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Abedi M, Behzadipour S. A novel biomechanical index for quality assessment of the upper-extremity movements in post-stroke patients. Comput Biol Med 2024; 179:108875. [PMID: 39018881 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While motor recovery is preferred to compensatory movements for stroke patients with mild to moderate motion impairment, current movement quality assessments rarely reflect the differences between a patient's pre- and post-stroke movement patterns. Such comparison can help therapists to identify the rate of the restoration of premorbid motion patterns and prescribe the most effective treatment. METHODS This paper attempted to present a new biomechanical metric for the quality of upper-limb movements which uses the subject's optimal movements as a reference to evaluate his/her UL movement quality. To this end, an inverse optimal control algorithm was applied to find an estimation of the patient's premorbid motion patterns. The new biomechanical index was then calculated as a measure of similarity between the optimal and actual movement trajectories. In the next part, various simulation and clinimetric investigations were performed to evaluate the responses of the new index to variations of the movement quality as well as its test-retest reliability and concurrent validity. RESULTS Simulation-based analyses demonstrated that the proposed index, in contrast to the previous popular biomechanical indices, can successfully detect a wide range of abnormalities in motion signals. In addition, it showed good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.89) and moderate correlation with clinical indices, Fugl-Meyer Assessment (r = 0.66), Action Research Arm Test (r = 0.47), and ABILHAND (r = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS Although the proposed index has the same degree of clinimetric properties as the previous metrics, the ability to identify the level of movement restoration and also various types and severities of motor disabilities may lead to better design and management of motor rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Abedi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Djawad Movafaghian Research Center in Rehab Technologies, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Behzadipour
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Djawad Movafaghian Research Center in Rehab Technologies, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Summerside EM, Courter RJ, Shadmehr R, Ahmed AA. Slowing of Movements in Healthy Aging as a Rational Economic Response to an Elevated Effort Landscape. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1596232024. [PMID: 38408872 PMCID: PMC11007314 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1596-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Why do we move slower as we grow older? The reward circuits of the brain, which tend to invigorate movements, decline with aging, raising the possibility that reduced vigor is due to the diminishing value that our brain assigns to movements. However, as we grow older, it also becomes more effortful to make movements. Is age-related slowing principally a consequence of increased effort costs from the muscles, or reduced valuation of reward by the brain? Here, we first quantified the cost of reaching via metabolic energy expenditure in human participants (male and female), and found that older adults consumed more energy than the young at a given speed. Thus, movements are objectively more costly for older adults. Next, we observed that when reward increased, older adults, like the young, responded by initiating their movements earlier. Yet, unlike the young, they were unwilling to increase their movement speed. Was their reluctance to reach quicker for rewards due to the increased effort costs, or because they ascribed less value to the movement? Motivated by a mathematical model, we next made the young experience a component of aging by making their movements more effortful. Now the young responded to reward by reacting faster but chose not to increase their movement speed. This suggests that slower movements in older adults are partly driven by an adaptive response to an elevated effort landscape. Moving slower may be a rational economic response the brain is making to mitigate the elevated effort costs that accompany aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Summerside
- Departments of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Robert J Courter
- Departments of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Reza Shadmehr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Alaa A Ahmed
- Departments of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
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3
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Summerside EM, Courter RJ, Shadmehr R, Ahmed AA. Effort cost of reaching prompts vigor reduction in older adults. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.28.555022. [PMID: 37693378 PMCID: PMC10491094 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.555022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
As people age, they move slower. Is age-related reduction in vigor a reflection of a reduced valuation of reward by the brain, or a consequence of increased effort costs by the muscles? Here, we quantified cost of movements objectively via the metabolic energy that young and old participants consumed during reaching and found that in order reach at a given speed, older adults expended more energy than the young. We next quantified how reward modulated movements in the same populations and found that like the young, older adults responded to increased reward by initiating their movements earlier. Yet, their movements were less sensitive to increased reward, resulting in little or no modulation of reach speed. Lastly, we quantified the effect of increased effort on how reward modulated movements in young adults. Like the effects of aging, when faced with increased effort the young adults responded to reward primarily by reacting faster, with little change in movement speed. Therefore, reaching required greater energetic expenditure in the elderly, suggesting that the slower movements and reactions exhibited in aging are partly driven by an adaptive response to an elevation in the energetic landscape of effort. That is, moving slower appears to be a rational economic consequence of aging. Significance statement Healthy aging coincides with a reduction in speed, or vigor, of walking, reaching, and eye movements. Here we focused on disentangling two opposing sources of aging-related movement slowing: reduced reward sensitivity due to loss of dopaminergic tone, or increased energy expenditure movements related to mitochondrial or muscular inefficiencies. Through a series of three experiments and construction of a computational model, here we demonstrate that transient changes in reaction time and movement speed together offer a quantifiable metric to differentiate between reward- and effort-based alterations in movement vigor. Further, we suggest that objective increases in the metabolic cost of moving, not reductions in reward valuation, are driving much of the movement slowing occurring alongside healthy aging.
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Murtola T, Richards C. The impact of age-related increase in passive muscle stiffness on simulated upper limb reaching. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221453. [PMID: 36778951 PMCID: PMC9905985 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ageing changes the musculoskeletal and neural systems, potentially affecting a person's ability to perform daily living activities. One of these changes is increased passive stiffness of muscles, but its contribution to performance is difficult to separate experimentally from other ageing effects such as loss of muscle strength or cognitive function. A computational upper limb model was used to study the effects of increasing passive muscle stiffness on reaching performance across the model's workspace (all points reachable with a given model geometry). The simulations indicated that increased muscle stiffness alone caused deterioration of reaching accuracy, starting from the edges of the workspace. Re-tuning the model's control parameters to match the ageing muscle properties does not fully reverse ageing effects but can improve accuracy in selected regions of the workspace. The results suggest that age-related muscle stiffening, isolated from other ageing effects, impairs reaching performance. The model also exhibited oscillatory instability in a few simulations when the controller was tuned to the presence of passive muscle stiffness. This instability is not observed in humans, implying the presence of natural stabilizing strategies, thus pointing to the adaptive capacity of neural control systems as a potential area of future investigation in age-related muscle stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Murtola
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Christopher Richards
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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5
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Ziv G, Lidor R, Levin O. Reaction time and working memory in middle-aged gamers and non-gamers. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 228:103666. [PMID: 35820337 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore whether asking middle-aged gamers and non-gamers about their video games habits will affect their performance of cognitive-motor tasks. One-hundred and twenty-one participants were randomly assigned to four groups: (a) gamers who were asked about their playing habits prior to the study, (b) gamers who were asked about their playing habits following the study, (c) non-gamers who were asked about their playing habits prior to the study, and (d) non-gamers who were asked about their playing habits following the study. The participants performed three reaction time (RT) tasks and a digit-span memory task. In a task-switching task, gamers had more correct responses when they answered the questionnaire before performing the task compared with after the task. For the non-gamers, the opposite occurred. We conclude that some performance measures of cognitive-motor tasks could have been affected by the timing of the completion of the questionnaire. This finding should be known to researchers as it may lead to biases gaming research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Ziv
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya, Israel.
| | - Ronnie Lidor
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya, Israel
| | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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6
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The impact of subclinical neck pain on goal-directed upper limb movement in the horizontal plane. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1911-1919. [PMID: 35596073 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical neck pain (SCNP) refers to recurrent neck pain and/or stiffness for which individuals have not yet sought treatment. Prior studies have shown that individuals with SCNP have altered cerebellar processing that exhibits an altered body schema. The cerebellum also plays a vital role in upper limb reaching movements through refining internal models and integrating sensorimotor information. However, the impact of SCNP on these processes has yet to be examined in the context of a rapid goal-directed aiming response that relies on feedforward and feedback processes to guide the limb to the target. To address this, SCNP and control participants performed goal-directed upper limb movements with the dominant and non-dominant hands using light and heavy styli in the horizontal plane. The results show greater peak accelerations in SCNP participants using the heavy stylus. However, there were no other group differences seen, possibly due to the fact that reaching behavior predominantly relies on vision such that any proprioceptive deficits seen in those with SCNP can be compensated. This study illustrates the robust compensatory nature of the CNS when performing end-effector reaching tasks, suggesting studies altering visual feedback may be needed to see the full impact of SCNP on upper limb aiming.
