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Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2)-targeting peptide derivatives for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114989. [PMID: 36527934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The proteolytically-activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), is implicated in various cancers and inflammatory diseases. Synthetic ligands and in vitro imaging probes targeting this receptor have been developed with low nanomolar affinity, however, no in vivo imaging probes exist for PAR2. Here, we report the strategic design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of novel 4-fluorobenzoylated PAR2-targeting peptides derived from 2f-LIGRLO-NH2 (2f-LI-) and Isox-Cha-Chg-Xaa-NH2 (Isox-) peptide families, where the 4-fluorobenzoyl moiety acts as the 19F-standard of an 18F-labeled probe for potential use in in vivo imaging. We found that several of the 4-fluorobenzoylated peptides from the 2f-LI-family exhibited PAR2 selectivity with moderate potency (EC50 = 151-252 nM), whereas several from the Isox-family exhibited PAR2 selectivity with high potency (EC50 = 13-42 nM). Our lead candidate, Isox-Cha-Chg-Ala-Arg-Dpr(4FB)-NH2 (EC50 = 13 nM), was successfully synthesized with fluorine-18 with a radiochemical yield of 37%, radiochemical purity of >98%, molar activity of 20 GBq/μmol, and an end of synthesis time of 125 min. Biodistribution studies and preliminary PET imaging of the tracer in mice showed predominantly renal clearance. This 18F-labeled tracer is the first reported PAR2 imaging agent with potential for use in vivo. Future work will explore the use of this tracer in cancer xenografts and inflammation models involving upregulation of PAR2 expression.
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2
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Peach CJ, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Bunnett NW, Schmidt BL. Protease-activated receptors in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:717-785. [PMID: 35901239 PMCID: PMC9662810 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are signaling molecules that specifically control cellular functions by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs). The four known PARs are members of the large family of G protein-coupled receptors. These transmembrane receptors control most physiological and pathological processes and are the target of a large proportion of therapeutic drugs. Signaling proteases include enzymes from the circulation; from immune, inflammatory epithelial, and cancer cells; as well as from commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Advances in our understanding of the structure and function of PARs provide insights into how diverse proteases activate these receptors to regulate physiological and pathological processes in most tissues and organ systems. The realization that proteases and PARs are key mediators of disease, coupled with advances in understanding the atomic level structure of PARs and their mechanisms of signaling in subcellular microdomains, has spurred the development of antagonists, some of which have advanced to the clinic. Herein we review the discovery, structure, and function of this receptor system, highlight the contribution of PARs to homeostatic control, and discuss the potential of PAR antagonists for the treatment of major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Peach
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Laura E Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
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3
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Chakravarthi S, Karikalan B. Molecular Biomarkers for Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Short Review. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716666200724164654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a disease with higher death rates and is responsible for around 2 million
deaths per year worldwide. Recently, several breakthroughs have been made in the field of lung
cancer that has led to a revolution in the management of lung cancer patients. Identification of
molecular markers and the implication of respective targeted therapies has been a great success in
the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Despite the fact that targeted therapy of lung adenocarcinomas
represents one of the significant milestones in the treatment of lung cancer that resulted
in increased survival rates even in advanced stages, the mortality rates of lung cancer still remain
to be significantly high. This warrants further research for gaining better insights into molecular alterations
that can lead to newer innovations in targeted drug therapy towards lung adenocarcinoma.
In this review, we briefly summarized the literature on molecular markers that are already in use.
We also consolidated newer molecular markers that are under study with the potential for being targeted
for therapies in future.
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4
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Obeid MA, Aljabali AAA, Rezigue M, Amawi H, Alyamani H, Abdeljaber SN, Ferro VA. Use of Nanoparticles in Delivery of Nucleic Acids for Melanoma Treatment. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2265:591-620. [PMID: 33704742 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1205-7_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma accounts for 4% of all skin cancer malignancies, with only 14% of diagnosed patients surviving for more than 5 years after diagnosis. Until now, there is no clear understanding of the detailed molecular contributors of melanoma pathogenesis. Accordingly, more research is needed to understand melanoma development and prognosis.All the treatment approaches that are currently applied have several significant limitations that prevent effective use in melanoma. One major limitation in the treatment of cancer is the acquisition of multidrug resistance (MDR). The MDR results in significant treatment failure and poor clinical outcomes in several cancers, including skin cancer. Treatment of melanoma is especially retarded by MDR. Despite the current advances in targeted and immune-mediated therapy, treatment arms of melanoma are severely limited and stand as a significant clinical challenge. Further, the poor pharmacokinetic profile of currently used chemotherapeutic agents is another reason for treatment failure. Therefore, more research is needed to develop novel drugs and carrier tools for more effective and targeted treatment.Nucleic acid therapy is based on nucleic acids or chemical compounds that are closely related, such as antisense oligonucleotides, aptamers, and small-interfering RNAs that are usually used in situations when a specific gene implicated in a disorder is deemed a therapeutically beneficial target for inhibition. However, the proper application for nucleic acid therapies is hampered by the development of an effective delivery system that can maintain their stability in the systemic circulation and enhance their uptake by the target cells. In this chapter, the prognosis of the different types of melanoma along with the currently used medications is highlighted, and the different types of nucleic acids along with the currently available nanoparticle systems for delivering these nucleic acids into melanoma cells are discussed. We also discuss recently conducted research on the use of different types of nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery into melanoma cells and highlight the most significant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Obeid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Meriem Rezigue
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Haneen Amawi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hanin Alyamani
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shatha N Abdeljaber
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Valerie A Ferro
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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5
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Maurer S, Kopp HG, Salih HR, Kropp KN. Modulation of Immune Responses by Platelet-Derived ADAM10. Front Immunol 2020; 11:44. [PMID: 32117229 PMCID: PMC7012935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets have a crucial function in maintaining hemostasis. However, beyond their role in coagulation and thrombus formation, platelets have been implicated to affect various pathophysiological conditions such as infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. It is well-established that platelets aid local cancer growth by providing growth factors or contributing to cancer angiogenesis. In addition, they promote metastasis, among others by facilitation of tumor cell-extravasation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transition as well as protecting metastasizing cancer cells from immunosurveillance. A variety of membrane-bound and soluble platelet-derived factors are involved in these processes, and many aspects of platelet biology in both health and disease are regulated by platelet-associated metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. Platelets synthesize (i) members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family and also inhibitors of MMPs such as members of the "tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases" (TIMP) family as well as (ii) members of the "a disintegrin and metalloproteinase" (ADAM) family including ADAM10. Notably, platelet-associated metalloproteinase activity not only influences functions of platelets themselves: platelets can also induce expression and/or release of metalloproteinases e.g., in leukocytes or cancer cells, and ADAMs are emerging as important components by which platelets directly affect other cell types and function. This review outlines the function of metalloproteinases in platelet biology with a focus on ADAM10 and discusses the role of platelet-derived metalloproteinases in the interaction of platelets with components of the immune system and/or cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Maurer
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 'Image-guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy' (IFIT), University of Tuebingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hans-Georg Kopp
- Departments of Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Helmut R Salih
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 'Image-guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy' (IFIT), University of Tuebingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Korbinian N Kropp
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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LeSarge JC, Thibeault P, Milne M, Ramachandran R, Luyt LG. High Affinity Fluorescent Probe for Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2). ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1045-1050. [PMID: 31312406 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR2 is a proteolytically activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is implicated in various cancers and inflammatory diseases. Ligands with low nanomolar affinity for PAR2 have been developed, but there is a paucity of research on the development of PAR2-targeting imaging probes. Here, we report the development of seven novel PAR2-targeting compounds. Four of these compounds are highly potent and selective PAR2-targeting peptides (EC50 = 10 to 23 nM) that have a primary amine handle available for facile conjugation to various imaging components. We describe a peptide of the sequence Isox-Cha-Chg-ARK(Sulfo-Cy5)-NH2 as the most potent and highest affinity PAR2-selective fluorescent probe reported to date (EC50 = 16 nM, K D = 38 nM). This compound has a greater than 10-fold increase in potency and binding affinity for PAR2 compared to the leading previously reported probe and is conjugated to a red-shifted fluorophore, enabling in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Milne
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario N6A 5W9, Canada
| | | | - Leonard G. Luyt
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario N6A 5W9, Canada
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7
