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Zhang Q, Xia T, Wang AY, Liu Y, Li NY, Yi L, Lu ZJ, Yu HZ. Alternative splicing of chitin deacetylase 2 regulates chitin and fatty acid metabolism in Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22050. [PMID: 37622383 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Chitin plays an important role in the development and molting of insects. The key genes involved in chitin metabolism were considered promising targets for pest control. In this study, two splice variants of chitin deacetylase 2 (CDA2) from Diaphorina citri were identified, including DcCDA2a and DcCDA2b. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that DcCDA2a and DcCDA2b encoded 550 and 544 amino acid residues with a signal peptide, respectively. Spatio-temporal expression patterns analysis showed that DcCDA2a and DcCDA2b were highly expressed in D. citri wing and nymph stages. Moreover, DcCDA2a and DcCDA2b expression levels were induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Silencing DcCDA2a by RNA interference (RNAi) significantly disrupted the D. citri molting and increased D. citri mortality and malformation rate, whereas inhibition of DcCDA2b resulted in a semimolting phenotype. Furthermore, silencing DcCDA2a and DcCDA2b significantly suppressed D. citri chitin and fatty acid metabolism. Our results indicated that DcCDA2 might play crucial roles in regulating D. citri chitin and fatty acid metabolism, and it could be used as a potential target for controlling D. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tao Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ai-Yun Wang
- Department of Citrus Pest Control, Fruit Bureau of Xinfeng County, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ning-Yan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Long Yi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Citrus Pest Control, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Citrus Pest Control, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, China
| | - Hai-Zhong Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Citrus Pest Control, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, China
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Liang B, Song W, Xing R, Liu S, Yu H, Li P. The source, activity influencing factors and biological activities for future development of chitin deacetylase. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121335. [PMID: 37739548 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA), a prominent member of the carbohydrate esterase enzyme family 4 (CE4), is found ubiquitously in bacteria, fungi, insects, and crustaceans. This metalloenzyme plays a pivotal role in recognizing and selectively removing acetyl groups from chitin, thus offering an environmentally friendly and biologically-driven preparation method for chitosan with immense industrial potential. Due to its diverse origins, CDAs sourced from different organisms exhibit unique functions, optimal pH ranges, and temperature preferences. Furthermore, certain organic reagents can induce structural changes in CDAs, influencing their catalytic activity. Leveraging CDA's capabilities extends beyond chitosan biocatalysis, as it demonstrates promising application value in agricultural pest control. In this paper, the source, reaction mechanism, influencing factors, the fermentation methods and applications of CDA are reviewed, which provides theoretical help for the research and application of CDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Liang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Wen Song
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266000, China
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Koeppe S, Kawchuk L, Kalischuk M. RNA Interference Past and Future Applications in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119755. [PMID: 37298705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense RNA was observed to elicit plant disease resistance and post-translational gene silencing (PTGS). The universal mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) was shown to be induced by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), an intermediate produced during virus replication. Plant viruses with a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome have been instrumental in the discovery and characterization of systemic RNA silencing and suppression. An increasing number of applications for RNA silencing have emerged involving the exogenous application of dsRNA through spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) that provides specificity and environmentally friendly options for crop protection and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koeppe
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lawrence Kawchuk
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Melanie Kalischuk
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Singewar K, Fladung M. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) technology to control forest insect pests and fungal pathogens: challenges and opportunities. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:185. [PMID: 37243792 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Climate change alters the seasonal synchronization between plants and respective pests plus pathogens. The geographical infiltration helps to shift their hosts, resulting in novel outbreaks that damage forests and ecology. Traditional management schemes are unable to control such outbreaks, therefore unconventional and competitive governance is needed to manage forest pests and pathogens. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) treatment method can be implemented to protect forest trees. Exogenous dsRNA triggers the RNAi-mediated gene silencing of a vital gene, and suspends protein production, resulting in the death of targeted pathogens and pests. The dsRNA treatment method is successful for many crop insects and fungi, however, studies of dsRNA against forest pests and pathogens are depleting. Pesticides and fungicides based on dsRNA could be used to combat pathogens that caused outbreaks in different parts of the world. Although the dsRNA has proved its potential, the crucial dilemma and risks including species-specific gene selection, and dsRNA delivery methods cannot be overlooked. Here, we summarized the major fungi pathogens and insect pests that have caused outbreaks, their genomic information, and studies on dsRNA fungi-and pesticides. Current challenges and opportunities in dsRNA target decision, delivery using nanoparticles, direct applications, and a new method using mycorrhiza for forest tree protection are discussed. The importance of affordable next-generation sequencing to minimize the impact on non-target species is discussed. We suggest that collaborative research among forest genomics and pathology institutes could develop necessary dsRNA strategies to protect forest tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Singewar
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, 22927, Großhansdorf, Germany.
| | - Matthias Fladung
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, 22927, Großhansdorf, Germany.
