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Greco F, Mallio CA. Radiomics and Radiogenomics Toward Personalized Management of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: The Importance of FOXM1. Acad Radiol 2024:S1076-6332(24)00478-1. [PMID: 39097509 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2024.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Greco
- Department of Radiology, Cittadella della Salute, Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Lecce, Piazza Filippo Bottazzi, 2, 73100 Lecce, Italy; Research Unit of Radiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy.
| | - Carlo Augusto Mallio
- Research Unit of Radiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
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2
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Greco F, D’Andrea V, Beomonte Zobel B, Mallio CA. Radiogenomics and Texture Analysis to Detect von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Mutation in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3236-3250. [PMID: 38666933 PMCID: PMC11049152 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiogenomics, a burgeoning field in biomedical research, explores the correlation between imaging features and genomic data, aiming to link macroscopic manifestations with molecular characteristics. In this review, we examine existing radiogenomics literature in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the predominant renal cancer, and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene mutation, the most frequent genetic mutation in ccRCC. A thorough examination of the literature was conducted through searches on the PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases. Inclusion criteria encompassed articles published in English between 2014 and 2022, resulting in 10 articles meeting the criteria out of 39 initially retrieved articles. Most of these studies applied computed tomography (CT) images obtained from open source and institutional databases. This literature review investigates the role of radiogenomics, with and without texture analysis, in predicting VHL gene mutation in ccRCC patients. Radiogenomics leverages imaging modalities such as CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to analyze macroscopic features and establish connections with molecular elements, providing insights into tumor heterogeneity and biological behavior. The investigations explored diverse mutations, with a specific focus on VHL mutation, and applied CT imaging features for radiogenomic analysis. Moreover, radiomics and machine learning techniques were employed to predict VHL gene mutations based on CT features, demonstrating promising results. Additional studies delved into the relationship between VHL mutation and body composition, revealing significant associations with adipose tissue distribution. The review concludes by highlighting the potential role of radiogenomics in guiding targeted and selective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Greco
- Department of Radiology, Cittadella Della Salute Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Lecce, Piazza Filippo Bottazzi 2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Research Unit of Radiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy; (V.D.); (B.B.Z.); (C.A.M.)
| | - Valerio D’Andrea
- Research Unit of Radiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy; (V.D.); (B.B.Z.); (C.A.M.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Bruno Beomonte Zobel
- Research Unit of Radiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy; (V.D.); (B.B.Z.); (C.A.M.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Augusto Mallio
- Research Unit of Radiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy; (V.D.); (B.B.Z.); (C.A.M.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
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3
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Heravi G, Yazdanpanah O, Podgorski I, Matherly LH, Liu W. Lipid metabolism reprogramming in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:17-31. [PMID: 34741716 PMCID: PMC10045462 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09996-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Lipids are the essential biomolecules required for membrane biosynthesis, energy storage, and cell signaling. Altered lipid metabolism allows tumor cells to survive in the nutrient-deprived environment. However, lipid metabolism remodeling in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not received the same attention as in other cancers. RCC, the most common type of kidney cancer, is associated with almost 15,000 death in the USA annually. Being refractory to conventional chemotherapy agents and limited available targeted therapy options has made the treatment of metastatic RCC very challenging. In this article, we review recent findings that support the importance of synthesis and metabolism of cholesterol, free fatty acids (FFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the carcinogenesis and biology of RCC. Delineating the detailed mechanisms underlying lipid reprogramming can help to better understand the pathophysiology of RCC and to design novel therapeutic strategies targeting this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Heravi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Omid Yazdanpanah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
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4
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Jonasch E, Atkins MB, Chowdhury S, Mainwaring P. Combination of Anti-Angiogenics and Checkpoint Inhibitors for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Is the Whole Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030644. [PMID: 35158916 PMCID: PMC8833428 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Checkpoint inhibitors and anti-angiogenic therapies are treatments that slow the progression of renal cell carcinoma, the most common type of kidney cancer. Checkpoint inhibitors and anti-angiogenic therapies work in different ways. Checkpoint inhibitors help to prevent tumors from hiding from the body’s immune system, while anti-angiogenic therapies slow the development of blood vessels that tumours need to help them to grow. Studies have shown that treatment with combination checkpoint inhibitor plus anti-angiogenic therapy can achieve better outcomes for patients with renal cell carcinoma than treatment with anti-angiogenic therapy alone. In this review, we consider how combination checkpoint inhibitor plus anti-angiogenic therapy works, and we review the current literature to identify evidence to inform clinicians as to the most effective way to use these different types of drugs, either one after the other, or together, for maximum patient benefit. Abstract Anti-angiogenic agents, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and anti-VEGF antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) are standard treatments for advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC). In the past, these agents were administered as sequential monotherapies. Recently, combinations of anti-angiogenic agents and CPIs have been approved for the treatment of aRCC, based on evidence that they provide superior efficacy when compared with sunitinib monotherapy. Here we explore the possible mechanisms of action of these combinations, including a review of relevant preclinical data and clinical evidence in patients with aRCC. We also ask whether the benefit is additive or synergistic, and, thus, whether concomitant administration is preferred over sequential monotherapy. Further research is needed to understand how combinations of anti-angiogenic agents with CPIs compare with CPI monotherapy or combination therapy (e.g., nivolumab and ipilimumab), and whether the long-term benefit observed in a subset of patients treated with CPI combinations will also be realised in patients treated with an anti-angiogenic therapy and a CPI. Additional research is also needed to establish whether other elements of the tumour microenvironment also need to be targeted to optimise treatment efficacy, and to identify biomarkers of response to inform personalised treatment using combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jonasch
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1374, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-792-2830
| | - Michael B. Atkins
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA;
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Simon Chowdhury
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals, London SE1 9RT, UK;
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, London W1G 6AD, UK
| | - Paul Mainwaring
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
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5
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Single-cell analyses of renal cell cancers reveal insights into tumor microenvironment, cell of origin, and therapy response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103240118. [PMID: 34099557 PMCID: PMC8214680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103240118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are heterogeneous malignancies thought to arise from kidney tubular epithelial cells, and clear cell RCC is the most common entity. This study demonstrates that cell atlases generated from benign kidney and two common RCCs using single-cell RNA sequencing can predict putative cells of origin for more than 10 RCC subtypes. A focused analysis of distinct cell-type compartments reveals the potential role of tumor epithelia in promoting immune infiltration and other molecular attributes of the tumor microenvironment. Finally, an observed association between the lack of immunotherapy response and endothelial cell fraction has important clinical implications. The current study, therefore, significantly contributes toward understanding disease ontogenies and the molecular dynamics of tumor epithelia and the microenvironment. Diverse subtypes of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) display a wide spectrum of histomorphologies, proteogenomic alterations, immune cell infiltration patterns, and clinical behavior. Delineating the cells of origin for different RCC subtypes will provide mechanistic insights into their diverse pathobiology. Here, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to develop benign and malignant renal cell atlases. Using a random forest model trained on this cell atlas, we predicted the putative cell of origin for more than 10 RCC subtypes. scRNA-seq also revealed several attributes of the tumor microenvironment in the most common subtype of kidney cancer, clear cell RCC (ccRCC). We elucidated an active role for tumor epithelia in promoting immune cell infiltration, potentially explaining why ccRCC responds to immune checkpoint inhibitors, despite having a low neoantigen burden. In addition, we characterized an association between high endothelial cell types and lack of response to immunotherapy in ccRCC. Taken together, these single-cell analyses of benign kidney and RCC provide insight into the putative cell of origin for RCC subtypes and highlight the important role of the tumor microenvironment in influencing ccRCC biology and response to therapy.