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Henehan M, De Benedetto A. Update on protease‐activated receptor 2 in cutaneous barrier, differentiation, tumorigenesis and pigmentation, and its role in related dermatologic diseases. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:877-885. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mason Henehan
- Department of Dermatology College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida
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8
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Bruno A, Dovizio M, Tacconelli S, Contursi A, Ballerini P, Patrignani P. Antithrombotic Agents and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10080253. [PMID: 30065215 PMCID: PMC6115803 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation is the first response to tissue damage and, if unrestrained, may promote chronic inflammation-related cancer, mainly through the release of soluble factors and vesicles that are rich in genetic materials and proteins. Platelets also sustain cancer cell invasion and metastasis formation by fostering the development of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype, cancer cell survival in the bloodstream and arrest/extravasation at the endothelium. Furthermore, platelets contribute to tumor escape from immune elimination. These findings provide the rationale for the use of antithrombotic agents in the prevention of cancer development and the reduction of metastatic spread and mortality. Among them, low-dose aspirin has been extensively evaluated in both preclinical and clinical studies. The lines of evidence have been considered appropriate to recommend the use of low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer by the USA. Preventive Services Task Force. However, two questions are still open: (i) the efficacy of aspirin as an anticancer agent shared by other antiplatelet agents, such as clopidogrel; (ii) the beneficial effect of aspirin improved at higher doses or by the co-administration of clopidogrel. This review discusses the latest updates regarding the mechanisms by which platelets promote cancer and the efficacy of antiplatelet agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bruno
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Center for Research on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Melania Dovizio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Center for Research on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Stefania Tacconelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Center for Research on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Contursi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Center for Research on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Ballerini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Center for Research on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Paola Patrignani
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Center for Research on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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9
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Muhsin-Sharafaldine MR, McLellan AD. Tumor-Derived Apoptotic Vesicles: With Death They Do Part. Front Immunol 2018; 9:957. [PMID: 29780392 PMCID: PMC5952256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells release lipid particles known as extracellular vesicles (EV) that contribute to cancer metastasis, to the immune response, and to thrombosis. When tumors are exposed to radiation or chemotherapy, apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs) are released in abundance as the plasma membrane delaminates from the cytoskeleton. Recent studies have suggested that ApoVs are distinct from the EVs released from living cells, such as exosomes or microvesicles. Depending on their treatment conditions, tumor-released ApoV have been suggested to either enhance or suppress anti-cancer immunity. In addition, tumor-derived ApoV possess procoagulant activity that could increase the thrombotic state in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Since ApoVs are one of the least appreciated type of EVs, we focus in this review on the distinctive characterization of tumor ApoVs and their proposed mechanistic effects on cancer immunity, coagulation, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander D McLellan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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10
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Liu X, Yu J, Song S, Yue X, Li Q. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1): a promising molecular target for cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107334-107345. [PMID: 29291033 PMCID: PMC5739818 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR-1 is expressed not only in epithelium, neurons, astrocytes, immune cells, but also in cancer-associated fibroblasts, ECs (epithelial cells), myocytes of blood vessels, mast cells, and macrophages in tumor microenvironment, whereas PAR-1 stimulates macrophages to synthesize and secrete thrombin as well as other growth factors, resulting in enhanced cell proliferation, tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of inhibitors targeting PAR-1. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of PAR-1’s role in cancer invasiveness and dissemination, as well as potential therapeutic strategies targeting PAR-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Shangjin Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yue
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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11
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Lin C, Majoor CJ, Roelofs JJTH, de Kruif MD, Horlings HM, Borensztajn K, Spek CA. Potential importance of protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 expression in the tumor stroma of non-small-cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:113. [PMID: 28173772 PMCID: PMC5297223 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 expression is increased in a variety of tumor cells. In preclinical models, tumor cell PAR-1 appeared to be involved in the regulation of lung tumor growth and metastasis; however the role of PAR-1 in the lung tumor microenvironment, which is emerging as a key compartment in driving cancer progression, remained to be explored. METHODS In the present study, PAR-1 gene expression was determined in lung tissue from patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using a combination of publicly available RNA microarray datasets and in house-made tissue microarrays including tumor biopsies of 94 patients with NSCLC (40 cases of adenocarcinoma, 42 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 12 cases of other type of NSCLC at different stages). RESULTS PAR-1 gene expression strongly correlated with tumor stromal markers (i.e. macrophage, endothelial cells and (myo) fibroblast markers) but not with epithelial cell markers. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of PAR-1 in the tumor stroma and showed that PAR-1 expression was significantly upregulated in malignant tissue compared with normal lung tissue. The overexpression of PAR-1 in tumor stroma of NSCLC appeared to be independent from tumor type, tumor stage, histopathological differentiation status, disease progression and patient survival. CONCLUSION Overall, our data provide evidence that PAR-1 in NSCLC is mainly expressed on cells that constitute the pulmonary tumor microenvironment, including vascular endothelial cells, macrophages and stromal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lin
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Christof J Majoor
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn D de Kruif
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.,Department of Pulmonology, Zuyderland Hospital, Henri Dunantstraat 5, 6419 PC, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo M Horlings
- Department of Pathology, The Antonie van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Keren Borensztajn
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.,Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - C Arnold Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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12
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Abstract
Although many studies have demonstrated that components of the hemostatic system may be involved in signaling leading to cancer progression, the potential mechanisms by which they contribute to cancer dissemination are not yet precisely understood. Among known coagulant factors, tissue factor (TF) and thrombin play a pivotal role in cancer invasion. They may be generated in the tumor microenvironment independently of blood coagulation and can induce cell signaling through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). PARs are transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by a unique proteolytic mechanism. They play important roles in vascular physiology, neural tube closure, hemostasis, and inflammation. All of these agents (TF, thrombin, PARs—mainly PAR-1 and PAR-2) are thought to promote cancer invasion and metastasis at least in part by facilitating tumor cell migration, angiogenesis, and interactions with host vascular cells, including platelets, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Here, we discuss the role of PARs and their activators in cancer progression, focusing on TF- and thrombin-mediated actions. Therapeutic options tailored specifically to inhibit PAR-induced signaling in cancer patients are presented as well.
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13
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Fujimoto D, Ueda Y, Hirono Y, Goi T, Yamaguchi A. PAR1 participates in the ability of multidrug resistance and tumorigenesis by controlling Hippo-YAP pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34788-99. [PMID: 26431277 PMCID: PMC4741490 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway significantly correlates with organ size control and tumorigenesis. The activity of YAP/TAZ, a transducer of the Hippo pathway, is required to sustain self-renewal and tumor-initiation capacities in cancer stem cells (CSCs). But, upstream signals that control the mammalian Hippo pathway have not been well understood. Here, we reveal a connection between the Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) signaling pathway and the Hippo-YAP pathway in gastric cancer stem-like cells. The selective PAR1 agonist TFLLR-NH2 induces an increase in the fraction of side population cells which is enriched in CSCs, and promotes tumorigenesis, multi cancer drug resistance, cell morphological change, and cell invasion which are characteristics of CSCs. In addition, PAR1 activation inhibits the Hippo-YAP pathway kinase Lats via Rho GTPase. Lats kinase inhibition in turn results in increased nuclear localization of dephosphorylated YAP. Furthermore, PAR1 activation confers CSCs related traits via the Hippo-YAP pathway, and the Hippo-YAP pathway correlates with epithelial mesenchymal transition which is induced by PAR1 activation. Our research suggests that the PAR1 signaling deeply participates in the ability of multi drug resistance and tumorigenesis through interactions with the Hippo-YAP pathway signaling in gastric cancer stem-like cells. We presume that inhibited YAP is a new therapeutic target in the treatment human gastric cancer invasion and metastasis by dysregulated PAR1 or its agonists. The Hippo pathway significantly correlates with organ size control and tumorigenesis. The activity of YAP/TAZ, a transducer of the Hippo pathway, is required to sustain self-renewal and tumor-initiation capacities in cancer stem cells (CSCs). But, upstream signals that control the mammalian Hippo pathway have not been well understood. Here, we reveal a connection between the Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) signaling pathway and the Hippo-YAP pathway in gastric cancer stem-like cells. The selective PAR1 agonist TFLLR-NH2 induces an increase in the fraction of side population cells which is enriched in CSCs, and promotes tumorigenesis, multi cancer drug resistance, cell morphological change, and cell invasion which are characteristics of CSCs. In addition, PAR1 activation inhibits the Hippo-YAP pathway kinase Lats via Rho GTPase. Lats kinase inhibition in turn results in increased nuclear localization of Dephosphorylated YAP. Furthermore, PAR1 activation confers CSCs related traits via the Hippo-YAP pathway, and the Hippo-YAP pathway correlates with epithelial mesenchymal transition which is induced by PAR1 activation. Our research suggests that the PAR1 signaling deeply participates in the ability of multi drug resistance and tumorigenesis through interactions with the Hippo-YAP pathway signaling in gastric cancer stem-like cells. We presume that inhibited YAP is a new therapeutic target in the treatment human gastric cancer invasion and metastasis by dysregulated PAR1 or its agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fujimoto
