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Bogović Crnčić T, Girotto N, Ilić Tomaš M, Krištofić I, Klobučar S, Batičić L, Ćurko-Cofek B, Sotošek V. Innate Immunity in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease during Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15442. [PMID: 37895126 PMCID: PMC10607674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common organ-specific autoimmune disorder clinically presented as Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD). The pathogenesis of AITD is caused by an inappropriate immune response related to genetic, non-genetic, and environmental factors. Pregnancy is one of the factors that have a great influence on the function of the thyroid gland because of the increased metabolic demand and the effects of hormones related to pregnancy. During pregnancy, an adaptation of the maternal immune system occurs, especially of the innate immune system engaged in maintaining adaptive immunity in the tolerant state, preventing the rejection of the fetus. Pregnancy-related hormonal changes (estrogen, progesterone, hCG) may modulate the activity of innate immune cells, potentially worsening the course of AITD during pregnancy. This especially applies to NK cells, which are associated with exacerbation of HD and GD. On the other hand, previous thyroid disorders can affect fertility and cause adverse outcomes of pregnancy, such as placental abruption, spontaneous abortion, and premature delivery. Additionally, it can cause fetal growth retardation and may contribute to impaired neuropsychological development of the fetus. Therefore, maintaining the thyroid equilibrium in women of reproductive age and in pregnant women is of the highest importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Bogović Crnčić
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (T.B.C.); (M.I.T.)
| | - Neva Girotto
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (T.B.C.); (M.I.T.)
| | - Maja Ilić Tomaš
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (T.B.C.); (M.I.T.)
| | - Ines Krištofić
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Sanja Klobučar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Lara Batičić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Vlatka Sotošek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences II, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Chen Z, Wang Y, Ding X, Zhang M, He M, Zhao Y, Hu S, Zhao F, Wang J, Xie B, Shi B. The proportion of peripheral blood Tregs among the CD4+ T cells of autoimmune thyroid disease patients: a meta-analysis. Endocr J 2020; 67:317-326. [PMID: 31827051 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is characterized by a loss of self-tolerance to thyroid antigen. Tregs, whose proportions are controversial among CD4+ T cell from AITD patients (AITDs), are crucial in immune tolerance. Considering that drugs might affect Treg levels, we assumed that the differences originated from different treatment statuses. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to explore proportions of Tregs in untreated and treated AITDs. PubMed, Embase and ISI Web of Knowledge were searched for relevant studies. Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 14.0 were used to conduct the meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis based on different diseases and cell surface markers was performed. Egger linear regression analysis was used to assess publication bias. Approximately 1,100 AITDs and healthy controls (HCs) from fourteen studies were included. Proportions of Tregs among CD4+ T cells of untreated AITDs were significantly lower than those in HCs (p = 0.002), but were not in treated patients (p = 0.40). Subgroup analysis revealed lower proportions of Tregs in untreated Graves' disease patients (GDs) (p = 0.001) but did not show obvious differences in untreated Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients (HTs) (p = 0.62). Furthermore, proportions of circulating FoxP3+ Tregs were reduced in untreated GDs (p < 0.00001) and HTs (p = 0.04). No publication bias was found. In this first meta-analysis exploring proportions of circulating Tregs among CD4+ T cells of AITDs with different treatment statuses, we found that Tregs potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of AITD but function differently in GD and HT. Remarkably, FoxP3+ Tregs, which were decreased in both diseases, might be promising targets for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xi Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Mingqian He
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Shiqian Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Fengyi Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jingya Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Baosong Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Bingyin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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Tocheva AS, Mansour S, Holt TGH, Jones S, Chancellor A, Sanderson JP, Eren E, Elliott TJ, Holt RIG, Gadola SD. The Clonal Invariant NKT Cell Repertoire in People with Type 1 Diabetes Is Characterized by a Loss of Clones Expressing High-Affinity TCRs. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:1452-1459. [PMID: 28062695 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in healthy people express iNKT-TCRs with widely varying affinities for CD1d, suggesting different roles for high- and low-affinity iNKT clones in immune regulation. However, the functional implications of this heterogeneity have not yet been determined. Functionally aberrant iNKT responses have been previously demonstrated in different autoimmune diseases, including human type 1 diabetes, but their relationship to changes in the iNKT clonal repertoire have not been addressed. In this study, we directly compared the clonal iNKT repertoire of people with recent onset type 1 diabetes and age- and gender-matched healthy controls with regard to iNKT-TCR affinity and cytokine production. Our results demonstrate a selective loss of clones expressing high-affinity iNKT-TCRs from the iNKT repertoire of people with type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, this bias in the clonal iNKT repertoire in type 1 diabetes was associated with increased GM-CSF, IL-4, and IL-13 cytokine secretion among Ag-stimulated low-affinity iNKT clones. Thus, qualitative changes of the clonal iNKT repertoire with the potential to affect the regulatory function of this highly conserved T cell population are already established at the early stages in type 1 diabetes. These findings may inform future rationales for the development of iNKT-based therapies aiming to restore immune tolerance in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Tocheva