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Gong C, Hasnain A, Wang Q, Liu D, Xu Z, Zhan X, Liu X, Pu J, Sun M, Wang X. Eco-friendly deacetylated chitosan base siRNA biological-nanopesticide loading cyromazine for efficiently controlling Spodoptera frugiperda. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124575. [PMID: 37100329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is a serious threat to various crops, such as corn and rice, and results in severe economic losses. Herein, a chitin synthase sfCHS highly expressed in the epidermis of S. frugiperda was screened, and when interfered by an sfCHS-siRNA nanocomplex, most individuals could not ecdysis (mortality rate 53.3 %) or pupate (abnormal pupation 80.6 %). Based on the results of structure-based virtual screening, cyromazine (CYR, binding free energy -57.285 kcal/mol) could inhibit ecdysis (LC50, 19.599 μg/g). CYR-CS/siRNA nanoparticles encapsulating CYR and SfCHS-siRNA with chitosan (CS) were successfully prepared, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and 74.9 mg/g CYR was characterized in the core of CYR-CS/siRNA by high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Small amounts of prepared CYR-CS/siRNA containing only 1.5 μg/g CYR could better inhibit chitin synthesis in the cuticle and peritrophic membrane (mortality rate 84.4 %). Therefore, chitosan/siRNA nanoparticle-loaded pesticides were useful for pesticide reduction and comprehensive control of S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ali Hasnain
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhengze Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jian Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuegui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Park SE, Kim JC, Im Y, Kim JS. Pathogenesis and defense mechanism while Beauveria bassiana JEF-410 infects poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280410. [PMID: 36800366 PMCID: PMC9937463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae), is a major pest that causes great damage to chicken egg production. In one of our previous studies, the management of red mites using entomopathogenic fungi was evaluated, and the acaricidal fungus Beauveria bassiana JEF-410 was selected for further research. In this study, we tried to elucidate the pathogenesis of B. bassiana JEF-410 and the defense mechanisms of red mites at a transcriptome level. Red mites collected from a chicken farm were treated with B. bassiana JEF-410. When the mortality of infected red mites reached 50%, transcriptome analyses were performed to determine the interaction between B. bassiana JEF-410 and red mites. Uninfected red mites and non-infecting fungus served as controls. In B. bassiana JEF-410, up-regulated gene expression was observed in tryptophan metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Genes related to acetyl-CoA synthesis were up-regulated in tryptophan metabolism, suggesting that energy metabolism and stress management were strongly activated. Secondary metabolites associated with fungal up-regulated DEGs were related to the production of substances toxic to insects such as beauvericin and beauveriolide, efflux pump of metabolites, energy production, and resistance to stress. In red mites, physical and immune responses that strengthen the cuticle against fungal infection were highly up-regulated. From these gene expression analyses, we identified essential factors for fungal infection and subsequent defenses of red mites. These results will serve as a strong platform for explaining the interaction between B. bassiana JEF-410 and red mites in the stage of active infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Eun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jong-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Yeram Im
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jae Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- * E-mail:
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7
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Wu H, Zhao D, Guo XC, Liu ZR, Li RJ, Lu XJ, Guo W. Group V Chitin Deacetylases Influence the Structure and Composition of the Midgut of Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043076. [PMID: 36834492 PMCID: PMC9961250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA) can accelerate the conversion of chitin to chitosan, influencing the mechanical properties and permeability of the cuticle structures and the peritrophic membrane (PM) in insects. Putative Group V CDAs SeCDA6/7/8/9 (SeCDAs) were identified and characterized from beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua larvae. The cDNAs of SeCDAs contained open reading frames of 1164 bp, 1137 bp, 1158 bp and 1152 bp, respectively. The deduced protein sequences showed that SeCDAs are synthesized as preproteins of 387, 378, 385 and 383 amino acid residues, respectively. It was revealed via spatiotemporal expression analysis that SeCDAs were more abundant in the anterior region of the midgut. The SeCDAs were down-regulated after treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). After treatment with a juvenile hormone analog (JHA), the expression of SeCDA6 and SeCDA8 was down-regulated; in contrast, the expression of SeCDA7 and SeCDA9 was up-regulated. After silencing SeCDAV (the conserved sequences of Group V CDAs) via RNA interference (RNAi), the layer of intestinal wall cells in the midgut became more compact and more evenly distributed. The vesicles in the midgut were small and more fragmented or disappeared after SeCDAs were silenced. Additionally, the PM structure was scarce, and the chitin microfilament structure was loose and chaotic. It was indicated in all of the above results that Group V CDAs are essential for the growth and structuring of the intestinal wall cell layer in the midgut of S. exigua. Additionally, the midgut tissue and the PM structure and composition were affected by Group V CDAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiao-Chang Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhao-Rui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Rui-Jun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiu-Jun Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence:
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Zeng QH, Long GY, Yang XB, Jia ZY, Jin DC, Yang H. SfDicer2 RNA Interference Inhibits Molting and Wing Expansion in Sogatella furcifera. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13080677. [PMID: 36005304 PMCID: PMC9408908 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Endoribonuclease 2 (Dicer2) plays various physiological roles in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway by fragmenting double-stranded RNA to generate small interfering RNA, which then mediates gene silencing. In this study, the role of Dicer2 in the regulation of molting and wing expansion in Sogatella furcifera (white-backed planthopper) was investigated. In particular, SfDicer2-mediated RNAi resulted in wing deformities and lethal modifications in S. furcifera, which are attributable to the significant inhibition of chitin synthesis and degradation and wing expansion genes. This study provides insights into the biological functions of Dicer2 in insects, which can aid in RNAi-mediated pest control. Abstract Endoribonuclease 2 (Dicer2) is a key nicking endonuclease involved in the small interfering RNA biosynthesis, and it plays important roles in gene regulation and antiviral immunity. The Dicer2 sequence was obtained using the transcriptomic and genomic information of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), and the spatiotemporal characteristics and functions of molting and wing expansion regulation were studied using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and RNA interference (RNAi) technology. The expression of SfDicer2 fluctuated during the nymphal stage of S. furcifera. Its expression decreased significantly over the course of molting. SfDicer2 exhibited the highest transcript level in the nymphal stage and adult fat body. After SfDicer2 was silenced, the total mortality rate was 42.69%; 18.32% of the insects died because of their inability to molt. Compared with the effects of dsGFP or water, 44.38% of the insects subjected to the silencing of SfDicer2 exhibited wing deformities after successful eclosion. After SfDicer2 RNAi, the expression of chitinase, chitin deacetylase, trehalase, chitin synthase 1, and wing expansion-related genes was significantly inhibited. These findings indicate that SfDicer2 controls molting by affecting genes associated with chitin synthesis and degradation and regulates wing expansion by altering the expression of wing expansion-related genes in S. furcifera.
