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Cao Z, Cao J, Vlasenko V, Bakumenko O, Li W. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of a beta-1,3-glucan recognition protein from oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22068. [PMID: 38013606 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The beta-1,3-glucan recognition protein (BGRP) is an important pattern recognition protein (PRP), which plays an important role in immune recognition and signaling pathway of insect innate immunity. Herein, a BGRP gene was obtained from the transcriptome of Grapholita molesta and its expression was verified by PCR. The full cDNA of the GmBGRP gene was 1691 bp encoding 486 amino acid residues. The calculated molecular mass of the mature protein was 54.83 kDa with an estimated pI of 6.14. The amino acid sequence of GmBGRP was highly homologous to BGRPs of other lepidopterans including Leguminivora glycinivorella BGRP-3. Expression profile of GmBGRP at different developmental stages and different tissues of 5th instar larvae showed that the expression level of this gene tends to slightly increase and then decrease at the adult stage, with the highest at the pupa stage; and mainly expressed in the epidermis, fat body and hemocytes compared with other tissues. In addition, we investigated the transcription levels of other immune-related genes, such as Serine-1, Serine-2, Serine-3, Serpin, SRCB (scavenger receptor gene), Toll, PPO (prophenoloxidase) upon GmBGRP gene silencing, indicating that GmBGRP expression is associated with immune responses of G. molesta. This was further supported by the upregulation of the mRNA level of GmBGRP following fungal infection. Taken together, these results provide experimental evidence for the role of GmBGRP gene in immune defense in G. molesta larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishan Cao
- International Joint Laboratory of Taxonomy and Systematic Evolution of Insecta, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Jinjun Cao
- International Joint Laboratory of Taxonomy and Systematic Evolution of Insecta, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Volodymyr Vlasenko
- Department of Plant Protection, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Olha Bakumenko
- Department of Plant Protection, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Weihai Li
- International Joint Laboratory of Taxonomy and Systematic Evolution of Insecta, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Guluarte C, Pereyra A, Ramírez-Hernández E, Zenteno E, Luis Sánchez-Salgado J. The immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of β-glucans in invertebrates. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108022. [PMID: 37984608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
β-glucans (βGs) are carbohydrate polymers linked by β-1,3, 1,4 or 1,6 bonds, they have been used to protect against potential pathogens and prevent lethal diseases. The immune system possesses several receptors that identify a wide range of structures and trigger cellular and humoral mechanisms. However, the mechanisms by which βGs activate the immune system of invertebrate organisms have not been fully clarified. This review is focused on evaluating the effect of βGs on innate immune system in invertebrates. βGs stimulate different cellular and humoral mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, oxygen species production, extracellular trap formation, proPO system, and antimicrobial peptide synthesis, moreover, βGs increase survival rate and decrease pathogen load in several species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Guluarte
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - Alí Pereyra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - Eleazar Ramírez-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Salgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 México City, Mexico.
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Zhao L, Niu J, Feng D, Wang X, Zhang R. Immune functions of pattern recognition receptors in Lepidoptera. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203061. [PMID: 37398667 PMCID: PMC10312389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), as the "sensors" in the immune response, play a prominent role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiating an effective defense response to pathogens in Lepidoptera. It is becoming increasingly clear that damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) normally play a physiological role within cells; however, when exposed to extracellular, they may become "part-time" critical signals of the immune response. Based on research in recent years, we review herein typical PRRs of Lepidoptera, including peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), gram-negative binding protein (GNBP), β-1,3-glucan recognition protein (βGRP), C-type lectin (CTL), and scavenger receptor (SR). We also outline the ways in which DAMPs participate in the immune response and the correlation between PRRs and immune escape. Taken together, these findings suggest that the role of PRRs in insect innate immunity may be much greater than expected and that it is possible to recognize a broader range of signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinlan Niu
