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Van NTH, Kim WK, Nam JH. Challenges in the Therapeutic Targeting of KCa Channels: From Basic Physiology to Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2965. [PMID: 38474212 PMCID: PMC10932353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channels are ubiquitously expressed throughout the body and are able to regulate membrane potential and intracellular calcium concentrations, thereby playing key roles in cellular physiology and signal transmission. Consequently, it is unsurprising that KCa channels have been implicated in various diseases, making them potential targets for pharmaceutical interventions. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have been conducted to develop KCa channel-targeting drugs, including those for disorders of the central and peripheral nervous, cardiovascular, and urinary systems and for cancer. In this review, we synthesize recent findings regarding the structure and activating mechanisms of KCa channels. We also discuss the role of KCa channel modulators in therapeutic medicine. Finally, we identify the major reasons behind the delay in bringing these modulators to the pharmaceutical market and propose new strategies to promote their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Thi Hong Van
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea;
- Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Kim
- Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Nam
- Department of Physiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea;
- Channelopathy Research Center (CRC), Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
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Tsai WC, Lin YH, Kuo CH, Jhuo SJ, Shih RY, Wu CC, Liu IH, Huang TC, Liu RM, Lin TH, Su HM, Lai WT, Lee CH, Wu BN, Lin SF, Lee HC. Up-regulated small-conductance calcium-activated potassium currents contribute to atrial arrhythmogenesis in high-fat feeding mice. Europace 2023; 26:euae004. [PMID: 38195705 PMCID: PMC10825893 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with arrhythmias and cardiovascular mortality. Arrhythmogenesis in MetS results from atrial structural and electrical remodelling. The small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) currents modulate atrial repolarization and may influence atrial arrhythmogenicity. This study investigated the regulation of SK current perturbed by a high-fat diet (HFD) to mimic MetS. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty mice were divided into two groups that were fed with normal chow (CTL) and HFD for 4 months. Electrocardiography and echocardiography were used to detect cardiac electrical and structure remodelling. Atrial action potential duration (APD) and calcium transient duration (CaTD) were measured by optical mapping of Langendorff-perfused mice hearts. Atrial fibrillation (AF) inducibility and duration were assessed by burst pacing. Whole-cell patch clamp was performed in primarily isolated atrial myocytes for SK current density. The SK current density is higher in atrial myocytes from HFD than in CTL mice (P ≤ 0.037). The RNA and protein expression of SK channels are increased in HFD mice (P ≤ 0.041 and P ≤ 0.011, respectively). Action potential duration is shortened in HFD compared with CTL (P ≤ 0.015). The shortening of the atrial APD in HFD is reversed by the application of 100 nM apamin (P ≤ 0.043). Compared with CTL, CaTD is greater in HFD atria (P ≤ 0.029). Calcium transient decay (Tau) is significantly higher in HFD than in CTL (P = 0.001). Both APD and CaTD alternans thresholds were higher in HFD (P ≤ 0.043), along with higher inducibility and longer duration of AF in HFD (P ≤ 0.023). CONCLUSION Up-regulation of apamin-sensitive SK currents plays a partial role in the atrial arrhythmogenicity of HFD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chung Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzi-You 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiung Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzi-You 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Kuo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzi-You 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jie Jhuo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzi-You 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yun Shih
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzi-You 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I Hsin Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzi-You 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Chi Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzi-You 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Ming Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzi-You 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzi-You 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Ming Su
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzi-You 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ter Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzi-You 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Nan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shien-Fong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao-Tung University, No. 1001, Daxue Rd. East Dist., Hsinchu City 300093, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chun Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tzi-You 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute/Center of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lien-hai Road, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