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yuki Ueda
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hirono
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takanori Goi
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akio Yamaguchi
- First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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14
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Auvergne R, Wu C, Connell A, Au S, Cornwell A, Osipovitch M, Benraiss A, Dangelmajer S, Guerrero-Cazares H, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Goldman SA. PAR1 inhibition suppresses the self-renewal and growth of A2B5-defined glioma progenitor cells and their derived gliomas in vivo. Oncogene 2016; 35:3817-28. [PMID: 26616854 PMCID: PMC4885796 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most common and lethal intracranial tumor. In a comparison of gene expression by A2B5-defined tumor-initiating progenitor cells (TPCs) to glial progenitor cells derived from normal adult human brain, we found that the F2R gene encoding PAR1 was differentially overexpressed by A2B5-sorted TPCs isolated from gliomas at all stages of malignant development. In this study, we asked if PAR1 is causally associated with glioma progression. Lentiviral knockdown of PAR1 inhibited the expansion and self-renewal of human GBM-derived A2B5(+) TPCs in vitro, while pharmacological inhibition of PAR 1 similarly slowed both the growth and migration of A2B5(+) TPCs in culture. In addition, PAR1 silencing potently suppressed tumor expansion in vivo, and significantly prolonged the survival of mice following intracranial transplantation of human TPCs. These data strongly suggest the importance of PAR1 to the self-renewal and tumorigenicity of A2B5-defined glioma TPCs; as such, the abrogation of PAR1-dependent signaling pathways may prove a promising strategy for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Auvergne
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - C Wu
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Connell
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S Au
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Cornwell
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M Osipovitch
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Benraiss
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S Dangelmajer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Guerrero-Cazares
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Quinones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - SA Goldman
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Tas F, Bilgin E, Karabulut S, Erturk K, Duranyildiz D. Clinical significance of serum Protease-Activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1) levels in patients with cutaneous melanoma. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 5:166-9. [PMID: 27141440 PMCID: PMC4840403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Protease-Activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple malignancies and its expression strongly also affects the outcomes of cancer patients. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical significance of the serum levels of PAR-1in cutaneous melanoma patients. Methods A total of 60 patients with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma were enrolled into this study. Serum PAR-1concentrations were determined by the solid-phase sandwich ELISA method. Results No significant difference in serum PAR-1 levels between melanoma patients and healthy controls was found (p = 0.07). The known clinical variables including age of patient, gender, site of lesion, histology, stage of disease, serum LDH levels and chemotherapy responsiveness were not correlated with serum PAR-1 concentrations (p > 0.05). Likewise, serum PAR-1 concentration had also no prognostic role on survival (p = 0.41). Conclusion Serum levels of PAR-1 have no diagnostic, predictive and prognostic roles in cutaneous melanoma patients. General significance Measurement of PAR-1 in serum is not a clinical significance in cutaneous melanoma patients. PAR-1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple malignancies. Its expression strongly also affects the outcomes of cancer patients. Serum levels of PAR-1 have no diagnostic, predictive and prognostic roles in cutaneous melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Tas
- Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Bilgin
- Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Senem Karabulut
- Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kayhan Erturk
- Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Yang L, Ma Y, Han W, Li W, Cui L, Zhao X, Tian Y, Zhou Z, Wang W, Wang H. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 promotes cancer cell migration through RNA methylation-mediated repression of miR-125b. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26627-37. [PMID: 26354435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.667717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase activated-receptor 2 (PAR2) participates in cancer metastasis promoted by serine proteinases. The current study aimed to test the molecular mechanism by which PAR2 promotes cancer cell migration. In different cancer cells, activation of PAR2 by activating peptide (PAR2-AP) dramatically increased cell migration, whereas knock down of PAR2 inhibited cellular motility. The PAR2 activation also repressed miR-125b expression while miR-125b mimic successfully blocked PAR2-induced cell migration. Moreover, Grb associated-binding protein 2 (Gab2) was identified as a novel target gene of miR-125b and it mediated PAR2-induced cell migration. The correlation of PAR2 with miR-125b and Gab2 was further supported by the findings obtained from human colorectal carcinoma specimens. Remarkably, knock down of NOP2/Sun domain family, member 2 (NSun2), a RNA methyltransferase, blocked the reduction in miR-125b induced by PAR2. Furthermore, PAR2 activation increased the level of N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A)-containing pre-miR-125b in NSun2-dependent manner. Taken together, our results demonstrated that miR-125b mediates PAR2-induced cancer cell migration by targeting Gab2 and that NSun2-dependent RNA methylation contributes to the down-regulation of miR-125b by PAR2 signaling. These findings suggest a novel epigenetic mechanism by which microenvironment regulates cancer cell migration by altering miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology
| | - Yiming Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology
| | - Wenxiao Han
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology
| | - Weiwei Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology
| | - Liang Cui
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, and
| | - Xinhua Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology
| | - Yantao Tian
- Department of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, and
| | - Zhixiang Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 100021 Beijing, PR China and
| | - Wengong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongying Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology,
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17
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Spek CA, Versteeg HH, Borensztajn KS. Anticoagulant therapy of cancer patients: Will patient selection increase overall survival? Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:530-6. [PMID: 25994568 DOI: 10.1160/th15-02-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Already since the early 1800s, it has been recognised that malignancies may provoke thromboembolic complications, and indeed cancer patients are at increased risk of developing venous thrombosis. Interestingly, case control studies of deep-vein thrombosis suggested that low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) improved survival of cancer patients. This led to the hypothesis that cancer cells might 'take advantage' of a hypercoagulable state to more efficiently metastasise. Initial randomised placebo control trials showed that LMWH improve overall survival of cancer patients, especially in those patients with a relatively good prognosis. The failure of recent phase III trials, however, tempers enthusiasm for anticoagulant treatment in cancer patients despite an overwhelming body of literature showing beneficial effects of anticoagulants in preclinical models. Instead of discarding LMWH as potential (co)treatment modality in cancer patients, these disappointing recent trials should guide future preclinical research on anticoagulants in cancer biology. Most and for all, the underlying mechanisms by which coagulation drives tumour progression need to be elucidated. This could ultimately allow selection of cancer patients most likely to benefit from anticoagulant treatment and/or from targeted therapy downstream of coagulation factor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arnold Spek
- C. Arnold Spek, H2-157, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 20 5668750, E-mail:
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18
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Kularathna PK, Pagel CN, Mackie EJ. Tumour progression and cancer-induced pain: a role for protease-activated receptor-2? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 57:149-56. [PMID: 25448411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of proteases in modifying the microenvironment of tumour cells has long been recognised. With the discovery of the protease-activated receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors a mechanism for cells to sense and respond directly to proteases in their microenvironment was revealed. Many early studies described the roles of protease-activated receptors in the cellular events that occur during blood coagulation and inflammation. More recently, studies have begun to focus on the roles of protease-activated receptors in the establishment, progression and metastasis of a variety of tumours. This review will focus on the expression of protease-activated receptor-2 and its activators by normal and neoplastic tissues, and describe current evidence that activation of protease-activated receptor-2 is an important event at multiple stages of tumour progression and in pain associated with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamuditha K Kularathna
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Charles N Pagel
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Mackie
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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19
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Queiroz KCS, Shi K, Duitman J, Aberson HL, Wilmink JW, van Noesel CJM, Richel DJ, Spek CA. Protease-activated receptor-1 drives pancreatic cancer progression and chemoresistance. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2294-304. [PMID: 24436106 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 expression in tumor cells is associated with disease progression and overall survival in a variety of cancers of epithelial origin; however, the importance of PAR-1 in the tumor microenvironment remains unexplored. Utilizing an orthotopic pancreatic cancer model in which tumor cells are PAR-1 positive whereas stromal cells are PAR-1 negative, we show that PAR-1 expression in the microenvironment drives progression and induces chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer. PAR-1 enhances monocyte recruitment into the tumor microenvironment by regulating monocyte migration and fibroblast dependent chemokine production thereby inducing chemoresistance. Overall, our data identify a novel role of PAR-1 in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment and suggest that PAR-1 may be an attractive target to reduce drug resistance in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla C S Queiroz