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Song L, Chen Y, An X, Ding C, Bu C. Chitin deacetylase 2 is essential for molting and survival of Tetranychus urticae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 179:104962. [PMID: 34802539 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chitin metabolism has long been considered promising targets for development of biorational pesticides. Considering the increasing challenges of controlling the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, the roles of chitin deacetylases (CDAs) during molting process and mite development are explored. TuCDA1 and TuCDA2 differ in expression patterns during the development process. Feeding of double-strand RNA (dsRNA) against TuCDA1 or TuCDA2 has lethal effects on the mites. Especially TuCDA2 displays a much stronger phenotype than TuCDA1 (p = 0.0003). The treated mites fail to shed the old cuticle and are trapped within exuviate until they die. The aberrant cuticle structure observed by scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) may be responsible for the lethal phenotype of TuCDA1 and TuCDA2 knocked down mites. However, treatment with both dsRNA-CDA1 and dsRNA-CDA2 cannot significantly enhance the lethal effects of dsRNA-CDA2, which indicates partially redundant function of TuCDA1 and TuCDA2. TuCDA2 may play a key role during the molting and development process. Chitin-modifying enzyme such as TuCDA2 is potential target of RNA interference through feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Song
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiangshun An
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chunya Bu
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
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Nitnavare RB, Bhattacharya J, Singh S, Kour A, Hawkesford MJ, Arora N. Next Generation dsRNA-Based Insect Control: Success So Far and Challenges. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:673576. [PMID: 34733295 PMCID: PMC8558349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.673576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a method of gene silencing where dsRNA is digested into small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the presence of enzymes. These siRNAs then target homologous mRNA sequences aided by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The mechanism of dsRNA uptake has been well studied and established across many living organisms including insects. In insects, RNAi is a novel and potential tool to develop future pest management means targeting various classes of insects including dipterans, coleopterans, hemipterans, lepidopterans, hymenopterans and isopterans. However, the extent of RNAi in individual class varies due to underlying mechanisms. The present review focuses on three major insect classes viz hemipterans, lepidopterans and coleopterans and the rationale behind this lies in the fact that studies pertaining to RNAi has been extensively performed in these groups. Additionally, these classes harbour major agriculturally important pest species which require due attention. Interestingly, all the three classes exhibit varying levels of RNAi efficiencies with the coleopterans exhibiting maximum response, while hemipterans are relatively inefficient. Lepidopterans on the other hand, show minimum response to RNAi. This has been attributed to many facts and few important being endosomal escape, high activity dsRNA-specific nucleases, and highly alkaline gut environment which renders the dsRNA unstable. Various methods have been established to ensure safe delivery of dsRNA into the biological system of the insect. The most common method for dsRNA administration is supplementing the diet of insects via spraying onto leaves and other commonly eaten parts of the plant. This method is environment-friendly and superior to the hazardous effects of pesticides. Another method involves submergence of root systems in dsRNA solutions and subsequent uptake by the phloem. Additionally, more recent techniques are nanoparticle- and Agrobacterium-mediated delivery systems. However, due to the novelty of these biotechnological methods and recalcitrant nature of certain crops, further optimization is required. This review emphasizes on RNAi developments in agriculturally important insect species and the major hurdles for efficient RNAi in these groups. The review also discusses in detail the development of new techniques to enhance RNAi efficiency using liposomes and nanoparticles, transplastomics, microbial-mediated delivery and chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul B. Nitnavare
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Joorie Bhattacharya
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Satnam Singh
- Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Regional Research Station, Faridkot, India
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Amardeep Kour
- Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Regional Research Station, Bathinda, India
| | | | - Naveen Arora
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, India
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Zhang M, Ma PJ, Zhang TT, Gao ZM, Zhao P, Liu XJ, Zhang XY, Liu WM, Yu RR, Moussian B, Zhang JZ. Roles of LmCDA1 and LmCDA2 in cuticle formation in the foregut and hindgut of Locusta migratoria. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1314-1325. [PMID: 33037856 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs, including CDA1 and CDA2) are considered key enzymes for body cuticle formation and tracheal morphogenesis in various insect species. However, their functions in the formation of the cuticular intima of the foregut and hindgut are unclear. Here, we investigated the roles of their respective genes LmCDA1 and LmCDA2 in this process, in the hemimetabolous insect Locusta migratoria. Transcripts of LmCDA1 and LmCDA2 were highly expressed both before and after molting in the foregut. In the hindgut, their expression was high only before molting. In both the foregut and hindgut, LmCDA1 protein was localized in the basal half of the chitin matrix (procuticle), whereas LmCDA2 was detected in the upper half of the procuticle. Knockdown of LmCDA1 by RNA interference (RNAi) in 5th-instar nymphs caused no visible defects of the hindgut cuticle. By contrast, the chitinous lamellae of the cuticular intima in the foregut of knockdown animals were less compact than in control animals. RNAi against LmCDA2 led to thickening of both the foregut and hindgut cuticles, with a greater number of thinner laminae than in the respective control cuticles. Taken together, our results show that LmCDA1 and LmCDA2 have distinct, but overlapping, functions in chitin organization in the foregut cuticle. However, in the hindgut, this process seems independent of LmCDA1 activity but requires LmCDA2 function. Thus, the CDAs reflect tissue-specific differences in cuticular organization and function, which need further detailed molecular and histological analyses for full comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Peng-Juan Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Gao
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Pan Zhao
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xue-Yao Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei-Min Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rong-Rong Yu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan, China
- iBV, Université Côte d'Azur, Parc Valrose, France
| | - Jian-Zhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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12
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Yang XB, Zhou C, Gong MF, Yang H, Long GY, Jin DC. Identification and RNAi-Based Functional Analysis of Four Chitin Deacetylase Genes in Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6333457. [PMID: 34333649 PMCID: PMC8325873 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are chitin-degrading enzymes that play a key role in insect molting. In this study, we identified and characterized four full-length cDNAs of CDAs from Sogatella furcifera (Horváth). Developmental expression showed that SfCDA1 and SfCDA2 were expressed at all nymph developmental stages, SfCDA3 and SfCDA4 were mainly expressed in the third-instar to fifth-instar nymph stages, whereas tissue-specific analyses indicated that four CDA genes were mainly high expressed in the integument and head during the fifth-instar nymph. RNA interference (RNAi) results revealed that SfCDA1, SfCDA2, and SfCDA4 are associated with molting defect and high mortality with nymph-adult molting. Furthermore, transcripts of chitin synthase 1 variants (SfCHS1, SfCHS1a, and SfCHS1b) were significantly downregulated and causing significant changes in the expression levels of trehalases (TRE1 and TRE2) in the SfCDA1, SfCDA2, and SfCDA4 dsRNA treatment groups. By contrast, no significant phenotypic characteristics were observed after dsSfCDA3 injection. Taken together, our results suggest that SfCDA1, SfCDA2, and SfCDA4 play a vital role in nymph-adult transition, and these genes could regulate chitin biosynthesis expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Bin Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
