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Barbosa RC, Godoy RSM, Ferreira PG, Mendes TAO, Ramalho-Ortigão M, Ribeiro JMC, Martins GF. Exploring the midgut physiology of the non-haematophagous mosquito Toxorhynchites theobaldi. Open Biol 2024; 14:230437. [PMID: 38955221 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxorhynchites mosquitoes have an exclusively phytophagous feeding habit as adults, which leads to significant differences in their morphophysiology compared with haematophagous mosquitoes. However, the molecular mechanisms of digestion in this mosquito are not well understood. In this study, RNA sequencing of the posterior midgut (PMG) of the mosquito Toxorhynchites theobaldi was undertaken, highlighting its significance in mosquito digestion. Subsequently, a comparison was made between the differential gene expression of the PMG and that of the anterior midgut. It was found that the most abundant proteases in the PMG were trypsin and chymotrypsin, and the level of gene expression for enzymes essential for digestion (such as serine protease, α-amylase and pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase) and innate immune response (including catalase, cecropin-A2 and superoxide dismutase) was like that of haematophagous mosquitoes. Peritrophin-1 was detected in the entire midgut, with an elevated expression level in the PMG. Based on our findings, it is hypothesized that a non-haematophagic habit might have been exhibited by the ancestor of Tx. theobaldi, and this trait may have been retained. This study represents a pioneering investigation at the molecular level of midgut contents in a non-haematophagous mosquito. The findings offer valuable insights into the evolutionary aspects of feeding habits in culicids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata C Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel S M Godoy
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Priscila G Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 50670-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago A O Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 50670-900, Brazil
| | | | - José M C Ribeiro
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Gustavo F Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
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Zhao WJ, Li Y, Jiao ZL, Su PP, Yang LB, Sun CQ, Xiu JF, Shang XL, Guo G. Function analysis and characterisation of a novel chitinase, MdCht9, in Musca domestica. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 33:157-172. [PMID: 38160324 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Insect chitinases have been proposed as potential targets for pest control. In this work, a novel group IV chitinase gene, MdCht9, from Musca domestica was found to have multiple functions in the physiological activity, including chitin regulation, development and antifungal immunity. The MdCht9 gene was cloned and sequenced, its phylogeny was analysed and its expression was determined in normal and 20E treated larvae. Subsequently, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated MdCht9 knockdown was performed, followed by biochemical assays, morphological observations and transcriptome analysis. Finally, the recombinant protein MdCht9 (rMdCht9) was purified and tested for anti-microbial activity and enzyme characteristics. The results showed that MdCht9 consists of three domains, highly expressed in a larval salivary gland. RNAi silencing of MdCht9 resulted in significant down-regulation of chitin content and expression of 15 chitin-binding protein (CBP) genes, implying a new insight that MdCht9 might regulate chitin content by influencing the expression of CBPs. In addition, more than half of the lethality and partial wing deformity appeared due to the dsMdCht9 treatment. In addition, the rMdCht9 exhibited anti-microbial activity towards Candida albicans (fungus) but not towards Escherichia coli (G-) or Staphylococcus aureus (G+). Our work expands on previous studies of chitinase while providing a potential target for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen-Long Jiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pei-Pei Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Long-Bing Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao-Qin Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Xiu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Shang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Guo Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Tan D, Hu H, Tong X, Han M, Gai T, Lou J, Yan Z, Xiong G, Lu C, Dai F. Mutation of a lepidopteran-specific PMP-like protein, BmLSPMP-like, induces a stick body shape in silkworm, Bombyx mori. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:5334-5346. [PMID: 36039742 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lepidoptera is one of the largest orders of insects, some of which are major pests of crops and forests. The cuticles of lepidopteran pests play important roles in defense against insecticides and pathogens, and are indispensable for constructing and maintaining extracellular structures and locomotion during their life cycle. Lepidopteran-specific cuticular proteins could be potential targets for lepidopteran pest control. But information on this is limited. Our research aimed to screen the lepidopteran-specific cuticular proteins using the lepidopteran model, the silkworm, to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the involvement of cuticular proteins in body shape construction. RESULTS Positional cloning showed that BmLSPMP-like, a gene encoding a lepidopteran-specific peritrophic matrix protein (PMP) like protein which includes a peritrophin A-type chitin-binding domain (CBM_14), is responsible for the stick (sk) mutation. BmLSPMP-like is an evolutionarily conserved gene that exhibits synteny in Lepidoptera and underwent purifying selection during evolution. Expression profiles demonstrated that BmLSPMP-like is expressed in chitin-forming tissues, testis and ovary, and accumulates in the cuticle. BmLSPMP-like knockout, generated with CRISPR/Cas9, resulted in a stick-like larval body shape phenotype. Over-expression of BmLSPMP-like in the sk mutant rescued its abnormal body shape. The results showed that BmLSPMP-like may be involved in assemblage in the larval cuticle. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that the dysfunction of BmLSPMP-like may result in a stick body shape phenotype in silkworm, through the regulation of the arrangement of the chitinous laminae and cuticle thickness. Our study provides new evidence of the effects of LSPMP-likes on lepidopteran body shape formation, metamorphosis and mortality, which could be an eco-friendly target for lepidopteran pest management. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minjin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinghou Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengwen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Ren XC, Liu QH. LvCPG2 facilitated WSSV infection by interaction with VP26 and VP28. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:313-320. [PMID: 34562580 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSP), widely distributed in extracellular matrices, have several important functions in vertebrates. In certain viruses, CSP acts as a receptor to promote infection. However, chondroitin proteoglycans lack sulfate are poorly understood in invertebrates. In this study, chondroitin proteoglycan 2 of Litopenaeus vannamei (LvCPG2) was cloned. The open reading frame of LvCPG2 cDNA is 2133 bp, which encodes a protein of 710 amino acids. LvCPG2 contained eight Chitin-binding domain type 2 (ChtBD2). LvCPG2 had the highest expression in lymphoid and significantly increased after WSSV challenge. The relative expression of IE1 and VP28, as well as the viral copy numbers were decreased significantly in LvCPG2-silenced shrimp. The far-western blotting result showed that LvCPG2 interacted with VP26 and VP28. Molecular docking complexes showed that N-terminal of LvCPG2 interacted with C-terminal VP26, while C-terminal of LvCPG2 combined with N-terminal of VP28. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that LvCPG2 could facilitate WSSV adhesion and penetration of shrimp hemocytes. Collectively, these findings suggested that LvCPG2 was involved in WSSV infection by interaction with VP26 and VP28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Chao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing-Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, China.
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5
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Lin YB, Rong JJ, Wei XF, Sui ZX, Xiao J, Huang DW. Proteomics and ultrastructural analysis of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larval peritrophic matrix. Proteome Sci 2021; 19:7. [PMID: 33836751 PMCID: PMC8035744 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-021-00175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has significant economic potential. The larvae can be used in financially viable waste management systems, as they are voracious feeders able to efficiently convert low-quality waste into valuable biomass. However, most studies on H. illucens in recent decades have focused on optimizing their breeding and bioconversion conditions, while information on their biology is limited. METHODS About 200 fifth instar well-fed larvae were sacrificed in this work. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy were employed in this study to perform a proteomic and ultrastructural analysis of the peritrophic matrix (PM) of H. illucens larvae. RESULTS A total of 565 proteins were identified in the PM samples of H. illucen, of which 177 proteins were predicted to contain signal peptides, bioinformatics analysis and manual curation determined 88 proteins may be associated with the PM, with functions in digestion, immunity, PM modulation, and others. The ultrastructure of the H. illucens larval PM observed by scanning electron microscopy shows a unique diamond-shaped chitin grid texture. CONCLUSIONS It is the first and most comprehensive proteomics research about the PM of H. illucens larvae to date. All the proteins identified in this work has been discussed in details, except several unnamed or uncharacterized proteins, which should not be ignored and need further study. A comparison of the ultrastructure between H. illucens larval PM and those of other insects as observed by SEM indicates that the PM displays diverse textures on an ultra-micro scale and we suscept a unique diamond-shaped chitin grid texture may help H. illucens larval to hold more food. This work deepens our understanding of the molecular architecture and ultrastructure of the H. illucens larval PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing-Jing Rong
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xun-Fan Wei
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhuo-Xiao Sui
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinhua Xiao
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Da-Wei Huang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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6
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Bascuñán P, Gabrieli P, Mameli E, Catteruccia F. Mating-regulated atrial proteases control reinsemination rates in Anopheles gambiae females. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21974. [PMID: 33319823 PMCID: PMC7738481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes are the most important vectors of human malaria. The reproductive success of these mosquitoes relies on a single copulation event after which the majority of females become permanently refractory to further mating. This refractory behavior is at least partially mediated by the male-synthetized steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), which is packaged together with other seminal secretions into a gelatinous mating plug and transferred to the female atrium during mating. In this study, we show that two 20E-regulated chymotrypsin-like serine proteases specifically expressed in the reproductive tract of An. gambiae females play an important role in modulating the female susceptibility to mating. Silencing these proteases by RNA interference impairs correct plug processing and slows down the release of the steroid hormone 20E from the mating plug. In turn, depleting one of these proteases, the Mating Regulated Atrial Protease 1 (MatRAP1), reduces female refractoriness to further copulation, so that a significant proportion of females mate again. Microscopy analysis reveals that MatRAP1 is localized on a previously undetected peritrophic matrix-like structure surrounding the mating plug. These data provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms shaping the post-mating biology of these important malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Bascuñán
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entomology Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paolo Gabrieli
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enzo Mameli