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Disong Feng
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xialu Wang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Dittmer NT, Hiromasa Y, Kanost MR. Proteomic analysis of pharate pupal molting fluid from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 149:103844. [PMID: 36115517 PMCID: PMC9875806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The insect cuticle is a key component of their success, being important for protection, communication, locomotion, and support. Conversely, as an exoskeleton, it also limits the size of the insect and must be periodically molted and a new one synthesized, to permit growth. To achieve this, the insect secretes a solution of chitinases, proteases and other proteins, known collectively as molting fluid, during each molting process to break down and recycle components of the old cuticle. Previous research has focused on the degradative enzymes in molting fluid and offered some characterization of their biochemical properties. However, identification of the specific proteins involved remained to be determined. We have used 2D SDS-PAGE and LC/MS-based proteomic analysis to identify proteins in the molting fluid of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, undergoing the larval to pupal molt. We categorized these proteins based on their proposed functions including chitin metabolism, proteases, peptidases, and immunity. This analysis complements previous reported work on M. sexta molting fluid and identifies candidate genes for enzymes involved in cuticle remodeling. Proteins classified as having an immune function highlight potential for molting fluid to act as an immune barrier to prevent infections during the cuticle degradation and ecdysis processes. Several proteins known to function in melanin synthesis as an immune response in hemolymph were present in molting fluid. We demonstrated that the bacterium Micrococcus luteus and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana can stimulate activation of phenoloxidase in molting fluid, indicating that the recognition proteins, protease cascade, and prophenoloxidase needed for melanin synthesis are present as a defense against infection during cuticle degradation. This analysis offers insights for proteins that may be important not only for molting in M. sexta but for insects in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal T Dittmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Yasuaki Hiromasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Michael R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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Bai J, Cao J, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Li L, Liang L, Ma X, Han R, Ma W, Xu L, Ma L. Comparative analysis of the immune system and expression profiling of Lymantria dispar infected by Beauveria bassiana. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 187:105212. [PMID: 36127056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lymantria dispar is one of the most devastating forest pests worldwide. Fungal biopesticides have great potential as alternatives owing to their high lethality to pests and eco-friendly feature, which is, however, often severely compromised by the pests' innate immunity. A better understanding of the antifungal immune system in L. dispar would significantly facilitate the development of the biopesticide. Here, we investigated phylogenetic characteristics of immunity-related genes as well as the tissue expression patterns in L. dispar after the infection of an entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana using RNA-sequencing data. Results showed most immune genes remain at a low level of response after 24 h post-infection (HPI). Almost all genes in the Toll pathway were significantly up-regulated at 48 HPI, and SPH1, SPN6, Toll6, Toll12, Myd88, pelle, and Drosal were significantly down-regulated at 72 HPI. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the protein levels of βGRP3 and PPO1 were significantly upregulated at 24 and 48 HPI, while Myd88 was downregulated at 24 HPI, which was further confirmed by Quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Moreover, the relative content of H2O2, a potent reactive oxygen species (ROS), was significantly increased with the decrease of the total antioxidant capacity, indicating that oxidative stress system positively participates in the clearance of the pathogenic fungus. Together, our study provides detailed genetic characteristics of antifungal immunity as well as profiling of the host defense against entomopathogenic infection, and comprehensive insight into molecular interaction between L. dispar and the entomopathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Bai
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Cao
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Liwei Liang
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Institute of Forest Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Runhua Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China.
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Forest protection, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Forest Protection Technology Innovation Center, Harbin, China.