| | - Cao Zhou
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming-Fu Gong
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- College of Tobacco Science of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Gui-Yun Long
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
| | - Dao-Chao Jin
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
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13
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Miller S, Shippy TD, Tamayo B, Hosmani PS, Flores-Gonzalez M, Mueller LA, Hunter WB, Brown SJ, D’Elia T, Saha S. In silico characterization of chitin deacetylase genes in the Diaphorina citri genome. GIGABYTE 2021; 2021:gigabyte25. [PMID: 36824334 PMCID: PMC9632012 DOI: 10.46471/gigabyte.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are one of the least understood components of insect chitin metabolism. The partial deacetylation of chitin polymers appears to be important for the proper formation of higher order chitin structures, such as long fibers and bundles, which contribute to the integrity of the insect exoskeleton and other structures. Some CDAs may also be involved in bacterial defense. Here, we report the manual annotation of four CDA genes from the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, laying the groundwork for future study of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Miller
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Allen County Community College, Burlingame, KS 66413, USA
| | - Teresa D. Shippy
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Blessy Tamayo
- Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wayne B. Hunter
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Susan J. Brown
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Tom D’Elia
- Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981, USA
| | - Surya Saha
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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14
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Zhang T, Ma P, Zhou J, He Y, Liu W, Liu X, Zhang X, Yu R, Zhang M, Moussian B, Zhang J. Group I CDAs are responsible for a selective CHC-independent cuticular barrier in Locusta migratoria. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 175:104854. [PMID: 33993972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases including CDA1 and CDA2, containing a chitin deacetylase domain and an LDL domain, have been reported to be essential for cuticle structure differentiation in different insect species. However, it is yet unexplored whether CDA1 and CDA2 activity is needed for the function of the cuticle as a barrier against pathogen and xenobiotics penetration. In this study, we studied the efficiency of fungal infection in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria in dependence of LmCDA1 and LmCDA2 function. Second instar nymphs injected with dsRNA against LmCDA1 and LmCDA2 transcripts were less resistant against the infection by the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae than control nymphs. At the same time, permeability to organophosphorus pesticides was increased in these nymphs. Interestingly, the CHC amounts at the cuticle surface were unaffected upon LmCDA1 and LmCDA2 reduction. These results suggest that the barrier function of the locust cuticle not only depends on surface CHCs, but also on an intact procuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Pengjuan Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Jiannan Zhou
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yingying He
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xueyao Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Rongrong Yu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030619, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | | | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
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15
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Zhao D, Liu ZR, Wu H, Fu CR, Li YZ, Lu XJ, Guo W. RNA interference-mediated functional characterization of Group I chitin deacetylases in Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 173:104770. [PMID: 33771270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs, EC 3.5.1.41) catalyze the N-deacetylation of chitin to produce chitosan, which is essential for insect survival. Hence, CDAs are promising targets for the development of novel insecticidal drugs. In this study, the putative Group I chitin deacetylase genes HpCDA1, HpCDA2-1 and HpCDA2-2 were identified from Holotrichia parallela. Conserved domain database search identified a chitin-binding peritrophin-A domain (ChBD), a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain (LDLa), and a putative CDA-like catalytic domain. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the Group I HpCDAs were expressed in various tissues and predominant in the integument. The developmental expression patterns from the first-instar to third-instar larvae showed that HpCDAs were highly expressed on the first day and gradually declined after molting. The functional characteristics of the Group I CDAs in cuticle organization were examined using RNA interference (RNAi) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. Administration of double-stranded HpCDA (dsHpCDA) through larval injection could suppress the expression levels of HpCDA1 and HpCDA2, thus resulting in abnormal or lethal phenotypes. TEM analysis revealed that RNAi of either HpCDA1 or HpCDA2 remarkably affected the cuticle integrity, as evidenced by cuticle disorganization and chitin laminae disruption, suggesting the crucial role of CDAs in chitin modification. These experimental results demonstrate the important contribution of putative key genes involved in chitin metabolism, and provide a foundation for developing new strategies to control H. parallela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhao-Rui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Han Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chao-Ran Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ya-Zi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiu-Jun Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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16
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Muthukrishnan S, Mun S, Noh MY, Geisbrecht ER, Arakane Y. Insect Cuticular Chitin Contributes to Form and Function. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:3530-3545. [PMID: 32445445 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200523175409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitin contributes to the rigidity of the insect cuticle and serves as an attachment matrix for other cuticular proteins. Deficiency of chitin results in abnormal embryos, cuticular structural defects and growth arrest. When chitin is not turned over during molting, the developing insect is trapped inside the old cuticle. Partial deacetylation of cuticular chitin is also required for proper laminar organization of the cuticle and vertical pore canals, molting, and locomotion. Thus, chitin and its modifications strongly influence the structure of the exoskeleton as well as the physiological functions of the insect. Internal tendons and specialized epithelial cells called "tendon cells" that arise from the outer layer of epidermal cells provide attachment sites at both ends of adult limb muscles. Membrane processes emanating from both tendon and muscle cells interdigitate extensively to strengthen the attachment of muscles to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Protein ligands that bind to membrane-bound integrin complexes further enhance the adhesion between muscles and tendons. Tendon cells contain F-actin fiber arrays that contribute to their rigidity. In the cytoplasm of muscle cells, proteins such as talin and other proteins provide attachment sites for cytoskeletal actin, thereby increasing integrin binding and activation to mechanically couple the ECM with actin in muscle cells. Mutations in integrins and their ligands, as well as depletion of chitin deacetylases, result in defective locomotion and muscle detachment from the ECM. Thus, chitin in the cuticle and chitin deacetylases strongly influence the shape and functions of the exoskeleton as well as locomotion of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Seulgi Mun
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Mi Y Noh
- Department of Forestry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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17