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6
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Jian Y, Yang K, Sun X, Zhao J, Huang K, Aldanakh A, Xu Z, Wu H, Xu Q, Zhang L, Xu C, Yang D, Wang S. Current Advance of Immune Evasion Mechanisms and Emerging Immunotherapies in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639636. [PMID: 33767709 PMCID: PMC7985340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma is a highly heterogeneous cancer group, and the complex microenvironment of the tumor provides appropriate immune evasion opportunities. The molecular mechanism of immune escape in renal cell carcinoma is currently a hot issue, focusing primarily on the major complex of histocompatibility, immunosuppressive cells, their secreted immunosuppressive cytokines, and apoptosis molecule signal transduction. Immunotherapy is the best treatment option for patients with metastatic or advanced renal cell carcinoma and combination immunotherapy based on a variety of principles has shown promising prospects. Comprehensive and in-depth knowledge of the molecular mechanism of immune escape in renal cell carcinoma is of vital importance for the clinical implementation of effective therapies. The goal of this review is to address research into the mechanisms of immune escape in renal cell carcinoma and the use of the latest immunotherapy. In addition, we are all looking forward to the latest frontiers of experimental combination immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Jian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kangkang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoxin Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Abdullah Aldanakh
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhongyang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Haotian Wu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiwei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Deyong Yang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shujing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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7
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Kapur P, Christie A, Rajaram S, Brugarolas J. What morphology can teach us about renal cell carcinoma clonal evolution. KIDNEY CANCER JOURNAL : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KIDNEY CANCER ASSOCIATION 2020; 18:68-76. [PMID: 34178206 PMCID: PMC8232548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While cancer is a clonal process, cumulative evidence suggest that tumors are rather heterogenous and are composed of multiple genetically-distinct subclones that arise at different times and either persist and co-exist, expand and evolve, or are eliminated. A paradigm of tumor heterogeneity is renal cell carcinoma (RCC). By exploiting morphological traits and building upon a framework around three axes (architecture, cytology and the microenvironment), we review recent advances in our understanding of RCC evolution leading to an integrated molecular genetic and morphologic evolutionary model with both prognostic and therapeutic implications. The ability to predict cancer evolution may have profound implications for clinical care and is central to oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Alana Christie
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Satwik Rajaram
- Department of Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - James Brugarolas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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8
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Xiao Y, Thakkar KN, Zhao H, Broughton J, Li Y, Seoane JA, Diep AN, Metzner TJ, von Eyben R, Dill DL, Brooks JD, Curtis C, Leppert JT, Ye J, Peehl DM, Giaccia AJ, Sinha S, Rankin EB. The m 6A RNA demethylase FTO is a HIF-independent synthetic lethal partner with the VHL tumor suppressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21441-21449. [PMID: 32817424 PMCID: PMC7474618 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000516117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor is a hallmark feature of renal clear cell carcinoma. VHL inactivation results in the constitutive activation of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) HIF-1 and HIF-2 and their downstream targets, including the proangiogenic factors VEGF and PDGF. However, antiangiogenic agents and HIF-2 inhibitors have limited efficacy in cancer therapy due to the development of resistance. Here we employed an innovative computational platform, Mining of Synthetic Lethals (MiSL), to identify synthetic lethal interactions with the loss of VHL through analysis of primary tumor genomic and transcriptomic data. Using this approach, we identified a synthetic lethal interaction between VHL and the m6A RNA demethylase FTO in renal cell carcinoma. MiSL identified FTO as a synthetic lethal partner of VHL because deletions of FTO are mutually exclusive with VHL loss in pan cancer datasets. Moreover, FTO expression is increased in VHL-deficient ccRCC tumors compared to normal adjacent tissue. Genetic inactivation of FTO using multiple orthogonal approaches revealed that FTO inhibition selectively reduces the growth and survival of VHL-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo. Notably, FTO inhibition reduced the survival of both HIF wild type and HIF-deficient tumors, identifying FTO as an HIF-independent vulnerability of VHL-deficient cancers. Integrated analysis of transcriptome-wide m6A-seq and mRNA-seq analysis identified the glutamine transporter SLC1A5 as an FTO target that promotes metabolic reprogramming and survival of VHL-deficient ccRCC cells. These findings identify FTO as a potential HIF-independent therapeutic target for the treatment of VHL-deficient renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kaushik N Thakkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Yang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jose A Seoane
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Deparment of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Anh N Diep
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Rie von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - David L Dill
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Christina Curtis
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Deparment of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - John T Leppert
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jiangbin Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Donna M Peehl
- Deparment of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Subarna Sinha
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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9
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Díaz-Montero CM, Rini BI, Finke JH. The immunology of renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16:721-735. [PMID: 32733094 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer and comprises several subtypes with unique characteristics. The most common subtype (~70% of cases) is clear-cell RCC. RCC is considered to be an immunogenic tumour but is known to mediate immune dysfunction in large part by eliciting the infiltration of immune-inhibitory cells, such as regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, into the tumour microenvironment. Several possible mechanisms have been proposed to explain how these multiple tumour-infiltrating cell types block the development of an effective anti-tumour immune response, including inhibition of the activity of effector T cells and of antigen presenting cells via upregulation of suppressive factors such as checkpoint molecules. Targeting immune suppression using checkpoint inhibition has resulted in clinical responses in some patients with RCC and combinatorial approaches involving checkpoint blockade are now standard of care in patients with advanced RCC. However, a substantial proportion of patients do not benefit from checkpoint blockade. The identification of reliable biomarkers of response to checkpoint blockade is crucial to facilitate improvements in the clinical efficacy of these therapies. In addition, there is a need for the development of other immune-based strategies that address the shortcomings of checkpoint blockade, such as adoptive cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marcela Díaz-Montero
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Brian I Rini
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James H Finke
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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10
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Texture analysis and machine learning algorithms accurately predict histologic grade in small (< 4 cm) clear cell renal cell carcinomas: a pilot study. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2020; 45:789-798. [PMID: 31822969 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-019-02336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To predict the histologic grade of small clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) using texture analysis and machine learning algorithms. METHODS Fifty-two noncontrast (NC), 26 corticomedullary (CM) phase, and 35 nephrographic (NG) phase CTs of small (< 4 cm) surgically resected ccRCCs were retrospectively identified. Surgical pathology classified the tumors as low- or high-Fuhrman histologic grade. The axial image with the largest cross-sectional tumor area was exported and segmented. Six histogram and 31 texture (gray-level co-occurrences (GLC) and gray-level run-lengths (GLRL)) features were calculated for each tumor in each phase. T testing compared feature values in low- and high-grade ccRCCs, with a (Benjamini-Hochberg) false discovery rate of 10%. Area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) was calculated for each feature to assess prediction of low- and high-grade ccRCCs in each phase. Histogram, texture, and combined histogram and texture data sets were used to train and test four algorithms (k-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forests, and decision tree) with tenfold cross-validation; AUCs were calculated for each algorithm in each phase to assess prediction of low- and high-grade ccRCCs. RESULTS Zero, 23, and 0 features in the NC, CM, and NG phases had statistically significant differences between low and high-grade ccRCCs. CM histogram skewness and GLRL short run emphasis had the highest AUCs (0.82) in predicting histologic grade. All four algorithms had the highest AUCs (0.97) predicting histologic grade using CM histogram features. The algorithms' AUCs decreased using histogram or texture features from NC or NG phases. CONCLUSION The histologic grade of small ccRCCs can be accurately predicted with machine learning algorithms using CM histogram features, which outperform NC and NG phase image data.
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11
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Cable J, Finley L, Tu BP, Patti GJ, Oliver TG, Vardhana S, Mana M, Ericksen R, Khare S, DeBerardinis R, Stockwell BR, Edinger A, Haigis M, Kaelin W. Leveraging insights into cancer metabolism-a symposium report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1462:5-13. [PMID: 31792987 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells have devised unique metabolic strategies to garner enough nutrients to sustain continuous growth and cell division. Oncogenic mutations may alter metabolic pathways to unlock new sources of energy, and cells take the advantage of various scavenging pathways to ingest material from their environment. These changes in metabolism result in a metabolic profile that, in addition to providing the building blocks for macromolecules, can also influence cell signaling pathways to promote tumor initiation and progression. Understanding what pathways tumor cells use to synthesize the materials necessary to support metabolic growth can pave the way for new cancer therapeutics. Potential strategies include depriving tumors of the materials needed to grow or targeting pathways involved in dependencies that arise by virtue of their altered metabolis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydia Finley
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin P Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Gary J Patti
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Trudy G Oliver
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Santosha Vardhana
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Miyeko Mana
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Russell Ericksen
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sanika Khare
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ralph DeBerardinis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Children's Medical Center Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Aimee Edinger
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Marcia Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
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12
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Xiao Y, Zhao H, Tian L, Nolley R, Diep AN, Ernst A, Fuh KC, Miao YR, von Eyben R, Leppert JT, Brooks JD, Peehl DM, Giaccia AJ, Rankin EB. S100A10 Is a Critical Mediator of GAS6/AXL-Induced Angiogenesis in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5758-5768. [PMID: 31585940 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer that promotes tumor progression and metastasis. However, antiangiogenic agents have limited efficacy in cancer therapy due to the development of resistance. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), AXL expression is associated with antiangiogenic resistance and poor survival. Here, we establish a role for GAS6/AXL signaling in promoting the angiogenic potential of ccRCC cells through the regulation of the plasminogen receptor S100A10. Genetic and therapeutic inhibition of AXL signaling in ccRCC tumor xenografts reduced tumor vessel density and growth under the renal capsule. GAS6/AXL signaling activated the expression of S100A10 through SRC to promote plasmin production, endothelial cell invasion, and angiogenesis. Importantly, treatment with the small molecule AXL inhibitor cabozantinib or an ultra-high affinity soluble AXL Fc fusion decoy receptor (sAXL) reduced the growth of a pazopanib-resistant ccRCC patient-derived xenograft. Moreover, the combination of sAXL synergized with pazopanib and axitinib to reduce ccRCC patient-derived xenograft growth and vessel density. These findings highlight a role for AXL/S100A10 signaling in mediating the angiogenic potential of ccRCC cells and support the combination of AXL inhibitors with antiangiogenic agents for advanced ccRCC. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that angiogenesis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is regulated through AXL/S100A10 signaling and support the combination of AXL inhibitors with antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Rosalie Nolley
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Anh N Diep
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Anne Ernst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Katherine C Fuh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Rie von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - John T Leppert
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Donna M Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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13
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Bowen L, Xiaojing L. Radiogenomics of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Associations Between mRNA-Based Subtyping and CT Imaging Features. Acad Radiol 2019; 26:e32-e37. [PMID: 30064916 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate associations between clear-cell renal cell carcinoma mRNA-based subtyping and CT features. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CT data from 177 patients generated with The Cancer Imaging Archive were reviewed. The correlation was analyzed using chi-square test and univariate regression analysis. RESULTS Identified were 124 (53.2%) m1, 67 (28.8%) m2, 17 (7.3%) m3, and 14 (8.7%) m4 subtypes. m1-subtype rates were significantly higher in well-defined margin lesions (p = 0.041). m3-subtype rates were significantly higher in ill-defined margin lesions (p = 0.012), in collecting system invasion lesions (p = 0.028) and collecting system invasion lesions (p = 0.026).On univariate logistic regression analysis, tumor margin (well-defined margin vs ill-defined margin, OR: 2.104; p = 0.041; 95% CI: 1.024-4.322) was associated with m1-subtype. Tumor margin (well-defined margin vs ill-defined margin, OR: 2.104; p = 0.012; 95% CI: 0.212-0.834) and collecting system invasion (yes vs no, OR: 0.421; p = 0.028; 95% CI: 0.212-0.834) and renal vein invasion (yes vs no, OR: 2.164; p = 0.026; 95% CI: 1.090-4.294) were associated with m3-subtype. There was no significant difference between mRNA-based subtyping (m2 vs other; m4 vs other) and the CT features. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary radiogenomics analysis of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma revealed associations between CT features and mRNA-based subtyping which warrant further investigation and validation.
