic From Acute Load-Dependent Stiffening in Hypertensive Patients. Front Physiol 2022; 12:783457. [PMID: 35242043 PMCID: PMC8886155 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.783457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular events. However, its intrinsic blood pressure (BP)-dependency complicates distinguishing between acute and chronic effects of increased BP on arterial stiffness. Based on the assumption that arteries exhibit a nearly exponential pressure-area (P-A) relationship, this study proposes a method to assess intersubject differences in local PWV independently from BP. The method was then used to analyze differences in local carotid PWV (cPWV) between hypertensive and healthy normotensive people before and after BP-normalization. Pressure (P) and diameter (D) waveforms were simultaneously acquired via tonometer at the left and ultrasound scanning at right common carotid artery (CCA), respectively, in 22 patients with Grade 1 or 2 hypertension and 22 age- and sex-matched controls. cPWV was determined using the D2P-loop method. Then, the exponential modeling of the P-area (A = πD2/4) relationships allowed defining a mathematical formulation to compute subject-specific changes in cPWV associated with BP changes, thus enabling the normalization of cPWV against intersubject differences in BP at the time of measurement. Carotid systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were, on average, 17.7 (p < 0.001) and 8.9 mmHg (p < 0.01) higher in hypertensives than controls, respectively. cPWV was 5.56 ± 0.86 m/s in controls and 6.24 ± 1.22 m/s in hypertensives. BP alone accounted for 68% of the cPWV difference between the two groups: 5.80 ± 0.84 vs. 6.03 ± 1.07 m/s after BP-normalization (p = 0.47). The mechanistic normalization of cPWV was in agreement with that estimated by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). In conclusion, the proposed method, which could be easily implemented in the clinical setting, allows to assess the intersubject differences in PWV independently of BP. Our results suggested that mild hypertension in middle-aged subjects without target organ damage does not significantly alter the stiffness of the CCA wall independently of acute differences in BP. The results warrant further clinical investigations to establish the potential clinical utility of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Giudici
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Palombo
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michaela Kozakova
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmela Morizzo
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - J Kennedy Cruickshank
- School of Life-Course/Nutritional Sciences, King's College, St. Thomas' and Guy's Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashraf W Khir
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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Giudici A, Khir AW, Reesink KD, Delhaas T, Spronck B. Five years of cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and CAVI0: how close are we to a pressure-independent index of arterial stiffness? J Hypertens 2021; 39:2128-2138. [PMID: 34269333 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulse wave velocity, a common metric of arterial stiffness, is an established predictor for cardiovascular events and mortality. However, its intrinsic pressure-dependency complicates the discrimination of acute and chronic impacts of increased blood pressure on arterial stiffness. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) represented a significant step towards the development of a pressure-independent arterial stiffness metric. However, some potential limitations of CAVI might render this arterial stiffness metric less pressure-independent than originally thought. For this reason, we later introduced CAVI0. Nevertheless, advantages of one approach over the other are left debated. This review aims to shed light on the pressure (in)dependency of both CAVI and CAVI0. By critically reviewing results from studies reporting both CAVI and CAVI0 and using simple analytical methods, we show that CAVI0 may enhance the pressure-independent assessment of arterial stiffness, especially in the presence of large inter-individual differences in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Giudici
- Biomedical Engineering Research Group, Brunel University London, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Ashraf W Khir
- Biomedical Engineering Research Group, Brunel University London, UK
| | - Koen D Reesink
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Tammo Delhaas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spronck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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7
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Climie RE, Gregory AT, Denniss AR, Mynard JP, Pepe S. Vascular Ageing: A Key Frontier in the Fight Against Cardiovascular Disease. Heart Lung Circ 2021; 30:1585-1590. [PMID: 34503917 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Climie
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Université de Paris, INSERM U970, Paris Centre de Recerche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France.
| | | | - A Robert Denniss
- Heart, Lung and Circulation, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Blacktown Hospital, and Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Mynard
- Heart Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
| | - Salvatore Pepe
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
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8
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van der Bruggen MM, Spronck B, Delhaas T, Reesink KD, Schalkwijk CG. The Putative Role of Methylglyoxal in Arterial Stiffening: A Review. Heart Lung Circ 2021; 30:1681-1693. [PMID: 34393049 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.06.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial stiffening is a hallmark of vascular ageing and a consequence of many diseases including diabetes mellitus. Methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive α-dicarbonyl mainly formed during glycolysis, has emerged as a potential contributor to the development of arterial stiffness. MGO reacts with arginine and lysine residues in proteins to form stable advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). AGEs may contribute to arterial stiffening by increased cross-linking of collagen within the extracellular matrix (ECM), by altering the vascular structure, and by triggering inflammatory and oxidative pathways. Although arterial stiffness is mainly determined by ECM and vascular smooth muscle cell function, the effects of MGO and MGO-derived AGEs on these structures have not been thoroughly reviewed to date. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a PubMed search without filtering for publication date which resulted in 16 experimental and 22 clinical studies eligible for inclusion. Remarkably, none of the experimental and only three of the clinical studies specifically mentioned MGO-derived AGEs. Almost all studies reported an association between arterial stiffness and AGE accumulation in the arterial wall or increased plasma AGEs. Other studies report reduced arterial stiffness in experimental models upon administration of AGE-breakers. CONCLUSIONS No papers published to date directly show an association between MGO or MGO-derived AGEs and arterial stiffening. The relevance of the various underlying mechanisms is not yet clear, which is particularly due to methodological challenges in the detection of MGO and MGO-derived AGEs at the molecular, intra- and pericellular, and structural levels, as well as in challenges in the assessment of intrinsic arterial wall properties at ECM- and tissue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe M van der Bruggen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spronck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tammo Delhaas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen D Reesink
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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