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Liu Y, Yang J, Yao L, Li S, Chen Y, Yang H, Fan D. Chitin deacetylase: A potential target for Mythimna separata (Walker) control. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21666. [PMID: 32112466 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA) is a hydrolytic enzyme that modifies chitin into chitosan in the body of insects. In this study, we obtained a full-length complementary DNA sequence (MsCDA1) from the oriental armyworm Mythimna separata by high-throughput sequencing. MsCDA1 is 1,952 bp long and includes 1,620 bp open reading frame encoding 539 amino acids. Analysis by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction showed that MsCDA1 expression was higher at the adult stage than at earlier developmental stages. MsCDA1 was expressed in all larval tissues examined, in which the highest expression level was found in the midgut. The RNA interference (RNAi) suppressed MsCDA1 expression levels at 12, 24, and 48 hr after injection of double-stranded RNA (1-4 μg per larva) specific to MsCDA1. Under RNAi condition, CDA enzyme activity was significantly reduced and changes an ultramicroscopic structure of M. separata peritrophic matrix especially in its microfibrillar organization exhibiting loose network. In contrast, the surface of the peritrophic matrix was relatively smooth and well organized at control or low RNAi conditions. Moreover, RNAi of MsCDA1 expression impaired larval growth and development, occasionally leading to larval death. These results demonstrate that MsCDA1 plays a crucial role in maintaining peritrophic matrix integrity in M. separata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Suifenhe Customs, Suifenhe, China
| | - Shuangyu Li
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaru Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongjia Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Fan
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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18
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Yang WJ, Xu KK, Yan Y, Li C, Jin DC. Role of Chitin Deacetylase 1 in the Molting and Metamorphosis of the Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma serricorne. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072449. [PMID: 32244803 PMCID: PMC7177437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are chitin-modifying enzymes known to play vital roles in insect metamorphosis and development. In this study, we identified and characterized a chitin deacetylase1 gene (LsCDA1) from the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne. LsCDA1 contains a 1614 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 537 amino acids that includes domain structures typical of CDAs. LsCDA1 was mainly expressed in the late larval and late pupal stages. In larval tissues, the highest level of LsCDA1 was detected in the integument. The expression of LsCDA1 was induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in vivo, and it was significantly suppressed by knocking down the expression of ecdysteroidogenesis genes and 20E signaling genes. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided silencing of LsCDA1 in fifth-instar larvae prevented the larval–pupal molt and caused 75% larval mortality. In the late pupal stage, depletion of LsCDA1 resulted in the inhibition of pupal growth and wing abnormalities, and the expression levels of four wing development-related genes (LsDY, LsWG, LsVG, and LsAP) were dramatically decreased. Meanwhile, the chitin contents of LsCDA1 RNAi beetles were significantly reduced, and expressions of three chitin synthesis pathway genes (LsTRE1, LsUAP1, and LsCHS1) were greatly decreased. The results suggest that LsCDA1 is indispensable for larval–pupal and pupal–adult molts, and that it is a potential target for the RNAi-based control of L. serricorne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jia Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Kang-Kang Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (D.-C.J.)
| | - Dao-Chao Jin
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (D.-C.J.)
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19
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Liu X, Cooper AMW, Yu Z, Silver K, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Progress and prospects of arthropod chitin pathways and structures as targets for pest management. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 161:33-46. [PMID: 31685194 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a structural component of the arthropod cuticular exoskeleton and the peritrophic matrix of the gut, which play crucial roles in growth and development. In the past few decades, our understanding of the composition, biosynthesis, assembly, degradation, and regulation of chitinous structures has increased. Many chemicals have been developed that target chitin biosynthesis (benzoyphenyl ureas, etoxazole), chitin degradation (allosamidin, psammaplin), and chitin regulation (benzoyl hydrazines), thus resulting in molting deformities and lethality. In addition, proteins that disrupt chitin structures, such as lectins, proteases, and chitinases have been utilized to halt feeding and induce mortality. Chitin-degrading enzymes, such as chitinases are also useful for improving the efficacy of bio-insecticides. Transgenic plants, baculoviruses, fungi, and bacteria have been engineered to express chitinases from a variety of organisms for control of arthropod pests. In addition, RNA interference targeting genes involved in chitin pathways and structures are now being investigated for the development of environmentally friendly pest management strategies. This review describes the chemicals and proteins used to target chitin structures and enzymes for arthropod pest management, as well as pest management strategies based upon these compounds, such as plant-incorporated-protectants and recombinant entomopathogens. Recent advances in RNA interference-based pest management, and how this technology can be used to target chitin pathways and structures are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | | | - Zhitao Yu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kristopher Silver
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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20
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Chitin deacetylase 1 and 2 are indispensable for larval–pupal and pupal–adult molts in Heortia vitessoides (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 237:110325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Xiangshun A, Qiang Z, Shuyang D, Xiao H, Bu C. Comparative characterization of putative chitin deacetylases from Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1306-1309. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1591264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Considering the challenges of controlling carmine spider mite and protecting pollinators, chitin deacetylase genes (TecCDA1 and TecCDA2) of spider mite were characterized as group I, and were expressed in stage-specific pattern, which imply their role during development. The differences in sequences and structures between T. cinnabarinus and honeybee CDAs offer possibilities to design new selective pesticides protecting pollinator honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Xiangshun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Deng Shuyang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chunya Bu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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22
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Zhang M, Ji Y, Zhang X, Ma P, Wang Y, Moussian B, Zhang J. The putative chitin deacetylases Serpentine and Vermiform have non-redundant functions during Drosophila wing development. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 110:128-135. [PMID: 31108167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chitin modifying deacetylases (CDA) CDA1 and CDA2 have been reported to play partially redundant roles during insect cuticle formation and molting and tracheal morphogenesis in various insect species. In order to distinguish possible functional differences between these two enzymes, we analyzed their function during wing development in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In tissue-specific RNA interference experiments, we demonstrate that DmCDA1 (Serpentine, Serp) and DmCDA2 (Vermiform, Verm) have distinct functions during Drosophila adult wing cuticle differentiation. Chitosan staining revealed that Serp is the major enzyme responsible for chitin deacetylation during wing cuticle formation, while Verm does not seem to be needed for this process. Indeed, it is questionable whether Verm is a chitin deacetylase at all. Atomic force microscopy suggested that Serp and Verm have distinct roles in establishing the shape of nanoscale bumps at the wing surface. Moreover, our data indicate that Verm but not Serp is required for the laminar arrangement of chitin. Both enzymes participate in the establishment of the cuticular inward barrier against penetration of xenobiotics. Taken together, correct differentiation of the wing cuticle involves both Serp and Verm in parallel in largely non-overlapping functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Yanan Ji
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Xubo Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Pengjuan Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, ParcValrose, 06108, Nice CEDEX 2, France.