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Salah Mansour
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan G H Holt
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Jones
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Chancellor
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Efrem Eren
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J Elliott
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard I G Holt
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stephan D Gadola
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;
- Translational medicine, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Côté-Bigras S, Tran V, Turcotte S, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Verreault J, Rottembourg D. Impaired immune regulation after radioiodine therapy for Graves' disease and the protective effect of Methimazole. Endocrine 2016; 52:587-96. [PMID: 26701678 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Both therapies for Graves' disease (GD), radioactive iodine (RAI) and antithyroid drugs (ATD), were reported to have specific immune effects. We aimed at investigating the effects of RAI therapy on cellular subsets involved in immune regulation. We conducted a thirty day follow-up prospective cohort study of adult patients. Patients eligible for RAI therapy at our centre were approached. Twenty seven patients with GD were recruited, among whom 11 were treated with ATD. Twenty-two healthy subjects (HS) were also studied. Over time, frequency of regulatory T cells (Treg) and of invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT), along with Treg cell-mediated suppression and underlying mechanisms, were monitored in the peripheral blood. Variance in frequency of Treg and iNKT after RAI therapy was higher in GD patients than in HS over time (p < 0.0001). Reduced Treg suppressive function was observed after RAI therapy in GD patients (p = 0.002). ATD medication prior to RAI dampened these outcomes: less variation of Treg frequency (p = 0.0394), a trend toward less impaired Treg function, and prevention of reduced levels of suppressive cytokines (p < 0.05). Shortly after RAI therapy, alterations in immunoregulatory cells in patients with GD were observed and partially prevented by an ATD pretreatment. Worsening of autoimmunity after RAI was explained in previous studies by enhanced immune activity. This study adds new highlights on immune regulation deficiencies after therapeutic interventions in thyroid autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Côté-Bigras
- Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, JIH5N4, Canada
| | - Viet Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, JIH5N4, Canada
| | - Sylvie Turcotte
- Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, JIH5N4, Canada
| | - Marek Rola-Pleszczynski
- Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, JIH5N4, Canada
| | - Jean Verreault
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Sherbrooke University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC, JIH5N4, Canada
| | - Diane Rottembourg
- Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, JIH5N4, Canada.
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5
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Tard C, Rouxel O, Lehuen A. Regulatory role of natural killer T cells in diabetes. Biomed J 2016; 38:484-95. [PMID: 27013448 PMCID: PMC6138260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are growing public health problems. Despite having different pathophysiologies, both diseases are associated with defects in immune regulation. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognize glycolipids presented by CD1d. These cells not only play a key role in the defense against pathogens, but also exert potent immunoregulatory functions. The regulatory role of iNKT cells in the prevention of type 1 diabetes has been demonstrated in murine models and analyzed in diabetic patients. The decreased frequency of iNKT cells in non-obese diabetic mice initially suggested the regulatory role of this cell subset. Increasing the frequency or the activation of iNKT cells with agonists protects non-obese diabetic mice from the development of diabetes. Several mechanisms mediate iNKT regulatory functions. They can rapidly produce immunoregulatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10. They induce tolerogenic dendritic cells, thereby inducing the anergy of autoreactive anti-islet T cells and increasing the frequency of T regulatory cells (Treg cells). Synthetic agonists are able to activate iNKT cells and represent potential therapeutic treatment in order to prevent type 1 diabetes. Growing evidence points to a role of immune system in glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. iNKT cells are resident cells of adipose tissue and their local and systemic frequencies are reduced in obese patients, suggesting their involvement in local and systemic inflammation during obesity. With the discovery of potential continuity between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in some patients, the role of iNKT cells in these diseases deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Tard
- Laboratory "Immunology of Diabetes", U1016 INSERM-Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; DHU Authors, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Ophelie Rouxel
- Laboratory "Immunology of Diabetes", U1016 INSERM-Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; DHU Authors, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Agnes Lehuen
- Laboratory "Immunology of Diabetes", U1016 INSERM-Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; DHU Authors, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France.