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Flaminia Catteruccia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Wang Y, Cheng J, Luo M, Wu J, Guo G. Identifying and Characterizing a Novel Peritrophic Matrix Protein (MdPM-17) Associated With Antibacterial Response From the Housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:6042885. [PMID: 33347588 PMCID: PMC7751770 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peritrophic matrix/membrane (PM) critically prevents the midgut of insects from external invasion by microbes. The proteins in the peritrophic membrane are its major structural components. Additionally, they determine the formation and function of this membrane. However, the role of PM proteins in immune regulation is unclear. Herein, we isolated a novel PM protein (MdPM-17) from Musca domestica larvae. Further, the function of MdPM-17 in regulating host innate immunity was identified. Results showed that the cDNA of MdPM-17 full is 635 bp in length. Moreover, it consists of a 477-bp open reading frame encoding 158 amino acid residues. These amino acid residues are composed of two Chitin-binding type-2 domain (ChtBD2) and 19 amino acids as a signal peptide. Moreover, tissue distribution analysis indicates that MdPM-17 was enriched expressed in midgut, and moderate levels in the fat body, foregut, and malpighian tubule. Notably, MdPM-17 recombinant protein showed high chitin-binding capacity, thus belongs to the Class III PM protein group. MdPM-17 protein silencing via RNA interference resulted in the expression of antimicrobial peptide (defensin, cecropins, and diptericin) genes, and this occurred after oral inoculation with exogenous microbes Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriales:Enterobacteriaceae), Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales:Staphylococcaceae), and Candida albicans (Endomycetales:Saccharomycetaceae)). Therefore, all the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression levels are high in MdPM-17-depleted larvae during microbial infection compared to controls. Consequently, these findings indicate that MdPM-17 protein is associated with the antibacterial response from the housefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Jinzhi Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Man Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Jianwei Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Guo Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
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Zha XL, Yu XB, Zhang HY, Wang H, Huang XZ, Shen YH, Lu C. Identification of Peritrophins and Antiviral Effect of Bm01504 against BmNPV in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217973. [PMID: 33121000 PMCID: PMC7663561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect midgut secretes a semi-permeable, acellular peritrophic membrane (PM) that maintains intestinal structure, promotes digestion, and protects the midgut from food particles and pathogenic microorganisms. Peritrophin is an important PM protein (PMP) in the PM. Here, we identified 11 peritrophins with 1–16 chitin binding domains (CBDs) comprising 50–56 amino acid residues. Multiple CBDs in the same peritrophin clustered together, rather than by species. The CBD contained six highly conserved cysteine residues, with the key feature of amino acids between them being CX11-15CX5CX9-14CX11-12CX6-7C. Peritrophins with 2 and 4 CBDs (Bm09641 and Bm01504, respectively), and with 1, 8, and 16 CBDs (Bm11851, Bm00185, and Bm01491, respectively) were mainly expressed in the anterior midgut, and throughout the midgut, respectively. Survival rates of transgenic silkworms with Bm01504 overexpression (Bm01504-OE) and knockout (Bm01504-KO) infected with B. morinucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) were significantly higher and lower, whereas expression of the key viral gene, p10, were lower and higher, respectively, compared with wild type (WT). Therefore, Bm01504-OE and Bm01504-KO transgenic silkworms were more and less resistant, respectively, to BmNPV. Bm01504 plays important roles in resisting BmNPV invasion. We provide a new perspective for studying PM function, and reveal how the silkworm midgut resists invasive exogenous pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Le Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.-L.Z.); (X.-B.Y.); (H.-Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Xin-Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.-L.Z.); (X.-B.Y.); (H.-Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Hong-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.-L.Z.); (X.-B.Y.); (H.-Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.-L.Z.); (X.-B.Y.); (H.-Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Xian-Zhi Huang
- Science and Technology Department, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Yi-Hong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.-L.Z.); (X.-B.Y.); (H.-Y.Z.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.S.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-138-8360-7000 (Y.-H.S.); +86-23-6825-0346 (C.L.)
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.-L.Z.); (X.-B.Y.); (H.-Y.Z.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.S.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-138-8360-7000 (Y.-H.S.); +86-23-6825-0346 (C.L.)
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9
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Wang S, Wang P. Functional redundancy of structural proteins of the peritrophic membrane in Trichoplusia ni. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 125:103456. [PMID: 32814147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic membrane (or peritrophic matrix) (PM) in insects is formed by binding of PM proteins with multiple chitin binding domains (CBDs) to chitin fibrils. Multi-CBD chitin binding proteins (CBPs) and the insect intestinal mucin (IIM) are major PM structural proteins. To understand the biochemical and physiological role of IIM in structural formation and physiological function of the PM, Trichoplusia ni mutant strains lacking IIM were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. The mutant T. ni larvae were confirmed to lack IIM, but PM formation was observed as in wild type larvae and lacking IIM in the PM did not result in changes of protease activities in the larval midgut. Larval growth and development of the mutant strains were similar to the wild type strain on artificial diet and cabbage leaves, but had a decreased survival in the 5th instar. The larvae of the mutant strains with the PM formed without IIM did not have a change of susceptibility to the infection of the baculovirus AcMNPV and the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulation Dipel, to the toxicity of the Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab and the chemical insecticide sodium aluminofluoride. Treatment of the mutant T. ni larvae with Calcofluor reduced the larval susceptibility to the toxicity of Bt Cry1Ac, as similarly observed in the wild type larvae. Overall, in the mutant T. ni larvae, the PM was formed without IIM and the lacking of IIM in the PM did not drastically impact the performance of larvae on diet or cabbage leaves under the laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA.
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10
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Ferreira PG, Tesla B, Horácio ECA, Nahum LA, Brindley MA, de Oliveira Mendes TA, Murdock CC. Temperature Dramatically Shapes Mosquito Gene Expression With Consequences for Mosquito-Zika Virus Interactions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:901. [PMID: 32595607 PMCID: PMC7303344 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne flaviviruses are emerging threats to human health. For successful transmission, the virus needs to efficiently enter mosquito cells and replicate within and escape several tissue barriers while mosquitoes elicit major transcriptional responses to flavivirus infection. This process will be affected not only by the specific mosquito-pathogen pairing but also by variation in key environmental variables such as temperature. Thus far, few studies have examined the molecular responses triggered by temperature and how these responses modify infection outcomes, despite substantial evidence showing strong relationships between temperature and transmission in a diversity of systems. To define the host transcriptional changes associated with temperature variation during the early infection process, we compared the transcriptome of mosquito midgut samples from mosquitoes exposed to Zika virus (ZIKV) and non-exposed mosquitoes housed at three different temperatures (20, 28, and 36°C). While the high-temperature samples did not show significant changes from those with standard rearing conditions (28°C) 48 h post-exposure, the transcriptome profile of mosquitoes housed at 20°C was dramatically different. The expression of genes most altered by the cooler temperature involved aspects of blood-meal digestion, ROS metabolism, and mosquito innate immunity. Further, we did not find significant differences in the viral RNA copy number between 24 and 48 h post-exposure at 20°C, suggesting that ZIKV replication is limited by cold-induced changes to the mosquito midgut environment. In ZIKV-exposed mosquitoes, vitellogenin, a lipid carrier protein, was most up-regulated at 20°C. Our results provide a deeper understanding of the temperature-triggered transcriptional changes in Aedes aegypti and can be used to further define the molecular mechanisms driven by environmental temperature variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blanka Tesla
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Elvira Cynthia Alves Horácio
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laila Alves Nahum
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Promove College of Technology, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Melinda Ann Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Courtney Cuinn Murdock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Center for Emerging and Global Tropical Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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11
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Fan S, Zheng Z, Hao R, Du X, Jiao Y, Huang R. PmCBP, a novel poly (chitin-binding domain) gene, participates in nacreous layer formation of Pinctada fucata martensii. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 240:110374. [PMID: 31733296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chitin participates in shell formation as the main component of an organic framework. Chitin-binding protein contains domains that can bind to chitin specifically. In this study, a novel chitin-binding protein from Pinctada fucata martensii (PmCBP) with poly (chitin-binding domain) was cloned, which contains a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 114 bp and 3'UTR of 116 bp, and encodes a putative protein of 2044 amino acids. The predicted PmCBP protein was structurally typical of the CBP family with 20 ChtBD2 domains. Phylogenetic and linear relation analyses showed that the ChtBD2 domain has a highly conserved structure among the three species of P. f. martensii, Crassostrea gigas, and Mizuhopecten yessoensis. qRT-PCR and in-situ hybridization analysis revealed that PmCBP was most abundant in the mantle pallium whose expression level was significantly correlated with the growth traits. After RNAi, PmCBP expression was significantly inhibited in the mantle pallium (P < 0.05) and the microstructure of nacreous layers showed a disordered growth in the experiment group. These results indicated that PmCBP may be involved in nacreous layer formation through participation in the process of binding chitin in pearl oyster P. f. martensii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Fan
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Pearl Aquaculture and Process, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Ruijuan Hao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Pearl Aquaculture and Process, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Yu Jiao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Pearl Aquaculture and Process, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ronglian Huang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Pearl Aquaculture and Process, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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12
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Guo W, Kain W, Wang P. Effects of disruption of the peritrophic membrane on larval susceptibility to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in cabbage loopers. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103897. [PMID: 31199901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The insect midgut peritrophic membrane (or peritrophic matrix) (PM) is an extracellular structure, lining the midgut epithelium. The PM facilitates the food digestion process and plays important roles in insect-microbe interactions as a barrier against microbial pathogens. The soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and its proteinaceous toxins are widely used for insect control. To understand the protective role of PM in insects against Bt toxins, the effect of PM on larval susceptibility to Bt toxin Cry1Ac was examined in Cry1Ac-susceptible and -resistant strains of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. The PM in T. ni was disrupted, using a baculovirus enhancin (TnGV enhancin) to degrade the major PM mucin protein IIM and a chitin binding chemical, Calcofluor, to inhibit the binding of PM proteins to chitin. Bioassays of the susceptibility of T. ni larvae to Cry1Ac with treatment of TnGV enhancin showed significantly increased larval mortality in both the Cry1Ac susceptible and resistant strains, confirming that the PM is a protective barrier to the passage of Cry1Ac and plays a protective role against the toxin. However, treatment of T. ni larvae with Calcofluor significantly reduced the larval susceptibility to Cry1Ac. The level of mortality reduction by treatment with Calcofluor was more significant in the resistant T. ni strains than in the susceptible strain. The mechanism for the decrease of susceptibility to Cry1Ac in T. ni treated with Calcofluor needs to be understood. It may result from binding of the toxin to the over expressed PM proteins, preventing the Cry1Ac from reaching the midgut receptor for the toxin or from potential binding of Calcofluor to the midgut receptor for Cry1Ac, leading to inhibition of the toxicity of Cry1Ac in larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Wendy Kain