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China.
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23
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Zhang Z, Yan J, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Gong J, Hou Y. Genome-Wide Analysis and Hormone Regulation of Chitin Deacetylases in Silkworm. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1679. [PMID: 30987273 PMCID: PMC6480692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are a group of enzymes involved in chitin metabolism in insects; they play a critical role in molting, pupation, and the modification of chitin. In this study, we identified several CDAs in the silkworm, Bombyx mori (BmCDA), and investigated the effect of various hormones on their expression in B. mori larvae and embryo cell lines (BmE). Eight genes encoding BmCDAs were identified in the silkworm genome. They showed different expression patterns in different tissues, and were classified into three types based on where they were expressed: the exoskeleton, digestive organs, and genital organs. Moreover, we found that some BmCDAs showed upregulated expression during the molting period, especially during the fourth molting period in larvae. We also verified that the expression of BmCDA1-6 was upregulated by treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone not only in larvae, but also in BmE cells. Interestingly, juvenile hormone analog treatment also upregulated the expression of some BmCDAs. The overexpression of several transcription factors revealed that the POU transcription factor POUM2 may play a major role in the regulation of BmCDA expression. Finally, the silencing of BmCDA1 and BmCDA2 did not lead to abnormal phenotypes or death, but may have led to delays in silkworm pupation. These results provide important information about lepidopteran insects in terms of chitin deacetylases and the regulation of their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jiamin Yan
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jing Gong
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yong Hou
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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24
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Wu JJ, Chen ZC, Wang YW, Fu KY, Guo WC, Li GQ. Silencing chitin deacetylase 2 impairs larval-pupal and pupal-adult molts in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 28:52-64. [PMID: 30058750 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are carbohydrate esterases that catalyze N-deacetylation of chitin to generate chitosan, a process essential for chitin organization and compactness during the formation of extracellular chitinous structure. Here we identified two CDA2 splice variants (LdCDA2a and LdCDA2b) in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Both splices were abundantly expressed in larval foregut, rectum, and epidermis; their levels peaked immediately before ecdysis within each instar. In vivo results revealed that the two isoforms transcriptionally responded, positively and negatively respectively, to 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone signaling pathways. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided knockdown of the two LdCDA2 variants (hereafter LdCDA2) or LdCDA2b, rather than LdCDA2a, resulted in three negative effects. First, foliage consumption was significantly reduced, larval developing period was lengthened, and larval growth was retarded. Second, chitin contents were reduced, whereas glucose, trehalose, and glycogen contents were increased in the LdCDA2 and LdCDA2b RNAi larvae. Third, approximately 20% of LdCDA2 and LdCDA2b RNAi larvae were trapped within the exuviae and finally died. About 60% of the abnormal pupae died as pharate adults. Around 20% of the RNAi pupae emerged as deformed adults, with small size and wrinkled wings. These adults eventually died within 1 week after molting. Our results reveal that knockdown of CDA2 affects chitin accumulation. Consequently, LdCDA2 may be a potential target for control of L. decemlineata larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-J Wu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Z-C Chen
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Y-W Wang
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - K-Y Fu
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - W-C Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, China
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - G-Q Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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25
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Liu L, Qu M, Liu T, Chen Q, Guo X, Yang J, Yang Q. Biochemical characterization of three midgut chitin deacetylases of the Lepidopteran insect Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 113:42-48. [PMID: 30682338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peritrophic membrane (PM) is a chitin and protein-containing extracellular matrix that lines the midgut in most insect species, functioning as a barrier to exogenous toxins and pathogens. Midgut chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are chitin-modifying enzymes known to alter the mechanical property and permeability of PM. However, biochemical properties and specific roles of these enzymes remain elusive. In this study, the midgut-expressed CDAs (BmCDA6, BmCDA7 and BmCDA8) from Bombyx mori were cloned, recombinantly expressed and purified and their enzymatic activities toward PM chitin were determined. Of the three enzymes, BmCDA7 exhibited the highest activity (0.284 μmol/min/μmol), while BmCDA8 showed lower activity of 0.061 μmol/min/μmol. BmCDA6 was inactive towards PM chitin. Gene expression patterns indicated that although all three CDA genes were specifically expressed in the anterior midgut, they differed in their temporal expression patterns. BmCDA6 was expressed almost exclusively at the mid-molt stage, the stage when the PM was thick and with multiple chitin layers. Unlike BmCDA6, high expression levels of BmCDA7 and BmCDA8 were observed only at the feeding stage, the stage when the PM is thin and with fewer chitin layers. The different gene expression patterns and biochemical characteristics provide new information about the functional specialization among BmCDA6, BmCDA7 and BmCDA8 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Mingbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xingming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China.