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7
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Amini E, Yusof A, Riek S, Selvanayagam VS. Interaction of hand orientations during familiarization of a goal-directed aiming task. Hum Mov Sci 2022; 83:102955. [PMID: 35487099 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine errors for an isometric goal-directed aiming task during familiarization at different hand orientation. Interaction between neutral and pronated hand orientations with and without directional feedback would provide insights into short-term adaptations and the nature of control. In this study, 30 healthy right-handed adults (age, 22.7 ± 3.1 years; weight, 69.4 ± 16.6 kg; height, 166.7 ± 7.9 cm) were randomly assigned to neutral or pronated hand orientation conditions. To assess familiarization, participants performed ten sets (16 targets/set) of goal-directed aiming task with continuous visual feedback towards targets symmetrically distributed about the origin. Following familiarization, participants then completed eight sets; four sets with and four sets without directional feedback, in an alternated order. For both hand orientations, directional errors were reduced in the first two sets (p < 0.05), suggesting only three sets were required for familiarization. Additionally, the learning rate was also similar for both hand orientations. Following familiarization, aiming errors without feedback were significantly higher than with feedback while no change between sets was observed, regardless of hand orientation. Aiming errors were reduced in the early phase with and without visual feedback, however, in the late phase, errors were corrected when visual feedback was provided. It suggests that hand orientation does not affect familiarization, and mechanisms similar to rapid learning may be involved. It is probable that learning is consolidated during familiarization along with feedforward input to maintain performance. In addition, proprioceptive feedback plays a role in reducing errors early, while the online visual feedback plays a role in reducing errors later, independent of hand orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Amini
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashril Yusof
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Stephan Riek
- Graduate Research School, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC 4558, Queensland, Australia; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
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8
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Wittenberg GF, Tian J, Kortzorg N, Wyers L, Van Halewyck F, Boisgontier MP, Levin O, Swinnen SP, Jonkers I. Normal aging affects unconstrained three-dimensional reaching against gravity with reduced vertical precision and increased co-contraction: a pilot study. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1029-1044. [PMID: 35171307 PMCID: PMC9985825 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reaching for an object in space forms the basis for many activities of daily living and is important in rehabilitation after stroke and in other neurological and orthopedic conditions. It has been the object of motor control and neuroscience research for over a century, but studies often constrain movement to eliminate the effect of gravity or reduce the degrees of freedom. In some studies, aging has been shown to reduce target accuracy, with a mechanism suggested to be impaired corrective movements. We sought to explore how such changes in accuracy relate to changes in finger, shoulder and elbow movements during performance of reaching movements with the normal effects of gravity, unconstrained hand movement, and stable target locations. Three-dimensional kinematic data and electromyography were collected in 14 young (25 ± 6 years) and 10 older adults (68 ± 3 years) during second-long reaches to 3 targets aligned vertically in front of the participants. Older adults took longer to initiate a movement than the young adults and were more variable and inaccurate in their initial and final movements. Target height had greater effect on trajectory curvature variability in older than young adults, with angle variability relative to target position being greater in older adults around the time of peak speed. There were significant age-related differences in use of the multiple degrees of freedom of the upper extremity, with less variability in shoulder abduction in the older group. Muscle activation patterns were similar, except for a higher biceps-triceps co-contraction and tonic levels of some proximal muscle activation. These results show an age-related deficit in the motor planning and online correction of reaching movements against a predictable force (i.e., gravity) when it is not compensated by mechanical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Wittenberg
- Maryland Exercise & Robotics Center of Excellence, Geriatrics Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Laboratory for Research on Arm Function and Therapy, Departments of Neurology, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, and Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Older Americans Independence Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 811 Kaufmann Medical Building, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213-3232, USA.
| | - Jing Tian
- Maryland Exercise & Robotics Center of Excellence, Geriatrics Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Laboratory for Research on Arm Function and Therapy, Departments of Neurology, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, and Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Older Americans Independence Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nick Kortzorg
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lore Wyers
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florian Van Halewyck
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Jonkers
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Roberts JW, Elliott D, Burkitt JJ. Optimization in Manual Aiming: Relating Inherent Variability and Target Size, and Its Influence on Tendency. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:503-514. [PMID: 34906031 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.2016574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
For manual aiming, the optimized submovement model predicts a tendency toward target-center of primary movement endpoints (probabilistic strategy), while the minimization model predicts target undershooting ("play-it-safe" strategy). The spatial variability of primary movement endpoints directed toward a cross-hair (400-500 ms) (Session 1) were scaled by a multiplicative factor (x1 - 4) to form circular targets of different sizes (Session 2). In recognition of both models, it was predicted that the more that inherent variability exceeded the target size, the greater the tendency to shift from target-center aiming to target undershooting. The central tendency of primary movement endpoints was not influenced by the targets, while it neared target-center. These findings concur with a probabilistic strategy, although we speculate on factors that might otherwise foster a "play-it-safe" strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Roberts
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Psychology, Action and Learning of Movement (PALM) Laboratory, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Digby Elliott
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James J Burkitt
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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10
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Perturbation of cortical activity elicits regional and age-dependent effects on unconstrained reaching behavior: a pilot study. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:3585-3600. [PMID: 34591126 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Contributions from premotor and supplementary motor areas to reaching behavior in aging humans are not well understood. The objective of these experiments was to examine effects of perturbations to specific cortical areas on the control of unconstrained reaches against gravity by younger and older adults. Double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied to scalp locations targeting primary motor cortex (M1), dorsal premotor area (PMA), supplementary motor area (SMA), or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Stimulation was intended to perturb ongoing activity in the targeted cortical region before or after a visual cue to initiate moderately paced reaches to one of three vertical target locations. Regional effects were observed in movement amplitude both early and late in the reach. Perturbation of PMA increased reach distance before the time of peak velocity to a greater extent than all other regions. Reaches showed greater deviation from a straight-line path around the time of peak velocity and greater overall curvature with perturbation of PMA and M1 relative to SMA and DLPFC. The perturbation increased positional variability of the reach path at the time of peak velocity and the time elapsing after peak velocity. Although perturbations had stronger effects on reaches by younger subjects, this group exhibited less reach path variability at the time of peak velocity and required less time to adjust the movement trajectory thereafter. These findings support the role of PMA in visually guided reaching and suggest an age-related change in sensorimotor processing, possibly due to a loss of cortical inhibitory control.