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
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13
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Liu X, Cooper AMW, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Biosynthesis, modifications and degradation of chitin in the formation and turnover of peritrophic matrix in insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 114:109-115. [PMID: 30902530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) is an extracellular, semi-permeable biocomposite that lines the midgut of most insects. The PM serves as the first defense in the midgut to resist microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria and other pathogens, and to protect epithelial cells from mechanical damage. The PM also separates the midgut lumen into different compartments, which play important roles in nutrient ingestion and digestion. The PM is a highly dynamic structure that consists mainly of chitin fibers cross-linked by proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. The PM is continuously biosynthesized, assembled, and degraded in response to feeding and development. Chitin chains are synthesized by several enzymes and organized in several hierarchical levels, in which various PM-associated proteins appear to be essential for maintaining the structural integrity and physiological function of the PM. This review summarizes research advances on molecular components of the PM and their functions, as well as related proteins and enzymes that contribute to PM formation and modification. Crucial gaps in our current understanding of the PM are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | | | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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14
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Dias RO, Cardoso C, Leal CS, Ribeiro AF, Ferreira C, Terra WR. Domain structure and expression along the midgut and carcass of peritrophins and cuticle proteins analogous to peritrophins in insects with and without peritrophic membrane. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 114:1-9. [PMID: 30735683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most insects have a peritrophic membrane (matrix) (PM) surrounding the food bolus. This structure, similarly to the cuticle, is mainly composed of chitin and proteins. The main proteins forming PM are known as peritrophins (PMP), whereas some of the cuticle proteins are the cuticle proteins analogous to peritrophins (CPAP). Both proteins are composed of one or more chitin binding peritrophin-A domain (CBD) and no other recognized domain. Furthermore, insects containing PM usually have two chitin synthase (CS) genes, one mainly expressed in carcass and the other in midgut. In this work we identified PMP, CPAP and CS genes in the genome of insects from the Polyneoptera, Paraneoptera and Holometabola cohorts and analyzed their expression profile in different species from each group. In agreement with the absence of PM, we observed less CBD-containing proteins and only one CS gene in the genome of Paraneoptera species, except for the Phthiraptera Pediculus humanus. The lack of PM in Paraneoptera species was also confirmed by the micrographs of the midgut of two Hemiptera species, Dysdercus peruvianus and Mahanarva fimbriolata which agreed with the RNA-seq data of both species. Our analyses also highlighted a higher number of CBD-containing proteins in Holometabola in relation to the earlier divergent Polyneoptera group, especially regarding the genes composed of more than three CBDs, which are usually associated to PM formation. Finally, we observed a high number of CBD-containing proteins being expressed in both midgut and carcass tissues of several species, which we named as ubiquitous-CBD-containing proteins (UCBP), as their function is unclear. We hypothesized that these proteins can be involved in both cuticle and PM formation or that they can be involved in immune response and/or tracheolae formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata O Dias
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane Cardoso
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila S Leal
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 11461, 05422-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto F Ribeiro
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 11461, 05422-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clélia Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter R Terra
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Tetreau G, Wang P. Chitinous Structures as Potential Targets for Insect Pest Control. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:273-292. [PMID: 31102251 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinous structures are physiologically fundamental in insects. They form the insect exoskeleton, play important roles in physiological systems and provide physical, chemical and biological protections in insects. As critically important structures in insects, chitinous structures are attractive target sites for the development of new insect-pest-control strategies. Chitinous structures in insects are complex and their formation and maintenance are dynamically regulated with the growth and development of insects. In the past few decades, studies on insect chitinous structures have shed lights on the physiological functions, compositions, structural formation, and regulation of the chitinous structures. Current understanding of the chitinous structures has indicated opportunities for exploring new target sites for insect control. Mechanisms to disrupt chitinous structures in insects have been studied and strategies for the potential development of new means of insect control by targeting chitinous structures have been proposed and are practically to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tetreau
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA.
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16
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Toprak U, Erlandson M, Baldwin D, Karcz S, Wan L, Coutu C, Gillott C, Hegedus DD. Identification of the Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) peritrophic matrix proteins and enzymes involved in peritrophic matrix chitin metabolism. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:656-674. [PMID: 25846407 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) is essential for insect digestive system physiology as it protects the midgut epithelium from damage by food particles, pathogens, and toxins. The PM is also an attractive target for development of new pest control strategies due to its per os accessibility. To understand how the PM performs these functions, the molecular architecture of the PM was examined using genomic and proteomic approaches in Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major pest of cruciferous oilseed crops in North America. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of the PM identified 82 proteins classified as: (i) peritrophins, including a new class with a CBDIII domain; (ii) enzymes involved in chitin modification (chitin deacetylases), digestion (serine proteases, aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidases, lipases and α-amylase) or other reactions (β-1,3-glucanase, alkaline phosphatase, dsRNase, astacin, pantetheinase); (iii) a heterogenous group consisting of polycalin, REPATs, serpin, C-Type lectin and Lsti99/Lsti201 and 3 novel proteins without known orthologs. The genes encoding PM proteins were expressed predominantly in the midgut. cDNAs encoding chitin synthase-2 (McCHS-2), chitinase (McCHI), and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (McNAG) enzymes, involved in PM chitin metabolism, were also identified. McCHS-2 expression was specific to the midgut indicating that it is responsible for chitin synthesis in the PM, the only chitinous material in the midgut. In contrast, the genes encoding the chitinolytic enzymes were expressed in multiple tissues. McCHS-2, McCHI, and McNAG were expressed in the midgut of feeding larvae, and NAG activity was present in the PM. This information was used to generate an updated model of the lepidopteran PM architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Toprak
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin Erlandson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Doug Baldwin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Steve Karcz
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lianglu Wan
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cedric Gillott
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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17
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Sandoval-Mojica AF, Scharf ME. GUT GENES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PERITROPHIC MATRIX IN Reticulitermes flavipes (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae): IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 92:127-142. [PMID: 27087028 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) is an acellular structure that lines the gut of most insects. It is an attractive target for pest management strategies because of its close involvement in digestive processes and role as a barrier against pathogens and toxins. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the genes that translate for principal components of the Reticulitermes flavipes PM. Genes encoding a gut chitin synthase (CHS), two proteins with peritrophin-A domains, and a chitin deacetylase were identified from an R. flavipes symbiont-free gut cDNA library, a pyrosequencing study of termite lignocellulose digestion, and a metatranscriptomic analysis of R. flavipes fed on agricultural biomass. Quantitative expression analysis of the identified genes, in the termite digestive tract, revealed that the transcripts coding for a CHS (RfCHSB) and the proteins with peritrophin-A domains (RfPPAD1 and RfPPAD2) were predominantly expressed in the midgut, suggesting an association with the PM. The peritrophin identity of the RfPPAD2 gene was confirmed by immunodetection of its translated peptide in the midgut and PM. The discovery and characterization of PM components of R. flavipes provides a basis for further investigation of the viability of this structure as a target for candidate termiticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael E Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Zhou YJ, Xue B, Li YY, Li FC, Ni M, Shen WD, Gu ZY, Li B, Shen WD, Gu ZY, Li B. CONSTRUCTION OF SILKWORM MIDGUT cDNA LIBRARY FOR SCREEN AND SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF PERITROPHIC MEMBRANE PROTEIN GENES. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91:3-16. [PMID: 26472595 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm is an important economic insect and the model species for Lepidoptera. The midgut of silkworm is an important physiological barrier, as its peritrophic membrane (PM) can resist pathogen invasion. In this study, a silkworm midgut cDNA library was constructed in order to identify silkworm PM genes. The capacity of the initial library was 6.92 × 10(6) pfu/ml, along with a recombination rate of 92.14% and a postamplification titer of 4.10 × 10(9) pfu/ml. Three silkworm PM protein genes were obtained by immunoscreening, two of which were chitin-binding protein (CBP) genes and one of which was a chitin deacetylase (CDA) gene as revealed by sequence analysis. Three genes were named BmCBP02, BmCBP13, and BmCDA17, and their ORF sizes are 678, 1,029, and 645 bp, respectively; all of them contain sequences of chitin-binding domains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BmCBP02 has the highest consensus with Mamestra configurata CBP at 61.0%; BmCBP13 has the highest consensus with Loxostege sticticalis PM CBP at 53.35%; BmCDA17 has the highest consensus with Helicoverpa armigera CDA5a at 70.83%. Tissue transcriptional analysis revealed that all three genes were specifically expressed in the midgut, and during the developmental process of fifth-instar silkworms, the transcription of all the genes showed an upward trend. This study laid a foundation for further studies on the functions of silkworm PM genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xue
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Yang Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Chi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Min Ni
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wei-De Shen
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ya Gu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wei-De Shen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ya Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Bing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Zhu KY, Merzendorfer H, Zhang W, Zhang J, Muthukrishnan S. Biosynthesis, Turnover, and Functions of Chitin in Insects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 61:177-96. [PMID: 26982439 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a major component of the exoskeleton and the peritrophic matrix of insects. It forms complex structures in association with different assortments of cuticle and peritrophic matrix proteins to yield biocomposites with a wide range of physicochemical and mechanical properties. The growth and development of insects are intimately coupled with the biosynthesis, turnover, and modification of chitin. The genes encoding numerous enzymes of chitin metabolism and proteins that associate with and organize chitin have been uncovered by bioinformatics analyses. Many of these proteins are encoded by sets of large gene families. There is specialization among members within each family, which function in particular tissues or developmental stages. Chitin-containing matrices are dynamically modified at every developmental stage and are under developmental and/or physiological control. A thorough understanding of the diverse processes associated with the assembly and turnover of these chitinous matrices offers many strategies to achieve selective pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China;