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Salgado CM, Silver RB, Bauer BS, Basu D, Schmitt L, Khakoo Y, Reyes-Múgica M. Skin of patients with large/giant congenital melanocytic nevi shows increased mast cells. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2014; 17:198-203. [PMID: 24679055 DOI: 10.2350/14-02-1444-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nevocytes (NC) and mastocytes (MC) have different progenitors but share stem cell factor as regulator/activator of NC and for differentiation/proliferation of MC. Both cell types express stem cell factor receptor CD117. We hypothesize that large/giant congenital melanocytic nevi (L/GCMN) may associate with MC hyperplasia. Forty-nine L/GCMN were examined, 12 samples from uninvolved skin of L/GCMN patients and 6 control skin samples studied with Giemsa and immunohistochemistry for CD117 and MC-tryptase. Picrosirius red (PR) was used to assess fibrosis. Digital images were used to count MC/mm(2) using ImageJ software. Western blot (WB) for MC-tryptase in 12 GCMN and 12 non-nevus samples was performed. Analysis of variance (Tukey) and Pearson statistical tests were applied. Increased MCs were observed in nevus tissue (75.1 ± 35.3 MCs/mm(2)) and in uninvolved skin (53.74 ± 27.7 MC/ mm(2)). P = 0.109 from patients with L/GCMN, compared with controls from individuals without L/GCMN (28.74 ± 8.4 MC/mm(2)); P = 0.001 supported by results of WB analysis for tryptase. A positive trend toward correlation of MC numbers with fibrosis, assessed by PR staining fell short of statistical significance (r = 0.245; P = 0.086); no difference in fibrosis was found between nevus and non-nevus skin from patients with L/GCMN (P = 0.136). We found a higher density of MC, both in normal-appearing skin and nevus areas of L/GCMN patients, compared with control skin samples from individuals without nevi. Given the abnormal wound healing and allergic reactions described in L/GCMN patients, these findings suggest a potential role for MC in the biology of L/GCMN, making them a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M Salgado
- 1 Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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21
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Malfettone A, Silvestris N, Saponaro C, Ranieri G, Russo A, Caruso S, Popescu O, Simone G, Paradiso A, Mangia A. High density of tryptase-positive mast cells in human colorectal cancer: a poor prognostic factor related to protease-activated receptor 2 expression. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 17:1025-37. [PMID: 23991686 PMCID: PMC3780541 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptase(+) mast cells (MCs), abundant in the invasive front of tumours, contribute to tissue remodelling. Indeed, protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) activation by MC-tryptase is considered an oncogenic event in colorectal cancer (CRC). Recently, we have suggested NHERF1 as a potential new marker in CRC. In this study, we aimed to determine the distribution of tryptase(+) MCs and PAR-2 and to examine the relationship between PAR-2 and NHERF1, investigating their reputed usefulness as tumour markers. We studied a cohort of 115 CRC specimens including primary cancer (C) and adjacent normal mucosa (NM) by immunohistochemical double staining, analyzing the protein expression of MC-tryptase, PAR-2 and cytoplasmic NHERF1. MC density was higher in NM than in C. Tumours with high TNM stage and poor grade showed the highest MC density. A higher PAR-2 immunoreactivity characterized tumours most infiltrated by MCs compared with samples with low MC density. Furthermore, PAR-2 overexpression was associated with advanced TNM stage, poor grade and lymphovascular invasion (LVI). A positive correlation existed between tryptase(+) MC density and PAR-2 expression. Cytoplasmic NHERF1 was higher in C than in NM and overexpressing tumours resulted associated with nodal and distant metastases, poor grade and LVI. PAR-2 correlated with cytoplasmic NHERF1 and the PAR-2(+)/cytoplasmic NHERF1(+) expression immunophenotype identified tumours associated with unfavourable prognosis and aggressive clinical parameters. Our data indicate that the high density of tryptase(+) MCs at invasive margins of tumours was associated with advanced stages of CRC and was strongly correlated with PAR-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Malfettone
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
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22
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Bäumer N, Krause A, Köhler G, Lettermann S, Evers G, Hascher A, Bäumer S, Berdel WE, Müller-Tidow C, Tickenbrock L. Proteinase-Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) regulates leukemic stem cell functions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94993. [PMID: 24740120 PMCID: PMC3989293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
External signals that are mediated by specific receptors determine stem cell fate. The thrombin receptor PAR1 plays an important role in haemostasis, thrombosis and vascular biology, but also in tumor biology and angiogenesis. Its expression and function in hematopoietic stem cells is largely unknown. Here, we analyzed expression and function of PAR1 in primary hematopoietic cells and their leukemic counterparts. AML patients' blast cells expressed much lower levels of PAR1 mRNA and protein than CD34+ progenitor cells. Constitutive Par1-deficiency in adult mice did not affect engraftment or stem cell potential of hematopoietic cells. To model an AML with Par1-deficiency, we retrovirally introduced the oncogene MLL-AF9 in wild type and Par1−/− hematopoietic progenitor cells. Par1-deficiency did not alter initial leukemia development. However, the loss of Par1 enhanced leukemic stem cell function in vitro and in vivo. Re-expression of PAR1 in Par1−/− leukemic stem cells delayed leukemogenesis in vivo. These data indicate that Par1 contributes to leukemic stem cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bäumer
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Annika Krause
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Gabriele Köhler
- Gerhard Domagk Institute for Pathology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephanie Lettermann
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Evers
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Antje Hascher
- Hochschule Hamm-Lippstadt, University of Applied Science, Hamm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bäumer
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Berdel
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research IZKF, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Dept. of Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
- * E-mail: (CMT); (LT)
| | - Lara Tickenbrock
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Hochschule Hamm-Lippstadt, University of Applied Science, Hamm, Germany
- * E-mail: (CMT); (LT)
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23
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Li X, Tai HH. Thromboxane A2 receptor-mediated release of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) induces expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:659-66. [PMID: 23475608 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) are known to be upregulated in many tumors. Their roles in tumor invasion and metastasis are being uncovered. How they are related to each other and involved in tumor progression remains to be determined. Earlier it was reported that I-BOP-initiated activation of thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) induced the release of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 from lung cancer A549 cells overexpressing TPα (A549-TPα). Herein it was found that MMP-1, but not MMP-3 or MMP-9, induced the expression of MCP-1 in A549 cells. Conditioned medium (CM) from I-BOP activated, MMP-1 siRNA pretreated A549-TPα cells induced greatly attenuated expression of MCP-1 in A549 cells indicating that MMP-1 in the CM contributed significantly to the expression of MCP-1. MMP-1 was shown to activate protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) instead of commonly assumed PAR1 to increase the expression of MCP-1 in A549 cells. This conclusion was reached from the following findings: (1) expression of MCP-1 induced by trypsin, a PAR2 agonist, and also PAR2 agonist peptide, was inhibited by a PAR2 antagonist; (2) expression of MCP-1 induced by MMP-1 and by CM from I-BOP activated A549-TPα cells was blocked by a PAR2 antagonist but not by other PAR antagonists; (3) expression of MCP-1 induced by MMP-1 and by CM from I-BOP activated A549-TPα cells was attenuated significantly by pretreatment of cells with PAR2-siRNA. These results suggest that PAR2 is a novel MMP-1 target mediating MMP-1-induced signals in A549 lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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24
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Zigler M, Kamiya T, Brantley EC, Villares GJ, Bar-Eli M. PAR-1 and thrombin: the ties that bind the microenvironment to melanoma metastasis. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6561-6. [PMID: 22009534 PMCID: PMC3206157 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Progression of melanoma is dependent on cross-talk between tumor cells and the adjacent microenvironment. The thrombin receptor, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), plays a key role in exerting this function during melanoma progression. PAR-1 and its activating factors, which are expressed on tumor cells and the surrounding stroma, induce not only coagulation but also cell signaling, which promotes the metastatic phenotype. Several adhesion molecules, cytokines, growth factors, and proteases have recently been identified as downstream targets of PAR-1 and have been shown to modulate interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment in the process of melanoma growth and metastasis. Inhibiting such interactions by targeting PAR-1 could potentially be a useful therapeutic modality for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Zigler
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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25
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Proteinase-activated receptors 1 and 2 regulate invasive behavior of human melanoma cells via activation of protein kinase D1. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:375-84. [PMID: 21993564 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated an important role of proteinases and proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) in tumorigenesis. Although a role for PARs has been described in various skin tumors including melanoma, the underlying cellular mechanisms have not been understood. Recent studies have suggested PAR(1) as a regulator of melanoma cell growth and metastasis by affecting angiogenic and invasive factors. Moreover, changes in the expression patterns of PAR(1) and PAR(2) correlate with skin cancer progression, and PAR(1) is overexpressed in melanoma. Therefore, we sought to elucidate the putative role of PAR(1)- and PAR(2)-mediated signal transduction pathways during melanoma progression. Activation of both PAR(1) and PAR(2) led to rapid phosphorylation of protein kinase D1 (PKD1) in cultured WM9 melanoma cells. PKD1 is known to be involved in cell migration, integrin regulation, and intracellular vesicle transport. Downregulation of PKD1 by siRNA resulted in diminished proliferation, decreased αvβ3 integrin regulation, and secretion of pro-angiogenic chemokine IL-8 in WM9 cells. In conclusion, our results show that PAR(1) and PAR(2) are involved in WM9 cell proliferation and secretion of IL-8 by activation of PKD1. Inactivation of the PKD1 pathway may be beneficial for the inhibition of PAR-induced melanoma proliferation and for maintenance of the inflammatory tumor environment.