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11
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Force Production and Coordination from Older Women in Water Fitness Exercises. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9081054. [PMID: 34442189 PMCID: PMC8391286 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9081054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare bilateral propulsive forces and coordination while exercising at static and dynamic conditions in the water. A total of 27 older women (age: 65.1 ± 6.7 years old) performed the following exercises: (i) horizontal upper-limbs adduction (HA; static condition) and (ii) rocking horse (RH; dynamic condition) through an incremental protocol with music cadences from 105 up to 150 b·min−1. The duration of each trial was set at 30 second (sec). Propulsive peak force (in Newton, N) of dominant (PFD) and nondominant (PFND) upper limbs was retrieved using hand sensors coupled to a differential pressure system. Significant differences in force production were found between static and dynamic exercises at higher cadences (120, 135, and 150 b·min−1). The static condition elicited higher bilateral propulsive forces and a more symmetric pattern. The in-water static exercise with bilateral action from the upper limbs proved to be the most appropriate strategy for older women to work strength and to reduce asymmetries.
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12
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Roberts JW, Lawrence GP, Welsh TN, Wilson MR. Does high state anxiety exacerbate distractor interference? Hum Mov Sci 2021; 76:102773. [PMID: 33636571 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Attentional Control Theory states that anxiety can cause attention to be allocated to irrelevant sources of information by hindering the ability to control attention and focus on the information that matters. In a separate line of inquiry, action-centred views of attention state that non-target distractors involuntarily activate response codes that may cause interference with target-directed movements (distractor interference effect). Due to the proposed negative effects of anxiety on attentional control, we examined whether anxiety could also modulate distractor interference. Participants executed target-directed aiming movements to one of three targets with the potential of a distractor being presented at near or far locations. Distractors were presented at different times with respect to the target presentation in order to explore the excitatory (0, -100 ms) and inhibitory (-850 ms) processing of the distractor. As a broad indication of the effect of anxiety, the analysis of no distractor trials indicated a lower proportion of time and displacement to reach peak velocity under high compared to low anxiety conditions. Meanwhile, the typical excitatory influence of the distractors located near, compared to far, at a short distractor-onset asynchrony was found in movement time and overall response time. However, this distractor excitation was even greater under high compared to low anxiety in the reaction time component of the response. These findings broadly implicate the attentional control perspective, but they further indicate an influence of anxiety on the excitation rather than inhibition of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Roberts
- Liverpool Hope University, Psychology, Action and Learning of Movement (PALM) Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Hope Park, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK.
| | - Gavin P Lawrence
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, Bangor University, George Building, Bangor LL57 2PZ, UK
| | - Timothy N Welsh
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M52 2W6, Canada; Centre for Motor Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M52 2W6, Canada
| | - Mark R Wilson
- University of Exeter, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
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13
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Norheim KL, Samani A, Madeleine P. The effects of age on response time, accuracy, and shoulder/arm kinematics during hammering. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 90:103157. [PMID: 32932014 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of age on response time and accuracy during a hammering task. Older male workers aged 51-69 years (older group: OG, n = 23) and younger male reference individuals aged 25-36 years (younger group: YG, n = 16) performed the experiment. Response time, accuracy, and 3D shoulder/arm kinematics were acquired using motion capture. The effects of age were investigated using linear mixed model analysis. Response times were significantly longer for OG compared with YG (P < 0.001) while no marked differences in the accuracy was observed (P = 0.729). OG showed less hammer displacement and smaller range of motion in the shoulder. Although older workers seemed to use a less biomechanical demanding motor strategy, their response times during hammering were about twice that of younger individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer L Norheim
- Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Afshin Samani
- Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pascal Madeleine
- Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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14
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O'Rielly JL, Ma-Wyatt A. Saccade dynamics during an online updating task change with healthy aging. J Vis 2020; 20:2. [PMID: 33270828 PMCID: PMC7718816 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.13.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed movements rely on the integration of both visual and motor information, especially during the online control of movement, to fluidly and flexibly control coordinated action. Eye-hand coordination typically plays an important role in goal-directed movements. As people age, various aspects of motor control and visual performance decline (Haegerstrom-Portnoy, Schneck, & Brabyn, 1999; Seidler et al., 2010), including an increase in saccade latencies (Munoz, Broughton, Goldring, & Armstrong, 1998). However, there is limited insight into how age-related changes in saccadic performance impact eye-hand coordination during online control. We investigated this question through the use of a target perturbation paradigm. Older and younger participants completed a perturbation task where target perturbations could occur either early (0 ms) or later (200 ms) after reach onset. We analyzed reach correction latencies and the frequency of the reach correction, coupled with analyses of saccades across all stages of movement. Older participants had slower correction latencies and initiated corrections less frequently compared to younger participants, with this trend being exacerbated in the later (200 ms) target perturbation condition. Older participants also produced slower saccade latencies toward both the initial target and the perturbed target. For trials in which a correction occurred to a late perturbation, touch responses were more accurate when there was more time between the saccade landing and the touch. Altogether, our results suggest that these age-related effects may be due to the delayed acquisition of visual and oculomotor information used to inform the reaching movement, stemming from the increase in saccade latencies before and after target perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L O'Rielly
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anna Ma-Wyatt
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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15
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Elliott D, Lyons J, Hayes SJ, Burkitt JJ, Hansen S, Grierson LEM, Foster NC, Roberts JW, Bennett SJ. The multiple process model of goal-directed aiming/reaching: insights on limb control from various special populations. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2685-2699. [PMID: 33079207 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several years ago, our research group forwarded a model of goal-directed reaching and aiming that describes the processes involved in the optimization of speed, accuracy, and energy expenditure Elliott et al. (Psychol Bull 136:1023-1044, 2010). One of the main features of the model is the distinction between early impulse control, which is based on a comparison of expected to perceived sensory consequences, and late limb-target control that involves a spatial comparison of limb and target position. Our model also emphasizes the importance of strategic behaviors that limit the opportunity for worst-case or inefficient outcomes. In the 2010 paper, we included a section on how our model can be used to understand atypical aiming/reaching movements in a number of special populations. In light of a recent empirical and theoretical update of our model Elliott et al. (Neurosci Biobehav Rev 72:95-110, 2017), here we consider contemporary motor control work involving typical aging, Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and tetraplegia with tendon-transfer surgery. We outline how atypical limb control can be viewed within the context of the multiple-process model of goal-directed reaching and aiming, and discuss the underlying perceptual-motor impairment that results in the adaptive solution developed by the specific group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digby Elliott
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - James Lyons
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Spencer J Hayes
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Steve Hansen
- School of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence E M Grierson
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan C Foster
- Cognition, Motion and Neuroscience Unit, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - James W Roberts
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon J Bennett
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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16
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Inter-Limb Symmetry at Simultaneous and Alternated Arms Flexion by the Elbow during Water Fitness Sessions. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to compare the inter-limb symmetry between alternated and simultaneous arms flexion during water fitness sessions. Twenty-three elderly women were recruited to perform flexion by the elbow with different mechanical strategies: (a) simultaneous and (b) alternated. An incremental protocol was used, with four music cadences, starting at 105 beats per minute up to 150. The peak force of dominant and non-dominant upper-limbs was retrieved. A symmetry index (SI, %) was also used to quantify coordination. There were significant variations in force produced by the dominant and non-dominant limbs in most of the cadences in the alternated or simultaneous actions. Differences with a medium effect between upper-limbs were shown when moving simultaneously indicating that an alternated movement can be a more proper strategy to work with. Despite that, both strategies seemed to be characterized by an asymmetric pattern (SI from 20 to 30%), requiring full attention from water fitness practitioners.