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Li S, Hao Z, Xu H, Gao Y, Zhang M, Liang J, Dang X. Silencing β-1,3-glucan binding protein enhances the susceptibility of Plutella xylostella to entomopathogenic fungus Isaria cicadae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3117-3127. [PMID: 35442542 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella is a notorious pest of brassicaceae crops globally and has developed serious resistance to insecticide. Insects primarily rely on their innate immunity to defense against various pathogens. In this study, we investigated the immunological functions of a β-1,3-glucan binding protein from P. xylostella (PxβGBP) and evaluated its potential for biocontrolling P. xylostella. RESULTS The open reading frame of PxβGBP is 1422 bp encoding 473 amino acids residues. PxβGBP contained a CBM39 domain, a PAC domain and a GH16 domain and shared evolutionary conservation with other lepidoptera βGRPs. PxβGBP was strongly expressed in the third instar larvae and fat body. PxβGBP transcript levels increased significantly after the challenge with microbes, including Isaria cicadae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. PxβGBP was identified in P. xylostella larvae challenged by I cicadae, but not in the naïve insects. Recombinant PxβGBP can directly bind fungal and bacterial cells, and also agglutinate the cells of I cicadae, S. aureus and E coli in a zinc-dependent manner. Knockdown of PxβGBP via RNA interference significantly down-regulated the expression of antimicrobial peptide gene gloverin, and enhanced the susceptibility of P. xylostella to I. cicadae infection, leading to high mortality. CONCLUSION These results indicated that PxβGBP plays an important role in the immune response of P. xylostella against I. cicadae infection, and could serve as a potential novel target for pest control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongping Hao
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangli Dang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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7
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Cerenius L, Söderhäll K. Immune properties of invertebrate phenoloxidases. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 122:104098. [PMID: 33857469 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanin production from different types of phenoloxidases (POs) confers immunity from a variety of pathogens ranging from viruses and microorganisms to parasites. The arthropod proPO expresses a variety of activities including cytokine, opsonin and microbiocidal activities independent of and even without melanin production. Proteolytic processing of proPO and its activating enzyme gives rise to several peptide fragments with a variety of separate activities in a process reminiscent of vertebrate complement system activation although proPO bears no sequence similarity to vertebrate complement factors. Pathogens influence proPO activation and thereby what types of immune effects that will be produced. An increasing number of specialised pathogens - from parasites to viruses - have been identified who can synthesise compounds specifically aimed at the proPO-system. In invertebrates outside the arthropods phylogenetically unrelated POs are participating in melanization reactions obviously aimed at intruders and/or aberrant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lage Cerenius
- Department of Organismal Biology,Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kenneth Söderhäll
- Department of Organismal Biology,Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Ji J, Zhou L, Xu Z, Ma L, Lu Z. Two atypical gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins are involved in the antibacterial response in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 30:427-435. [PMID: 33928689 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The activation of immune pathways is triggered by the recognition of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins (GNBPs)/β-1,3-glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs) are a conserved family of PRRs in insects. Two GNBPs are predicted in the genome database of pea aphids; however, little is known about their functions in the aphid immune system. Here, we show that pea aphid GNBPs possess domain architectures and sequence features distinct from those of typical GNBPs/βGRPs and that their expression is induced by bacterial infection. Knockdown of their expression by dsRNA resulted in lower phenoloxidase activity, higher bacterial loads and higher mortality in aphids after infection. Our data suggest that these two atypical GNBPs are involved in the antibacterial response in the pea aphid, likely acting as PRRs in the prophenoloxidase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ji
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - L Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Z Xu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - L Ma
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Z Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Lyons N, Softley I, Balfour A, Williamson C, O'Brien HE, Shetty AC, Bruno VM, Diezmann S. Tobacco Hornworm ( Manduca sexta) caterpillars as a novel host model for the study of fungal virulence and drug efficacy. Virulence 2021; 11:1075-1089. [PMID: 32842847 PMCID: PMC7549948 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1806665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The two leading yeast pathogens of humans, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, cause systemic infections in >1.4 million patients worldwide with mortality rates approaching 75%. It is thus imperative to study fungal virulence mechanisms, efficacy of antifungal drugs, and host response pathways. While this is commonly done in mammalian models, which are afflicted by ethical and practical concerns, invertebrate models, such as wax moth larvae and nematodes have been introduced over the last two decades. To complement existing invertebrate host models, we developed fifth instar caterpillars of the Tobacco Hornworm moth Manduca sexta as a novel host model. These caterpillars can be maintained at 37°C, are suitable for injections with defined amounts of yeast cells, and are susceptible to the most threatening yeast pathogens, including C. albicans, C. neoformans, C. auris, and C. glabrata. Importantly, fungal burden can be assessed daily throughout the course of infection in a single caterpillar’s feces and hemolymph. Infected caterpillars can be rescued by treatment with antifungal drugs. Notably, these animals are large enough for weight to provide a reliable and reproducible measure of fungal disease and to facilitate host tissue-specific expression analyses. M. sexta caterpillars combine a suite of parameters that make them suitable for the study of fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Lyons