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14
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Miikkulainen P, Högel H, Seyednasrollah F, Rantanen K, Elo LL, Jaakkola PM. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) maintains high HIF2A mRNA levels in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3760-3771. [PMID: 30617181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) have inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL), resulting in the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor α-subunits (HIF-α) and their downstream targets. HIF-2α expression is particularly high in ccRCC and is associated with increased ccRCC growth and aggressiveness. In the canonical HIF signaling pathway, HIF-prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3) suppresses HIF-2α protein by post-translational hydroxylation under sufficient oxygen availability. Here, using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR, and siRNA-mediated gene silencing, we show that unlike in the canonical pathway, PHD3 silencing in ccRCC cells leads to down-regulation of HIF-2α protein and mRNA. Depletion of other PHD family members had no effect on HIF-2α expression, and PHD3 knockdown in non-RCC cells resulted in the expected increase in HIF-2α protein expression. Accordingly, PHD3 knockdown decreased HIF-2α target gene expression in ccRCC cells and expression was restored upon forced HIF-2α expression. The effect of PHD3 depletion was pinpointed to HIF2A mRNA stability. In line with these in vitro results, a strong positive correlation of PHD3 and HIF2A mRNA expression in ccRCC tumors was detected. Our results suggest that in contrast to the known negative regulation of HIF-2α in most cell types, high PHD3 expression in ccRCC cells maintains elevated HIF-2α expression and that of its target genes, which may enhance kidney cancer aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Miikkulainen
- From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland.,the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Högel
- From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland.,the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Fatemeh Seyednasrollah
- From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland.,the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20520 Turku, Finland, and
| | - Krista Rantanen
- From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L Elo
- From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Panu M Jaakkola
- From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland, .,the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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15
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A network meta-analysis of short-term efficacy of different single-drug targeted therapies in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170827. [PMID: 29074560 PMCID: PMC5719001 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The network meta-analysis was conducted to compare the short-term efficacy of different single-drug targeted therapies in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We initially searched databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on different single-drug targeted therapies in treating RCC. The meta-analysis combined the direct and indirect evidence to calculate the pooled odds ratios (OR) and draw surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRA). A total of 14 eligible RCTs were ultimately selected. The partial response (PR) of Cabozantinib in the treatment of RCC was better than Sunitinib (OR = 2.7, 95%CI = 1.0–7.8), Everolimus (OR = 8.1, 95%CI = 3.1–25.0), and Temsirolimus (OR = 4.8, 95%CI = 1.0–31.0); the overall response rate (ORR) of Cabozantinib was better than Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Everolimus, and Temsirolimus (OR = 5.5, 95%CI = 1.1–27.0; OR = 2.6, 95%CI = 1.1–6.6; OR = 8.3, 95%CI = 3.5–20.0; OR = 5.7, 95%CI = 1.3–28.0 respectively). In addition, as for complete response (CR), PR, stable disease (SD), progressive disease (PD), ORR, and disease control rate (DCR), Cabozantinib had the best short-term efficacy among nine single-drug targeted therapies in the treatment of RCC (CR: 50.3%; PR: 93.6%; SD: 75.1%; PD: 68.0%; ORR: 95.5%; DCR: 73.2%); while Everolimus had the worst short-term efficacy (CR: 33.6%; PR: 22.3%; SD: 78.0%; PD: 35.9%; ORR: 22.9%; DCR: 19.9%). Our network meta-analysis indicated that Cabozantinib might have better short-term efficacy than other regimens in the treatment of RCC, while Everolimus might have poor short-term efficacy.
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16
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RNF20 Suppresses Tumorigenesis by Inhibiting the SREBP1c-PTTG1 Axis in Kidney Cancer. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00265-17. [PMID: 28827316 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00265-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated lipid metabolism promotes cancer cell proliferation. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of kidney cancers, characterized by ectopic lipid accumulation. However, the relationship between aberrant lipid metabolism and tumorigenesis in ccRCC is not thoroughly understood. Here, we demonstrate that ring finger protein 20 (RNF20) acts as a tumor suppressor in ccRCC. RNF20 overexpression repressed lipogenesis and cell proliferation by inhibiting sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), and SREBP1 suppression, either by knockdown or by the pharmacological inhibitor betulin, attenuated proliferation and cell cycle progression in ccRCC cells. Notably, SREBP1c regulates cell cycle progression by inducing the expression of pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), a novel target gene of SREBP1c. Furthermore, RNF20 overexpression reduced tumor growth and lipid storage in xenografts. In ccRCC patients, RNF20 downregulation and SREBP1 activation are markers of poor prognosis. Therefore, RNF20 suppresses tumorigenesis in ccRCC by inhibiting the SREBP1c-PTTG1 axis.