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17
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O’Rielly JL, Ma-Wyatt A. The effect of age and perturbation time on online control during rapid pointing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222219. [PMID: 31513618 PMCID: PMC6742375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual and proprioceptive information is used differently at different phases of a reach. The time at which a target perturbation occurs during a reach therefore has a significant impact on how an individual can compensate for this perturbation though online control. With healthy ageing, there are notable changes to both sensory and motor control that impact motor performance. However, how the online control process changes with age is not yet fully understood. We used a target perturbation paradigm and manipulated the time at which a target perturbation occurred during the reach to investigate how healthy ageing impacts sensorimotor control. We measured how the latency of the correction and the magnitude of the corrective response changed with perturbation time and quantified the difference across groups using a percentage difference measure. For both groups, online corrections to early perturbations were more easily accounted for than those to late perturbations, despite late perturbations eliciting faster correction latencies. While there was no group difference in accuracy, older participants were slower overall and produced a correction to a change in target location proportionally less often despite similar correction latencies. We speculate that the differences in the time during the reach that the correction is first identified may explain the differences in correction latencies observed between the perturbation time conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. O’Rielly
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anna Ma-Wyatt
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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18
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Vieweg J, Leinen P, Verwey WB, Shea CH, Panzer S. The Cognitive Status of Older Adults: Do Reduced Time Constraints Enhance Sequence Learning? J Mot Behav 2019; 52:558-569. [PMID: 31448707 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2019.1654970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Research has indicated that older adults perform movement sequences more slowly than young adults. The purpose of the present experiment was to compare movement sequence learning in young and older adults when the time to perform the sequence was extended, and how the elderly's cognitive status (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]) interacted with sequence learning. The task was to minimize the difference between a target sequence pattern and the sequence produced by elbow extension-flexion movements. On Day 1, participants (28 young adults; 28 older adults) practiced the sequence under two time windows: 1300 ms or 2000 ms. On Day 2, retention performance and the cognitive status were assessed. The results demonstrated that young adults performed superior compared to older adults. Additional time to perform the sequence did not improve retention performance for the older adults. The correlation between the error score and the MoCA score of r = -.38 (p < .05) in older adults indicated that a better cognitive status was associated with performance advantages in sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Vieweg
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Peter Leinen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Willem B Verwey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Department of Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Charles H Shea
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Stefan Panzer
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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19
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Roberts JW, Lawrence GP. Impact of attentional focus on motor performance within the context of "early" limb regulation and "late" target control. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 198:102864. [PMID: 31220771 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Directing attention to the effect of one's movement (external focus) has been shown to aid performance compared to directing attention to the movement itself (internal focus). This finding has been predominantly explained by an external focus promoting action planning and automatic movement control, while an internal focus acts to constrain movement (constrained action hypothesis [CAH]). In a separate line of research, the multiple control process model states that early movement phases involve anticipated and feedforward processes, while late movement phases explicitly incorporate external afferent information. We hypothesized that enhanced planning and automatic movement control would manifest from an external/distal focus compared to internal/proximal focus. The present study had participants execute fast and accurate movements to a single target using a digitizing graphics tablet that translated movements to a screen. Participants were instructed to focus on the end target location (external-distal), movement of the cursor (external-proximal), and movement of the limb (internal-proximal). It was found that the external-distal focus generated a shorter time to initiate and execute movements (indicating enhanced movement planning) compared to the external- and internal-proximal conditions. In addition, only the external proximal focus revealed a reduction in spatial variability between peak velocity and movement end (indicating greater online control). These findings indicate that advances in action planning and online control occur when adopting an external-distal focus. However, there were some benefits to online control when adopting an external-proximal focus. We propose that an external-distal focus promotes action-effect principles, where there is a greater contribution of anticipatory feedforward processes that limit the need for late online control.
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20
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Trajectory analysis of discrete goal-directed pointing movements: How many trials are needed for reliable data? Behav Res Methods 2019; 50:2162-2172. [PMID: 29218584 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-017-0983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A powerful tool in motor behavior research is trajectory analysis of discrete goal-directed pointing movements. The purpose of the present analysis was to estimate the minimum number of trials per participant required to achieve the conventional level of reliability for trajectory analysis. We analyzed basic measurements of movement and three common methods of trajectory analysis within the framework of generalizability theory. Generalizability studies were used to decompose the total variance of these variables into the percent contributions from person, trial, and the person-by-trial interaction. Decision studies were then used to determine the minimum number of trials required to achieve the conventional level of reliability. The number of trials per participant needed for reliable data of discrete goal-directed pointing movements depended on the dependent variable-for example, reaction times required six or ten trials, movement times required three trials, and constant error required 47 trials. For trajectory analysis, ten or fewer trials were required for reliable dependent variables during the first half of the movement (up to peak velocity or 70% of the displacement). The number of trials required for the second half of the movement rapidly increased to 47 trials at movement termination. This increase in the number of trials required for reliable analysis of the second half of the movement was indicative of online control. Finally, correlation analysis was performed with simulated correlations on subsets of trials, and all 32 trials were required. However, 18 trials might be used without a practically significant change in the correlations.
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21
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Kim C, Yacoubi B, Christou EA. Visual load and variability of muscle activation: Effects on reactive driving of older adults. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 63:172-181. [PMID: 30562674 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional significance of the increase in motor output variability with increased visual information processing in older adults remains unclear. Here, we test the hypothesis that increased visual information processing increases muscle activation variability in older adults and impairs their ability to react as fast and as precisely as young adults during a simulated reactive driving task. METHODS Fourteen young and sixteen older adults performed a reactive driving simulation task that required responding to unexpected brake lights of the car ahead during a simple reaction time task (low visual information processing condition) and a choice reaction time task with "no go" trials condition (high visual information processing condition). We quantified the following: 1) reactive driving performance - combination of premotor response time, motor response time, and brake force error; 2) motor output variability - brake impulse variability; 3) muscle activation variability - variability in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle activity. RESULTS The increase in information processing exacerbated the impaired reactive driving performance in older adults. The best predictor of this impairment was the increase in brake force error. The impaired reactive driving performance was related to brake impulse variability and variability in the TA activity. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel evidence that increased information processing increases muscle activation variability in older adults with detrimental consequences to their ability to perform a simulated reactive driving task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changki Kim
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Basma Yacoubi
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Evangelos A Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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22
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Figueiredo LS, Apolinário-Souza T, Lelis-Torres N, Lage GM, Ugrinowitsch H. Differences in motor control of an aiming task in different group ages of the elderly. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420180003e015017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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23
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Kim C, Yacoubi B, Christou EA. Speed but not amplitude of visual feedback exacerbates force variability in older adults. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2563-2571. [PMID: 29936533 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnification of visual feedback (VF) impairs force control in older adults. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the age-associated increase in force variability with magnification of visual feedback is a consequence of increased amplitude or speed of visual feedback. Seventeen young and 18 older adults performed a constant isometric force task with the index finger at 5% of MVC. We manipulated the vertical (force gain) and horizontal (time gain) aspect of the visual feedback so participants performed the task with the following VF conditions: (1) high amplitude-fast speed; (2) low amplitude-slow speed; (3) high amplitude-slow speed. Changing the visual feedback from low amplitude-slow speed to high amplitude-fast speed increased force variability in older adults but decreased it in young adults (P < 0.01). Changing the visual feedback from low amplitude-slow speed to high amplitude-slow speed did not alter force variability in older adults (P > 0.2), but decreased it in young adults (P < 0.01). Changing the visual feedback from high amplitude-slow speed to high amplitude-fast speed increased force variability in older adults (P < 0.01) but did not alter force variability in young adults (P > 0.2). In summary, increased force variability in older adults with magnification of visual feedback was evident only when the speed of visual feedback increased. Thus, we conclude that in older adults deficits in the rate of processing visual information and not deficits in the processing of more visual information impair force control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changki Kim