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506; ,
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Shibata T, Maki K, Hadano J, Fujikawa T, Kitazaki K, Koshiba T, Kawabata SI. Crosslinking of a Peritrophic Matrix Protein Protects Gut Epithelia from Bacterial Exotoxins. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005244. [PMID: 26506243 PMCID: PMC4646701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TG) catalyzes protein-protein crosslinking, which has important and diverse roles in vertebrates and invertebrates. Here we demonstrate that Drosophila TG crosslinks drosocrystallin, a peritrophic matrix protein, to form a stable fiber structure on the gut peritrophic matrix. RNA interference (RNAi) of the TG gene was highly lethal in flies and induced apoptosis of gut epithelial cells after oral infection with Pseudomonas entomophila. Moreover, AprA, a metalloprotease secreted by P. entomophila, digested non-crosslinked drosocrystallin fibers, but not drosocrystallin fibers crosslinked by TG. In vitro experiments using recombinant drosocrystallin and monalysin proteins demonstrated that monalysin, a pore-forming exotoxin of P. entomophila, was adsorbed on the crosslinked drosocrystallin fibers in the presence of P. entomophila culture supernatant. In addition, gut-specific TG-RNAi flies had a shorter lifespan than control flies after ingesting P. entomophila, whereas the lifespan after ingesting AprA-knockout P. entomophila was at control levels. We conclude that drosocrystallin fibers crosslinked by TG, but not non-crosslinked drosocrystallin fibers, form an important physical barrier against exotoxins of invading pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Shibata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kouki Maki
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jinki Hadano
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takumi Fujikawa
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kitazaki
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takumi Koshiba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shun-ichiro Kawabata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Tetreau G, Dittmer NT, Cao X, Agrawal S, Chen YR, Muthukrishnan S, Haobo J, Blissard GW, Kanost MR, Wang P. Analysis of chitin-binding proteins from Manduca sexta provides new insights into evolution of peritrophin A-type chitin-binding domains in insects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 62:127-41. [PMID: 25524298 PMCID: PMC9346963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In insects, chitin is a major structural component of the cuticle and the peritrophic membrane (PM). In nature, chitin is always associated with proteins among which chitin-binding proteins (CBPs) are the most important for forming, maintaining and regulating the functions of these extracellular structures. In this study, a genome-wide search for genes encoding proteins with ChtBD2-type (peritrophin A-type) chitin-binding domains (CBDs) was conducted. A total of 53 genes encoding 56 CBPs were identified, including 15 CPAP1s (cuticular proteins analogous to peritrophins with 1 CBD), 11 CPAP3s (CPAPs with 3 CBDs) and 17 PMPs (PM proteins) with a variable number of CBDs, which are structural components of cuticle or of the PM. CBDs were also identified in enzymes of chitin metabolism including 6 chitinases and 7 chitin deacetylases encoded by 6 and 5 genes, respectively. RNA-seq analysis confirmed that PMP and CPAP genes have differential spatial expression patterns. The expression of PMP genes is midgut-specific, while CPAP genes are widely expressed in different cuticle forming tissues. Phylogenetic analysis of CBDs of proteins in insects belonging to different orders revealed that CPAP1s from different species constitute a separate family with 16 different groups, including 6 new groups identified in this study. The CPAP3s are clustered into a separate family of 7 groups present in all insect orders. Altogether, they reveal that duplication events of CBDs in CPAP1s and CPAP3s occurred prior to the evolutionary radiation of insect species. In contrast to the CPAPs, all CBDs from individual PMPs are generally clustered and distinct from other PMPs in the same species in phylogenetic analyses, indicating that the duplication of CBDs in each of these PMPs occurred after divergence of insect species. Phylogenetic analysis of these three CBP families showed that the CBDs in CPAP1s form a clearly separate family, while those found in PMPs and CPAP3s were clustered together in the phylogenetic tree. For chitinases and chitin deacetylases, most of phylogenetic analysis performed with the CBD sequences resulted in similar clustering to the one obtained by using catalytic domain sequences alone, suggesting that CBDs were incorporated into these enzymes and evolved in tandem with the catalytic domains before the diversification of different insect orders. Based on these results, the evolution of CBDs in insect CBPs is discussed to provide a new insight into the CBD sequence structure and diversity, and their evolution and expression in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tetreau
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Neal T Dittmer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Sinu Agrawal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yun-Ru Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801, USA
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jiang Haobo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Gary W Blissard
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801, USA
| | - Michael R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
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Zhao D, Guo W, Li S, Li R, Xu D, Lu X. Identification of a new peritrophic membrane protein from larval Holotrichia parallela (Coleoptera: Motschulsky). Molecules 2014; 19:17799-809. [PMID: 25372395 PMCID: PMC6271151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritrophic membranes (PMs) are composed of proteins, proteoglycans and chitin that play important roles in the structural formation and function of the PM. This study identified and characterized a new chitin binding protein named HpCBP45 by immunoscreening of the Holotrichia parallela larvae midgut expression library. The predicted amino acid sequence indicates that it contains eight tandem chitin binding domains belonging to the peritrophin-A family. The HpCBP45 protein was expressed as a recombinant protein in the yeast Pichia pastoris and chitin binding assay demonstrated that recombinant HpCBP45 protein could strongly bind to chitin. qRT-PCR analysis showed that HpCBP45 was mainly localized in the midgut, further confirming the H. parallela PM belongs to Type I PM. The discovery and characterization of the peritrophic membrane protein HpCBP45 provides a basis for the further investigation of its biochemical and physiological functions in H. parallela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Shaoya Li
- College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Ruijun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Daqing Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Xiujun Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
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Yin J, Yang S, Li K, Guo W, Cao Y. Identification and molecular characterization of a chitin-binding protein from the beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis L. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19147-61. [PMID: 25340980 PMCID: PMC4227266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151019147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first crucial barrier in the midgut of insects, the peritrophic membrane (PM) plays an important role in preventing external invasion. PM proteins, as the major components of the PM, determine the structure and function of this membrane. A new PM protein, named LstiCBP, from the PM of Loxostege sticticalis larvae was identified using cDNA library screening. The full cDNA of LstiCBP is 2606 bp in length and contains a 2403 bp ORF that encodes an 808-amino acid preprotein with a 15-amino acid as signal peptide. The deduced protein sequence of the cDNA contains 8 cysteine-rich chitin-binding domains (CBDs). Recombinant LstiCBP was successfully expressed in BL21 cells using recombinant plasmid DNA and showed high chitin-binding activity. LstiCBP expression was detected in the midgut at both the transcriptional and translational levels; however, the biochemical and physiological functions of LstiCBP in L. sticticalis require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kebin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yazhong Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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25
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Chen WJ, Huang LX, Hu D, Liu LY, Gu J, Huang LH, Feng QL. Cloning, expression and chitin-binding activity of two peritrophin-like protein genes in the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura. INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 21:449-458. [PMID: 23955994 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Insect midgut secretes a semi-permeable peritrophic membrane (PM), which plays important roles in protecting the midgut and helping with food digestion. The lepidopteran larvae produce type 1 PM, which is degraded when insects develop into the metamorphic stages. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. In the present study, two peritrophin-like proteins (peritrophin-57 and 37) were identified from the midgut expression sequence tag library and transcriptome of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura. The temporal and spatial expression patterns and responses to the induction of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and starvation were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction according to their common sequence region. The chitin-binding activity was also studied using a competitor, calcofluor. The open reading frames are 1 554 and 1 020 bp, respectively. They shared four highly conserved peritrophin-A domains and were expressed only in the midgut rather than in the other tissues, including fat body, epidermis, Malpighian tube and hemolymph. Their transcriptional expression could only be detected at the larval stages rather than in eggs, prepupae, pupae and adults. The purified protein of peritrophin-37 bound to chitin in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the two proteins are peritrophins, the structural components of PM. In addition, the messenger RNA levels of the two peritrophins were significantly down-regulated by 20E injection, whereas feeding/starvation had no effect on the expression. These findings suggest that the increase of 20E titer may be an important factor which controls the degradation of PM during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Agrawal S, Kelkenberg M, Begum K, Steinfeld L, Williams CE, Kramer KJ, Beeman RW, Park Y, Muthukrishnan S, Merzendorfer H. Two essential peritrophic matrix proteins mediate matrix barrier functions in the insect midgut. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 49:24-34. [PMID: 24680676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) in the midgut of insects consists primarily of chitin and proteins and is thought to support digestion and provide protection from abrasive food particles and enteric pathogens. We examined the physiological roles of 11 putative peritrophic matrix protein (PMP) genes of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (TcPMPs). TcPMP genes are differentially expressed along the length of the midgut epithelium of feeding larvae. RNAi of individual PMP genes revealed no abnormal developmental phenotypes for 9 of the 11 TcPMPs. However, RNAi for two PMP genes, TcPMP3 and TcPMP5-B, resulted in depletion of the fat body, growth arrest, molting defects and mortality. In situ permeability assays after oral administration of different-sized FITC-dextran beads demonstrated that the exclusion size of the larval peritrophic matrix (PM) decreases progressively from >2 MDa to <4 kDa from the anterior to the most posterior regions of the midgut. In the median midguts of control larvae, 2 MDa dextrans were completely retained within the PM lumen, whereas after RNAi for TcPMP3 and TcPMP5-B, these dextrans penetrated the epithelium of the median midgut, indicating loss of structural integrity and barrier function of the larval PM. In contrast, RNAi for TcPMP5-B, but not RNAi for TcPMP3, resulted in breakdown of impermeability to 4 and 40 kDa dextrans in the PM of the posterior midgut. These results suggest that specific PMPs are involved in the regulation of PM permeability, and that a gradient of barrier function is essential for survival and fat body maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinu Agrawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Marco Kelkenberg
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück 49069, Germany
| | - Khurshida Begum
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 103 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Lea Steinfeld
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück 49069, Germany
| | - Clay E Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Karl J Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, ARS-USDA, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Richard W Beeman
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, ARS-USDA, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 103 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück 49069, Germany.