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath , Bath, UK
| | - Isabel Softley
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath , Bath, UK
| | - Andrew Balfour
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath , Bath, UK
| | | | - Heath E O'Brien
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine & Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff, UK
| | - Amol C Shetty
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vincent M Bruno
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Diezmann
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath , Bath, UK.,School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol , Bristol, UK
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Ye C, Jiang S, Gong M, Min Q, Fan M, Gao J, Meng Y. Expressional Localization and Functionally Identifying an RNA Editing Enzyme BmADARa of the Silkworm Bombyx mori. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080523. [PMID: 32806497 PMCID: PMC7469206 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The most common type of RNA editing in metazoans is the deamination of adenosine into inosine (A-to-I) catalyzed by the adenosine deaminase acting on the RNA (ADAR) family of proteins. The deletion or dysfunction of ADAR enzymes in higher eukaryotes can affect the efficiency of substrate editing and cause neurological disorders. However, the information concerning A-to-I RNA editing and ADAR members in the silkworm, Bombyx mori (BmADAR), is limited. In this study, a first molecular comprehensive cloning and sequence analysis of BmADAR transcripts was presented. A complete open reading frame (ORF) (BmADARa) was obtained using RT-PCR and RACE and its expression pattern, subcellular localization and A-to-I RNA-editing function on the silkworm synaptotagmin I (BmSyt I) were investigated. Subcellular localization analysis observed that BmADARa was mainly localized in the nucleus. To further study the A-to-I RNA-editing function of BmADARa, BmSyt I-pIZ-EGFP was constructed and co-transfected with BmADARa-pIZ-EGFP into BmN cells. The result demonstrates that BmADARa can functionally edit the specific site of BmSyt I. Taken together, this study not only provides insight into the function of the first ADAR enzyme in B. mori, but also lays foundations for further exploration of the functional domain of BmADARa and its editing substrates and target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjun Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.Y.); (S.J.); (Q.M.); (M.F.)
- Institute of Sericulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 15 Huoshan Road, Hefei 230061, China
| | - Song Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.Y.); (S.J.); (Q.M.); (M.F.)
- Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Meixia Gong
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Research Academy of Sericultural Science, 10 Xiajun Road, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Qin Min
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.Y.); (S.J.); (Q.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Manli Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.Y.); (S.J.); (Q.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Junshan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.Y.); (S.J.); (Q.M.); (M.F.)
- Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Y.M.); Tel.: +86-551-65786967 (Y.M.)
| | - Yan Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China; (C.Y.); (S.J.); (Q.M.); (M.F.)
- Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Y.M.); Tel.: +86-551-65786967 (Y.M.)
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11
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Lin J, Yu XQ, Wang Q, Tao X, Li J, Zhang S, Xia X, You M. Immune responses to Bacillus thuringiensis in the midgut of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:103661. [PMID: 32097696 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is the first insect to develop resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in the field. To date, little is known about the molecular mechanism of the interaction between Bt and midgut immunity in P. xylostella. Here, we report immune responses in the P. xylostella midgut to Bt strain Bt8010 using a combined approach of transcriptomics and quantitative proteomics. Many genes in the Toll, IMD, JNK and JAK-STAT pathways and antimicrobial peptide genes were activated at 18 h post-infection. In the prophenoloxidase (PPO) cascade, four serpin genes were activated, and the PPO1 gene was suppressed by Bt8010. Inhibition of the two PPO proteins was observed at 18 h post-infection. Feeding Bt8010-infected larvae recombinant PPOs enhanced their survival. These results revealed that the Toll, IMD, JNK and JAK-STAT pathways were triggered and participated in the immune defence of the midgut against Bt8010, while the PPO cascade was inhibited and played an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Insect Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinping Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian/Taiwan Crops and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China.