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Basma Yacoubi
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Evangelos A Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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24
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O'Rielly JL, Ma-Wyatt A. Changes to online control and eye-hand coordination with healthy ageing. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 59:244-257. [PMID: 29747069 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Goal directed movements are typically accompanied by a saccade to the target location. Online control plays an important part in correction of a reach, especially if the target or goal of the reach moves during the reach. While there are notable changes to visual processing and motor control with healthy ageing, there is limited evidence about how eye-hand coordination during online updating changes with healthy ageing. We sought to quantify differences between older and younger people for eye-hand coordination during online updating. Participants completed a double step reaching task implemented under time pressure. The target perturbation could occur 200, 400 and 600 ms into a reach. We measured eye position and hand position throughout the trials to investigate changes to saccade latency, movement latency, movement time, reach characteristics and eye-hand latency and accuracy. Both groups were able to update their reach in response to a target perturbation that occurred at 200 or 400 ms into the reach. All participants demonstrated incomplete online updating for the 600 ms perturbation time. Saccade latencies, measured from the first target presentation, were generally longer for older participants. Older participants had significantly increased movement times but there was no significant difference between groups for touch accuracy. We speculate that the longer movement times enable the use of new visual information about the target location for online updating towards the end of the movement. Interestingly, older participants also produced a greater proportion of secondary saccades within the target perturbation condition and had generally shorter eye-hand latencies. This is perhaps a compensatory mechanism as there was no significant group effect on final saccade accuracy. Overall, the pattern of results suggests that online control of movements may be qualitatively different in older participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Ma-Wyatt
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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25
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Rodrigues PCDS, Silva JMCD, Barreiros JMP, Vasconcelos MOF. Manual asymmetry in older adults on a complex coincidence-anticipation task. Laterality 2018; 24:26-37. [PMID: 29676213 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2018.1464576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Age-related asymmetrical functional decline was tested in a sample of 57 right-handed volunteers between 65 and 85 years of age. Participants performed a complex coincidence-anticipation (CA) task with both preferred and non-preferred hands. Results demonstrated that the proficiency of a complex CA task was similar for the 2 age groups, but different for the 2 hands. The non-preferred hand was more proficient for temporal accuracy but not for response timing, which was similar for both hands. Moreover, the lack of interaction between age and hand both in response timing and response accuracy reveal symmetric performance across ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cristina Dos Santos Rodrigues
- a Faculty of Sport , University of Porto, Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, CIFI2D - Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport , Porto , Portugal.,b RECI - Research in Education and Community Intervention - Instituto Piaget , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - João Miguel Carvalho da Silva
- a Faculty of Sport , University of Porto, Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, CIFI2D - Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport , Porto , Portugal
| | | | - Maria Olga Fernandes Vasconcelos
- a Faculty of Sport , University of Porto, Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, CIFI2D - Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport , Porto , Portugal
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26
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Roberts JW, Wilson MR, Skultety JK, Lyons JL. Examining the effect of state anxiety on compensatory and strategic adjustments in the planning of goal-directed aiming. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 185:33-40. [PMID: 29407243 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anxiety-perceptual-motor performance relationship may be enriched by investigations involving discrete manual responses due to the definitive demarcation of planning and control processes, which comprise the early and late portions of movement, respectively. To further examine the explanatory power of self-focus and distraction theories, we explored the potential of anxiety causing changes to movement planning that accommodate for anticipated negative effects in online control. As a result, we posed two hypotheses where anxiety causes performers to initially undershoot the target and enable more time to use visual feedback ("play-it-safe"), or fire a ballistic reach to cover a greater distance without later undertaking online control ("go-for-it"). Participants were tasked with an upper-limb movement to a single target under counter-balanced instructions to execute fast and accurate responses (low/normal anxiety) with non-contingent negative performance feedback (high anxiety). The results indicated that the previously identified negative impact of anxiety in online control was replicated. While anxiety caused a longer displacement to reach peak velocity and greater tendency to overshoot the target, there appeared to be no shift in the attempts to utilise online visual feedback. Thus, the tendency to initially overshoot may manifest from an inefficient auxiliary procedure that manages to uphold overall movement time and response accuracy.
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27
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Shimoda N, Lee J, Kodama M, Kakei S, Masakado Y. Quantitative evaluation of age-related decline in control of preprogramed movement. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188657. [PMID: 29186168 PMCID: PMC5706693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we examined the age-related changes in control of preprogramed movement, with emphasis on its accuracy. Forty-nine healthy subjects participated in this study, and were divided into three groups depending on their ages: the young group (20–39 years) (n = 16), the middle-age group (40–59 years) (n = 16), and the elderly group (60–79 years) (n = 17). We asked the subjects to perform step-tracking movements of the wrist joint with a manipulandum, and recorded the movements. We evaluated the accuracy of control of preprogramed movement in the three groups in terms of the primary submovement, which was identified as the first segment of the step-tracking movement based on the bell-shaped velocity profile, and calculated the distance between the end position of the primary submovement and the target (i.e. error). The error in the young group was found to be significantly smaller than that in the middle-age and elderly groups, i.e., the error was larger for the higher age groups. These results suggest that young subjects have better control of preprogramed movement than middle-age or elderly subjects. Finally, we examined the temporal property of the primary submovement and its age-related changes. The duration of the primary submovement tended to be longer for the aged groups, although significance was reached only for the elderly group. In particular, the ratio of the duration of the primary submovement to total movement time tended to be lower for the aged groups, suggesting that the proportion of additional movements that are required to compensate for the incomplete control in the preprogramed movement, which are under feedback control, was higher for the aged groups. Consequently, our results indicate that the distance between the end point of the primary submovement and the target center (i.e. error) in the step-tracking movement is a useful parameter to evaluate the age-related changes in control of preprogramed movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshi Shimoda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Jongho Lee
- Movement Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Kodama
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Kakei
- Movement Disorders Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Masakado
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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28
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Krehbiel LM, Kang N, Cauraugh JH. Age-related differences in bimanual movements: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol 2017; 98:199-206. [PMID: 28890358 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With increasing age motor functions decline. The additional challenges of executing bimanual movements further hinder motor functions in older adults. The current systematic review and meta-analysis determined the effects of healthy aging on performance in bimanual movements as compared to younger adults. METHODS Our comprehensive search identified 27 studies that reported bimanual movement performance measures. Each study included a between groups comparison of older (mean age=68.79years) and younger adults (mean age=23.14years). The 27 qualified studies generated 40 total outcome measure comparisons: (a) accuracy: 18, (b) variability: 14, and (c) movement time: eight. RESULTS Our meta-analysis conducted on a random effects model identified a relatively large negative standardized mean difference effect (ES=-0.93). This indicates that older adults exhibited more impaired bimanual movement performance in comparison to younger adults in our group of studies. Specifically, a moderator variable analysis revealed large negative effects in both accuracy (ES=-0.94) and variability (ES=-1.00), as well as a moderate negative effect (ES=-0.71) for movement time. These findings indicate that older adults displayed reduced accuracy, greater variability, and longer execution time when executing bimanual movements. CONCLUSION These meta-analytic findings revealed that aging impairs bimanual movement performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Krehbiel
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nyeonju Kang
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - James H Cauraugh
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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29
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A strategy of faster movements used by elderly humans to lift objects of increasing weight in ecological context. Neuroscience 2017; 357:384-399. [PMID: 28428010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is not known whether, during the course of aging, changes occur in the motor strategies used by the CNS for lifting objects of different weights. Here, we analyzed the kinematics of object-lifting in two different healthy groups (young and elderly people) plus one well-known deafferented patient (GL). The task was to reach and lift onto a shelf an opaque cylindrical object with changing weight. The movements of the hand and object were recorded with electromagnetic sensors. In an ecological context (i.e. no instruction was given about movement speed), we found that younger participants, elderly people and GL did not all move at the same speed and that, surprisingly, elder people are faster. We also observed that the lifting trajectories were constant for both the elderly and the deafferented patient while younger participants raised their hand higher when the object weighed more. It appears that, depending on age and on available proprioceptive information, the CNS uses different strategies of lifting. We suggest that elder people tend to optimize their feedforward control in order to compensate for less functional afferent feedback, perhaps to optimize movement time and energy expenditure at the expense of high precision. In the case of complete loss of proprioceptive input, however, compensation follows a different strategy as suggested by GL's behavior who moved more slowly compared to both our younger and older participants.