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Huang J, Wu B, Qin P, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y. Research on atrial fibrillation mechanisms and prediction of therapeutic prospects: focus on the autonomic nervous system upstream pathways. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1270452. [PMID: 38028487 PMCID: PMC10663310 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1270452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinical arrhythmia disorder. It can easily lead to complications such as thromboembolism, palpitations, dizziness, angina, heart failure, and stroke. The disability and mortality rates associated with AF are extremely high, significantly affecting the quality of life and work of patients. With the deepening of research into the brain-heart connection, the link between AF and stroke has become increasingly evident. AF is now categorized as either Known Atrial Fibrillation (KAF) or Atrial Fibrillation Detected After Stroke (AFDAS), with stroke as the baseline. This article, through a literature review, briefly summarizes the current pathogenesis of KAF and AFDAS, as well as the status of their clinical pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. It has been found that the existing treatments for KAF and AFDAS have limited efficacy and are often associated with significant adverse reactions and a risk of recurrence. Moreover, most drugs and treatment methods tend to focus on a single mechanism pathway. For example, drugs targeting ion channels primarily modulate ion channels and have relatively limited impact on other pathways. This limitation underscores the need to break away from the "one disease, one target, one drug/measurement" dogma for the development of innovative treatments, promoting both drug and non-drug therapies and significantly improving the quality of clinical treatment. With the increasing refinement of the overall mechanisms of KAF and AFDAS, a deeper exploration of physiological pathology, and comprehensive research on the brain-heart relationship, it is imperative to shift from long-term symptom management to more precise and optimized treatment methods that are effective for almost all patients. We anticipate that drugs or non-drug therapies targeting the central nervous system and upstream pathways can guide the simultaneous treatment of multiple downstream pathways in AF, thereby becoming a new breakthrough in AF treatment research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Huang
- Postgraduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangqi Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Qin
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yupei Cheng
- Postgraduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Postgraduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yameng Chen
- Postgraduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Heijman J, Zhou X, Morotti S, Molina CE, Abu-Taha IH, Tekook M, Jespersen T, Zhang Y, Dobrev S, Milting H, Gummert J, Karck M, Kamler M, El-Armouche A, Saljic A, Grandi E, Nattel S, Dobrev D. Enhanced Ca 2+-Dependent SK-Channel Gating and Membrane Trafficking in Human Atrial Fibrillation. Circ Res 2023; 132:e116-e133. [PMID: 36927079 PMCID: PMC10147588 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK)-channel inhibitors have antiarrhythmic effects in animal models of atrial fibrillation (AF), presenting a potential novel antiarrhythmic option. However, the regulation of SK-channels in human atrial cardiomyocytes and its modification in patients with AF are poorly understood and were the object of this study. METHODS Apamin-sensitive SK-channel current (ISK) and action potentials were recorded in human right-atrial cardiomyocytes from sinus rhythm control (Ctl) patients or patients with (long-standing persistent) chronic AF (cAF). RESULTS ISK was significantly higher, and apamin caused larger action potential prolongation in cAF- versus Ctl-cardiomyocytes. Sensitivity analyses in an in silico human atrial cardiomyocyte model identified IK1 and ISK as major regulators of repolarization. Increased ISK in cAF was not associated with increases in mRNA/protein levels of SK-channel subunits in either right- or left-atrial tissue homogenates or right-atrial cardiomyocytes, but the abundance of SK2 at the sarcolemma was larger in cAF versus Ctl in both tissue-slices and cardiomyocytes. Latrunculin-A and primaquine (anterograde and retrograde protein-trafficking inhibitors) eliminated the differences in SK2 membrane levels and ISK between Ctl- and cAF-cardiomyocytes. In addition, the phosphatase-inhibitor okadaic acid reduced ISK amplitude and abolished the difference between Ctl- and cAF-cardiomyocytes, indicating that reduced calmodulin-Thr80 phosphorylation due to increased protein phosphatase-2A levels in the SK-channel complex likely contribute to the greater ISK in cAF-cardiomyocytes. Finally, rapid electrical activation (5 Hz, 10 minutes) of Ctl-cardiomyocytes promoted SK2 membrane-localization, increased ISK and reduced action potential duration, effects greatly attenuated by apamin. Latrunculin-A or primaquine prevented the 5-Hz-induced ISK-upregulation. CONCLUSIONS ISK is upregulated in patients with cAF due to enhanced channel function, mediated by phosphatase-2A-dependent calmodulin-Thr80 dephosphorylation and tachycardia-dependent enhanced trafficking and targeting of SK-channel subunits to the sarcolemma. The observed AF-associated increases in ISK, which promote reentry-stabilizing action potential duration shortening, suggest an important role for SK-channels in AF auto-promotion and provide a rationale for pursuing the antiarrhythmic effects of SK-channel inhibition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Heijman