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17
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Sun W, Kato H, Kitajima S, Lee KL, Gradin K, Okamoto T, Poellinger L. Interaction between von Hippel-Lindau Protein and Fatty Acid Synthase Modulates Hypoxia Target Gene Expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7190. [PMID: 28775317 PMCID: PMC5543055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) play a central role in the transcriptional response to changes in oxygen availability. Stability of HIFs is regulated by multi-step reactions including recognition by the von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor protein (pVHL) in association with an E3 ligase complex. Here we show that pVHL physically interacts with fatty acid synthase (FASN), displacing the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. This results in HIF-α protein stabilization and activation of HIF target genes even in normoxia such as during adipocyte differentiation. 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH), an inhibitor of FASN expression, also inhibited HIF target gene expression in cultured cells and in mouse liver. Clinically, FASN is frequently upregulated in a broad variety of cancers and has been reported to have an oncogenic function. We found that upregulation of FASN correlated with induction of many HIF target genes, notably in a malignant subtype of prostate tumours. Therefore, pVHL-FASN interaction plays a regulatory role for HIFs and their target gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Sun
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore. .,Nagoya City University School of Medicine, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Shojiro Kitajima
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Kian Leong Lee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Katarina Gradin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Nagoya City University School of Medicine, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Lorenz Poellinger
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Shinagare AB, Krajewski KM, Braschi-Amirfarzan M, Ramaiya NH. Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Role of the Radiologist in the Era of Precision Medicine. Radiology 2017; 284:333-351. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017160343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atul B. Shinagare
- From the Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215; and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Katherine M. Krajewski
- From the Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215; and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Marta Braschi-Amirfarzan
- From the Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215; and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Nikhil H. Ramaiya
- From the Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215; and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass
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19
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Miikkulainen P, Högel H, Rantanen K, Suomi T, Kouvonen P, Elo LL, Jaakkola PM. HIF prolyl hydroxylase PHD3 regulates translational machinery and glucose metabolism in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Metab 2017; 5:5. [PMID: 28680592 PMCID: PMC5496173 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-017-0167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key feature of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor protein (pVHL) that leads to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway also in well-oxygenated conditions. Important regulator of HIF-α, prolyl hydroxylase PHD3, is expressed in high amounts in ccRCC. Although several functions and downstream targets for PHD3 in cancer have been suggested, the role of elevated PHD3 expression in ccRCC is not clear. METHODS To gain insight into the functions of high PHD3 expression in ccRCC, we used PHD3 knockdown by siRNA in 786-O cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions and performed discovery mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of the purified peptide samples. The LC-MS/MS results were analysed by label-free quantification of proteome data using a peptide-level expression-change averaging procedure and subsequent gene ontology enrichment analysis. RESULTS Our data reveals an intriguingly widespread effect of PHD3 knockdown with 91 significantly regulated proteins. Under hypoxia, the response to PHD3 silencing was wider than under normoxia illustrated by both the number of regulated proteins and by the range of protein expression levels. The main cellular functions regulated by PHD3 expression were glucose metabolism, protein translation and messenger RNA (mRNA) processing. PHD3 silencing led to downregulation of most glycolytic enzymes from glucose transport to lactate production supported by the reduction in extracellular acidification and lactate production and increase in cellular oxygen consumption rate. Moreover, upregulation of mRNA processing-related proteins and alteration in a number of ribosomal proteins was seen as a response to PHD3 silencing. Further studies on upstream effectors of the translational machinery revealed a possible role for PHD3 in regulation of mTOR pathway signalling. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest crucial involvement of PHD3 in the maintenance of key cellular functions including glycolysis and protein synthesis in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Miikkulainen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Högel
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Krista Rantanen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tomi Suomi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Kouvonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L. Elo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Panu M. Jaakkola
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20520 Turku, Finland
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20
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Tyrosine Kinase and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors in the Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Practical Clinical Implications of Pharmacologic Features. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2017; 15:7-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Martínez-Sáez O, Gajate Borau P, Alonso-Gordoa T, Molina-Cerrillo J, Grande E. Targeting HIF-2 α in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A promising therapeutic strategy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 111:117-123. [PMID: 28259286 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of the Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) is a key oncogenic event in the vast majority of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). With the loss of the VHL protein (pVHL) function, the hypoxia inducible factor α (HIF-α) accumulates inside the tumor cell and dimerizes with HIF-β. The HIF-α/HIF-β complex transcriptionally activates hundreds of genes promoting the adaptation to hypoxia that is implicated in tumor development. There is growing evidence showing that HIF-2α subunit has a central role in ccRCC over HIF-1α. Thus, efforts have been made to specifically target this pathway. PT2385 and PT2399 are first-in-class, orally available, small molecule inhibitors of HIF-2 that selectively disrupt the heterodimerization of HIF-2α with HIF-1β. Preclinical and clinical data indicate that these new molecules are effective in blocking cancer cell growth, proliferation, and tumor angiogenesis characteristic in ccRCC. Treatment with HIF-2α specific antagonists, either alone or in combination with immunotherapy or other antiangiogenic agents have the potential to transform the therapeutic landscape in this tumor in the future. Herein, we summarize the molecular background behind the use of HIF-2α inhibitors in ccRCC and give an overview of the development of new agents in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Martínez-Sáez
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra, Colmenar Viejo km9100, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Gajate Borau
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra, Colmenar Viejo km9100, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Alonso-Gordoa
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra, Colmenar Viejo km9100, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Molina-Cerrillo
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra, Colmenar Viejo km9100, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Grande
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Ctra, Colmenar Viejo km9100, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Keizman D, Yang YX, Gottfried M, Dresler H, Leibovitch I, Haynes K, Mamtani R, Boursi B. The Association between Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Nested Case-Control Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:743-747. [PMID: 28062400 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Overexpression of VEGF is implicated in the pathogenesis of both renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We evaluated the association between AMD and RCC risk.Methods: We conducted a matched case-control study within a population-representative database from the United Kingdom. Study cases were defined as individuals with any diagnostic code of RCC. For every case, four eligible controls were matched on age, sex, practice site, calendar time, and duration of follow-up. Exposure of interest was diagnosis of AMD prior to cancer diagnosis. Adjusted ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for RCC were estimated using conditional logistic regression. In a secondary analysis, we evaluated the association between other retinopathies and RCC and AMD and the hypovascular pancreatic cancer.Results: The study population included 1,547 patients with RCC and 6,066 matched controls. Median follow-up time was 6 years (IQR, 3-9). AMD diagnosis was associated with a significantly increased RCC risk (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.09-3.29). In contrast, there was no association between other retinopathies and RCC risk (OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.56-1.15). AMD was associated with a lower risk for pancreatic cancer (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.35-0.64).Conclusions: Patients with AMD may be at higher risk for RCC. Providers should be aware of this potential link and consider screening for RCC within this population.Impact: Providers should be aware of the potential link between AMD and RCC. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(5); 743-7. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keizman
- Department of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Yu-Xiao Yang
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maya Gottfried
- Department of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hadas Dresler
- Department of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Leibovitch
- Department of Urology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Kevin Haynes
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ronac Mamtani
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ben Boursi
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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23
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Keizman D, Ish-Shalom M, Sella A, Gottfried M, Maimon N, Peer A, Hammers H, Eisenberger MA, Sinibaldi V, Neiman V, Rosenbaum E, Sarid D, Mermershtain W, Rouvinov K, Berger R, Carducci MA. Metformin Use and Outcome of Sunitinib Treatment in Patients With Diabetes and Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2016; 14:420-425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Keizman D, Sarid D, Lee JL, Sella A, Gottfried M, Hammers H, Eisenberger MA, Carducci MA, Sinibaldi V, Neiman V, Rosenbaum E, Peer A, Neumann A, Mermershtain W, Rouvinov K, Berger R, Yildiz I. Outcome of Patients With Metastatic Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated With Sunitinib. Oncologist 2016; 21:1212-1217. [PMID: 27382030 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunitinib is a standard treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC). Data on its activity in the rare variant of metastatic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (mchRCC), are limited. We aimed to analyze the activity of sunitinib in a relatively large and homogenous international cohort of mchRCC patients in terms of outcome and comparison with mccRCC. METHODS Records from mchRCC patients treated with first-line sunitinib in 10 centers across 4 countries were retrospectively reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses of association between clinicopathologic factors and outcome were performed. Subsequently, mchRCC patients were individually matched to mccRCC patients. We compared the clinical benefit rate, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) between the groups. RESULTS Between 2004 and 2014, 36 patients (median age, 64 years; 47% male) with mchRCC were treated with first-line sunitinib. Seventy-eight percent achieved a clinical benefit (partial response + stable disease). Median PFS and OS were 10 and 26 months, respectively. Factors associated with PFS were the Heng risk (hazard ratio [HR], 3.3; p = .03) and pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) >3 (HR, 0.63; p = .02). Factors associated with OS were the Heng risk (HR, 4.1; p = .04), liver metastases (HR, 3.8; p = .03), and pretreatment NLR <3 (HR, 0.55; p = .03). Treatment outcome was not significantly different between mchRCC patients and individually matched mccRCC patients. In mccRCC patients (p value versus mchRCC), 72% achieved a clinical benefit (p = .4) and median PFS and OS were 9 (p = .6) and 25 (p = .7) months, respectively. CONCLUSION In metastatic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, sunitinib therapy may be associated with similar outcome and toxicities as in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The Heng risk and pretreatment NLR may be associated with PFS and OS. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Data on the activity of sunitinib in metastatic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (mchRCC) are limited. This study analyzed the activity of sunitinib in a cohort of mchRCC patients. Of 36 patients with mchRCC who were treated with first-line sunitinib, 78% achieved a clinical benefit. Median PFS and OS were 10 and 26 months, respectively. Treatment outcome was not significantly different between mchRCC patients and individually matched metastatic clear cell RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keizman
- Department of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Sarid
- Department of Oncology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jae L Lee
- Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Avishay Sella
- Department of Oncology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Maya Gottfried
- Department of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hans Hammers
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mario A Eisenberger
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A Carducci
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria Sinibaldi
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria Neiman
- Department of Oncology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Eli Rosenbaum
- Department of Oncology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Avivit Peer
- Department of Oncology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avivit Neumann
- Department of Oncology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Keren Rouvinov
- Department of Oncology, Soroka Medical Center, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Raanan Berger
- Department of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Szablowski JO, Raskatov JA, Dervan PB. An HRE-Binding Py-Im Polyamide Impairs Hypoxic Signaling in Tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 15:608-17. [PMID: 26719577 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic gene expression contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases, including organ fibrosis, age-related macular degeneration, and cancer. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1), a transcription factor central to the hypoxic gene expression, mediates multiple processes including neovascularization, cancer metastasis, and cell survival. Pyrrole-imidazole polyamide 1: has been shown to inhibit HIF1-mediated gene expression in cell culture but its activity in vivo was unknown. This study reports activity of polyamide 1: in subcutaneous tumors capable of mounting a hypoxic response and showing neovascularization. We show that 1: distributes into subcutaneous tumor xenografts and normal tissues, reduces the expression of proangiogenic and prometastatic factors, inhibits the formation of new tumor blood vessels, and suppresses tumor growth. Tumors treated with 1: show no increase in HIF1α and have reduced ability to adapt to the hypoxic conditions, as evidenced by increased apoptosis in HIF1α-positive regions and the increased proximity of necrotic regions to vasculature. Overall, these results show that a molecule designed to block the transcriptional activity of HIF1 has potent antitumor activity in vivo, consistent with partial inhibition of the tumor hypoxic response. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(4); 608-17. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy O Szablowski
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Jevgenij A Raskatov
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Peter B Dervan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
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Migliorini D, Haller S, Merkler D, Pugliesi-Rinaldi A, Koka A, Schaller K, Leemann B, Dietrich PY. Recurrent multiple CNS hemangioblastomas with VHL disease treated with pazopanib: a case report and literature review. CNS Oncol 2015; 4:387-92. [DOI: 10.2217/cns.15.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemangioblastoma is a rare benign neoplasm, accounting for less than 2% of all primitive brain tumors. It may arise sporadically in a solitary form, or associated with Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease with multiple tumors. Surgery is the mainstay treatment, but management is challenging in case of recurrent and/or multiple tumors. VHL protein is defective in both forms of hemangioblastoma, leading to the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor, stimulating angiogenesis via VEGF and PDGF mainly. Here, we report a 37-year-old woman's case with recurrent and rapidly progressive VHL-associated hemangioblastomas, causing severe disability. She was treated 24 months with pazopanib, a multityrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeting VEGF and PDGF-β pathways. Despite moderate radiological changes, progressive improvement in her clinical condition persisting over 3 years was observed. Inhibiting angiogenesis is a therapeutic option that may improve the quality of life and the autonomy of VHL patients disabled with multiple hemangioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Migliorini
- Centre of Oncology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sven Haller
- Department of Radiology & Medical Informatics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Avinash Koka
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl Schaller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Leemann
- Centre of Oncology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Metastatic renal cell carcinoma without evidence of a renal primary. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 48:73-7. [PMID: 26527083 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-1145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), without an identified kidney primary, has been reported rarely. We report a patient with RCC metastatic to bilateral adrenal glands and liver, without an apparent renal primary. We detail the immunohistochemical and molecular studies employed to substantiate the diagnosis of RCC and direct therapy. METHODS Histopathologic findings were correlated with imaging data and supplemented by a panel of immunohistochemical stains, as well as tumor sequence analysis. RESULTS Despite the presence of bilateral adrenal masses and lack of tumor within kidney parenchyma, the diagnosis of RCC was substantiated by immunohistochemistry (RCC+/PAX2+/PAX8+/Melan-A-/SF-1- among others) and molecular genetic analysis, harboring mutations in VHL, TP53, KDM5C, and PBRM1. After debulking surgery, based on the diagnosis of RCC and the molecular profile, the patient was treated with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (sunitinib), resulting in stablilization of disease. CONCLUSIONS This case illustrates the role of mutational analysis in carcinomas with rare or unusual presentations, such as metastatic RCC without a renal primary.