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30
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Burkitt JJ, Bongers RM, Elliott D, Hansen S, Lyons JL. Extending Energy Optimization in Goal-Directed Aiming from Movement Kinematics to Joint Angles. J Mot Behav 2017; 49:129-140. [PMID: 28327058 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2016.1161592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Energy optimization in goal-directed aiming has been demonstrated as an undershoot bias in primary movement endpoint locations, especially in conditions where corrections to target overshoots must be made against gravity. Two-component models of upper limb movement have not yet considered how joint angles are organized to deal with the energy constraints associated with moving the upper limb in goal-directed aiming tasks. To address this limitation, participants performed aiming movements to targets in the up and down directions with the index finger and two types of rod extensions attached to the index finger. The rod extensions were expected to invoke different energy optimizing strategies in the up and down directions by allowing the distal joints the opportunity to contribute to end effector displacement. Primary movements undershot the farthest target to a greater extent in the downward direction compared to the upward direction, showing that movement kinematics optimize energy expenditure in consideration of the effects of gravity. As rod length increased, shoulder elevation was optimized in movements to the far-up target and elbow flexion was optimally minimized in movements to the far-down target. The results suggest energy optimization in the control of joint angles independent of the force of gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Burkitt
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , Canada
| | - Raoul M Bongers
- b University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Digby Elliott
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , Canada.,c School of Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , England
| | - Steve Hansen
- d Schulich School of Education, Physical and Health Education , Nipissing University , North Bay , Ontario , Canada
| | - James L Lyons
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , Canada
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Elliott D, Lyons J, Hayes SJ, Burkitt JJ, Roberts JW, Grierson LE, Hansen S, Bennett SJ. The multiple process model of goal-directed reaching revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:95-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Motor Sequence Learning in Healthy Older Adults Is Not Necessarily Facilitated by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Geriatrics (Basel) 2016; 1:geriatrics1040032. [PMID: 31022825 PMCID: PMC6371143 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics1040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) can modulate neuronal activity, and improve performance of basic motor tasks. The possibility that tDCS could assist in rehabilitation (e.g., for paresis post-stroke) offers hope but the evidence base is incomplete, with some behavioural studies reporting no effect of tDCS on complex motor learning. Older adults who show age-related decline in movement and learning (skills which tDCS could potentially facilitate), are also under-represented within tDCS literature. To address these issues, we examined whether tDCS would improve motor sequence learning in healthy young and older adults. Methods: In Experiment One, young participants learned 32 aiming movements using their preferred (right) hand whilst receiving: (i) 30 min Anodal Stimulation of left M1; (ii) 30 min Cathodal Stimulation of right M1; or (iii) 30 min Sham. Experiment Two used a similar task, but with older adults receiving Anodal Stimulation or Sham. Results: Whilst motor learning occurred in all participants, tDCS did not improve the rate or accuracy of motor learning for either age group. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the effects of tDCS may be limited to motor performance with no clear beneficial effects for motor learning.
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Chen CF, Huang KC. Effects of Background Lighting Color and Movement Distance on Reaching Times Among Participants With Low Vision, Myopia, and Normal Vision. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 122:518-32. [PMID: 27166331 DOI: 10.1177/0031512516640392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of target distance (30, 35, and 40 cm) and the color of background lighting (red, green, blue, and yellow) on the duration of movements made by participants with low vision, myopia, and normal vision while performing a reaching task; 48 students (21 women, 27 men; M age = 21.8 year, SD = 2.4) participated in the study. Participants reached for a target (a white LED light) whose vertical position varied randomly across trials, ranging in distance from 30 to 40 cm. Movement time was analyzed using a 3 (participant group) × [4 (color of background lighting) × 3 (movement distance)] mixed-design ANOVA model. Results indicated longer times for completing a reaching movement when: participants belonged to the low vision group; the target distance between the starting position and the target position was longer (40 cm); and the reaching movement occurred in the red-background lighting condition. These results are particularly relevant for situations in which a user is required to respond to a signal by reaching toward a button or an icon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fu Chen
- Department of Commercial Design and Management, National Taipei University of Business, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Huang
- Department of Commercial Design and Management, National Taipei University of Business, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Helsen WF, Van Halewyck F, Levin O, Boisgontier MP, Lavrysen A, Elliott D. Manual aiming in healthy aging: does proprioceptive acuity make the difference? AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:45. [PMID: 27044301 PMCID: PMC5005912 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines whether non-active older adults are more dependent on visual information when executing aiming movements and whether age-related declines in proprioception play a mediating role herein. Young (N = 40) and older adults (N = 38) were divided into physically active and non-active subgroups based on self-reported sports participation levels. In experiment 1, participants executed wrist-aiming movements with and without visual feedback. In experiment 2, passive proprioceptive acuity was assessed using wrist motion detection and position matching tests. Results showed similar aiming accuracy across age groups both with and without visual feedback, but older adults exhibited longer movement times, prolonged homing-in phase, and made more corrective submovements. Passive proprioceptive acuity was significantly affected by physical activity level and age, with participants in the active group scoring better than their non-active peers. However, these declines did not predict performance changes on the aiming task. Taken together, our observations suggest that decline in proprioceptive acuity did not predict performance changes on the aiming task and older adults were able to compensate for their decreased motion and position sense when allowed sufficient time. In line with these observations, we proposed that older adults are able to compensate for their decline in proprioception by increasing their reliance on predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner F Helsen
- Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florian Van Halewyck
- Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Lavrysen
- Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Digby Elliott
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Ivor Wynne Centre Hamilton, Ontorio, L8S 4K1, Canada
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35
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Yeh TT, Cinelli ME, Lyons JL, Lee TD. Age-related changes in postural control to the demands of a precision task. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 44:134-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Scharoun SM, Gonzalez DA, Roy EA, Bryden PJ. How the mode of action affects evidence of planning and movement kinematics in aging: End-state comfort in older adults. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 58:439-49. [PMID: 26617081 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Scharoun
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo; Ontario Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Dave A. Gonzalez
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo; Ontario Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Eric A. Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo; Ontario Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Pamela J. Bryden
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education; Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West; Waterloo, Ontario Canada N2L 3C5
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37
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Raw RK, Wilkie RM, White A, Williams JHG, Mon-Williams M. The 'Goldilocks Zone': getting the measure of manual asymmetries. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128322. [PMID: 26023774 PMCID: PMC4449126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies have shown that manual asymmetries decrease in older age. These results have often been explained with reference to models of reduced hemispheric specialisation. An alternative explanation, however, is that hand differences are subtle, and capturing them requires tasks that yield optimal performance with both hands. Whereas the hemispheric specialisation account implies that reduced manual asymmetries should be reliably observed in older adults, the ‘measurement difficulty’ account suggests that manual asymmetries will be hard to detect unless a task has just the right level of difficulty—i.e. within the ‘Goldilocks Zone’, where it is not too easy or too hard, but just right. Experiment One tested this hypothesis and found that manual asymmetries were only detected when participants performed in this zone; specifically, performance on a tracing task was only superior in the preferred hand when task constraints were high (i.e. fast speed tracing). Experiment Two used three different tasks to examine age differences in manual asymmetries; one task produced no asymmetries, whilst two tasks revealed asymmetries in both younger and older groups (with poorer overall performance in the old group across all tasks). Experiment Three revealed task-dependent asymmetries in both age groups, but highlighted further detection difficulties linked with the metric of performance and compensatory strategies used by participants. Results are discussed with reference to structural learning theory, whereby we suggest that the processes of inter-manual transfer lead to relatively small performance differences between the hands (despite a strong phenomenological sense of performance disparities).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael K. Raw