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- First Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Stefano Morotti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cristina E. Molina
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Issam H. Abu-Taha
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marcel Tekook
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Jespersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yiqiao Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Shokoufeh Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Jan Gummert
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Matthias Karck
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kamler
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Institute of Pharmacology, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
| | - Arnela Saljic
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eleonora Grandi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University Montreal, Canada
- IHU LIRYC and Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Recognition of Melanocytes in Immuno-Neuroendocrinology and Circadian Rhythms: Beyond the Conventional Melanin Synthesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132082. [PMID: 35805166 PMCID: PMC9266247 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes produce melanin to protect the skin from UV-B radiation. Notwithstanding, the spectrum of their functions extends far beyond their well-known role as melanin production factories. Melanocytes have been considered as sensory and computational cells. The neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other hormones produced by melanocytes make them part of the skin’s well-orchestrated and complex neuroendocrine network, counteracting environmental stressors. Melanocytes can also actively mediate the epidermal immune response. Melanocytes are equipped with ectopic sensory systems similar to the eye and nose and can sense light and odor. The ubiquitous inner circadian rhythm controls the body’s basic physiological processes. Light not only affects skin photoaging, but also regulates inner circadian rhythms and communicates with the local neuroendocrine system. Do melanocytes “see” light and play a unique role in photoentrainment of the local circadian clock system? Why, then, are melanocytes responsible for so many mysterious functions? Do these complex functional devices work to maintain homeostasis locally and throughout the body? In addition, melanocytes have also been shown to be localized in internal sites such as the inner ear, brain, and heart, locations not stimulated by sunlight. Thus, what can the observation of extracutaneous melanocytes tell us about the “secret identity” of melanocytes? While the answers to some of these intriguing questions remain to be discovered, here we summarize and weave a thread around available data to explore the established and potential roles of melanocytes in the biological communication of skin and systemic homeostasis, and elaborate on important open issues and propose ways forward.
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Zhang D, Zhu Q, Xia W, Zhu C, Zhao X, Zhang Y, He C, Ji S, Li X, Zhang J. The role of SK3 in progesterone-induced inhibition of human fallopian tubal contraction. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2022; 20:73. [PMID: 35488306 PMCID: PMC9052544 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-022-00932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal motor activity of the fallopian tube is critical for human reproduction, and abnormal tubal activity may lead to ectopic pregnancy (EP) or infertility. Progesterone has an inhibitory effect on tubal contraction; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Small-conductance calcium-activated K+ channel 3 (SK3) is abundantly expressed in platelet-derived growth factor receptor α positive (PDGFRα+) cells and was reported to be important for the relaxation of smooth muscle. The present study aims to explore the expression of SK3 in the human fallopian tube and its role in progesterone-induced inhibition of tubal contraction. METHODS We collected specimens of fallopian tubes from patients treated by salpingectomy for EP (EP group) and other benign gynecological diseases (Non-EP group). The expression of SK3 was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, immunocytochemistry, and immunohistochemistry analyses. Isometric tension experiments were performed to investigate the role of SK3 in progesterone-induced inhibition of tubal contraction. RESULTS The baseline amplitude and frequency of human fallopian tube contraction were both