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26
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Villares GJ, Zigler M, Bar-Eli M. The emerging role of the thrombin receptor (PAR-1) in melanoma metastasis--a possible therapeutic target. Oncotarget 2011; 2:8-17. [PMID: 21378407 PMCID: PMC3248147 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma remains as the deadliest form of skin cancer with limited and inefficient treatment options available for patients with metastatic disease. Within the last decade, the thrombin receptor, Protease Activated Receptor-1, has been described as an essential gene involved in the progression of human melanoma. PAR-1 is known to activate adhesive, invasive and angiogenic factors to promote melanoma metastasis. It is overexpressed not only in metastatic melanoma cell lines but is also highly expressed in metastatic lesions as compared to primary nevi and normal skin. Recently, PAR-1 has been described to regulate the gap junction protein Connexin 43 and the tumor suppressor gene Maspin to promote the metastatic melanoma phenotype. Herein, we review the role of PAR-1 in the progression of melanoma as well as utilizing PAR-1-regulated genes as potential therapeutic targets for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Villares
- The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 173 Houston, TX, USA
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27
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Expression and function of the kallikrein-related peptidase 6 in the human melanoma microenvironment. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2281-8. [PMID: 21753781 PMCID: PMC3193584 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is an aggressive disease of poor prognosis. Clinical and experimental studies have provided major insight into the pathogenesis of the disease, including the functional interaction between melanoma cells and surrounding keratinocytes, fibroblasts and immune cells. Nevertheless, patients with metastasized melanoma have a very poor prognosis and are largely refractory to clinical therapies. Hence, novel diagnostic tools to monitor melanoma development as well as therapeutic targets are urgently needed. We investigated the expression pattern of the kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) in human melanoma tissue sections throughout tumor development. Although, KLK6 was not detectable in tumor cells, we found strong KLK6 protein expression in keratinocytes and stromal cells located adjacent to benign nevi, primary melanomas and cutaneous metastatic lesions, suggesting a paracrine function of extracellular KLK6 during neoplastic transformation and malignant progression. Accordingly, recombinant Klk6 protein significantly induced melanoma cell migration and invasion accompanied by an accelerated intracellular Ca2+-flux. We could further demonstrate that KLK6-induced intracellular Ca2+-flux and tumor cell invasion critically depends on the protease-activated receptor PAR1. Our data provide experimental evidence that specific inhibition of the KLK6-PAR1 axis may interfere with the deleterious effect of tumor-microenvironment interaction and represent a potential option for translational melanoma research.
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Chang LH, Chen CH, Huang DY, Pai HC, Pan SL, Teng CM. Thrombin induces expression of twist and cell motility via the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α translational pathway in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1060-8. [PMID: 20857420 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Deep vein thrombosis associated with advanced cancer is known as Trousseau's syndrome. We hypothesized that thrombin, an activator of protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and PAR-4 contributes to tumor metastasis. In this study, we demonstrated that thrombin and the PAR-1 activating peptide (AP) SFLLRN, but not the PAR-4 AP GYPGKF, induced HIF-1α activities, protein expression, and cell motility in colorectal cancer cells, and these actions were significantly inhibited by the PAR-1 antagonist SCH79797. Moreover, thrombin-induced HIF-1α activity and cell motility were blocked by inhibiting important mediators of signaling transduction, including the ERK, PI3K, and mTOR pathways. These results showed that thrombin induced HIF-1α protein expression through PAR-1 and HIF-1α translational de novo protein synthesis. Twist can regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increase tumor metastasis. However, we observed that thrombin-induced HIF-1α increased Twist mRNA and its protein level was mediated by the modulation of PAR-1 activation and the HIF-1α translational pathway. In addition, Twist could increase N-cadherin but not E-cadherin to promote tumor metastasis. Overexpression of dominant-negative HIF-1α reversed thrombin-mediated Twist and Twist-induced N-cadherin expression. Moreover, siTwist inhibited Twist-induced N-cadherin and Thrombin-induced cell motility. In conclusion, our study showed that thrombin-induced HIF-1α upregulated Twist at the transcriptional level to enhance cell motility. These findings show that thrombin upregulates Twist via HIF-1α to make tumor cells malignant and also establish a link between the coagulation disorder and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsun Chang
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Maraveyas A, Johnson MJ, Xiao YP, Noble S. Malignant melanoma as a target malignancy for the study of the anti-metastatic properties of the heparins. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 29:777-84. [PMID: 20936327 PMCID: PMC2962791 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The outlook for metastatic melanoma to the brain is dismal. New therapeutic avenues are therefore needed. The anti-metastatic mechanisms that may underpin the effects of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) in in vitro and preclinical melanoma models warrant translating to a clinical setting. This review outlines a rationale that supports our proposal that metastatic melanoma to the brain is a clinical setting in which to study the anti-metastatic potential of LMWHs. Prevention or delay of brain metastases in melanoma is a clinically relevant and measurable target. Studies to explore the effect of anticoagulants on cancer survival are underway in other malignancies such as lung, pancreas, ovary, breast, and stomach cancer. However, no study to our knowledge has a methodology that could produce clinical evidence in support of a mechanism for whatever benefit may be seen. The setting we propose would allow translation of the molecular knowledge of the metastatic pathways mediated by platelets and the selectins—all potential targets of heparin—in a “time to appearance” of brain metastases endpoint. Since brain metastases are so common and they have a singularly adverse impact on survival, the “biological neuroprotection” model we propose in metastatic melanoma could provide the translational evidence to support the benefit of LMWHs in melanoma. More significantly, this would open the door to a wider “anti-metastatic” approach that could have much greater impact in patients with minimal disease being treated in adjuvant settings for the more common malignancies such as breast and colon cancer.
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Protease activated receptor-1 inhibits the Maspin tumor-suppressor gene to determine the melanoma metastatic phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108:626-31. [PMID: 21187389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1006886108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thrombin receptor protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is overexpressed in metastatic melanoma cell lines and tumor specimens. Previously, we demonstrated a significant reduction in tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis after PAR-1 silencing via systemic delivery of siRNA encapsulated into nanoliposomes. Gene expression profiling identified a 40-fold increase in expression of Maspin in PAR-1-silenced metastatic melanoma cell lines. Maspin promoter activity was significantly increased after PAR-1 silencing, suggesting that PAR1 negatively regulates Maspin at the transcriptional level. ChIP analyses revealed that PAR-1 decreases binding of Ets-1 and c-Jun transcription factors to the Maspin promoter, both known to activate Maspin transcription. PAR-1 silencing did not affect Ets-1 or c-Jun expression; rather it resulted in increased expression of the chromatin remodeling complex CBP/p300, as well as decreased activity of the CBP/p300 inhibitor p38, resulting in increased binding of Ets-1 and c-Jun to the Maspin promoter and higher Maspin expression. Functionally, Maspin expression reduced the invasive capability of melanoma cells after PAR-1 silencing, which was abrogated after rescuing with PAR-1. Furthermore, tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis was significantly decreased after expressing Maspin in a metastatic melanoma cell line. Moreover, silencing Maspin in PAR-1-silenced cells reverted the inhibition of tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis. Herein, we demonstrate a mechanism by which PAR-1 negatively regulates the expression of the Maspin tumor-suppressor gene in the acquisition of the metastatic melanoma phenotype, thus attributing an alternative function to PAR-1 other than coagulation.