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Beristain‐Covarrubias N, Canche‐Pool E, Gomez‐Diaz R, Sanchez‐Torres LE, Ortiz‐Navarrete V. Reduced iNKT cells numbers in type 1 diabetes patients and their first-degree relatives. Immun Inflamm Dis 2015; 3:411-9. [PMID: 26734463 PMCID: PMC4693717 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by the specific destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have been associated with development of T1D. Class I MHC-restricted T cell-associated molecule (CRTAM) is expressed on activated iNKT, CD8(+), and CD4(+) T cells, and it is associated with the pro-inflammatory profiles of these cells. Crtam gene expression in CD3(+) lymphocytes from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice is associated with T1D onset. However, expression of CRTAM on T cells from patients with T1D has not yet been evaluated. We compared iNKT cell (CD3(+)Vα24(+)Vβ11(+)) numbers and CRTAM expression in a Mexican population with recent-onset T1D and their first-degree relatives with control families. Remarkably, we found lower iNKT cell numbers in T1D families, and we identified two iNKT cell populations in some of the families. One iNKT cell population expressed high iTCR levels (iNKT(hi)), whereas another expressed low levels (iNKT(lo)) and also expressed CRTAM. These findings support a probable genetic determinant of iNKT cell numbers and a possible role for these cells in T1D development. This study also suggests that CRTAM identifies recently activated iNKT lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsy Canche‐Pool
- Immunology LaboratoryCenter for Regional Investigations “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”MéridaMexico
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological ScienceNational Polytechnic InstituteMexico CityMexico
| | - Rita Gomez‐Diaz
- Research Unit on Clinical Epidemiology (UMAE), Specialty Hospital, National Medical CenterMexican Social Security InstituteMexico CityMexico
| | - Luvia E. Sanchez‐Torres
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological ScienceNational Polytechnic InstituteMexico CityMexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz‐Navarrete
- Department of Molecular BiomedicineCenter for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV)Mexico CityMexico
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Magalhaes I, Kiaf B, Lehuen A. iNKT and MAIT Cell Alterations in Diabetes. Front Immunol 2015; 6:341. [PMID: 26191063 PMCID: PMC4489333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are multifactorial diseases with different etiologies in which chronic inflammation takes place. Defects in invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell populations have been reported in both T1D and T2D patients, mouse models and our recent study revealed mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell defects in T2D and obese patients. Regarding iNKT cells many studies in non-obese diabetic mice demonstrated their protective role against T1D whereas their potential role in human T1D is still under debate. Studies in mouse models and patients suggest that iNKT cells present in adipose tissue (AT) could exert a regulatory role against obesity and associated metabolic disorders, such as T2D. Scarce data are yet available on MAIT cells; however, we recently described MAIT cell abnormalities in the blood and ATs from obese and T2D patients. These data show that a link between MAIT cells and metabolic disorders pave the way for further investigations on MAIT cells in T1D and T2D in humans and mouse models. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the gut microbiota alterations associated with T1D and T2D could modulate iNKT and MAIT cell frequency and functions. The potential role of iNKT and MAIT cells in the regulation of metabolic pathways and their cross-talk with microbiota represent exciting new lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Magalhaes
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin , Paris , France ; UMR8104, CNRS , Paris , France ; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Badr Kiaf
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin , Paris , France ; UMR8104, CNRS , Paris , France ; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin , Paris , France ; UMR8104, CNRS , Paris , France ; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; Département de Diabétologie, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
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8
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Abstract