statistically lower in the EP group compared with the non-EP group. The expression levels of SK3 in different portions of fallopian tubes from the non-EP group were significantly higher than in those from the EP group. Progesterone had an inhibitory effect on tubal contraction, mainly on the amplitude, in both groups, and SK3 as well as other calcium-activated K+ channels may be involved. SK3-expressing PDGFRα (+) cells were detected in the human fallopian tube. CONCLUSIONS The expression of SK3 is lower in the EP group, and SK3 is involved in the progesterone-induced inhibition of human fallopian tube contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chenfeng Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yiqin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chuqing He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Sifan Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaocui Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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7
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Rahm AK, Wieder T, Gramlich D, Müller ME, Wunsch MN, El Tahry FA, Heimberger T, Sandke S, Weis T, Most P, Katus HA, Thomas D, Lugenbiel P. Differential regulation of K Ca 2.1 (KCNN1) K + channel expression by histone deacetylases in atrial fibrillation with concomitant heart failure. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14835. [PMID: 34111326 PMCID: PMC8191401 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) with concomitant heart failure (HF) poses a significant therapeutic challenge. Mechanism‐based approaches may optimize AF therapy. Small‐conductance, calcium‐activated K+ (KCa, KCNN) channels contribute to cardiac action potential repolarization. KCNN1 exhibits predominant atrial expression and is downregulated in chronic AF patients with preserved cardiac function. Epigenetic regulation is suggested by AF suppression following histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition. We hypothesized that HDAC‐dependent KCNN1 remodeling contributes to arrhythmogenesis in AF complicated by HF. The aim of this study was to assess KCNN1 and HDAC1–7 and 9 transcript levels in AF/HF patients and in a pig model of atrial tachypacing‐induced AF with reduced left ventricular function. In HL‐1 atrial myocytes, tachypacing and anti‐Hdac siRNAs were employed to investigate effects on Kcnn1 mRNA levels. KCNN1 expression displayed side‐specific remodeling in AF/HF patients with upregulation in left and suppression in right atrium. In pigs, KCNN1 remodeling showed intermediate phenotypes. HDAC levels were differentially altered in humans and pigs, reflecting highly variable epigenetic regulation. Tachypacing recapitulated downregulation of Hdacs1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 with a tendency towards reduced Kcnn1 levels in vitro, indicating that atrial high rates induce remodeling. Finally, Kcnn1 expression was decreased by knockdown of Hdacs2, 3, 6, and 7 and enhanced by genetic Hdac9 inactivation, while anti‐Hdac1, 4, and 5 siRNAs did not affect Kcnn1 transcript levels. In conclusion, KCNN1 and HDAC expression is differentially remodeled in AF complicated by HF. Direct regulation of KCNN1 by HDACs in atrial myocytes provides a basis for mechanism‐based antiarrhythmic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Rahm
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teresa Wieder
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Gramlich
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mara Elena Müller
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian N Wunsch
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fadwa A El Tahry
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Heimberger
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffi Sandke
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Weis
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Most
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dierk Thomas
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lugenbiel
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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The regulation of the small-conductance calcium-activated potassium current and the mechanisms of sex dimorphism in J wave syndrome. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:491-506. [PMID: 33411079 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apamin-sensitive small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) current (IKAS) plays an important role in cardiac repolarization under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. The regulation of cardiac IKAS relies on SK channel expression, intracellular Ca2+, and interaction between SK channel and intracellular Ca2+. IKAS activation participates in multiple types of arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and automaticity and conduction abnormality. Recently, sex dimorphisms in autonomic control have been noticed in IKAS activation, resulting in sex-differentiated action potential morphology and arrhythmogenesis. This review provides an update on the Ca2+-dependent regulation of cardiac IKAS and the role of IKAS on arrhythmias, with a special focus on sex differences in IKAS activation. We propose that sex dimorphism in autonomic control of IKAS may play a role in J wave syndrome.