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Braeuer RR, Zigler M, Villares GJ, Dobroff AS, Bar-Eli M. Transcriptional control of melanoma metastasis: the importance of the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 21:83-8. [PMID: 21147226 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular changes associated with the transition of melanoma cells from radial growth phase (RGP) to vertical growth phase (VGP) and the metastatic phenotype are not very well defined. However, some of the genes involved in this process and their transcriptional regulation are beginning to be elucidated. For example, the switch from RGP to VGP and the metastatic phenotype is associated with loss of the AP-2α transcription factor. AP-2α regulates the expression of c-KIT, MMP-2, VEGF, and the adhesion molecule MCAM/MUC18. Recently, we reported that AP-2α also regulates two G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) PAR-1 and PAFR. In turn, the thrombin receptor, PAR-1, regulates the expression of the gap junction protein Connexin-43 and the tumor suppressor gene Maspin. Activation of PAR-1 also leads to overexpression and secretion of proangiogenic factors such as IL-8, uPA, VEGF, PDGF, as well certain integrins. PAR-1 also cooperates with PAFR to regulate the expression of the MCAM/MUC18 via phosphorylation of CREB. The ligands for these GPCRs, thrombin and PAF, are secreted by stromal cells, emphasizing the importance of the tumor microenvironment in melanoma metastasis. The metastatic phenotype of melanoma is also associated with overexpression and function of CREB/ATF-1. Loss of AP-2α and overexpression of CREB/ATF-1 results in the overexpression of MCAM/MUC18 which by itself contributes to melanoma metastasis by regulating the inhibitor of DNA binding-1 (Id-1). CREB/ATF-1 also regulates the angiogenic factor CYR-61. Our recent data indicate that CREB/ATF-1 regulates the expression of AP-2α, thus, supporting the notion that CREB is an important "master switch" in melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell R Braeuer
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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32
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Expression of proteinase-activated receptor 1-4 (PAR 1-4) in human cancer. J Mol Histol 2010; 41:89-99. [PMID: 20563836 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-010-9274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Proteinase activated receptors (PAR 1-4) are membrane receptors with a unique way of activation by proteinases like thrombin, trypsin and matrix metalloproteinases which lead to a specific cellular response. To evaluate the significance of expression and co-expression of PAR in cancer we performed a survey on published data. A Pubmed literature search on "PAR, thrombin, cancer" was performed and 46 publications were selected for systematic review based on the availability of information on tumor type, material type, detection method and specification of positive cases. PAR-1 was found in 77.3% of malignant samples (n = 678), PAR-2 in 79.5% (n = 592), PAR-3 in 12.6% (n = 87) and PAR-4 in 54.9% (n = 153). PAR-1 and -2 were present in adenocarcinomas, melanomas, osteosarcomas, glioblastomas, meningiomas, leukaemias and squamous cell carcinomas. Presence of PAR-3 was limited to kidney and liver cancer. The data on PAR-4 expression was inconclusive. Those studies analysing PAR-1 and PAR-2 reported coexpression of the two receptors. PAR-1 and -2 are widely expressed in human tumors suggesting an important role in tumorigenesis and providing potential targets for therapy. PAR-3 and PAR-4 are less frequently detectable, their expression and potential role in tumorigenesis require further investigation.
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Biomarkers: the useful and the not so useful--an assessment of molecular prognostic markers for cutaneous melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1971-87. [PMID: 20555347 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Among individuals with localized (Stage I-II) melanoma, stratifying patients by a number of phenotypic variables (e.g., depth of invasion, ulceration) yields a wide range of 10-year melanoma-specific survival rates. With the possible exception of Ki-67, no molecular assessment is routinely used. However, there have been a tremendous number of studies assessing protein expression by immunohistochemistry toward the goal of better prediction of recurrence. In a previous systematic review, which required publication of multivariable prognostic models as a strict inclusion criterion, we identified 37 manuscripts that collectively reported on 62 proteins. Data for 324 proteins extracted from 418 manuscripts did not meet our inclusion criteria for that study, but are revisited here, emphasizing trends of protein expression across either melanocytic lesion progression or gradations of tumor thickness. These identified 101 additional proteins that stratify melanoma, organized according to the Hanahan and Weinberg functional capabilities of cancer.
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de Meis E, Azambuja D, Ayres-Silva J, Zamboni M, Pinheiro V, Levy R, Monteiro R. Increased expression of tissue factor and protease-activated receptor-1 does not correlate with thrombosis in human lung adenocarcinoma. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:403-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. de Meis
- Instituto Nacional do Câncer; Instituto Nacional do Câncer
| | | | | | | | | | - R.A. Levy
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ribatti D, Annese T, Longo V. Angiogenesis and melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:114-32. [PMID: 24281035 PMCID: PMC3827594 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis occurs in pathological conditions, such as tumors, where a specific critical point in tumor progression is the transition from the avascular to the vascular phase. Tumor angiogenesis depends mainly on the release by neoplastic cells of growth factors specific for endothelial cells, which are able to stimulate the growth of the host's blood vessels. This article summarizes the literature concerning the relationship between angiogenesis and human melanoma progression. The recent applications of antiangiogenic agents which interfere with melanoma progression are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, Policlinico 70124, Bari, Italy.
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36
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Silini A, Ghilardi C, Ardinghi C, Bernasconi S, Oliva P, Carraro F, Naldini A, Bani MR, Giavazzi R. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) promotes the motility of human melanomas and is associated to their metastatic phenotype. Clin Exp Metastasis 2009; 27:43-53. [PMID: 20084489 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-009-9301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is a unique G-protein-coupled receptor belonging to the protease-activated receptor family. Its activation leads to downstream signaling events that launch a variety of cellular responses related to tumor progression. PAR-1 expression has been associated to a variety of human cancers, and our previous studies reveal a high PAR-1 expression in melanoma specimens as compared to common nevi. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of PAR-1 to the malignant phenotype of human melanoma cell lines obtained from cutaneous primary lesions, capable of different metastatic behaviors in the patients from which they have been derived. We found that melanoma cells isolated from lesions giving rise to metastases in patients (WM115, WM278A, WM1361A, WM983A), had higher PAR-1 mRNA and protein expression, as compared to those obtained from lesions that did not develop metastatic disease (WM793, WM35). The cells isolated from metastatic primary lesions were able to colonize the lungs of immunodeficient SCID mice while those isolated from non-metastatic lesions were not. Additionally, cells expressing elevated PAR-1 had higher migratory and invasive abilities than those holding minimal PAR-1 expression. The migration and invasion capabilities of the melanoma cells expressing high PAR-1 were hampered by genetic and pharmacological interventions. The reduction of PAR-1 expression by siRNA and the inhibition of PAR-1 function by the SCH79797 specific antagonist significantly decreased the melanoma cell motility and invasiveness, down to an extent similar to that of the non-metastatic and low PAR-1 expressing cells. Our results provide strong evidence supporting the implication of PAR-1 in the malignant progression of human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Silini
- Laboratory of Biology and Treatment of Metastases, Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
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37
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Villares GJ, Dobroff AS, Wang H, Zigler M, Melnikova VO, Huang L, Bar-Eli M. Overexpression of protease-activated receptor-1 contributes to melanoma metastasis via regulation of connexin 43. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6730-7. [PMID: 19679555 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is a key player in melanoma metastasis with higher expression seen in metastatic melanoma cell lines and tissue specimens. cDNA microarray and Western blot analyses reveal that the gap junctional intracellular communication molecule connexin 43 (Cx-43), known to be involved in tumor cell diapedesis and attachment to endothelial cells, is significantly decreased after PAR-1 silencing in metastatic melanoma cell lines. Furthermore, Cx-43 promoter activity was significantly inhibited in PAR-1-silenced cells, suggesting that PAR-1 regulates Cx-43 at the transcriptional level. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies showed a reduction in the binding of SP-1 and AP-1 transcription factors to the promoter of Cx-43. Both transcription factors have been shown previously to be required for maximal Cx-43 promoter activity. These results were corroborated by mutating the AP-1 and SP-1 binding sites resulting in decreased Cx-43 promoter activity in PAR-1-positive cells. Moreover, as Cx-43 has been shown to facilitate arrest of circulating tumor cells at the vascular endothelium, melanoma cell attachment to endothelial cells was significantly decreased in PAR-1-silenced cells, with this effect being abrogated after PAR-1 rescue. Herein, we report that up-regulation of PAR-1 expression, seen in melanoma progression, mediates high levels of Cx-43 expression. As both SP-1 and AP-1 transcription factors act as positive regulators of Cx-43, our data provide a novel mechanism for the regulation of Cx-43 expression by PAR-1. Indeed, Cx-43 expression was restored following PAR-1 rescue in PAR-1-silenced cells. Taken together, our data support the tumor promoting function of Cx-43 in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Villares
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA
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38
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A matrix metalloproteinase-1/protease activated receptor-1 signaling axis promotes melanoma invasion and metastasis. Oncogene 2009; 28:4237-48. [PMID: 19734937 PMCID: PMC2788659 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hallmarks of malignant melanoma are its propensity to metastasize and its resistance to treatment, giving patients with advanced disease a poor prognosis. The transition of melanoma from non-invasive radial growth phase (RGP) to invasive and metastatically competent vertical growth phase (VGP) is a major step in tumor progression, yet the mechanisms governing this transformation are unknown. Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is highly expressed by VGP melanomas, and is thought to contribute to melanoma progression by degrading type I collagen within the skin to facilitate melanoma invasion. Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is activated by MMP-1, and is also expressed by VGP melanomas. However, the effects MMP-1 signaling through PAR-1 have not been examined in melanoma. Here, we demonstrate that an MMP-1/PAR-1 signaling axis exists in VGP melanoma, and is necessary for melanoma invasion. Introduction of MMP-1 into RGP melanoma cells induced gene expression associated with tumor progression and promoted invasion in vitro, and enhanced tumor growth and conferred metastatic capability in vivo. This study demonstrates that both the type I collagenase and PAR-1 activating functions of MMP-1 are required for melanoma progression, and suggests that MMP-1 may be a major contributor to the transformation of melanoma from non-invasive to malignant disease.