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are growing public health problems. Despite having different pathophysiologies, both diseases are associated with defects in immune regulation. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognize glycolipids presented by CD1d. These cells not only play a key role in the defense against pathogens, but also exert potent immunoregulatory functions. The regulatory role of iNKT cells in the prevention of type 1 diabetes has been demonstrated in murine models and analyzed in diabetic patients. The decreased frequency of iNKT cells in non-obese diabetic mice initially suggested the regulatory role of this cell subset. Increasing the frequency or the activation of iNKT cells with agonists protects non-obese diabetic mice from the development of diabetes. Several mechanisms mediate iNKT regulatory functions. They can rapidly produce immunoregulatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10. They induce tolerogenic dendritic cells, thereby inducing the anergy of autoreactive anti-islet T cells and increasing the frequency of T regulatory cells (Treg cells). Synthetic agonists are able to activate iNKT cells and represent potential therapeutic treatment in order to prevent type 1 diabetes. Growing evidence points to a role of immune system in glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. iNKT cells are resident cells of adipose tissue and their local and systemic frequencies are reduced in obese patients, suggesting their involvement in local and systemic inflammation during obesity. With the discovery of potential continuity between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in some patients, the role of iNKT cells in these diseases deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agnes Lehuen
- Laboratory "Immunology of Diabetes" U1016 INSERM Institut Cochin; CNRS UMR8104; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité; DHU Authors, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
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9
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Berzins SP, Ritchie DS. Natural killer T cells: drivers or passengers in preventing human disease? Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:640-6. [PMID: 25103356 DOI: 10.1038/nri3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are credited with regulatory roles in immunity against cancers, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and bacterial and viral infections. Studies in mice and observational research in patient groups have suggested that NKT cell-based therapies could be used to prevent or treat these diseases, yet the translation into clinical settings has been disappointing. We support the view that NKT cells have regulatory characteristics that could be exploited in clinical settings, but there are doubts about the natural roles of NKT cells in vivo and whether NKT cell defects are fundamental drivers of disease in humans. In this Opinion article, we discuss the uncertainties and opportunities regarding NKT cells in humans, and the potential for NKT cells to be manipulated to prevent or treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P Berzins
- School of Health Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria 3350, Australia, the Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Victoria 3350, Australia, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- Department of Clinical Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia, and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Guo H, Xu B, Yang X, Wang Y, Liu X, Cui C, Jiang Y. A high frequency of peripheral blood NKG2D+NK and NKT cells in euthyroid patients with new onset hashimoto’s thyroiditis—a pilot study. Immunol Invest 2013; 43:312-23. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.854377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Genetic control of murine invariant natural killer T cells maps to multiple type 1 diabetes regions. Genes Immun 2013; 14:380-6. [PMID: 23719031 PMCID: PMC3766462 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reduced frequency of invariant natural killer T (iNKT)-cells has been indicated as a contributing factor to type 1 diabetes (T1D) development in NOD mice. To further understand the genetic basis of the defect, we generated (NOD X ICR)F2 mice to map genes that control iNKT-cell development. We determined frequencies of thymic and splenic iNKT-cells as well as the ratio of CD4-positive and -negative subsets in the spleens of 209 F2 males. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis revealed 5 loci that exceed the significant threshold for the frequency of thymic and/or splenic iNKT-cells on Chromosomes (Chr) 1, 5, 6, 12, and 17. Three significant loci on Chr 1, 4, and 5 were found for the ratio of CD4-positive and -negative splenic iNKT-cells. Comparisons to previously known mouse T1D susceptibility (Idd) loci revealed two significant QTL peak locations respectively mapped to Idd regions on Chr 4 and 6. The peak marker location of the significant Chr 12 iNKT QTL maps to within 0.5Mb of a syntenic human T1D locus. Collectively, our results reveal several novel loci controlling iNKT-cell development and provide additional information for future T1D genetic studies.