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Rahm AK, Wieder T, Gramlich D, Müller ME, Wunsch MN, El Tahry FA, Heimberger T, Weis T, Most P, Katus HA, Thomas D, Lugenbiel P. HDAC2-dependent remodeling of K Ca2.2 (KCNN2) and K Ca2.3 (KCNN3) K + channels in atrial fibrillation with concomitant heart failure. Life Sci 2020; 266:118892. [PMID: 33310041 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Atrial fibrillation (AF) with concomitant heart failure (HF) is associated with prolonged atrial refractoriness. Small-conductance, calcium-activated K+ (KCa, KCNN) channels promote action potential (AP) repolarization. KCNN2 and KCNN3 variants are associated with AF risk. In addition, histone deacetylase (HDAC)-related epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in AP regulation. We hypothesized that HDAC2-dependent remodeling of KCNN2 and KCNN3 expression contributes to atrial arrhythmogenesis in AF complicated by HF. The objectives were to assess HDAC2 and KCNN2/3 transcript levels in AF/HF patients and in a pig model, and to investigate cellular epigenetic effects of HDAC2 inactivation on KCNN expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS HDAC2 and KCNN2/3 transcript levels were quantified in patients with AF and HF, and in a porcine model of atrial tachypacing-induced AF and reduced left ventricular function. Tachypacing and anti-Hdac2 siRNA treatment were employed in HL-1 atrial myocytes to study effects on KCNN2/3 mRNA and KCa protein abundance. KEY FINDINGS Atrial KCNN2 and KCNN3 expression was reduced in AF/HF patients and in a corresponding pig model. HDAC2 displayed significant downregulation in humans and a tendency towards reduced expression in right atrial tissue of pigs. Tachypacing recapitulated downregulation of Kcnn2/KCa2.2, Kcnn3/KCa2.3 and Hdac2/HDAC2, indicating that high atrial rates trigger epigenetic remodeling mechanisms. Finally, knock-down of Hdac2 in vitro reduced Kcnn3/KCa2.3 expression. SIGNIFICANCE KCNN2/3 and HDAC2 expression is suppressed in AF complicated by HF. Hdac2 directly regulates Kcnn3 mRNA levels in atrial cells. The mechanistic and therapeutic significance of epigenetic electrophysiological effects in AF requires further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Rahm
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teresa Wieder
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Gramlich
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mara Elena Müller
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian N Wunsch
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fadwa A El Tahry
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Heimberger
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Weis
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Most
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dierk Thomas
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Lugenbiel
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Effect of acute and chronic ethanol on atrial fibrillation vulnerability in rats. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17:654-660. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Ko JS, Guo S, Hassel J, Celestino-Soper P, Lynnes TC, Tisdale JE, Zheng JJ, Taylor SE, Foroud T, Murray MD, Kovacs RJ, Li X, Lin SF, Chen Z, Vatta M, Chen PS, Rubart M. Ondansetron blocks wild-type and p.F503L variant small-conductance Ca 2+-activated K + channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H375-H388. [PMID: 29677462 PMCID: PMC6139629 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00479.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Apamin-sensitive small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) current ( IKAS) is encoded by Ca2+-activated K+ channel subfamily N ( KCNN) genes. IKAS importantly contributes to cardiac repolarization in conditions associated with reduced repolarization reserve. To test the hypothesis that IKAS inhibition contributes to drug-induced long QT syndrome (diLQTS), we screened for KCNN variants among patients with diLQTS, determined the properties of heterologously expressed wild-type (WT) and variant KCNN channels, and determined if the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron blocks IKAS. We searched 2,306,335 records in the Indiana Network for Patient Care and found 11 patients with diLQTS who had DNA available in the Indiana Biobank. DNA sequencing discovered a heterozygous KCNN2 variant (p.F503L) in a 52-yr-old woman presenting with corrected QT interval prolongation at baseline (473 ms) and further corrected QT interval lengthening (601 ms) after oral administration of ondansetron. That patient was also heterozygous for the p.S38G and p.P2835S variants of the QT-controlling genes KCNE1 and ankyrin 2, respectively. Patch-clamp experiments revealed that the p.F503L KCNN2 variant heterologously expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells augmented Ca2+ sensitivity, increasing IKAS density. The fraction of total F503L-KCNN2 protein retained in the membrane was higher than that of WT KCNN2 protein. Ondansetron at nanomolar concentrations inhibited WT and p.F503L SK2 channels expressed in HEK-293 cells as well as native SK channels in ventricular cardiomyocytes. Ondansetron-induced IKAS inhibition was also demonstrated in Langendorff-perfused murine hearts. In conclusion, the heterozygous p.F503L KCNN2 variant increases Ca2+ sensitivity and IKAS density in transfected HEK-293 cells. Ondansetron at therapeutic (i.e., nanomolar) concentrations is a potent IKAS blocker. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We showed that ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, blocks small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) current. Ondansetron may be useful in controlling arrhythmias in which increased SK current is a likely contributor. However, its SK-blocking effects may also facilitate the development of drug-induced long QT syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jum-Suk Ko