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26
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Tetreau G, Wang P. Chitinous Structures as Potential Targets for Insect Pest Control. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:273-292. [PMID: 31102251 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinous structures are physiologically fundamental in insects. They form the insect exoskeleton, play important roles in physiological systems and provide physical, chemical and biological protections in insects. As critically important structures in insects, chitinous structures are attractive target sites for the development of new insect-pest-control strategies. Chitinous structures in insects are complex and their formation and maintenance are dynamically regulated with the growth and development of insects. In the past few decades, studies on insect chitinous structures have shed lights on the physiological functions, compositions, structural formation, and regulation of the chitinous structures. Current understanding of the chitinous structures has indicated opportunities for exploring new target sites for insect control. Mechanisms to disrupt chitinous structures in insects have been studied and strategies for the potential development of new means of insect control by targeting chitinous structures have been proposed and are practically to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tetreau
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA.
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27
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Yan X, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Guo W, Wang W, Zhao K, Gao Y, Wang X. Identification and characterization of chitin deacetylase2 from the American white moth, Hyphantria cunea (Drury). Gene 2018; 670:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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28
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Functional characterization of chitin deacetylase 1 gene disrupting larval–pupal transition in the drugstore beetle using RNA interference. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 219-220:10-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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29
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Sun Y, Zhang J, Xiang J. Immune function against bacteria of chitin deacetylase 1 (EcCDA1) from Exopalaemon carinicauda. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:115-123. [PMID: 29421585 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA, EC 3.5.1.41), belonging to a family of extracellular chitin-modifying enzymes, can catalyze the deacetylation of chitin. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence encoding chitin deacetylase 1 (EcCDA1) was obtained fromExopalaemon carinicauda. The complete nucleotide sequence of EcCDA1 contained a 1611 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding EcCDA1 precursor of 536 amino acids. The domain architecture of the deduced EcCDA1 protein contained a signal peptide, a chitin-binding peritrophin-A domain (ChtBD2), a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain (LDLa) and a Polysacc_deac_1 domain. EcCDA1 mRNA was predominantly expressed in the gills. The expression of EcCDA1 in the prawns challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila changed in a time-dependent manner. The expression of EcCDA1 in the prawns challenged with V. parahaemolyticus was up-regulated at 12 h (p < 0.05), and significantly up-regulated at 24 h and 48 h (p < 0.01), and then returned to the control levels at 96 h post-challenge (p > 0.05). At the same time, the expression in Aeromonas-challenged group was significantly up-regulated at 12, 24 and 48 h (p < 0.01) and returned to the control levels at 120 h post-challenge (p > 0.05). Then, EcCDA1 was recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris and the purified recombinant EcCDA1 could not inhibit the growth of V. parahaemolyticus or A. hydrophila, which indicated that the CDA1 may play its biological activity in immune defense by deacetylation from chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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30
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Yu R, Liu W, Li D, Zhao X, Ding G, Zhang M, Ma E, Zhu K, Li S, Moussian B, Zhang J. Helicoidal Organization of Chitin in the Cuticle of the Migratory Locust Requires the Function of the Chitin Deacetylase2 Enzyme (LmCDA2). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24352-24363. [PMID: 27637332 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.720581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the three-dimensional extracellular matrix of the insect cuticle, horizontally aligned microfibrils composed of the polysaccharide chitin and associated proteins are stacked either parallel to each other or helicoidally. The underlying molecular mechanisms that implement differential chitin organization are largely unknown. To learn more about cuticle organization, we sought to study the role of chitin deacetylases (CDA) in this process. In the body cuticle of nymphs of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, helicoidal chitin organization is changed to an organization with unidirectional microfibril orientation when LmCDA2 expression is knocked down by RNA interference. In addition, the LmCDA2-deficient cuticle is less compact suggesting that LmCDA2 is needed for chitin packaging. Animals with reduced LmCDA2 activity die at molting, underlining that correct chitin organization is essential for survival. Interestingly, we find that LmCDA2 localizes only to the initially produced chitin microfibrils that constitute the apical site of the chitin stack. Based on our data, we hypothesize that LmCDA2-mediated chitin deacetylation at the beginning of chitin production is a decisive reaction that triggers helicoidal arrangement of subsequently assembled chitin-protein microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Yu
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Daqi Li
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Guowei Ding
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Min Zhang
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - KunYan Zhu
- the Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Sheng Li
- the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China, and
| | - Bernard Moussian
- the Chair of Applied Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden 01217, Germany.
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China,.