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Wilkie
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Alan White
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Justin H. G. Williams
- Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Clinical Research Centre, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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38
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Factors underlying age-related changes in discrete aiming. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:1733-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Effector mass and trajectory optimization in the online regulation of goal-directed movement. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:1097-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Cicerale A, Ambron E, Lingnau A, Rumiati RI. A kinematic analysis of age-related changes in grasping to use and grasping to move common objects. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 151:134-42. [PMID: 24977936 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Grasping is a complex action which requires high-level motor control. Although the impact of aging on grasping has been investigated in some studies, to date little is known as to how the aging process interacts with the purpose of the movement. The aims of the present study were (i) to investigate the effect of aging on grasping movements, and to explore on how this effect is modulated by (ii) the goal of the task, and by (iii) the characteristics of the target such as its location in the visual field, its orientation and its size. Young and elderly adults were asked to grasp to move or to grasp to use objects of different sizes and orientations, presented either in the central or the peripheral visual field. Movement duration did not differ between the two groups. However, elderly participants required a longer approach phase and showed a different grasping strategy, characterized by larger grip aperture and smaller percentage of wrist rotation in comparison to young adults. Elderly adults showed a decrease in accuracy when grasping objects presented in the peripheral, but not in the central visual field. A similar modulation of the kinematic parameters consisting in longer planning and execution phases in the grasp to use in comparison to the grasp to move condition was observed in both groups, suggesting that the effect of aging might be minimized and compensated in more goal-directed tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cicerale
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy; LabNI, Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | - Angelika Lingnau
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Italy; Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Italy
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41
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Van Halewyck F, Lavrysen A, Levin O, Boisgontier MP, Elliott D, Helsen WF. Both age and physical activity level impact on eye-hand coordination. Hum Mov Sci 2014; 36:80-96. [PMID: 24964357 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging impacts on our ability to perform goal-directed aiming movements. Older adults generally make slower and shorter initial impulses towards the end target, and therefore require more time for corrections in the final movement stage. Recent studies however suggest that a physically active lifestyle may attenuate these age-related changes. Also, it remains unclear whether eye-movement control exhibits a similar pattern of adaptation in older adults. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to describe how age and physical activity level impact eye-hand coordination during discrete manual aiming. Young and older participants were divided into physically active and sedentary subgroups, and performed discrete aiming movements while hand and eye movements were recorded. Secondly, to determine whether older adults depend more on vision during aiming, the task was repeated without visual feedback. The results revealed that the typical age-related hand movement adaptations were not only observed in older, but also in sedentary young participants. Older and sedentary young participants also spent more hand movement time after the eyes fixated the end target. This finding does not necessarily reflect an augmented reliance on vision, as all groups showed similar aiming errors when visual feedback was removed. In conclusion, both age and physical activity level clearly impacted eye-hand coordination during discrete manual aiming. This adapted coordination pattern seems to be caused by other factors than an increased reliance on vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Van Halewyck
- KU Leuven, Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Belgium
| | - Ann Lavrysen
- KU Leuven, Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Belgium
| | - Oron Levin
- KU Leuven, Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Belgium
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- KU Leuven, Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Belgium
| | - Digby Elliott
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Werner F Helsen
- KU Leuven, Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Belgium.
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42
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Panzer S, Gruetzmacher N, Ellenbürger T, Shea CH. Interlimb practice and aging: coding a simple movement sequence. Exp Aging Res 2014; 40:107-28. [PMID: 24467702 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2014.857566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT: The purpose was to determine if aging interacts with the coding of a simple spatial-temporal movement sequence. METHODS An interlimb practice paradigm (24 participants; 12 young adults [age: 23-29]; 12 old adults [age: 65-78]) was designed to determine the coordinate system (visual-spatial/motor) that is used to code the movement sequence. Practice was scheduled over 2 days involving either the same visual-spatial or the same motor coordinates. On Day 3, two retention tests (Day 1/Day 2) were conducted. RESULTS Keeping the motor coordinates the same during acquisition resulted in superior retention only for younger adults. CONCLUSION The data provide strong evidence that the motor code plays a dominant role in acquiring simple movement sequences for younger adults, but not for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Panzer
- a Human Movement Sciences , Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany
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43
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Boisgontier MP, Nougier V. Ageing of internal models: from a continuous to an intermittent proprioceptive control of movement. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:1339-1355. [PMID: 22639177 PMCID: PMC3705127 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To control the sensory-motor system, internal models mimic the transformations between motor commands and sensory signals. The present study proposed to assess the effects of physiological adult ageing on the proprioceptive control of movement and the related internal models. To this aim, one group of young adults and one group of older adults performed an ankle contralateral concurrent matching task in two speed conditions (self-selected and fast). Error, temporal and kinematic variables were used to assess the matching performance. The results demonstrated that older adults used a different mode of control as compared to the young adults and suggested that the internal models of proprioceptive control were altered with ageing. Behavioural expressions of these alterations were dependent upon the considered condition of speed. In the self-selected speed condition, this alteration was expressed through an increased number of corrective sub-movements in older adults as compared to their young peers. This strategy enabled them to reach a level of end-point performance comparable to the young adults' performance. In the fast speed condition, older adults were no more able to compensate for their impaired internal models through additional corrective sub-movements and therefore decreased their proprioceptive control performance. These results provided the basis for a model of proprioceptive control of movement integrating the internal models theory and the continuous and intermittent modes of control. This study also suggested that motor control was affected by the frailty syndrome, i.e. a decreased resistance to stressors, which characterises older adults.
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44
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Reduced motor asymmetry in older adults when manually tracing paths. Exp Brain Res 2011; 217:35-41. [PMID: 22159639 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Handedness, a preference towards using the right or left hand, is established in early childhood. Such specialisation allows a higher level of skill to be maintained in the preferred hand on specific tasks through continuous practice and performance. Hand asymmetries might be expected to increase with age because of the time spent practising with the preferred hand. However, neurophysiological work has suggested reduced hemispheric function lateralisation in the ageing brain, and behavioural studies have found reduced motor asymmetries in older adults (Przybyla et al., in Neurosci Lett 489:99-104, 2011). We therefore tested the predictions of behavioural change from reduced hemispheric function by measuring tracing performance (arguably one of the most lateralised of human behaviours) along paths of different thickness in a group of healthy young and older adults. Participants completed the task once with their preferred (right) hand and once with their non-preferred (left) hand. Movement time (MT) and shape accuracy (SA) were dependant variables. A composite measure of MT and SA, the speed accuracy cost function (SACF) provided an overall measure of motor performance. Older participants were slower and less accurate when task demands were high. Combined analyses of both hands revealed reduced asymmetries in MT and SACF in the older group. The young were significantly faster when tracing with their preferred hand, but older participants were equally slow with either hand. Our results are consistent with the growing literature reporting decreased hemispheric function lateralisation in the ageing brain.