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Kim H, Rodriguez-Navas C, Kollipara RK, Kapur P, Pedrosa I, Brugarolas J, Kittler R, Ye J. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Stimulate Tumor Growth through Stabilization of β-Catenin. Cell Rep 2015; 13:495-503. [PMID: 26456834 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Some cancer cells exhibit elevated levels of free fatty acids (FAs) as well as high levels of β-catenin, a transcriptional co-activator that promotes their growth. Here, we link these two phenomena by showing that unsaturated FAs inhibit degradation of β-catenin. Unsaturated FAs bind to the UAS domain of Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1), a protein known to bind β-catenin, accelerating its degradation. FA binding disrupts the FAF1/β-catenin complex, preventing proteasomal degradation of ubiquitinated β-catenin. This mechanism for stabilization of β-catenin differs from that of Wnt signaling, which blocks ubiquitination of β-catenin. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells, unsaturated FAs stimulated cell proliferation through stabilization of β-catenin. In tissues from biopsies of human ccRCC, elevated levels of unsaturated FAs correlated with increased levels of β-catenin. Thus, targeting FAF1 may be an effective approach to treat cancers that exhibit elevated FAs and β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonwoo Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Navas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rahul K Kollipara
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Payal Kapur
- Kidney Cancer Program in Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ivan Pedrosa
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - James Brugarolas
- Kidney Cancer Program in Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ralf Kittler
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jin Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Keizman D, Rouvinov K, Sella A, Gottfried M, Maimon N, Kim JJ, Eisenberger MA, Sinibaldi V, Peer A, Carducci MA, Mermershtain W, Leibowitz-Amit R, Weitzen R, Berger R. Is there a "Trial Effect" on Outcome of Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with Sunitinib? Cancer Res Treat 2015; 48:281-7. [PMID: 25761478 PMCID: PMC4720089 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2014.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Studies suggested the existence of a ‘trial effect', in which for a given treatment, participation in a clinical trial is associated with a better outcome. Sunitinib is a standard treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). We aimed to study the effect of clinical trial participation on the outcome of mRCC patients treated with sunitinib, which at present, is poorly defined. Materials and Methods The records of mRCC patients treated with sunitinib between 2004-2013 in 7 centers across 2 countries were reviewed. We compared the response rate (RR), progression free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS), between clinical trial participants (n=49) and a matched cohort of non-participants (n=49) who received standard therapy. Each clinical trial participant was individually matched with a non-participant by clinicopathologic factors. PFS and OS were determined by Cox regression. Results The groups were matched by age (median 64), gender (male 67%), Heng risk (favorable 25%, intermediate 59%, poor 16%), prior nephrectomy (92%), RCC histology (clear cell 86%), pre-treatment NLR (>3 in 55%, n=27), sunitinib induced hypertension (45%), and sunitinib dose reduction/treatment interruption (41%). In clinical trial participants versus non-participants, RR was partial response/stable disease 80% (n=39) versus 74% (n=36), and progressive disease 20% (n=10) versus 26% (n=13) (p=0.63, OR 1.2). The median PFS was 10 versus 11 months (HR=0.96, p=0.84), and the median OS 23 versus 24 months (HR=0.97, p=0.89). Conclusions In mRCC patients treated with sunitinib, the outcome of clinical trial participants was similar to that of non-participants who received standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keizman
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Keren Rouvinov
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Avishay Sella
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Maya Gottfried
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Natalie Maimon
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Jenny J Kim
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Mario A Eisenberger
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Victoria Sinibaldi
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Avivit Peer
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Michael A Carducci
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Wilmosh Mermershtain
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Raya Leibowitz-Amit
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Rony Weitzen
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Raanan Berger
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Institute of Oncology, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel
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Papadopoulos EI, Yousef GM, Scorilas A. Cytotoxic activity of sunitinib and everolimus in Caki-1 renal cancer cells is accompanied by modulations in the expression of apoptosis-related microRNA clusters and BCL2 family genes. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 70:33-40. [PMID: 25776476 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunitinib and everolimus are two of the antineoplastic agents indicated for the management of metastatic renal cancer. Although both of the above compounds were primarily designed as antiangiogenic factors, preclinical studies claim that these drugs can also trigger apoptosis. Herein, we sought to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of sunitinib and everolimus against renal cancer cells Caki-1 and moreover to assess their impact on the expression levels of three BCL2 family members and three apoptosis-related microRNA clusters upon incubation with the drugs or following recovery from treatment. The cytotoxic effect of sunitinib and everolimus on Caki-1 cells' viability was estimated by the MTT assay, while cleaved PARP, assayed via Western Blotting, served as a marker of programmed cell death. As for the expression levels of the BCL2 family members BCL2, BAX and BCL2L12 and those of the mature microRNAs of the miR-183/96/182, miR-143/145, and miR-15a/16 clusters, they were quantified via real-time PCR. Our results showed that both agents induced a time- and dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and promoted cleavage of PARP. In parallel, significant modulations were observed in the expression levels of miR-145, miR-15a, and miR-16 in case of sunitinib, whereas BCL2, BAX, miR-145 and miR-15a expression was strongly affected by everolimus. Overall, our data support the notion that sunitinib and everolimus are able to directly induce cell death in renal cancer cells and simultaneously affect the expression levels of their apoptosis-related microRNAs and BCL2 family members upon this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel I Papadopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15701, Greece
| | - George M Yousef
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15701, Greece.