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12
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Molecular cloning and characterization of the β-1,3-glucan recognition protein in Anatolica polita. Gene X 2019; 697:144-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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13
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Rao XJ, Zhan MY, Pan YM, Liu S, Yang PJ, Yang LL, Yu XQ. Immune functions of insect βGRPs and their potential application. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:80-88. [PMID: 29229443 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insects rely completely on the innate immune system to sense the foreign bodies and to mount the immune responses. Germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors play crucial roles in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Among them, β-1,3-glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs) and gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins (GNBPs) belong to the same pattern recognition receptor family, which can recognize β-1,3-glucans. Typical insect βGRPs are comprised of a tandem carbohydrate-binding module in the N-terminal and a glucanase-like domain in the C-terminal. The former can recognize triple-helical β-1,3-glucans, whereas the latter, which normally lacks the enzymatic activity, can recruit adapter proteins to initiate the protease cascade. According to studies, insect βGRPs possess at least three types of functions. Firstly, some βGRPs cooperate with peptidoglycan recognition proteins to recognize the lysine-type peptidoglycans upstream of the Toll pathway. Secondly, some directly recognize fungal β-1,3-glucans to activate the Toll pathway and melanization. Thirdly, some form the 'attack complexes' with other immune effectors to promote the antifungal defenses. The current review will focus on the discovery of insect βGRPs, functions of some well-characterized members, structure-function studies and their potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jun Rao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Ming-Yue Zhan
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yue-Min Pan
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Su Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Pei-Jin Yang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Li-Ling Yang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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14
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Gan Q, Zhang X, Zhang D, Shi L, Zhou Y, Sun T, Jiang S, Gao J, Meng Y. BmSUC1 is essential for glycometabolism modulation in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:543-553. [PMID: 29660529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose is the most commonly transported sugar in plants and is easily assimilated by insects to fulfill the requirement of physiological metabolism. BmSuc1 is a novel animal β-fructofuranosidase (β-FFase, EC 3.2.1.26)-encoding gene that was firstly cloned and identified in silkworm, Bombyx mori. BmSUC1 was presumed to play an important role in the silkworm-mulberry enzymatic adaptation system by effectively hydrolyzing sucrose absorbed from mulberry leaves. However, this has not been proved with direct evidence thus far. In this study, we investigated sucrose hydrolysis activity in the larval midgut of B. mori by inhibition tests and found that sucrase activity mainly stemmed from β-FFase, not α-glucosidase. Next, we performed shRNA-mediated transgenic RNAi to analyze the growth characteristics of silkworm larvae and variations in glycometabolism in vivo in transgenic silkworms. The results showed that in the RNAi-BmSuc1 transgenic line, larval development was delayed, and their body size was markedly reduced. Finally, the activity of several disaccharidases alone in the midgut and the sugar distribution, total sugar and glycogen in the midgut, hemolymph and fat body were then determined and compared. Our results demonstrated that silencing BmSuc1 significantly reduced glucose and apparently activated maltase and trehalase in the midgut. Together with a clear decrease in both glycogen and trehalose in the fat body, we conclude that BmSUC1 acts as an essential sucrase by directly modulating the degree of sucrose hydrolysis in the silkworm larval midgut, and insufficient sugar storage in the fat body may be responsible for larval malnutrition and abnormal petite phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Daobo Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Tongtong Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Song Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Junshan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Yan Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Development Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
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15
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D181A Site-Mutagenesis Enhances Both the Hydrolyzing and Transfructosylating Activities of BmSUC1, a Novel β-Fructofuranosidase in the Silkworm Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030683. [PMID: 29495594 PMCID: PMC5877544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
β-fructofuranosidase (β-FFase) belongs to the glycosyl-hydrolase family 32 (GH32), which can catalyze both the release of β-fructose from β-d-fructofuranoside substrates to hydrolyze sucrose and the synthesis of short-chain fructooligosaccharide (FOS). BmSuc1 has been cloned and identified from the silkworm Bombyx mori as a first animal type of β-FFase encoding gene. It was hypothesized that BmSUC1 plays an important role in the silkworm-mulberry adaptation system. However, there is little information about the enzymatic core sites of BmSUC1. In this study, we mutated three amino acid residues (D63, D181, and E234) that represent important conserved motifs for β-FFase activity in GH32 to alanine respectively by using site-directed mutagenesis. Recombinant proteins of three mutants and wild type BmSUC1 were obtained by using a Bac-to-Bac/BmNPV expression system and BmN cells. Enzymatic activity, kinetic properties, and substrate specificity of the four proteins were analyzed. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to compare the hydrolyzing and transfructosylating activities between D181A and wtBmSUC1. Our results revealed that the D63A and E234A mutations lost activity, suggesting that D63 and E234 are key amino acid residues for BmSUC1 to function as an enzyme. The D181A mutation significantly enhanced both hydrolyzing and transfructosylating activities of BmSUC1, indicating that D181 may not be directly involved in catalyzation. The results provide insight into the chemical catalyzation mechanism of BmSUC1 in B. mori. Up-regulated transfructosylating activity of BmSUC1 could provide new ideas for using B. mori β-FFase to produce functional FOS.