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45
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Lin CJ, Wu C. Factors affecting numerical typing performance of young adults in a hear-and-type task. ERGONOMICS 2011; 54:1159-1174. [PMID: 22103724 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2011.622794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Numerical hear-and-type tasks, i.e. making immediate keypresses according to verbally presented numbers, possess both practical and theoretical importance but received relatively little attention. Effects of speech rates (500-ms vs. 1000-ms interval), urgency (urgent condition: performance-based monetary incentive plus time limit vs. non-urgent condition: flat-rate compensation) and finger strategies (single vs. multi-finger typing) on typing speed and accuracy were investigated. Fast speech rate and multi-finger typing produced more errors and slower typing speed. Urgency improved typing speed but decreased accuracy. Errors were almost doubled under urgent condition, while urgency effect on speed was similar to that of speech rate. Examination of error patterns did not fully support Salthouse's (1986) speculations about error-making mechanisms. The results implied that urgency could play a more important role in error-making than task demands. Numerical keyboard design and error detection could benefit from spatial incidence of errors found in this study. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This study revealed that classic speculations about error-making mechanisms in alphabetical typing do not necessarily translate to numerical typing. Factors other than external task demands such as urgency can affect typing performance to a similar or greater extent. Investigations of intrinsic error-making factors in non-traditional typing tasks are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jhe Lin
- Industrial and Systems Engineering , State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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46
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Movement strategies in vertical aiming of older adults. Exp Brain Res 2011; 216:445-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Greater amount of visual information exacerbates force control in older adults during constant isometric contractions. Exp Brain Res 2011; 213:351-61. [PMID: 21800256 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare control of force and modulation of agonist muscle activity of young and older adults when the amount of visual feedback was varied at two different force levels. Ten young adults (25 years ± 4 years, 5 men and 5 women) and ten older adults (71 years ± 5 years, 4 men and 6 women) were instructed to accurately match a constant target force at 2 and 30% of their maximal isometric force with abduction of the index finger. Each trial lasted 35 s, and the amount of visual feedback was varied by changing the visual angle at 0.05, 0.5, and 1.5°. Each subject performed three trials for each visual angle condition. Force variability was quantified as the standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV) of force. Modulation of the agonist muscle activity was quantified as the normalized power spectrum density of the EMG signal recorded from two pairs of bipolar electrodes placed on the first dorsal interosseus muscle. The frequency bands of interest were between 5 and 100 Hz. There were significant age-associated differences in force control with changes in the amount of visual feedback. The CV of force did not change with visual angle for young adults, whereas it increased for older adults. Although older adults exhibited similar CV of force to young adults at 0.05° (5.95 ± 0.67 vs. 5.47 ± 0.5), older adults exhibited greater CV of force than young adults at 0.5° (8.49 ± 1.34 vs. 5.05 ± 0.5) and 1.5° (8.23 ± 1.12 vs. 5.49 ± 0.6). In addition, there were age-associated differences in the modulation of the agonist muscle activity. Young adults increased normalized power in the EMG signal from 13 to 60 Hz with an increase in visual angle, whereas older adults did not. These findings suggest that greater amount of visual information may be detrimental to the control of a constant isometric contraction in older adults, and this impairment may be due to their inability to effectively modulate the motor neuron pool of the agonist muscle.
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48
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Panzer S, Gruetzmacher N, Fries U, Krueger M, Shea CH. Age-related effects in interlimb practice on coding complex movement sequences. Hum Mov Sci 2011; 30:459-74. [PMID: 21349597 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hikosaka et al. (1999) proposed that sequential movements are acquired in independent visual-spatial and motor coordinate systems with coding initially represented in visual-spatial coordinates, and later after extended practice in motor coordinates. One aspect of sequence learning that has not been systematically studied, however, is the question of whether or not older adults show the same pattern of coding in inter-limb practice as younger learners. In the present experiment an inter-limb practice paradigm was designed to determine the role that visual-spatial (Cartesian) and motor (joint angles, activation patterns) coordinates play in the coding and learning of a complex movement sequence. Younger and older adults practiced a 16-element movement sequence with one limb on Day 1 and the contra-lateral limb on Day 2. Practice involved the same sequence with either the same visual-spatial or motor coordinates on the two days. Retention tests were conducted on Day 3. Results indicated that keeping the visual-spatial coordinates the same during acquisition resulted in superior retention only for younger adults. Results also indicated the overall slowing of sequential movement production for older adults which appears to result from these participants inability to impose a structure on the sequence. This provides strong evidence that the visual-spatial code plays a dominant role in complex movement sequences and this code is represented in an effector-independent manner for younger adults, but not for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Panzer
- Department of Human Movement Science, Institute of Sport Sciences, Muenster University, Horstmarer Landweg 62b, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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49
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Robinson MA, Hayes SJ, Bennett SJ, Barton GJ, Elliott D. Sensory-motor equivalence: manual aiming in C6 tetraplegics following musculotendinous transfer surgery at the elbow. Exp Brain Res 2010; 206:81-91. [PMID: 20809244 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cervical spinal lesions at C6 result in paralysis of the triceps brachii while leaving deltoid and elbow flexor function intact. We examined the spatial-temporal characteristics of goal-directed aiming movements performed by C6 tetraplegics who had undergone musculotendinous transfer surgery in which the posterior deltoid replaces the triceps as the elbow extensor. On some trials, liquid crystal goggles were used to eliminate vision of the limb and target upon movement initiation. Although tetraplegic participants achieved the same degree of movement accuracy/consistency as control participants, their movement times were longer regardless of whether the movements were made away from (elbow extension) or towards the body (elbow flexion). Longer movement times were related to lower peak velocities, and not the symmetry of the aiming profiles. The tetraplegic participants were no more dependent on visual feedback for limb regulation than control participants. Although the characteristics of the movement trajectories were surprisingly similar, in both vision conditions, tetraplegics required more real and proportional time to reduce spatial variability in the limb's trajectory for elbow extensions. Our results indicate that the sensorimotor system is adaptable and that the representations governing limb control are not muscle specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, L3 3AF, Liverpool, UK
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Elliott D, Hansen S, Grierson LEM. Optimising speed and energy expenditure in accurate visually directed upper limb movements. ERGONOMICS 2009; 52:438-447. [PMID: 19401895 DOI: 10.1080/00140130802707717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Traditional models of speed-accuracy relations and limb control are steady-state models that fail to consider the learning history and strategic approach of the performer. Work from this laboratory indicates that a performer adjusts his/her behaviour from trial-to-trial to optimise not only the speed and accuracy of performance, but also energy expenditure. Because some errors have greater temporal and energy costs than others, most performers execute movements that are prepared such that potential errors are of minimal expense. The trajectories and subsequent endpoint distributions of rapid aiming movements depend on advance knowledge about the availability of afferent information for online control, as well as the costs associated with undershooting or overshooting the target position with the initial impulse. With practice, a performer is able to reduce the trial-to-trial variability associated with goal-directed movement through more consistent movement planning processes and more rapid online control. Part of the optimisation process is related to the development of an internal model of performance against which early afferent feedback can be evaluated. This framework for examining speed, accuracy and energy expenditure in goal-directed reaching can be used to help understand the breakdown of efficient limb control due to fatigue, ageing and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digby Elliott
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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