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27
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An investigation into the protein composition of the teneral Glossina morsitans morsitans peritrophic matrix. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2691. [PMID: 24763256 PMCID: PMC3998921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tsetse flies serve as biological vectors for several species of African trypanosomes. In order to survive, proliferate and establish a midgut infection, trypanosomes must cross the tsetse fly peritrophic matrix (PM), which is an acellular gut lining surrounding the blood meal. Crossing of this multi-layered structure occurs at least twice during parasite migration and development, but the mechanism of how trypanosomes do so is not understood. In order to better comprehend the molecular events surrounding trypanosome penetration of the tsetse PM, a mass spectrometry-based approach was applied to investigate the PM protein composition using Glossina morsitans morsitans as a model organism. Methods PMs from male teneral (young, unfed) flies were dissected, solubilised in urea/SDS buffer and the proteins precipitated with cold acetone/TCA. The PM proteins were either subjected to an in-solution tryptic digestion or fractionated on 1D SDS-PAGE, and the resulting bands digested using trypsin. The tryptic fragments from both preparations were purified and analysed by LC-MS/MS. Results Overall, nearly 300 proteins were identified from both analyses, several of those containing signature Chitin Binding Domains (CBD), including novel peritrophins and peritrophin-like glycoproteins, which are essential in maintaining PM architecture and may act as trypanosome adhesins. Furthermore, 27 proteins from the tsetse secondary endosymbiont, Sodalis glossinidius, were also identified, suggesting this bacterium is probably in close association with the tsetse PM. Conclusion To our knowledge this is the first report on the protein composition of teneral G. m. morsitans, an important vector of African trypanosomes. Further functional analyses of these proteins will lead to a better understanding of the tsetse physiology and may help identify potential molecular targets to block trypanosome development within the tsetse. African trypanosomes are transmitted by the haematophagous tsetse vector. For transmission to occur, bloodmeal ingested trypanosomes must overcome numerous barriers imposed by the fly. The first obstacle is the crossing of peritrophic matrix (PM), a cell-free structure that protects the midgut epithelial cells from coming under attack by the hosts' digestive enzymes, aids in water retention and helps prevent harmful pathogens from establishing a systemic infection. Trypanosomes cross the tsetse PM at least twice in their development but how they do so remains to be elucidated. Despite being a recognised barrier to trypanosome infections, there is limited knowledge of the molecular components of the tsetse PM. In this study we identified nearly 300 PM proteins using two mass spectrometry approaches. Several of the identified components were peritrophins, which are a key group of glycoproteins essential for PM integrity. In addition, we detected proteins from Sodalis glossinidius, a commensal bacterium linked to increased susceptibility to trypanosome infection in tsetse. Our study provides the first comprehensive identification of proteins from the tsetse PM, which provides a starting point for research into potential targets for vector control.
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Liu X, Li J, Guo W, Li R, Zhao D, Li X. A new type I peritrophic membrane protein from larval Holotrichia oblita (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) binds to chitin. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6831-42. [PMID: 24758927 PMCID: PMC4013664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritrophic membranes (PMs) are composed of chitin and protein. Chitin and protein play important roles in the structural formation and function of the PM. A new type I PM protein, HoCBP76, was identified from the Holotrichia oblita. HoCBP76 was shown as a 62.3 kDa protein by SDS-PAGE analysis and appeard to be associated with the PM throughout its entire length. In H. oblita larvae, the midgut is the only tissue where HoCBP76 could be detected during the feeding period of the larvae. The predicted amino acid sequence indicates that it contains seven tandem chitin binding domains belonging to the peritrophin-A family. HoCBP76 has chitin binding activity and is strongly associated with the PM. The HoCBP76 was not a mucin-like glycoprotein, and the consensus of conserved cysteines appeared to be CX13–17CX5CX9CX12CX7C. Western blot analysis showed that the abundance of HoCBP76 in the anterior, middle and posterior regions of the midgut was similar, indicating that HoCBP76 was secreted by the whole midgut epithelium, and confirmed the H. oblita PM belonged to the Type I PM. Immunolocalization analysis showed that HoCBP76 was mainly localized in the PM. The HoCBP76 is the first PM protein found in the H. oblita; however, its biochemical and physiological functions require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050035, Hebei, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Shijiazhuang Development and Reform Commission, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Ruijun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei/Biological Control Centre of Plant Pathogens and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China.
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei/Biological Control Centre of Plant Pathogens and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China.
| | - Xinna Li
- College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei/Biological Control Centre of Plant Pathogens and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China.
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29
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Zhong XW, Wang XH, Tan X, Xia QY, Xiang ZH, Zhao P. Identification and molecular characterization of a chitin deacetylase from Bombyx mori peritrophic membrane. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1946-61. [PMID: 24473143 PMCID: PMC3958831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15021946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect midgut epithelium is generally lined with a unique chitin and protein structure, the peritrophic membrane (PM), which facilitates food digestion and protects the gut epithelium. PM proteins are important determinants for PM structure and formation. In this study, the silkworm Bombyx mori midgut PM protein BmCDA7 was identified by proteomic tools. The full-length BmCDA7 cDNA is 1357 bp; the deduced protein is composed of 379 amino acid residues and includes a 16 amino acid residue signal peptide, a putative polysaccharide deacetylase-like domain and 15 cysteine residues present in three clusters. The heterologously expressed proteins of the BmCDA7 gene in yeast displayed chitin deacetylase activity. Expression of B. mori BmCDA7 was detected in the midgut at both the transcriptional and translational levels. The BmCDA7 gene was expressed by the newly hatched silkworm larvae until day seven of the fifth instar and was expressed at a high level in the newly exuviated larvae of different instars. The functions and regulatory mechanism of BmCDA7, however, need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Xiao-Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Qing-You Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Zhong-Huai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Zhong X, Zhang L, Zou Y, Yi Q, Zhao P, Xia Q, Xiang Z. Shotgun analysis on the peritrophic membrane of the silkworm Bombyx mori. BMB Rep 2013. [PMID: 23187007 PMCID: PMC4133802 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.11.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect midgut epithelium is generally lined with a unique chitin and protein structure, the peritrophic membrane (PM), which facilitates food digestion and protects the gut epithelium. We used gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to identify the extracted proteins from the silkworm PM to obtain an in-depth understanding of the biological function of the silkworm PM components. A total of 305 proteins, with molecular weights ranging from 8.02 kDa to 788.52 kDa and the isoelectric points ranging from 3.39 to 12.91, were successfully identified. We also found several major classes of PM proteins, i.e. PM chitin-binding protein, invertebrate intestinal mucin, and chitin deacetylase. The protein profile provides a basis for further study of the physiological events in the PM of Bombyx mori. [BMB Reports 2012; 45(11): 665-670]
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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31
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Chitin-binding proteins of Artemia diapause cysts participate in formation of the embryonic cuticle layer of cyst shells. Biochem J 2013; 449:285-94. [PMID: 23013449 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The brine shrimp Artemia reproduces either ovoviviparously, producing free-swimming nauplii, or oviparously, producing encysted embryos (diapause cysts) able to cope with harsh and complex habitats. When the cysts enter diapause they are encased in a complex external shell that protects them from certain extreme environments. The genomic comparison of oviparous and ovoviviparous ovisacs has been described previously. We isolated three significantly up-regulated genes in oviparous oocytes and identified them as Arp-CBP (Artemia parthenogenetica chitin-binding protein) genes. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the expression of Arp-CBP genes gradually increases during diapause cyst formation and significant mRNA accumulation occurs during the ovisac stage of oviparous development. Moreover, in situ hybridization results demonstrated that Arp-CBP mRNAs are expressed in the embryo. Interestingly, the results of immune electron microscopy showed that all three Arp-CBPs are distributed throughout the cellular ECL (embryonic cuticle layer) of the cyst shell. Furthermore, knockdown of Arp-CBP by RNA interference resulted in marked changes in the composition of the embryonic cuticular layer. The fibrous layer of the cyst shell adopted a loose conformation and the inner and outer cuticular membranes exhibited marked irregularities when Arp-CBP expression was suppressed. Finally, an in vitro recombinant protein-binding assay showed that all three Arp-CBPs have carbohydrate-binding activities. These findings provide significant insight into the mechanisms by which the ECL of Artemia cyst shell is formed, and demonstrate that Arp-CBPs are involved in construction of the fibrous lattice and are required for formation of the ECL of the cyst shell.