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Dere R, Perkins AL, Bawa-Khalfe T, Jonasch D, Walker CL. β-catenin links von Hippel-Lindau to aurora kinase A and loss of primary cilia in renal cell carcinoma. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:553-64. [PMID: 25313256 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013090984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene mutations are associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). A hallmark of ccRCC is loss of the primary cilium. Loss of this key organelle in ccRCC is caused by loss of VHL and associated with increased Aurora kinase A (AURKA) and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) activities, which drive disassembly of the primary cilium. However, the underlying mechanism by which VHL loss increases AURKA levels has not been clearly elucidated, although it has been suggested that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mediates increased AURKA expression in VHL-null cells. By contrast, we found that elevated AURKA expression is not increased by HIF-1α, suggesting an alternate mechanism for AURKA dysregulation in VHL-null cells. We report here that AURKA expression is driven by β-catenin transcription in VHL-null cells. In a panel of RCC cell lines, we observed nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and increased AURKA signaling to HDAC6. Moreover, HIF-1α inhibited AURKA expression by inhibiting β-catenin transcription. VHL knockdown activated β-catenin and elevated AURKA expression, decreased primary cilia formation, and caused significant shortening of cilia length in cells that did form cilia. The β-catenin responsive transcription inhibitor iCRT14 reduced AURKA levels and rescued ciliary defects, inducing a significant increase in primary cilia formation in VHL-deficient cells. These data define a role for β-catenin in regulating AURKA and formation of primary cilia in the setting of VHL deficiency, opening new avenues for treatment with β-catenin inhibitors to rescue ciliogenesis in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhee Dere
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Ashley Lyn Perkins
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Tasneem Bawa-Khalfe
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Darius Jonasch
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Cheryl Lyn Walker
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; and
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Haaland B, Chopra A, Acharyya S, Fay AP, Lopes GDL. Comparative effectiveness of approved first-line anti-angiogenic and molecularly targeted therapeutic agents in the treatment of good and intermediate risk metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:592. [PMID: 25127891 PMCID: PMC4148555 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on improved clinical outcomes in randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) the FDA and EMA have approved bevacizumab with interferon, sunitinib, and pazopanib in the first-line treatment of low to intermediate risk metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, there is little comparative data to help in choosing the most effective drug among these agents. METHODS We performed an indirect comparative effectiveness analysis of the pivotal RCTs of bevacizumab with interferon, sunitinib, or pazopanib compared to one another or interferon alone in first-line treatment of metastatic or advanced RCC. Endpoints of interest were overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS), and response rate (RR). Adverse events were also examined. RESULTS The meta-estimate of the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for OS for bevacizumab with interferon vs. interferon alone was 0.86 (0.76-0.97), for sunitinib vs. interferon alone was 0.82 (0.67-1.00), for pazopanib vs. interferon alone was 0.74 (0.57-0.97), for sunitinib vs. bevacizumab with interferon was 0.95 (0.75-1.20), for pazopanib vs. bevacizumab with interferon was 0.86 (0.64-1.16), and for pazopanib vs. sunitinib was 0.91 (0.76-1.08). Similarly, bevacizumab with interferon, sunitinib, or pazopanib had better PFS and RR than interferon alone. Sunitinib and pazopanib had better RR than bevacizumab with interferon and there was suggestive evidence pazopanib may outperform sunitinib in terms of RR. CONCLUSIONS Bevacizumab with interferon, sunitinib, and pazopanib are adequate first-line options in treatment of mRCC. Interferon alone should not be considered an optimal first-line treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Haaland
- />Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
- />Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117546 Singapore
| | - Akhil Chopra
- />Johns Hopkins Singapore International Medical Center, Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
| | - Sanchalika Acharyya
- />Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - André P Fay
- />Post-Graduate Program - School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 - Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
- />Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215-5450 USA
| | - Gilberto de Lima Lopes
- />Oncoclinicas do Brasil, Avenida Barbacena 472-14° andar, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
- />Hospital do Coração Cancer Center (HCor Onco), São Paulo, Brazil
- />Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
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Kroeger N, Seligson DB, Signoretti S, Yu H, Magyar CE, Huang J, Belldegrun AS, Pantuck AJ. Poor prognosis and advanced clinicopathological features of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are associated with cytoplasmic subcellular localisation of Hypoxia inducible factor-2α. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:1531-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kuwada M, Chihara Y, Lou Y, Torimoto K, Kagebayashi Y, Tamura K, Shuin T, Fujimoto K, Kuniyasu H, Samma S. Novel missense mutation in the FH gene in familial renal cell cancer patients lacking cutaneous leiomyomas. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:203. [PMID: 24684806 PMCID: PMC3978052 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) is a rare tumor predisposition syndrome characterized by cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas and papillary type 2 renal cell cancer. Germline mutation of the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene is known to be associated with HLRCC. Case presentation We describe a 64-year-old father and his 39-year-old son with HLRCC who developed papillary type 2 RCCs lacking cutaneous leiomyomas at any site. A common missense mutation in the FH gene, (c.1021G > A, p.D341N) in exon 7, was detected in the 2 cases. Functional prediction with the bioinformatics programs, SIFT and Polyphen-2, reported “damaging (SIFT score 0.00)” and “probably damaging (PSIC score 1.621)” values, respectively. In 162 healthy individuals, there were no cases of a G transition to any base. Finally, (c.1021G > A) in exon 7, was identified as a point mutation. Conclusion We report a family with HLRCC in which a novel missense mutation was detected. A familial papillary type 2 renal cancer should be considered HLRCC unless typical cutaneous leiomyomas do not occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshitomo Chihara
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijyo-cho, Kashihara, Japan.
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Padmanabhan RK, Somasundar VH, Griffith SD, Zhu J, Samoyedny D, Tan KS, Hu J, Liao X, Carin L, Yoon SS, Flaherty KT, DiPaola RS, Heitjan DF, Lal P, Feldman MD, Roysam B, Lee WMF. An active learning approach for rapid characterization of endothelial cells in human tumors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90495. [PMID: 24603893 PMCID: PMC3946171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, no available pathological or molecular measures of tumor angiogenesis predict response to antiangiogenic therapies used in clinical practice. Recognizing that tumor endothelial cells (EC) and EC activation and survival signaling are the direct targets of these therapies, we sought to develop an automated platform for quantifying activity of critical signaling pathways and other biological events in EC of patient tumors by histopathology. Computer image analysis of EC in highly heterogeneous human tumors by a statistical classifier trained using examples selected by human experts performed poorly due to subjectivity and selection bias. We hypothesized that the analysis can be optimized by a more active process to aid experts in identifying informative training examples. To test this hypothesis, we incorporated a novel active learning (AL) algorithm into FARSIGHT image analysis software that aids the expert by seeking out informative examples for the operator to label. The resulting FARSIGHT-AL system identified EC with specificity and sensitivity consistently greater than 0.9 and outperformed traditional supervised classification algorithms. The system modeled individual operator preferences and generated reproducible results. Using the results of EC classification, we also quantified proliferation (Ki67) and activity in important signal transduction pathways (MAP kinase, STAT3) in immunostained human clear cell renal cell carcinoma and other tumors. FARSIGHT-AL enables characterization of EC in conventionally preserved human tumors in a more automated process suitable for testing and validating in clinical trials. The results of our study support a unique opportunity for quantifying angiogenesis in a manner that can now be tested for its ability to identify novel predictive and response biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav K. Padmanabhan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKP); (BR); (WMFL)
| | - Vinay H. Somasundar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sandra D. Griffith
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jianliang Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Drew Samoyedny
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kay See Tan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiahao Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xuejun Liao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Carin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sam S. Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Keith T. Flaherty
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, MGH, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert S. DiPaola
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Heitjan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Priti Lal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Feldman
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Badrinath Roysam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKP); (BR); (WMFL)
| | - William M. F. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKP); (BR); (WMFL)
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de Vivar Chevez AR, Finke J, Bukowski R. The Role of Inflammation in Kidney Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 816:197-234. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gao L, Wu GJ, Liu B, Shen MZ, Pan TJ, Yu CG, Wang QH, Ru Y, Liu XP, Niu TS, Wang GD, Wei M, Li RX, Yao L, Wang H, Li X. Up-regulation of pVHL along with down-regulation of HIF-1α by NDRG2 expression attenuates proliferation and invasion in renal cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84127. [PMID: 24376788 PMCID: PMC3869857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are characterized by loss of function of the tumor suppressor gene von Hippel Lindau (VHL), which acts as ubiquitin ligase for hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). In the absence of VHL, HIF-1α protein becomes stabilized and contributes to tumorigenesis. Recent data demonstrate the antitumor efficacy of VHL promoter in RCC cells. This study demonstrates that N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a potential regulator of VHL. NDRG2 is involved in proliferation and invasion of cancer cell, furthermore it is frequently down-regulated in renal cell carcinoma. Herein we evaluated the effect of NDRG2 overexpression on proliferation and invasion in human renal cancer cells. The human renal cancer cell line 786-O and A498 were infected with Ad-NDRG2 or Ad-LacZ. Overexpression of NDRG2 not only inhibited the growth of the cells, but also suppressed the invasion. Further study showed that the tumor suppressor gene VHL were up-regulated, whereas transcription factor HIF-1a and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were down-regulated in 786-O cells infected by Ad-NDRG2. Finally, in a nude mouse model, intratumoral injections of Ad-NDRG2 every 3 days for a total of seven times significantly inhibited the growth and angiogenesis of xenografted 786-O tumors. In conclusion, these data indicate that NDRG2 may be involved in proliferation and invasion by impacting the expression of VHL and HIF-1α. NDRG2 may be an attractive therapeutic target for renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital, Guangzhou Command PLA, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-jun Wu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming-zhi Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan Branch of PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Tie-jun Pan
- Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital, Guangzhou Command PLA, Wuhan, China
| | - Chui-gong Yu
- Department of Urology, Armed Police General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-hao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yi Ru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xi-ping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tian-shui Niu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guo-dong Wang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Wei
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui-xiao Li
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Libo Yao
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (HW)
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (HW)
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León L, García-Figueiras R, García-Figueras R, Suárez C, Arjonilla A, Puente J, Vargas B, Méndez Vidal MJ, Sebastiá C. Recommendations for the clinical and radiological evaluation of response to treatment in metastatic renal cell cancer. Target Oncol 2013; 9:9-24. [PMID: 24338498 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-013-0304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of response to treatment is a critical step for determining the effectiveness of oncology drugs. Targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors are active drugs in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, treatment with this type of drugs may not result in significant reductions in tumor size, so standard evaluation criteria based on tumor size, such as Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), may be inappropriate for evaluating response to treatment in patients with mRCC. In fact, targeted therapies apparently yield low response rates that do not reflect increased disease control they may cause and, consequently, the benefit in terms of time to progression. To improve the clinical and radiological evaluation of response to treatment in patients with mRCC treated with targeted drugs, a group of 32 experts in this field have reviewed different aspects related to this issue and have put together a series of recommendations with the intention of providing guidance to clinicians on this matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís León
- Medical Oncology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, A Coruña, Spain,
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Bera A, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Dey N, Das F, Kasinath BS, Abboud HE, Choudhury GG. NFκB-mediated cyclin D1 expression by microRNA-21 influences renal cancer cell proliferation. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2575-86. [PMID: 23981302 PMCID: PMC3896302 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate post-transcriptomic landscape in many tumors including renal cell carcinoma. We have recently shown significantly increased expression of miR-21 in renal tumors and that this miRNA contributes to the proliferation of renal cancer cells in culture. However, the mechanism by which miR-21 regulates renal cancer cell proliferation is poorly understood. Addiction to constitutive NFκB activity is hallmark of many cancers including renal cancer. Using miR-21 Sponge in renal cancer cells to block endogenous function of miR-21, we show inhibition of phosphorylation of p65 subunit of NFκB, IKKβ and IκB, which results in attenuation of NFκB transcriptional activity. Subtle reduction in the tumor suppressor PTEN has been linked to various malignancies. We showed previously that miR-21 targeted PTEN in renal cancer cells. Inhibition of PTEN by siRNAs restored miR-21 Sponge-induced suppression of phosphorylation of p65, IKKβ, IκB and NFκB transcriptional activity along with reversal of miR-21 Sponge-reduced phosphorylation of Akt. Expression of constitutively active Akt protected against miR-21 Sponge- and PTEN-mediated decrease in p65/IKKβ/IκB phosphorylation and NFκB transcriptional activity. Furthermore, IKKβ and p65 were required for miR-21-induced renal cancer cell proliferation. Interestingly, miR-21 controlled the expression of cyclin D1 through NFκB-dependent transcription. Finally, we demonstrate that miR-21-regulated renal cancer cell proliferation is mediated by cyclin D1 and CDK4. Together, our results establish a molecular order of a phosphatase-kinase couple involving PTEN/Akt/IKKβ and NFκB-dependent cyclin D1 expression for renal carcinoma cell proliferation by increased miR-21 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bera
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nandini Ghosh-Choudhury
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nirmalya Dey
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
| | - Falguni Das
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
| | - Balakuntalam S. Kasinath
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hanna E. Abboud
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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Seeger-Nukpezah T, Little JL, Serzhanova V, Golemis EA. Cilia and cilia-associated proteins in cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 10:e135-e142. [PMID: 24982684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a well-established target in the pathogenesis of numerous developmental and chronic disorders, and more recently is attracting interest as a structure relevant to cancer. Here we discuss mechanisms by which changes in cilia can contribute to the formation and growth of tumors. We emphasize the cancer-relevance of cilia-dependent signaling pathways and proteins including mTOR, VHL, TSC, WNT, Aurora-A, NEDD9, and Hedgehog, and highlight the emerging role of ciliary dysfunction in renal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joy L Little
- Program in Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Victoria Serzhanova
- Program in Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Program in Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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Mathew LK, Lee SS, Skuli N, Rao S, Keith B, Nathanson KL, Lal P, Simon MC. Restricted expression of miR-30c-2-3p and miR-30a-3p in clear cell renal cell carcinomas enhances HIF2α activity. Cancer Discov 2013; 4:53-60. [PMID: 24189146 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of the von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene occurs in 90% of human clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) and leads to the stable expression of the hypoxia-inducible factors HIF1α and HIF2α. The constitutive expression of HIF1α in a majority of VHL-deficient tumors is counterintuitive, given that HIF1α functions as a tumor suppressor in ccRCC, whereas HIF2α clearly enhances tumor growth. We demonstrate here that miR-30c-2-3p and miR-30a-3p specifically bind and inhibit expression of HIF2A transcripts, and that the locus encoding miR-30c-2-3p and miR-30a-3p is selectively repressed in "H1H2" VHL-deficient tumors expressing both HIF1α and HIF2α proteins. Inhibiting miR-30a-3p expression increases HIF2α levels in H1H2 ccRCC cells and promotes cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and xenograft tumor growth. Our results indicate that miR-30c-2-3p and miR-30a-3p repression enhances HIF2α expression and suggests a mechanism whereby the tumor-suppressive effects of constitutive HIF1α expression are attenuated in VHL-deficient H1H2 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijoy K Mathew
- 1Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute; 3Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; 4Penn Molecular Profiling Facility, Bioinformatics Group; 5Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; 6Department of Cancer Biology; 7Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and 8INSERM U1037, Institut Claudius Regaud, Rue du Pont St Pierre, Toulouse, France
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Aslam S, Eisen T. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in metastatic renal cell cancer: latest results and clinical implications. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2013; 5:324-33. [PMID: 24179487 PMCID: PMC3799295 DOI: 10.1177/1758834013507966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) accounts for 25-30% of patients with renal cell cancer at presentation. In addition to this, a significant proportion of patients with localized disease at presentation will develop metastatic disease. With the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the treatment of mRCC has been radically altered. Several newer generation vascular endothelial growth factor receptor TKIs have been tested in the clinical setting over recent years, resulting in the availability of more drugs. We review the latest results from clinical trials and the implications these have on the management of patients with mRCC.
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The VEGF pathway in lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:1169-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Aggelis V, Craven RA, Peng J, Harnden P, Schaffer L, Hernandez GE, Head SR, Maher ER, Tonge R, Selby PJ, Banks RE. VHL-dependent regulation of a β-dystroglycan glycoform and glycogene expression in renal cancer. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1368-76. [PMID: 23970118 PMCID: PMC3823392 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel biomarkers and targets in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a priority and one cellular compartment that is a rich potential source of such molecules is the plasma membrane. A shotgun proteomic analysis of cell surface proteins enriched by cell surface biotinylation and avidin affinity chromatography was explored using the UMRC2- renal cancer cell line, which lacks von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene function, to determine whether proteins of interest could be detected. Of the 814 proteins identified ~22% were plasma membrane or membrane-associated, including several with known associations with cancer. This included β-dystroglycan, the transmembrane subunit of the DAG1 gene product. VHL-dependent changes in the form of β-dystroglycan were detected in UMRC2-/+VHL transfectants. Deglycosylation experiments showed that this was due to differential sialylation. Analysis of normal kidney cortex and conventional RCC tissues showed that a similar change also occurred in vivo. Investigation of the expression of genes involved in glycosylation in UMRC2-/+VHL cells using a focussed microarray highlighted a number of enzymes involved in sialylation; upregulation of bifunctional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) was validated in UMRC2- cells compared with their +VHL counterparts and also found in conventional RCC tissue. These results implicate VHL in the regulation of glycosylation and raise interesting questions regarding the extent and importance of such changes in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Aggelis