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Bian ZX, Li Z, Huang ZX, Zhang M, Chen HL, Xu HX, Sung JJY. Unbalanced expression of protease-activated receptors-1 and -2 in the colon of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients. J Gastroenterol 2009; 44:666-74. [PMID: 19430717 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-009-0058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine whether a changed expression ratio of PAR-1 and PAR-2 in the colon is associated with diarrhea-predominant IBS patients. METHODS PAR-1, -2, thrombin, mast cell tryptase, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), and chromgranin A (ChrA) in colonic biopsy samples from 10 diarrhea-predominant IBS patients and 13 healthy control subjects were semiquantified with immunofluorescence and image analysis. Serotonin concentrations in biopsy samples were evaluated by capillary electrophoresis. RESULTS Significantly lower expression of PAR-1 and higher expression of mast cell tryptase was detected in the colons of patients, with statistically unchanged expression of PAR-2. Thrombin-, TPH-, and ChrA-positive cells were markedly increased in IBS patients, but no significant difference in serotonin concentration existed in the colons between two groups. The ratio of PAR-1/PAR-2 expression was significantly decreased in patients (0.33+/-0.19 versus 0.66+/-0.22, P=0.001) and negatively correlated to ChrA-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS Changed expression ratio of PAR-1 to PAR-2 in the colon is connected with diarrhea-predominant IBS patients. Methods to restore an appropriate balance of PAR-1 and PAR-2 activation in the colon may offer a promising future therapeutic strategy for IBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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40
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Proteinase-activated receptor 2 expression in breast cancer and its role in breast cancer cell migration. Oncogene 2009; 28:3047-57. [PMID: 19543320 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by trypsin-like proteinases. PAR2 is detected in breast tumor specimens; however, it is not clear how PAR2 level in breast cancer cell/tissues compares with normal cell/tissues. Here, we show the elevation of PAR2 protein level in 76 of 105 breast tumor specimens but only 5 of 24 normal breast tissues. PAR2 level is also higher in breast cancer cell lines than that in normal breast cells and non-cancerous breast cell lines. To determine the role of PAR2 in breast carcinogenesis, we examined the effect of PAR2 agonists on cell proliferation and migration. Our studies show that PAR2 agonists (PAR2-activating peptide and trypsin) are neither potent growth enhancers nor chemoattractants to breast cancer cells. Instead, PAR2 agonists induce significant chemokinesis. PAR2-mediated chemokinesis is G(alphai)-dependent, and inhibiting Src kinase activity or silencing c-Src expression blocks PAR2-mediated chemokinesis. These results suggest that c-Src works downstream of G(alphai) to mediate this PAR2 agonist-induced event. To characterize c-Src effector, we reveal that PAR2 agonists activate JNKs in a Src-dependent manner and that JNK activity is essential for PAR2-mediated chemokinesis. Moreover, PAR2 agonist stimulation leads to paxillin Ser(178) phosphorylation and paxillin(S178A) mutant inhibits PAR2-mediated chemokinesis. In conclusion, our studies show that PAR2 agonists facilitate breast cancer cell chemokinesis through the G(alphai)-c-Src-JNK-paxillin signaling pathway.
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Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is extremely refractory to existing chemotherapeutic drugs and bioimmune adjuvant therapies, and the life span of patients with metastatic melanoma is often measured in months. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the development of tumor metastasis is critical for finding successful curative measures. An expending amount of data reveal the importance of inflammatory microenvironment and stroma in cancer initiation and progression, which brings new directions and approaches to cancer treatment. This review will summarize current data on the role of the tumor microenvironment in shaping the metastatic phenotype of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava O Melnikova
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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42
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Bocheva G, Rattenholl A, Kempkes C, Goerge T, Lin CY, D'Andrea MR, Ständer S, Steinhoff M. Role of matriptase and proteinase-activated receptor-2 in nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1816-23. [PMID: 19242518 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Matriptase (membrane-type serine proteinase) was reported to play a role in nonmelanoma skin cancer progression. Moreover, it was shown to stimulate proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) in vitro. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (HAI-1), the matriptase inhibitor, is an important regulator of enzyme activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the putative role of matriptase, HAI-1, and PAR(2) in normal human skin, as well as in basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). In normal human epidermis, PAR(2) colocalized with matriptase and HAI-1. Immunoreactivity of all proteins was found to be diminished in BCCs. Likewise, PAR(2) immunoreactivity was significantly decreased, whereas matriptase immunoreactivity was enhanced with SCC progression. We could also show that matriptase was complexed to HAI-1 in normal human skin, whereas in SCCs, the enzyme was present in an unassociated form. Both a specific peptide agonist for PAR(2) and the proteinase domain of matriptase were able to induce intracellular calcium mobilization and inhibition of proliferation in cultured HaCaT keratinocytes. In conclusion, our results suggest that PAR(2) is a substrate for matriptase in human skin in vivo. Deregulation of these proteins delineates SCC progression.