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12
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Barcala Tabarrozzi AE, Castro CN, Dewey RA, Sogayar MC, Labriola L, Perone MJ. Cell-based interventions to halt autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 171:135-46. [PMID: 23286940 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from death of insulin-secreting β cells mediated by self-immune cells, and the consequent inability of the body to maintain insulin levels for appropriate glucose homeostasis. Probably initiated by environmental factors, this disease takes place in genetically predisposed individuals. Given the autoimmune nature of T1DM, therapeutics targeting immune cells involved in disease progress have been explored over the last decade. Several high-cost trials have been attempted to prevent and/or reverse T1DM. Although a definitive solution to cure T1DM is not yet available, a large amount of information about its nature and development has contributed greatly to both the improvement of patient's health care and design of new treatments. In this study, we discuss the role of different types of immune cells involved in T1DM pathogenesis and their therapeutic potential as targets and/or modified tools to treat patients. Recently, encouraging results and new approaches to sustain remnant β cell mass and to increase β cell proliferation by different cell-based means have emerged. Results coming from ongoing clinical trials employing cell therapy designed to arrest T1DM will probably proliferate in the next few years. Strategies under consideration include infusion of several types of stem cells, dendritic cells and regulatory T cells, either manipulated genetically ex vivo or non-manipulated. Their use in combination approaches is another therapeutic alternative. Cell-based interventions, without undesirable side effects, directed to block the uncontrollable autoimmune response may become a clinical reality in the next few years for the treatment of patients with T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Barcala Tabarrozzi
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA), CONICET, Instituto Partner de la Sociedad Max Planck, Buenos Aires
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13
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Zaccone P, Cooke A. Helminth mediated modulation of Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:311-8. [PMID: 23291464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is increasing dramatically in incidence in the developed world. While there may be several reasons for this, improved sanitation and public health measures have altered our interactions with certain infectious agents such as helminths. There is increasing interest in the use of helminths or their products to alleviate inflammatory or allergic conditions. Using rodent models of diabetes, it has been possible to explore the therapeutic potential of both live infections as well as helminth-derived products on the development of autoimmunity. This review provides an overview of the findings from animal models and additionally explores the potential for translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zaccone
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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14
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Novak J, Novakova L. Prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus by the manipulation of invariant natural killer T cells. Clin Exp Med 2012; 13:229-37. [PMID: 22825586 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-012-0199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are CD1d-restricted T cells with regulatory functions. iNKT cells are numerically and functionally deficient in experimental models of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Moreover, various experimental strategies correcting the defect of or stimulating iNKT cells prevent T1DM. Here, we review the data on the role of iNKT cells in the development of T1DM and discuss indications, obstacles and prospects of the use of iNKT cell manipulations in the prevention and treatment of human T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Novak
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Ruska 87, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic,
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15
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Chen YG, Tsaih SW, Serreze DV. Genetic control of murine invariant natural killer T-cell development dynamically differs dependent on the examined tissue type. Genes Immun 2011; 13:164-74. [PMID: 21938016 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies using gene-targeted mutant mice revealed several molecules important for the development or function of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. However, these gene knockout mice represent cases that are rare in humans. Thus, it remains unclear how naturally occurring allelic variants of these genes or others regulate the numerical and functional diversity of iNKT cells in both mice and humans. Studies in humans are mostly limited to iNKT cells in peripheral blood (PB). It is not known if the relative distribution of iNKT cells between PB and other lymphoid organs is correlated or under common genetic control. To initially address these questions, we analyzed iNKT cells in the spleen, thymus and PB of 38 inbred mouse strains. Percentages of iNKT cells in these three anatomical sites varied significantly in a strain-dependent manner. The correlation between PB and spleen was moderate, and none was observed between PB and thymus. Similarly, proportions of the CD4-expressing subset of iNKT cells differed significantly among inbred strains. The percentages of CD4-positive iNKT cells displayed a strong correlation between PB and spleen, although it remained poor between PB and thymus. Genome-wide association studies across strains identified only partially overlapping loci associated with variability of iNKT cell frequencies within and between differing anatomical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-G Chen
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