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31
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Sandoval-Mojica AF, Scharf ME. GUT GENES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PERITROPHIC MATRIX IN Reticulitermes flavipes (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae): IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 92:127-142. [PMID: 27087028 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) is an acellular structure that lines the gut of most insects. It is an attractive target for pest management strategies because of its close involvement in digestive processes and role as a barrier against pathogens and toxins. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the genes that translate for principal components of the Reticulitermes flavipes PM. Genes encoding a gut chitin synthase (CHS), two proteins with peritrophin-A domains, and a chitin deacetylase were identified from an R. flavipes symbiont-free gut cDNA library, a pyrosequencing study of termite lignocellulose digestion, and a metatranscriptomic analysis of R. flavipes fed on agricultural biomass. Quantitative expression analysis of the identified genes, in the termite digestive tract, revealed that the transcripts coding for a CHS (RfCHSB) and the proteins with peritrophin-A domains (RfPPAD1 and RfPPAD2) were predominantly expressed in the midgut, suggesting an association with the PM. The peritrophin identity of the RfPPAD2 gene was confirmed by immunodetection of its translated peptide in the midgut and PM. The discovery and characterization of PM components of R. flavipes provides a basis for further investigation of the viability of this structure as a target for candidate termiticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael E Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Berini F, Caccia S, Franzetti E, Congiu T, Marinelli F, Casartelli M, Tettamanti G. Effects of Trichoderma viride chitinases on the peritrophic matrix of Lepidoptera. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:980-989. [PMID: 26179981 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peritrophic matrix (PM) is formed by a network of chitin fibrils associated with proteins, glycoproteins and proteoglycans that lines the insect midgut. It is a physical barrier involved in digestion processes, and protects the midgut epithelium from food abrasion, pathogen infections and toxic materials. Given its fundamental role in insect physiology, the PM represents an excellent target for pest control strategies. Although a number of viral, bacterial and insect chitinolytic enzymes affecting PM integrity have already been tested, exploitation of fungal chitinases has been almost neglected. Fungal chitinases, already in use as fungal phytopathogen biocontrol agents, are known to attack the insect cuticle, but their action on the insect gut needs to be better investigated. RESULTS In the present paper, we performed a biochemical characterisation of a commercial mixture of chitinolytic enzymes derived from Trichoderma viride and analysed its in vitro and in vivo effects on the PM of the silkworm Bombyx mori, a model system among Lepidoptera. We found that these enzymes have significant in vitro effects on the structure and permeability of the PM of this insect. A bioassay supported these results and showed that the oral administration of the mixture causes PM alterations, leading to adverse consequences on larval growth and development, negatively affecting pupal weight and even inducing mortality. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an integrated experimental approach to evaluate the effects of fungal chitinases on Lepidoptera. The encouraging results obtained herein make us confident about the possible use of fungal chitinases to control lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Berini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- The Protein Factory Research Centre, Politecnico di Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Franzetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Terenzio Congiu
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- The Protein Factory Research Centre, Politecnico di Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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33
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Han G, Li X, Zhang T, Zhu X, Li J. Cloning and Tissue-Specific Expression of a Chitin Deacetylase Gene from Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Its Response to Bacillus thuringiensis. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev076. [PMID: 26163665 PMCID: PMC4677497 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) convert chitin into chitosan, the N-deacetylated form of chitin, which influences the mechanical and permeability properties of structures such as the cuticle and peritrophic matrices. In this article, a new CDA encoding gene, Hacda2, was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with an open reading frame of 1,611 bp. The deduced protein composed of 536 amino acid residues with a signal peptide, a chitin-binding domain, a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain, and a polysaccharide deacetylase-like catalytic domain. The highest expression level of Hacda2 was detected in fat body among tissues tested in the fifth-instar larvae using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Feeding of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) diet changed the expression level of Hacda1, Hacda2, Hacda5a, and Hacda5b significantly and differentially in the third-instar larvae. Hacda5a and Hacda5b expression were initially down-regulated and then up-regulated, whereas, the expression level of Hacda1 and Hacda2 was suppressed constantly postfeeding on Bt diet. These results suggested that HaCDAs may be involved in the response of H. armigera larvae to Bt and may be helpful to elucidate the roles of HaCDAs in the action of Bt cry toxin. The potential of HaCDAs to be used as synergists of Bt insecticidal protein needs to be further tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Han
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xiumin Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jigang Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
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34
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Tetreau G, Cao X, Chen YR, Muthukrishnan S, Jiang H, Blissard GW, Kanost MR, Wang P. Overview of chitin metabolism enzymes in Manduca sexta: Identification, domain organization, phylogenetic analysis and gene expression. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 62:114-26. [PMID: 25616108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most abundant biomaterials in nature. The biosynthesis and degradation of chitin in insects are complex and dynamically regulated to cope with insect growth and development. Chitin metabolism in insects is known to involve numerous enzymes, including chitin synthases (synthesis of chitin), chitin deacetylases (modification of chitin by deacetylation) and chitinases (degradation of chitin by hydrolysis). In this study, we conducted a genome-wide search and analysis of genes encoding these chitin metabolism enzymes in Manduca sexta. Our analysis confirmed that only two chitin synthases are present in M. sexta as in most other arthropods. Eleven chitin deacetylases (encoded by nine genes) were identified, with at least one representative in each of the five phylogenetic groups that have been described for chitin deacetylases to date. Eleven genes encoding for family 18 chitinases (GH18) were found in the M. sexta genome. Based on the presence of conserved sequence motifs in the catalytic sequences and phylogenetic relationships, two of the M. sexta chitinases did not cluster with any of the current eight phylogenetic groups of chitinases: two new groups were created (groups IX and X) and their characteristics are described. The result of the analysis of the Lepidoptera-specific chitinase-h (group h) is consistent with its proposed bacterial origin. By analyzing chitinases from fourteen species that belong to seven different phylogenetic groups, we reveal that the chitinase genes appear to have evolved sequentially in the arthropod lineage to achieve the current high level of diversity observed in M. sexta. Based on the sequence conservation of the catalytic domains and on their developmental stage- and tissue-specific expression, we propose putative functions for each group in each category of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tetreau
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yun-Ru Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801, USA
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Gary W Blissard
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801, USA
| | - Michael R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
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Kolliopoulou A, Swevers L. Recent progress in RNAi research in Lepidoptera: intracellular machinery, antiviral immune response and prospects for insect pest control. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 6:28-34. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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Xi Y, Pan PL, Ye YX, Yu B, Zhang CX. Chitin deacetylase family genes in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:695-705. [PMID: 24989071 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are enzymes required for one of the pathways of chitin degradation, in which chitosan is produced by the deacetylation of chitin. Bioinformatic investigations with genomic and transcriptomic databases identified four genes encoding CDAs in Nilaparvata lugens (NlCDAs). Phylogenetic analysis showed that insect CDAs were clustered into five major groups. Group I, III and IV CDAs are found in all insect species, whereas the pupa-specific group II and gut-specific group V CDAs are not found in the plant-sap/blood-sucking hemimetabolous species from Hemiptera and Anoplura. The developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns of four NlCDAs revealed that NlCDA3 was a gut-specific CDA, with high expression at all developmental stages; NlCDA1, NlCDA2 and NlCDA4 were highly expressed in the integument and peaked periodically during every moulting, which suggests their roles in chitin turnover of the insect old cuticle. Lethal phenotypes of cuticle shedding failure and high mortality after the injection of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) for NlCDA1, NlCDA2 and NlCDA4 provide further evidence for their functions associated with moulting. No observable morphological and internal structural abnormality was obtained in insects treated with dsRNA for gut-specific NlCDA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xi
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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