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Niers TMH, Brüggemann LW, Klerk CPW, Muller FJM, Buckle T, Reitsma PH, Richel DJ, Spek CA, Van Tellingen O, Van Noorden CJF. Differential effects of anticoagulants on tumor development of mouse cancer cell lines B16, K1735 and CT26 in lung. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 26:171-8. [PMID: 19067186 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-008-9227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression is facilitated by blood coagulation. Anticoagulants, such as Hirudin and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), reduce metastasis mainly by inhibition of thrombin formation and L- and P-selectin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. It is unknown whether the effects are dependent on cancer cell type. The effects of anticoagulants on tumor development of K1735 and B16 melanoma cells and CT26 colon cancer cells were investigated in mouse lung. Tumor load was determined noninvasively each week up to day 21 in all experiments using bioluminescence imaging. Effects of anticoagulants on tumor development of the three cell lines were correlated with the fibrin/fibrinogen content in the tumors, expression of tissue factor (TF), protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 and -4 and CD24, a ligand of L- and P-selectins. Hirudin inhibited tumor development of B16 cells in lungs completely but did not affect tumor growth of K1735 and CT26 cells. Low molecular weight heparin did not have an effect on K1735 melanoma tumor growth either. TF and PAR-4 expression was similar in the three cell lines. PAR-1 and CD24 were hardly expressed by K1735, whereas CT26 cells expressed low levels and B16 high levels of PAR-1 and CD24. Fibrin content of the tumors was not affected by LMWH. It is concluded that effects of anticoagulants are dependent on cancer cell type and are correlated with their CD24 and PAR-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana M H Niers
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Villares GJ, Zigler M, Wang H, Melnikova VO, Wu H, Friedman R, Leslie MC, Vivas-Mejia PE, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK, Bar-Eli M. Targeting melanoma growth and metastasis with systemic delivery of liposome-incorporated protease-activated receptor-1 small interfering RNA. Cancer Res 2008; 68:9078-86. [PMID: 18974154 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The thrombin receptor [protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1)] is overexpressed in highly metastatic melanoma cell lines and in patients with metastatic lesions. Activation of PAR-1 leads to cell signaling and up-regulation of genes involved in adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis. Herein, we stably silence PAR-1 through the use of lentiviral short hairpin RNA and found significant decreases in both tumor growth (P < 0.01) and metastasis (P < 0.001) of highly metastatic melanoma cell lines in vivo. The use of viruses for therapy is not ideal as it can induce toxic immune responses and possible gene alterations following viral integration. Therefore, we also used systemic delivery of PAR-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) incorporated into neutral liposomes [1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC)] to decrease melanoma growth and metastasis in vivo. Significant decreases in tumor growth, weight, and metastatic lung colonies (P < 0.001 for all) were found in mice treated with PAR-1 siRNA-DOPC. The in vivo effects of PAR-1 on invasion and angiogenesis were analyzed via immunohistochemistry. Concomitant decreases in vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression levels, as well as decreased blood vessel density (CD31), were found in tumor samples from PAR-1 siRNA-treated mice, suggesting that PAR-1 is a regulator of melanoma cell growth and metastasis by affecting angiogenic and invasive factors. We propose that siRNA incorporated into DOPC nanoparticles could be delivered systemically and used as a new modality for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Villares
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Naldini A, Filippi I, Ardinghi C, Silini A, Giavazzi R, Carraro F. Identification of a functional role for the protease-activated receptor-1 in hypoxic breast cancer cells. Eur J Cancer 2008; 45:454-60. [PMID: 19046876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of the protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 has been associated with tumour progression. Indeed, PAR-1 expression correlates with tumour invasiveness, as well as with cancer cell survival. As the tumour microenvironment is characterised by a low oxygen tension, we decided to investigate the role of PAR-1 in cancer cells exposed to a hypoxic microenvironment. In this study we show that hypoxia enhances PAR-1 expression in MDAMB231 breast cancer cells. We next provided evidence for a novel role of PAR-1 in protecting hypoxic breast cancer against cell death, since inhibition of PAR-1 by RNA interference resulted in a decreased cell survival. Finally, we found that treatment of hypoxic MDAMB231 cells with the specific PAR-1 agonist peptide (TRAP) resulted in a significant increase of cell survival and migration. The overall results identify for the first time a functional role for PAR-1 in the cellular responses of breast cancer to a hypoxic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Naldini
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are the largest family of receptors with over 500 members. Evaluation of GPCR gene expression in primary human tumors identified over-expression of GPCR in several tumor types. Analysis of cancer samples in different disease stages also suggests that some GPCR may be involved in early tumor progression and others may play a critical role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Currently, >50% of drug targets to various human diseases are based on GPCR. In this review, the relationships between several GPCR and melanoma development and/or progression will be discussed. Finally, the possibility of using one or more of these GPCR as therapeutic targets in melanoma will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jin Lee
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Depasquale I, Thompson WD. Prognosis in human melanoma: PAR-1 expression is superior to other coagulation components and VEGF. Histopathology 2008; 52:500-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.02978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Melnikova VO, Villares GJ, Bar-Eli M. Emerging roles of PAR-1 and PAFR in melanoma metastasis. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2008; 1:103-11. [PMID: 19308689 PMCID: PMC2654348 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-008-0002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma growth, angiogenesis and metastatic progression are strongly promoted by the inflammatory tumor microenvironment due to high levels of cytokine and chemokine secretion by the recruited inflammatory and stromal cells. In addition, platelets and molecular components of procoagulant pathways have been recently emerging as critical players of tumor growth and metastasis. In particular, thrombin, through the activity of its receptor protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), regulates tumor cell adhesion to platelets and endothelial cells, stimulates tumor angiogenesis, and promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Notably, in many tumor types including melanoma, PAR-1 expression directly correlates with their metastatic phenotype and is directly responsible for the expression of interleukin-8, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and integrins. Another proinflammatory receptor–ligand pair, platelet-activating factor (PAF) and its receptor (PAFR), have been shown to act as important modulators of tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells, angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. PAF is a bioactive lipid produced by a variety of cells from membrane glycerophospholipids in the same reaction that releases arachidonic acid, and can be secreted by platelets, inflammatory cells, keratinocytes and endothelial cells. We have demonstrated that in metastatic melanoma cells, PAF stimulates the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) and activating transcription factor 1 (ATF-1), which results in overexpression of MMP-2 and membrane type 1-MMP (membrane type 1-MMP). Since only metastatic melanoma cells overexpress CREB/ATF-1, we propose that metastatic melanoma cells are better equipped than their non-metastatic counterparts to respond to PAF within the tumor microenvironment. The evidence supporting the hypothesis that the two G-protein coupled receptors, PAR-1 and PAFR, contribute to the acquisition of the metastatic phenotype of melanoma is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava O Melnikova
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Materazzi S, Pellerito S, Di Serio C, Paglierani M, Naldini A, Ardinghi C, Carraro F, Geppetti P, Cirino G, Santucci M, Tarantini F, Massi D. Analysis of protease-activated receptor-1 and -2 in human scar formation. J Pathol 2007; 212:440-9. [PMID: 17597495 DOI: 10.1002/path.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and PAR-2 are reported to contribute to the fibrotic process in a number of organs, including lung, liver, pancreas, and kidney. The aim of this study was to localize expression and biological activity of PAR-1 and PAR-2 in normal and pathological cutaneous scars. First, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of PAR-1 and PAR-2 proteins in a series of human normal scars (NS, n = 10), hypertrophic scars (HS, n = 10), and keloids (K, n = 10). Expression of PAR-1 and PAR-2 was observed in all types of scar. Specifically, in HS and K, diffuse PAR-1 and PAR-2 positivity was found in dermal cellular areas composed of myofibroblasts, while no or minor staining was observed in the scattered fibroblasts embedded in abundant extracellular matrix in the context of the more collagenous nodules, irrespective of the type of scar. The hyperplastic epidermis overlying K was also found to be strongly PAR-1 and PAR-2 positive, whilst in most NS and HS the epidermis was faintly to moderately stained. Second, ribonuclease protection assay on paraffin-embedded specimens showed overexpression of PAR-1 and PAR-2 mRNA in K compared to NS and HS. Third, cultured human fibroblasts exposed to TGF-beta1 expressed a myofibroblast phenotype associated with overexpression of PAR-2, while PAR-1 expression was unaffected. Intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization by PAR-2 agonists in myofibroblasts was increased as compared to fibroblasts, whereas the effect of PAR-1 agonists was unchanged. Our in vivo study indicates that PAR-1 and PAR-2 are expressed in cells involved in physiological and pathological scar formation and suggests that in vitro overexpression and exaggerated functional response of PAR-2 may play a role in the function of myofibroblasts in scar evolution from a physiological repair process to a pathological tissue response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Materazzi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, University of Florence, Italy.
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Tellez CS, Davis DW, Prieto VG, Gershenwald JE, Johnson MM, McCarty MF, Bar-Eli M. Quantitative Analysis of Melanocytic Tissue Array Reveals Inverse Correlation between Activator Protein-2α and Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Expression during Melanoma Progression. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:387-93. [PMID: 16946713 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The identification of molecular markers of melanoma progression is needed to more accurately stage and identify treatments for patients with malignant melanoma. Previously, we demonstrated that loss of the activator protein-2alpha (AP-2alpha) expression results in overexpression of the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) in human melanoma cell lines. Here, we used a tissue microarray platform that consisted of 64 melanocytic lesions, including dysplastic nevi (N=21), primary melanoma (N=20), and metastatic melanoma (N=23). We analyzed the expression of AP-2 and PAR-1 simultaneously by immunofluorescent microscopy with an automated quantification laser scanning cytometer. AP-2 was highly expressed in normal cutaneous melanocytes and dysplastic nevi but not in melanoma metastases. We observed a significantly higher number of AP-2-positive cells in the dysplastic nevi (P=0.0013) and primary melanoma (P=0.0023) compared to the metastatic melanoma. In contrast, we observed a significantly higher percentage of PAR-1-positive cells in the metastatic melanoma compared to dysplastic nevi (P=0.0072) and primary melanoma (P=0.0138). Increased expression of PAR-1 in metastatic melanomas contributes to tumor progression by modulating expression of genes, such as IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and integrins. These findings support our hypothesis that loss of AP-2 is a crucial event in the progression of human melanoma and contributes to the acquisition of the metastatic phenotype via upregulation of PAR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S Tellez
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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