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32
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Molecular characterization of a peritrophic membrane protein from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1087-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Qiu Y, Yoon HJ, Jin BR. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Chymotrypsin Inhibitor and Chitin-Binding Protein Homologs from the Bumblebee Bombus terrestris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7852/ijie.2012.25.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Caccia S, Van Damme EJM, De Vos WH, Smagghe G. Mechanism of entomotoxicity of the plant lectin from Hippeastrum hybrid (Amaryllis) in Spodoptera littoralis larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1177-1183. [PMID: 22677323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant lectins have received a lot of attention because of their insecticidal properties. When orally administered in artificial diet or in transgenic plants, lectins provoke a wide range of detrimental effects, including alteration of the digestive enzyme machinery, fecundity drop, reduced feeding, changes in oviposition behavior, growth and development inhibition and mortality. Although many studies reported the entomotoxicity of lectins, only a few of them investigated the mode of action by which lectins exert toxicity. In the present paper we have studied for the first time the insecticidal potential of the plant lectin from Hippeastrum hybrid (Amaryllis) (HHA) bulbs against the larvae of the cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis). Bioassays on neonate larvae showed that this mannose-specific lectin affected larval growth, causing a development retardation and larval weight decrease. Using primary cell cultures from S. littoralis midguts and confocal microscopy we have elucidated FITC-HHA binding and internalization mechanisms. We found that HHA did not exert a toxic effect on S. littoralis midgut cells, but HHA interaction with the brush border of midgut cells interfered with normal nutrient absorption in the S. littoralis midgut, thereby affecting normal larval growth in vivo. This study thus confirms the potential of mannose-specific lectins as pest control agents and sheds light on the mechanism underlying lectin entomotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caccia
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Agrozoology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
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Qian Y, Zhang X, Zhou L, Yun X, Xie J, Xu J, Ruan Y, Ren S. Site-specific N-glycosylation identification of recombinant human lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1). Glycoconj J 2012; 29:399-409. [PMID: 22688517 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human LOX-1/OLR 1 plays a key role in atherogenesis and endothelial dysfunction. The N-glycosylation of LOX-1 has been shown to affect its biological functions in vivo and modulate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, the N-glycosylation pattern of LOX-1 has not been described yet. The present study was aimed at elucidating the N-glycosylation of recombinant human LOX-1 with regard to N-glycan profile and N-glycosylation sites. Here, an approach using nonspecific protease (Pronase E) digestion followed by MALDI-QIT-TOF MS and multistage MS (MS(3)) analysis is explored to obtain site-specific N-glycosylation information of recombinant human LOX-1, in combination with glycan structure confirmation through characterizing released glycans using tandem MS. The results reveal that N-glycans structures as well as their corresponding attached site of LOX-1 can be identified simultaneously by direct MS analysis of glycopeptides from non-specific protease digestion. With this approach, one potential glycosylation site of recombinant human LOX-1 on Asn(139) is readily identified and found to carry heterogeneous complex type N-glycans. In addition, manual annotation of multistage MS data utilizing diagnostic ions, which were found to be particularly useful in defining the structure of glycopeptides and glycans was addressed for proper spectra interpretation. The findings described herein will shed new light on further research of the structure-function relationships of LOX-1 N-glycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Qian
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Merzendorfer H, Kim HS, Chaudhari SS, Kumari M, Specht CA, Butcher S, Brown SJ, Manak JR, Beeman RW, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S. Genomic and proteomic studies on the effects of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron in the model beetle species Tribolium castaneum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:264-76. [PMID: 22212827 PMCID: PMC5066571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Several benzoylphenyl urea-derived insecticides such as diflubenzuron (DFB, Dimilin) are in wide use to control various insect pests. Although this class of compounds is known to disrupt molting and to affect chitin content, their precise mode of action is still not understood. To gain a broader insight into the mechanism underlying the insecticidal effects of benzoylphenyl urea compounds, we conducted a comprehensive study with the model beetle species and stored product pest Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) utilizing genomic and proteomic approaches. DFB was added to a wheat flour-based diet at various concentrations and fed to larvae and adults. We observed abortive molting, hatching defects and reduced chitin amounts in the larval cuticle, the peritrophic matrix and eggs. Electron microscopic examination of the larval cuticle revealed major structural changes and a loss of lamellate structure of the procuticle. We used a genomic tiling array for determining relative expression levels of about 11,000 genes predicted by the GLEAN algorithm. About 6% of all predicted genes were more than 2-fold up- or down-regulated in response to DFB treatment. Genes encoding enzymes involved in chitin metabolism were unexpectedly unaffected, but many genes encoding cuticle proteins were affected. In addition, several genes presumably involved in detoxification pathways were up-regulated. Comparative 2D gel electrophoresis of proteins extracted from the midgut revealed 388 protein spots, of which 7% were significantly affected in their levels by DFB treatment as determined by laser densitometry. Mass spectrometric identification revealed that UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase and glutathione synthetase were up-regulated. In summary, the red flour beetle turned out to be a good model organism for investigating the global effects of bioactive materials such as insect growth regulators and other insecticides. The results of this study recapitulate all of the different DFB-induced symptoms in a single model insect, which have been previously found in several different insect species, and further illustrate that DFB treatment causes a wide range of effects at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Mika A, Goh P, Holt DC, Kemp DJ, Fischer K. Scabies mite peritrophins are potential targets of human host innate immunity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1331. [PMID: 21980545 PMCID: PMC3181238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pruritic scabies lesions caused by Sarcoptes scabiei burrowing in the stratum corneum of human skin facilitate opportunistic bacterial infections. Emerging resistance to current therapeutics emphasizes the need to identify novel targets for protective intervention. We have characterized several protein families located in the mite gut as crucial factors for host-parasite interactions. Among these multiple proteins inhibit human complement, presumably to avoid complement-mediated damage of gut epithelial cells. Peritrophins are major components of the peritrophic matrix often found in the gut of arthropods. We hypothesized that a peritrophin, if abundant in the scabies mite gut, could be an activator of complement. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A novel full length scabies mite peritrophin (SsPTP1) was identified in a cDNA library from scabies mites. The amino acid sequence revealed four putative chitin binding domains (CBD). Recombinant expression of one CBD of the highly repetitive SsPTP1 sequence as TSP-hexaHis-fusion protein resulted in soluble protein, which demonstrated chitin binding activity in affinity chromatography assays. Antibodies against a recombinant SsPTP1 fragment were used to immunohistochemically localize native SsPTP1 in the mite gut and in fecal pellets within the upper epidermis, co-localizing with serum components such as host IgG and complement. Enzymatic deglycosylation confirmed strong N- and O-glycosylation of the native peritrophin. Serum incubation followed by immunoblotting with a monoclonal antibody against mannan binding lectin (MBL), the recognition molecule of the lectin pathway of human complement activation, indicated that MBL may specifically bind to glycosylated SsPTP1. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study adds a new aspect to the accumulating evidence that complement plays a major role in scabies mite biology. It identifies a novel peritrophin localized in the mite gut as a potential target of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade. These initial findings indicate a novel role of scabies mite peritrophins in triggering a host innate immune response within the mite gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mika
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Priscilla Goh
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deborah C. Holt
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Dave J. Kemp
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Zhang X, Guo W. Isolation and identification of insect intestinal mucin HaIIM86--the new target for Helicoverpa armigera biocontrol. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:286-96. [PMID: 21448339 PMCID: PMC3065741 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many more glycoproteins in Helicoverpa armigera peritrophic membrane than midgut separated by SDS-PAGE analysis after Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and coomassie staining. The peritrophic membrane (PM) of H. armigera larvae contains about forty associated proteins. A cDNA library was constructed from H. armigera midgut mRNA to study the new target for pest biocontrol. An antiserum against Spodoptera exigua integral/total PM proteins cross reacted with several H. armigera PM proteins and was used to isolate a complete cDNA encoding an insect intestinal mucin (HaIIM86). The deduced protein sequence of the cDNA contained one potentially glycosylated, mucin-like domain, five cysteine-rich chitin-binding domains (CBDs) and two D-G rich regions. Mucin domain was lined between the first and second CBDs; the two additional D-G rich regions were proposed to internal reside at the amino terminus of the protein flanked by three cysteine-rich CBDs. HaIIM86 contains two D-G-rich tandem repeat domains flanked by cysteine-rich sequences in peritrophic membrane proteins which is not present in all the currently known PM proteins. Howerer the functions of D-G rich domains require further investigation. HaIIM86 was shown as 200kDa protein by SDS-PAGE analysis and appeared to be associated with the PM. HaIIM86 has chitin-binding activity and can be degraded into 90 and 70 kDa by HaGV Enhancin in vivo. The finding has shown that HaIIM86 is the target substrate for enhancin and the potential target for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- Biological Control Centre of Plant Pathogens and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