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Hospital, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Shuai Guo
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jonathan Hassel
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Patricia Celestino-Soper
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ty C Lynnes
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James E Tisdale
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Stanley E Taylor
- Department of Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael D Murray
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana
- Regenstrief Institute , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Richard J Kovacs
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shien-Fong Lin
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Zhenhui Chen
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Matteo Vatta
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Heart Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Peng-Sheng Chen
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael Rubart
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Heart Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
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12
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Calvo D, Filgueiras-Rama D, Jalife J. Mechanisms and Drug Development in Atrial Fibrillation. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:505-525. [PMID: 29921647 PMCID: PMC6010660 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is a highly prevalent cardiac arrhythmia and the most important cause of embolic stroke. Although genetic studies have identified an increasing assembly of AF-related genes, the impact of these genetic discoveries is yet to be realized. In addition, despite more than a century of research and speculation, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying AF have not been established, and therapy for AF, particularly persistent AF, remains suboptimal. Current antiarrhythmic drugs are associated with a significant rate of adverse events, particularly proarrhythmia, which may explain why many highly symptomatic AF patients are not receiving any rhythm control therapy. This review focuses on recent advances in AF research, including its epidemiology, genetics, and pathophysiological mechanisms. We then discuss the status of antiarrhythmic drug therapy for AF today, reviewing molecular mechanisms, and the possible clinical use of some of the new atrial-selective antifibrillatory agents, as well as drugs that target atrial remodeling, inflammation and fibrosis, which are being tested as upstream therapies to prevent AF perpetuation. Altogether, the objective is to highlight the magnitude and endemic dimension of AF, which requires a significant effort to develop new and effective antiarrhythmic drugs, but also improve AF prevention and treatment of risk factors that are associated with AF complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Calvo
- Department of Cardiology, Arrhythmia Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain (D.C.); Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (D.F.-R., J.J.); Department of Cardiology, Arrhythmia Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (D.F.-R.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (D.F.-R., J.J.); and Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.J.)
| | - David Filgueiras-Rama
- Department of Cardiology, Arrhythmia Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain (D.C.); Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (D.F.-R., J.J.); Department of Cardiology, Arrhythmia Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (D.F.-R.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (D.F.-R., J.J.); and Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.J.)
| | - José Jalife
- Department of Cardiology, Arrhythmia Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain (D.C.); Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (D.F.-R., J.J.); Department of Cardiology, Arrhythmia Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain (D.F.-R.); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (D.F.-R., J.J.); and Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (J.J.)
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13
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Gu M, Zhu Y, Yin X, Zhang DM. Small-conductance Ca 2+-activated K + channels: insights into their roles in cardiovascular disease. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-7. [PMID: 29651007 PMCID: PMC5938042 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-threatening malignant arrhythmias in pathophysiological conditions can increase the mortality and morbidity of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac electrical activity depends on the coordinated propagation of excitatory stimuli and the generation of action potentials in cardiomyocytes. Action potential formation results from the opening and closing of ion channels. Recent studies have indicated that small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels play a critical role in cardiac repolarization in pathophysiological but not normal physiological conditions. The aim of this review is to describe the role of SK channels in healthy and diseased hearts, to suggest cardiovascular pathophysiologic targets for intervention, and to discuss studies of agents that target SK channels for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 210006, Nanjing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Central Hospital, Jiangsu, 210018, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanrong Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 210006, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaorong Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Central Hospital, Jiangsu, 210018, Nanjing, China
| | - Dai-Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, 210006, Nanjing, China.