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16
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Wu T, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Song Q, Wang Z, Xu Q, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Feng C. β-1,3-Glucan recognition protein 3 activates the prophenoloxidase system in response to bacterial infection in Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:31-43. [PMID: 29032241 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are biosensor proteins that bind to non-self pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). β-1,3-glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs) play an essential role in immune recognition and signaling pathway of insect innate immunity. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of cDNA of OfβGRP3 from Ostrinia furnacalis larvae. The OfβGRP3 contains 1455 bp open reading frame, encoding a predicted 484 amino acid residue protein. In hemocytes, the expression levels of OfβGRP3 in Escherichia coli-challenged group were higher than those of Bacillus subtilis-challenged group at 2, 4, 8, 10 and 12 h post injection (HPI). In fat body, OfβGRP3 expression in both B. subtilis and E. coli-challenged group was significantly higher than that in untreated group from 4 to 10 HPI, and then the expression continuously dropped from 12 to 36 HPI. The OfβGRP3 expression in laminarin-injected group was higher than that in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-injected group in various test tissues from 4 to 24 HPI. The LT50 of E. coli-infected OfβGRP3-RNAi larvae (1.0 days) was significantly lower compared with that of E. coli infected wild-type larvae (3.0 days) (p < 0.01). Only 10.2% Sephadex G50 beads (degree 3) were completely melanized in the larvae inoculated with OfβGRP3 dsRNA, as compared to 48.8% in control larvae (p < 0.01). A notable reduction in the PO activity and IEARase activity in hemolymph was also detected in the OfβGRP3 knockdown larvae. Our study demonstrates that OfβGRP3 is one of PRR members involved the PPO-activating system in O. furnacalis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyan Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Zengxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiuwen Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Yingjuan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Libao Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Congjing Feng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China.
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Transcription Factor Forkhead Regulates Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2688. [PMID: 28578399 PMCID: PMC5457402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02830-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an important role in defense against microbial infections in insects. Expression of AMPs is regulated mainly by NF-κB factors Dorsal, Dif and Relish. Our previous study showed that both NF-κB and GATA-1 factors are required for activation of moricin promoter in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and a 140-bp region in the moricin promoter contains binding sites for additional transcription factors. In this study, we identified three forkhead (Fkh)-binding sites in the 140-bp region of the moricin promoter and several Fkh-binding sites in the lysozyme promoter, and demonstrated that Fkh-binding sites are required for activation of both moricin and lysozyme promoters by Fkh factors. In addition, we found that Fkh mRNA was undetectable in Drosophila S2 cells, and M. sexta Fkh (MsFkh) interacted with Relish-Rel-homology domain (RHD) but not with Dorsal-RHD. Dual luciferase assays with moricin mutant promoters showed that co-expression of MsFkh with Relish-RHD did not have an additive effect on the activity of moricin promoter, suggesting that MsFkh and Relish regulate moricin activation independently. Our results suggest that insect AMPs can be activated by Fkh factors under non-infectious conditions, which may be important for protection of insects from microbial infection during molting and metamorphosis.
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18
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Co-expression of Dorsal and Rel2 Negatively Regulates Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in the Tobacco Hornworm Manduca sexta. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20654. [PMID: 26847920 PMCID: PMC4742911 DOI: 10.1038/srep20654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) plays an essential role in regulation of innate immunity. In mammals, NF-κB factors can form homodimers and heterodimers to activate gene expression. In insects, three NF-κB factors, Dorsal, Dif and Relish, have been identified to activate antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression. However, it is not clear whether Dorsal (or Dif) and Relish can form heterodimers. Here we report the identification and functional analysis of a Dorsal homologue (MsDorsal) and two Relish short isoforms (MsRel2A and MsRel2B) from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Both MsRel2A and MsRel2B contain only a Rel homology domain (RHD) and lack the ankyrin-repeat inhibitory domain. Overexpression of the RHD domains of MsDorsal and MsRel2 in Drosophila melanogaster S2 and Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells can activate AMP gene promoters from M. sexta and D. melanogaster. We for the first time confirmed the interaction between MsDorsal-RHD and MsRel2-RHD, and suggesting that Dorsal and Rel2 may form heterodimers. More importantly, co-expression of MsDorsal-RHD with MsRel2-RHD suppressed activation of several M. sexta AMP gene promoters. Our results suggest that the short MsRel2 isoforms may form heterodimers with MsDorsal as a novel mechanism to prevent over-activation of antimicrobial peptides.