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Kuballa AV, Holton TA, Paterson B, Elizur A. Moult cycle specific differential gene expression profiling of the crab Portunus pelagicus. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:147. [PMID: 21396120 PMCID: PMC3062621 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crustacean moulting is a complex process involving many regulatory pathways. A holistic approach to examine differential gene expression profiles of transcripts relevant to the moulting process, across all moult cycle stages, was used in this study. Custom cDNA microarrays were constructed for Portunus pelagicus. The printed arrays contained 5000 transcripts derived from both the whole organism, and from individual organs such as the brain, eyestalk, mandibular organ and Y-organ from all moult cycle stages. Results A total of 556 clones were sequenced from the cDNA libraries used to construct the arrays. These cDNAs represented 175 singletons and 62 contigs, resulting in 237 unique putative genes. The gene sequences were classified into the following biological functions: cuticular proteins associated with arthropod exoskeletons, farnesoic acid O-methyltransferase (FaMeT), proteins belonging to the hemocyanin gene family, lectins, proteins relevant to lipid metabolism, mitochondrial proteins, muscle related proteins, phenoloxidase activators and ribosomal proteins. Moult cycle-related differential expression patterns were observed for many transcripts. Of particular interest were those relating to the formation and hardening of the exoskeleton, and genes associated with cell respiration and energy metabolism. Conclusions The expression data presented here provide a chronological depiction of the molecular events associated with the biological changes that occur during the crustacean moult cycle. Tracing the temporal expression patterns of a large variety of transcripts involved in the moult cycle of P. pelagicus can provide a greater understanding of gene function, interaction, and regulation of both known and new genes with respect to the moulting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Kuballa
- Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
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Toprak U, Baldwin D, Erlandson M, Gillott C, Harris S, Hegedus DD. Expression patterns of genes encoding proteins with peritrophin A domains and protein localization in Mamestra configurata. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:1711-1720. [PMID: 20619269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Genes encoding three proteins (McPPAD1-3) with peritrophin A chitin-binding domains (PADs) were identified from a Mamestra configurata larval midgut cDNA library. In addition to midgut, McPPAD1-3 and a previously identified gene encoding the peritrophin, McPM1, were expressed in foregut, hindgut, Malpighian tubules, tracheae, fat body and cuticle; however, the corresponding McPPAD proteins exhibited different localization patterns. McPPAD1 was restricted to the digestive tract and Malpighian tubules, McPPAD2 to Malpighian tubules, and McPPAD3 to the foregut, midgut, hindgut, tracheae and cuticle. Protein fold recognition analysis using tachycitin as a guide structure modelled the McPPAD1 PADs, but not McPPAD2 or McPPAD3 PADs. The McPPAD1 PADs were predicted to contain three anti-parallel β-sheets and a hevein-like fold that form a chitin-binding pocket containing two hydrophobic R-groups in a sandwich-like orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Toprak
- Molecular Genetics Section, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Canada
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Yang HJ, Zhou F, Malik FA, Bhaskar R, Li XH, Hu JB, Sun CG, Miao YG. Identification and characterization of two chitin-binding proteins from the peritrophic membrane of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 75:221-230. [PMID: 20976701 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic membrane (PM) is a semi-permeable lining of the insect midgut, broadly analogous to the mucous lining of vertebrate gut. The PM proteins are important achievements for the function of the PM. In this study, two chitin-binding proteins (BmPM-P43 and BmPM-P41) from the PM of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were identified and cloned. These proteins showed the molecular mass of 43 and 41 kDa, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences codes for a protein of 381 amino acid residues and 364 amino acid residues, containing 12 and 14 cysteine residues followed by similar domain, both of them have 5 cysteine residues in similar position in the C-terminal. The confirmation of these proteins was performed by western blot analysis of recombinant BmPM-P43 and BmPM-P41. The chitin-binding activity analysis showed that the BmPM-P43 and BmPM-P41 could bind to chitin strongly. It is concluded that BmPM-P43 and BmPM-P41 contains a polysaccharide deacetylase domain instead of peritrophin domain, indicated that these two proteins may belong to a new chitin-binding protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Etiology & Immunological Prevention of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Seear PJ, Tarling GA, Burns G, Goodall-Copestake WP, Gaten E, Ozkaya O, Rosato E. Differential gene expression during the moult cycle of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). BMC Genomics 2010; 11:582. [PMID: 20958982 PMCID: PMC3091729 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background All crustaceans periodically moult to renew their exoskeleton. In krill this involves partial digestion and resorption of the old exoskeleton and synthesis of new cuticle. Molecular events that underlie the moult cycle are poorly understood in calcifying crustaceans and even less so in non-calcifying organisms such as krill. To address this we constructed an Antarctic krill cDNA microarray in order to generate gene expression profiles across the moult cycle and identify possible activation pathways. Results A total of 26 different cuticle genes were identified that showed differential gene expression across the moult cycle. Almost all cuticle genes were up regulated during premoult and down regulated during late intermoult. There were a number of transcripts with significant sequence homology to genes potentially involved in the synthesis, breakdown and resorption of chitin. During early premoult glutamine synthetase, a gene involved in generating an amino acid used in the synthesis of glucosamine, a constituent of chitin, was up regulated more than twofold. Mannosyltransferase 1, a member of the glycosyltransferase family of enzymes that includes chitin synthase was also up regulated during early premoult. Transcripts homologous to a β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (β-NAGase) precursor were expressed at a higher level during late intermoult (prior to apolysis) than during premoult. This observation coincided with the up regulation during late intermoult, of a coatomer subunit epsilon involved in the production of vesicles that maybe used to transport the β-NAGase precursors into the exuvial cleft. Trypsin, known to activate the β-NAGase precursor, was up regulated more than fourfold during premoult. The up regulation of a predicted oligopeptide transporter during premoult may allow the transport of chitin breakdown products across the newly synthesised epi- and exocuticle layers. Conclusion We have identified many genes differentially expressed across the moult cycle of krill that correspond with known phenotypic structural changes. This study has provided a better understanding of the processes involved in krill moulting and how they may be controlled at the gene expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Seear
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB30ET, UK.
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Zauner G, Koeleman CAM, Deelder AM, Wuhrer M. Protein glycosylation analysis by HILIC-LC-MS of Proteinase K-generated N- and O-glycopeptides. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:903-10. [PMID: 20222081 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of protein glycosylation is essential in order to correlate certain disease types with oligosaccharide structures on proteins. Here, a method for the MS characterization of site-specific protein glycosylation is presented. Using asialofetuin and fetuin as model substances, a protocol for glycopeptide dissection was developed based on unspecific proteolysis by Proteinase K. The resulting glycopeptides were then resolved by nanoscale hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-electrospray multistage MS. The early elution range of O-glycopeptides was clearly separated from the late elution range of N-glycopeptides. Glycopeptides were analyzed by ion trap-MS/MS, which revealed fragmentations of glycosidic linkages and some peptide backbone cleavages; MS(3) spectra predominantly exhibited cleavages of the peptide backbone and provided essential information on the peptide sequence. The previously reported N- and O-glycan attachment sites of fetuin could be confirmed; moreover using our method, the occupation of a new, additional O-glycosylation site serine 296 was found. In conclusion, this approach appears to be a valuable technique for in-depth analysis of the site-specific N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation of individual glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhild Zauner
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Yin J, Wei ZJ, Li KB, Cao YZ, Guo W. Identification and molecular characterization of a new member of the peritrophic membrane proteins from the meadow moth, loxostege sticticalis. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 6:491-8. [PMID: 20827401 PMCID: PMC2935671 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The peritrophic membrane (PM) plays an important role in protecting insects. The PM proteins are important to determinate the formation and function of the PM. A new PM protein, named Lsti99, was identified from the PM of Loxostege sticticalis larvae by cDNA library screening. The full cDNA of Lsti99 is 1392 bp in length, contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1245 bp that encodes a preprotein of 415 amino acid residues with a 17-amino acid signal peptide. The sequence of Lsti99 showed no homology to other known PM proteins. The recombinant Lsti99 was successfully expressed in insect cells (Sf9) using recombinant baculoviruses and was used to isolate the antibodies to Lsti99 from the polyclonal antiserum. Lsti99 was expressed mainly in the PM, but weaker bands could be detected in the head and integument as well. The Lsti99 protein could be separated from the PM complex by chitinase in vitro, but M2R did not show effect in vitro confirming the chitin-binding activity of Lsti99. The biochemical and physiological functions of Lsti99 in L. sticticalis require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Harrison RL, Bonning BC. Proteases as insecticidal agents. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:935-53. [PMID: 22069618 PMCID: PMC3153225 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2050935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases from a variety of sources (viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and insects) have toxicity towards insects. Some of these insecticidal proteases evolved as venom components, herbivore resistance factors, or microbial pathogenicity factors, while other proteases play roles in insect development or digestion, but exert an insecticidal effect when over-expressed from genetically engineered plants or microbial pathogens. Many of these proteases are cysteine proteases, although insect-toxic metalloproteases and serine proteases have also been examined. The sites of protease toxic activity range from the insect midgut to the hemocoel (body cavity) to the cuticle. This review discusses these insecticidal proteases along with their evaluation and use as potential pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Harrison
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Plant Sciences Institute, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA; Robert.L.