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Lee HC, Chen CC, Tsai WC, Lin HT, Shiao YL, Sheu SH, Wu BN, Chen CH, Lai WT. Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein of Metabolic Syndrome Modulates Gap Junctions and Slows Cardiac Conduction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12050. [PMID: 28935953 PMCID: PMC5608762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) is a hallmark of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and each manifestation of MetS is related to atrial fibrillation (AF) risks. Slowed atrial conduction is a mechanism of AF in MetS. We hypothesized that VLDL can modulate and reduce atrial gap junctions. VLDLs were separated from normal (Normal-VLDL) and MetS (MetS-VLDL) individuals. VLDLs (15 µg/g) and equivalent volumes of saline (CTL) were injected respectively to C57BL/6 mice for 6 weeks. Electrocardiograms demonstrated that MetS-VLDL induced prolongation of P wave (P = 0.041), PR intervals (P = 0.014), QRS duration and QTc interval (both P = 0.003), but Normal-VLDL did not. Optical mapping of perfused hearts confirmed slowed conduction on atria and ventricles of MetS-VLDL mice. Slowed cardiac conduction was associated with significant atrial and ventricular remodeling, along with systolic dysfunction and comparable intra-cardiac fibrosis. MetS-VLDL induced downregulation of Cx40 and Cx43 at transcriptional, translational and tissue levels, and it also enhanced O-GlcNAcylation of Cx40 and Cx43. Protein structure analyses predicted O-GlcNAcylation at serine 18 of Cx40 and Cx43 which may impair stability of gap junctions. In conclusion, MetS-VLDL modulates gap junctions and delays both atrial and ventricular conduction. VLDL may contribute to the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Chun Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute/Center of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Institute/Center of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ting Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Shiao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiung Sheu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Nan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wen-Ter Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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15
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Yu CC, Ko JS, Ai T, Tsai WC, Chen Z, Rubart M, Vatta M, Everett TH, George AL, Chen PS. Arrhythmogenic calmodulin mutations impede activation of small-conductance calcium-activated potassium current. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13:1716-23. [PMID: 27165696 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apamin-sensitive small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels are gated by intracellular Ca(2+) through a constitutive interaction with calmodulin. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that arrhythmogenic human calmodulin mutations impede activation of SK channels. METHODS We studied 5 previously published calmodulin mutations (N54I, N98S, D96V, D130G, and F90L). Plasmids encoding either wild-type or mutant calmodulin were transiently transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells that stably express subtype 2 of SK protein channels (SK2 cells). Whole-cell voltage-clamp recording was used to determine apamin-sensitive current densities. We also performed optical mapping studies in normal murine hearts to determine the effects of apamin in hearts with (n=7) or without (n=3) pretreatment with sea anemone toxin. RESULTS SK2 cells transfected with wild-type calmodulin exhibited an apamin-sensitive current density of 33.6 pA/pF (31.4-36.5 pA/pF) (median and confidence interval 25th-75th percentile), which was significantly higher than that observed for cells transfected with N54I (17.0 pA/pF [14.0-27.7 pA/pF]; P = .016), F90L (22.6 pA/pF [20.3-24.3 pA/pF]; P = .011), D96V (13.0 pA/pF [10.9-15.8 pA/pF]; P = .003), N98S (13.7 pA/pF [8.8-20.4 pA/pF]; P = .005), and D130G (17.6 pA/pF [13.8-24.6 pA/pF]; P = .003). The decrease in SK2 current densities was not associated with a decrease in membrane protein expression or intracellular distribution of the channel protein. Apamin increased the ventricular action potential duration at 80% repolarization (from 79.6 ms [63.4-93.3 ms] to 121.8 ms [97.9-127.2 ms]; P = .010) in hearts pretreated with anemone toxin but not in control hearts. CONCLUSION Human arrhythmogenic calmodulin mutations impede the activation of SK2 channels in human embryonic kidney 293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chieh Yu
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jum-Suk Ko
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Hospital, Iksan, Korea
| | - Tomohiko Ai
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute; Department of Emergency Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen-Chin Tsai
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Hualien Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Zhenhui Chen
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael Rubart
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Pediatrics, Riley Heart Research Center
| | - Matteo Vatta
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Thomas H Everett
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alfred L George
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Peng-Sheng Chen
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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