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19
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Zhang X, He Y, Cao X, Gunaratna RT, Chen YR, Blissard G, Kanost MR, Jiang H. Phylogenetic analysis and expression profiling of the pattern recognition receptors: Insights into molecular recognition of invading pathogens in Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 62:38-50. [PMID: 25701384 PMCID: PMC4476941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect microbial pathogens and trigger innate immune responses. Previous biochemical studies have elucidated the physiological functions of eleven PRRs in Manduca sexta but our understanding of the recognition process is still limited, lacking genomic perspectives. While 34 C-type lectin-domain proteins and 16 Toll-like receptors are reported in the companion papers, we present here 120 other putative PRRs identified through the genome annotation. These include 76 leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins, 14 peptidoglycan recognition proteins, 6 EGF/Nim-domain proteins, 5 β-1,3-glucanase-related proteins, 4 galectins, 4 fibrinogen-related proteins, 3 thioester proteins, 5 immunoglobulin-domain proteins, 2 hemocytins, and 1 Reeler. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis reveal the evolution history of a diverse repertoire of proteins for pathogen recognition. While functions of insect LRR proteins are mostly unknown, their structure diversification is phenomenal: In addition to the Toll homologs, 22 LRR proteins with a signal peptide are expected to be secreted; 18 LRR proteins lacking signal peptides may be cytoplasmic; 36 LRRs with a signal peptide and a transmembrane segment may be non-Toll receptors on the surface of cells. Expression profiles of the 120 genes in 52 tissue samples reflect complex regulation in various developmental stages and physiological states, including some likely by Rel family transcription factors via κB motifs in the promoter regions. This collection of information is expected to facilitate future biochemical studies detailing their respective roles in this model insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yan He
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ramesh T Gunaratna
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yun-ru Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gary Blissard
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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20
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Legentil L, Paris F, Ballet C, Trouvelot S, Daire X, Vetvicka V, Ferrières V. Molecular Interactions of β-(1→3)-Glucans with Their Receptors. Molecules 2015; 20:9745-66. [PMID: 26023937 PMCID: PMC6272582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20069745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
β-(1→3)-Glucans can be found as structural polysaccharides in cereals, in algae or as exo-polysaccharides secreted on the surfaces of mushrooms or fungi. Research has now established that β-(1→3)-glucans can trigger different immune responses and act as efficient immunostimulating agents. They constitute prevalent sources of carbons for microorganisms after subsequent recognition by digesting enzymes. Nevertheless, mechanisms associated with both roles are not yet clearly understood. This review focuses on the variety of elucidated molecular interactions that involve these natural or synthetic polysaccharides and their receptors, i.e., Dectin-1, CR3, glycolipids, langerin and carbohydrate-binding modules.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Agaricales/genetics
- Agaricales/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Edible Grain/genetics
- Edible Grain/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase/genetics
- Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase/immunology
- Glycolipids/immunology
- Glycolipids/metabolism
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Macrophage-1 Antigen/genetics
- Macrophage-1 Antigen/immunology
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/immunology
- Receptors, Scavenger/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Stramenopiles/genetics
- Stramenopiles/metabolism
- beta-Glucans/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Legentil
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France.
- Université européenne de Bretagne, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Franck Paris
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France.
- Université européenne de Bretagne, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Caroline Ballet
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France.
- Université européenne de Bretagne, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- INRA, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
| | - Xavier Daire
- INRA, UMR AgroSup/INRA/uB 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Vincent Ferrières
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France.
- Université européenne de Bretagne, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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