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16
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Berzins SP, Smyth MJ, Baxter AG. Presumed guilty: natural killer T cell defects and human disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:131-42. [PMID: 21267014 DOI: 10.1038/nri2904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are important regulatory lymphocytes that have been shown in mouse studies, to have a crucial role in promoting immunity to tumours, bacteria and viruses, and in suppressing cell-mediated autoimmunity. Many clinical studies have indicated that NKT cell deficiencies and functional defects might also contribute to similar human diseases, although there is no real consensus about the nature of the NKT cell defects or whether NKT cells could be important for the diagnosis and/or treatment of these conditions. In this Review, we describe the approaches that have been used to analyse the NKT cell populations of various patient groups, suggest new strategies to determine how (or indeed, if) NKT cell defects contribute to human disease, and discuss the prospects for using NKT cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P Berzins
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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17
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Jordan MA, Fletcher JM, Jose R, Chowdhury S, Gerlach N, Allison J, Baxter AG. Role of SLAM in NKT cell development revealed by transgenic complementation in NOD mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3953-65. [PMID: 21357537 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allelic variation of SLAM expression on CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes has been proposed to play a major role in NKT cell development. In this article, this hypothesis is tested by the production of subcongenic mouse strains and Slamf1 transgenic lines. The long isoform of the C57BL/6 allele of Slamf1 was transgenically expressed on CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes under control of an hCD2 minigene. NOD.Nkrp1b.Tg(Slamf1)1 mice, which had a 2-fold increase in SLAM protein expression on CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes, had a 2-fold increase in numbers of thymic NKT cells. The additional thymic NKT cells in NOD.Nkrp1b.Tg(Slamf1)1 mice were relatively immature, with a similar subset distribution to those of congenic NOD.Nkrp1b.Nkt1 and NOD.Nkrp1b.Slamf1 mice, which also express increased levels of SLAM on CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes and produce larger numbers of NKT cells. Transgenic enhancement of SLAM expression also increased IL-4 and IL-17 production in response to TCR-mediated stimulation. Paradoxically, NOD.Nkrp1b.Tg(Slamf1)2 mice, which had a 7-fold increase in SLAM expression, showed no significant increase in NKT cells numbers; on the contrary, at high transgene copy number, SLAM expression levels correlated inversely with NKT cell numbers, consistent with a contribution to negative selection. These data confirm a role for SLAM in controlling NKT cell development and are consistent with a role in both positive and negative thymic selection of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Jordan
- Comparative Genomics Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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18
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Novak J, Lehuen A. Mechanism of regulation of autoimmunity by iNKT cells. Cytokine 2010; 53:263-70. [PMID: 21185200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
iNKT cells, CD1d dependent natural killer T cells are a unique population of T cells. The capacity of iNKT cells to produce regulatory cytokines first provided an indication of their regulatory potential. Later on, in experimental models as well as in patients afflicted with an auto-immune disease, such as Type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus along with others, a deficit in iNKT cell number was observed, suggesting the role these cells may possibly have in the prevention of auto-immune diseases. More importantly, experimental strategies which focused on increasing the volume or stimulation of iNKT cells in laboratory animals, demonstrated an improved level of protection against the development of auto-immune diseases. This article reviews the mechanism of protection against autoimmunity by iNKT cells, discusses the obstacles against and indications for the potential use of iNKT cell manipulation in the treatment of human auto-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Novak
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Centre of Research for Diabetes, Endocrinological Diseases and Clinical Nutrition, Czech Republic.
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Numerical defects in CD8+CD28- T-suppressor lymphocyte population in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis. Cell Immunol 2010; 262:75-9. [PMID: 20219185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are organ-specific autoimmune diseases leading to an attack of auto-aggressive lymphocytes against the pancreatic beta-cells and central nervous system, respectively. Using four-colour flow cytometry, T-lymphocyte populations having an important function in autoimmune processes were analyzed. T-regulatory cells (Treg) CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low), T-suppressor cells (Ts) CD8(+)CD28(-), activated helper CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(+) and cytotoxic CD8(+)CD25(+) T-cells and also naive CD4(+)CD45RA(+) and memory T-cells CD4(+)CD45RO(+) were compared in the group of patients with T1D (n=30), MS (n=31) and in the group of healthy controls (n=29). Significant differences in Ts cells, activated helper and cytotoxic cells and also memory T-cells were recognized in the group of T1D patients compared to healthy controls. Ts population was significantly lowered in MS patients as well. However, no significant differences were noticed in Treg population. The observed data demonstrate significant differences among patients with T1D and MS in comparison to healthy individuals.
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