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Bausch B, Jilg C, Gläsker S, Vortmeyer A, Lützen N, Anton A, Eng C, Neumann HPH. Renal cancer in von Hippel-Lindau disease and related syndromes. Nat Rev Nephrol 2013; 9:529-38. [PMID: 23897319 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2013.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic and hereditary forms of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease and the familial paraganglioma syndromes are closely related in terms of their clinical, molecular, and genetic aspects. Most RCCs occur sporadically and the heritable fraction of RCC is estimated to be just 2-4%. An understanding of the molecular genetic basis, the disease-specific and gene-specific biology and the clinical characteristics of these cancer syndromes is of utmost importance for effective genetic diagnosis and appropriate treatment. In addition, such insight will improve our understanding of sporadic RCCs. To date, 10 different heritable RCC syndromes have been described. VHL syndrome is the oldest known hereditary RCC syndrome. Similar to VHL disease, phaeochromocytoma is a major manifestation of the paraganglioma syndromes types 1, 3 and 4 in which RCCs have been reported. These syndromes are therefore regarded as VHL-related disorders and are included in this Review. Multifocal tumours, bilateral occurrence, a young age at diagnosis and/or family history are clinical red flags suggestive of hereditary disease and should trigger referral for genetic and molecular analysis. The identification of an underlying genetic alteration enables gene-specific risk assessment and opens up the possibility of a tailored follow-up strategy and specific surveillance protocols as the basis of effective preventive medicine. The important goals of preventive medicine are to increase the life expectancy of affected patients and to improve their quality of life. The study of seemingly rare hereditary syndromes and their susceptibility genes has consistently revealed clues regarding the aetiology and pathogenesis of these diseases, and can aid diagnosis and the development of therapeutics for patients affected by much more common sporadic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birke Bausch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Hugstetter Strasse 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Choueiri TK, Fay AP, Gagnon R, Lin Y, Bahamon B, Brown V, Rosenberg JE, Hutson TE, Baker-Neblett KL, Carpenter C, Liu Y, Pandite L, Signoretti S. The role of aberrant VHL/HIF pathway elements in predicting clinical outcome to pazopanib therapy in patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5218-26. [PMID: 23881929 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inactivation of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) leads to increased levels of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) and overexpression of HIF target genes, such as VEGF and others. VEGF-targeted agents are standard in advanced clear-cell RCC but biomarkers of activity are lacking. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed tumor tissue samples from metastatic clear-cell RCC patients who received pazopanib as part of clinical trial VEG102616. We evaluated several components of the VHL/HIF pathway: VHL gene inactivation (mutation and/or methylation), HIF-1α and HIF-2α immunohistochemistry staining, and HIF-1α transcriptional signature. We evaluated the association of these biomarkers with best overall response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS) to pazopanib, a standard first-line VEGF-targeted agent. RESULTS The VEG102616 trial enrolled 225 patients, from whom 78 samples were available for tumor DNA extraction. Of these, 70 patients had VHL mutation or methylation. VHL gene status did not correlate with ORR or PFS. Similarly, HIF-1α (65 samples) and HIF-2α (66 samples) protein levels (high vs. low) did not correlate with ORR or PFS to pazopanib. The HIF-1α transcriptional signature (46 samples) was enriched in tumors expressing high HIF-1α levels. However, the HIF-1α gene expression signature was not associated with clinical outcome to pazopanib. CONCLUSIONS In patients with advanced clear-cell RCC, several potential biomarkers along the VHL/HIF-1α/HIF-2α axis were not found to be predictive for pazopanib activity. Additional efforts must continue to identify biomarkers associated with clinical outcome to VEGF-targeted agents in metastatic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni K Choueiri
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and Texas Oncology-Baylor Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas
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Zeng L, Bai M, Mittal AK, El-Jouni W, Zhou J, Cohen DM, Zhou MI, Cohen HT. Candidate tumor suppressor and pVHL partner Jade-1 binds and inhibits AKT in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5371-80. [PMID: 23824745 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor pVHL is lost in the majority of clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is also common in RCC, with PTEN loss occurring in approximately 30% of the cases, but other mechanisms responsible for activating AKT at a wider level in this setting are undefined. Plant homeodomain protein Jade-1 (PHF17) is a candidate renal tumor suppressor stabilized by pVHL. Here, using kinase arrays, we identified phospho-AKT1 as an important target of Jade-1. Overexpressing or silencing Jade-1 in RCC cells increased or decreased levels of endogenous phospho-AKT/AKT1. Furthermore, reintroducing pVHL into RCC cells increased endogenous Jade-1 and suppressed endogenous levels of phospho-AKT, which colocalized with and bound to Jade-1. The N-terminus of Jade-1 bound both the catalytic domain and the C-terminal regulatory tail of AKT, suggesting a mechanism through which Jade-1 inhibited AKT kinase activity. Intriguingly, RCC precursor cells where Jade-1 was silenced exhibited an increased capacity for AKT-dependent anchorage-independent growth, in support of a tumor suppressor function for Jade-1 in RCC. In support of this concept, an in silico expression analysis suggested that reduced Jade-1 expression is a poor prognostic factor in clear-cell RCC that is associated with activation of an AKT1 target gene signature. Taken together, our results identify 2 mechanisms for Jade-1 fine control of AKT/AKT1 in RCC, through loss of pVHL, which decreases Jade-1 protein, or through attenuation in Jade-1 expression. These findings help explain the pathologic cooperativity in clear-cell RCC between PTEN inactivation and pVHL loss, which leads to decreased Jade-1 levels that superactivate AKT. In addition, they prompt further investigation of Jade-1 as a candidate biomarker and tumor suppressor in clear-cell RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Zeng
- Renal and Hematology/Oncology Sections, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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Fredericks WJ, Yin H, Lal P, Puthiyaveettil R, Malkowicz SB, Fredericks NJ, Tomaszewski J, Rauscher FJ, Malkowicz SB. Ectopic expression of the TERE1 (UBIAD1) protein inhibits growth of renal clear cell carcinoma cells: altered metabolic phenotype associated with reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and SXR target genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:638-52. [PMID: 23759948 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies of the TERE1 (UBIAD1) protein emphasize its multifactorial influence on the cell, in part due to its broad sub-cellular distribution to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi. However, the profound effects of TERE1 relate to its prenyltransferase activity for synthesis of the bioactive quinones menaquinone and COQ10. Menaquinone (aka, vitamin K-2) serves multiple roles: as a carrier in mitochondrial electron transport, as a ligand for SXR nuclear hormone receptor activation, as a redox modulator, and as an alkylator of cellular targets. We initially described the TERE1 (UBIAD1) protein as a tumor suppressor based upon reduced expression in urological cancer specimens and the inhibition of growth of tumor cell lines/xenografts upon ectopic expression. To extend this potential tumor suppressor role for the TERE1 protein to renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we applied TERE1 immunohistochemistry to a TMA panel of 28 RCC lesions and determined that in 57% of RCC lesions, TERE1 expression was reduced (36%) or absent (21%). Ectopic TERE1 expression caused an 80% decrease in growth of Caki-1 and Caki-2 cell lines, a significantly decreased colony formation, and increased caspase 3/7 activity in a panel of RCC cell lines. Furthermore, TERE1 expression increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption and hydrogen production, oxidative stress and NO production. Based on the elevated cholesterol and altered metabolic phenotype of RCC, we also examined the effects of TERE1 and the interacting protein TBL2 on cellular cholesterol. Ectopic TERE1 or TBL2 expression in Caki-1, Caki-2 and HEK 293 cells reduced cholesterol by up to 40%. RT-PCR analysis determined that TERE1 activated several SXR targets known to regulate lipid metabolism, consistent with predictions based on its role in menaquinone synthesis. Loss of TERE1 may contribute to the altered lipid metabolic phenotype associated with progression in RCC via an uncoupling of ROS/RNS and SXR signaling from apoptosis by elevation of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Fredericks
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania and Veterans Affairs Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Kroeger N, Xie W, Lee JL, Bjarnason GA, Knox JJ, Mackenzie MJ, Wood L, Srinivas S, Vaishamayan UN, Rha SY, Pal SK, Yuasa T, Donskov F, Agarwal N, Kollmannsberger CK, Tan MH, North SA, Rini BI, Choueiri TK, Heng DYC. Metastatic non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with targeted therapy agents: characterization of survival outcome and application of the International mRCC Database Consortium criteria. Cancer 2013; 119:2999-3006. [PMID: 23696129 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to apply the International mRCC Database Consortium (IMDC) prognostic model in metastatic non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma (nccRCC). In addition, the survival outcome of metastatic nccRCC patients was characterized. METHODS Data on 2215 patients (1963 with clear-cell RCC [ccRCC] and 252 with nccRCC) treated with first-line VEGF- and mTOR-targeted therapies were collected from the IMDC. Time to treatment failure (TTF) and overall survival (OS) were compared in groups with favorable, intermediate, and poor prognoses according to IMDC prognostic criteria RESULTS The median OS of the entire cohort was 20.9 months. nccRCC patients were younger (P < .0001) and more often presented with low hemoglobin (P = .014) and elevated neutrophils (P = .0001), but otherwise had clinicopathological features similar to those of ccRCC patients. OS (12.8 vs 22.3 months; P < .0001) and TTF (4.2 vs 7.8 months; P < .0001) were worse in nccRCC patients compared with ccRCC patients. The hazard ratio for death and TTF when adjusted for the prognostic factors was 1.41 (95% CI, 1.19-1.67; P < .0001) and 1.54 (95% CI, 1.33-1.79; P < .0001), respectively. The IMDC prognostic model reliably discriminated 3 risk groups to predict OS and TTF in nccRCC; the median OS of the favorable, intermediate, and poor prognosis groups was 31.4, 16.1, and 5.1 months, respectively (P < .0001), and the median TTF was 9.6, 4.9, and 2.1 months, respectively (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Although targeted agents have significantly improved the outcome of patients with nccRCC, for the majority survival is still inferior compared with patients with ccRCC. The IMDC prognostic model reliably predicts OS and TTF in nccRCC and ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Kroeger
- Tom Baker Cancer Center, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Craven RA, Vasudev NS, Banks RE. Proteomics and the search for biomarkers for renal cancer. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:456-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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