| | - Bryony C. Bonning
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, 418 Science II, Ames, IA 50011-3222, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +01-515-294-1989; Fax: +01-515-294-5957
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Jasrapuria S, Arakane Y, Osman G, Kramer KJ, Beeman RW, Muthukrishnan S. Genes encoding proteins with peritrophin A-type chitin-binding domains in Tribolium castaneum are grouped into three distinct families based on phylogeny, expression and function. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 40:214-27. [PMID: 20144715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study is focused on the characterization and expression of genes in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, encoding proteins that possess one or more six-cysteine-containing chitin-binding domains related to the peritrophin A domain (ChtBD2). An exhaustive bioinformatics search of the genome of T. castaneum queried with ChtBD2 sequences yielded 13 previously characterized chitin metabolic enzymes and 29 additional proteins with signal peptides as well as one to 14 ChtBD2s. Using phylogenetic analyses, these additional 29 proteins were classified into three large families. The first family includes 11 proteins closely related to the peritrophins, each containing one to 14 ChtBD2s. These are midgut-specific and are expressed only during feeding stages. We propose the name "Peritrophic Matrix Proteins" (PMP) for this family. The second family contains eight proteins encoded by seven genes (one gene codes for 2 splice variants), which are closely related to gasp/obstructor-like proteins that contain 3 ChtBD2s each. The third family has ten proteins that are of diverse sizes and sequences with only one ChtBD2 each. The genes of the second and third families are expressed in non-midgut tissues throughout all stages of development. We propose the names "Cuticular Proteins Analogous to Peritophins 3" (CPAP3) for the second family that has three ChtBD2s and "Cuticular Proteins Analogous to Peritophins 1 (CPAP1) for the third family that has 1 ChtBD2. Even though proteins of both CPAP1 and CPAP3 families have the "peritrophin A" domain, they are expressed only in cuticle-forming tissues. We determined the exon-intron organization of the genes, encoding these 29 proteins as well as the domain organization of the encoded proteins with ChtBD2s. All 29 proteins have predicted cleavable signal peptides and ChtBD2s, suggesting that they interact with chitin in extracellular locations. Comparison of ChtBD2s-containing proteins in different insect species belonging to different orders suggests that ChtBD2s are ancient protein domains whose affinity for chitin in extracellular matrices has been exploited many times for a range of biological functions. The differences in the expression profiles of PMPs and CPAPs indicate that even though they share the peritrophin A motif for chitin binding, these three families of proteins have quite distinct biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinu Jasrapuria
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-3702, USA
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Vandenborre G, Groten K, Smagghe G, Lannoo N, Baldwin IT, Van Damme EJM. Nicotiana tabacum agglutinin is active against Lepidopteran pest insects. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:1003-14. [PMID: 20018900 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A jasmonate-inducible lectin called Nicotiana tabacum agglutinin or NICTABA was found in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Samsun) leaves. Since NICTABA expression is also induced after insect herbivory, a role in the defence response of tobacco was suggested. In this report, a detailed analysis was made of the entomotoxic properties of NICTABA using different transgenic approaches. First, purified NICTABA was shown to be strongly resistant to proteolytic degradation by enzymes present in the Lepidopteran midgut. To address the question of whether NICTABA is also active against Lepidopteran larvae, transgenic N. tabacum plants that silence endogenous NICTABA expression were constructed using RNA interference. Feeding experiments with these transgenic N. tabacum plants demonstrated that silencing of NICTABA expression enhances the larval performance of the generalist pest insect Spodoptera littoralis. In a second transgenic approach, NICTABA was ectopically expressed in the wild diploid tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, a species that lacks a functional NICTABA gene. When these transgenic N. attenuata plants were used in feeding experiments with S. littoralis larvae, a clear reduction in mass gain and significantly slower development were observed. In addition, feeding experiments with the Solanaceae specialist, Manduca sexta, provided further evidence that NICTABA exerts clear entomotoxic effects on Lepidopteran larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Vandenborre
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Li C, Song X, Li G, Wang P. Midgut cysteine protease-inhibiting activity in Trichoplusia ni protects the peritrophic membrane from degradation by plant cysteine proteases. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 39:726-34. [PMID: 19729065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The action of plant cysteine proteases on the midgut peritrophic membrane (PM) of a polyphagous herbivorous lepidopteran, Trichoplusia ni, was studied. Proteins in PMs isolated from T. ni larvae were confirmed to be highly resistant to the serine proteinases trypsin and chymotrypsin, but were susceptible to degradation by plant cysteine proteases, which is consistent with the known molecular and biochemical characteristics of the T. ni PM proteins. However, the PM proteins were not degraded by plant cysteine proteases in larvae or in the presence of larval midgut fluid in vitro. With further biochemical analysis, cysteine protease-inhibiting activity was identified in the midgut fluid of T. ni larvae. The cysteine protease-inhibiting activity was heat resistant and active in the tested pH range from 6.0 to 10.0, but could be suppressed by thiol reducing reagents or reduced by treatment with catalase. In addition to T. ni, cysteine protease-inhibiting activity was also identified from two other polyphagous Lepidoptera species, Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens. In conclusion, results from this study uncovered that herbivorous insects may counteract the attack of plant cysteine proteases on the PM by inhibiting the potentially insecticidal cysteine proteases from plants in the digestive tract. However, the biochemical identity of the cysteine protease-inhibiting activity in midgut fluid has yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Li
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
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Venancio TM, Cristofoletti PT, Ferreira C, Verjovski-Almeida S, Terra WR. The Aedes aegypti larval transcriptome: a comparative perspective with emphasis on trypsins and the domain structure of peritrophins. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:33-44. [PMID: 19054160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The genome sequence of Aedes aegypti was recently reported. A significant amount of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) were sequenced to aid in the gene prediction process. In the present work we describe an integrated analysis of the genomic and EST data, focusing on genes with preferential expression in larvae (LG), adults (AG) and in both stages (SG). A total of 913 genes (5.4% of the transcript complement) are LG, including ion transporters and cuticle proteins that are important for ion homeostasis and defense. From a starting set of 245 genes encoding the trypsin domain, we identified 66 putative LG, AG, and SG trypsins by manual curation. Phylogenetic analyses showed that AG trypsins are divergent from their larval counterparts (LG), grouping with blood-induced trypsins from Anopheles gambiae and Simulium vittatum. These results support the hypothesis that blood-feeding arose only once, in the ancestral Culicomorpha. Peritrophins are proteins that interlock chitin fibrils to form the peritrophic membrane (PM) that compartmentalizes the food in the midgut. These proteins are recognized by having chitin-binding domains with 6 conserved Cys and may also present mucin-like domains (regions expected to be highly O-glycosylated). PM may be formed by a ring of cells (type 2, seen in Ae. aegypti larvae and Drosophila melanogaster) or by most midgut cells (type 1, found in Ae. aegypti adult and Tribolium castaneum). LG and D. melanogaster peritrophins have more complex domain structures than AG and T. castaneum peritrophins. Furthermore, mucin-like domains of peritrophins from T. castaneum (feeding on rough food) are lengthier than those of adult Ae. aegypti (blood-feeding). This suggests, for the first time, that type 1 and type 2 PM may have variable molecular architectures determined by different peritrophins and/or ancillary proteins, which may be partly modulated by diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Venancio
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Universidade de São Paulo, Sã Paulo, Brazil
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Hegedus D, Erlandson M, Gillott C, Toprak U. New insights into peritrophic matrix synthesis, architecture, and function. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 54:285-302. [PMID: 19067633 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) is a chitin and glycoprotein layer that lines the invertebrate midgut. Although structurally different, it is functionally similar to the mucous secretions of the vertebrate digestive tract. The PM is a physical barrier, protecting the midgut epithelium from abrasive food particles, digestive enzymes, and pathogens infectious per os. It is also a biochemical barrier, sequestering and, in some cases, inactivating ingested toxins. Finally, the PM compartmentalizes digestive processes, allowing for efficient nutrient acquisition and reuse of hydrolytic enzymes. The PM consists of an organized lattice of chitin fibrils held together by chitin binding proteins. Glycans fill the interstitial spaces, creating a molecular sieve, the properties of which are dependent on the immediate ion content and pH. In this review, we have integrated recent structural and functional information to create a holistic model for the PM. We also show how this information may generate novel technologies for use in insect pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada.
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