1
|
Zeng QH, Gong MF, Yang H, Chen NN, Lei Q, Jin DC. Effect of four chitinase genes on the female fecundity in Sogatella furcifera (Horváth). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1912-1923. [PMID: 38088492 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The white-backed planthopper (WPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), is a destructive rice pest with strong reproductive capacity. To gain insights into the roles of chitinases in the reproductive process of this insect species, this study represents the first-ever endeavor to conduct an in-depth exploration into the reproductive functions of four chitinase genes. RESULTS In this study, it was observed that four chitinase genes were expressed in female adults, with a relatively high expression level in the ovaries. SfCht2 and SfIDGF1 were highly expressed during later ovarian development. while SfENGase increased and then decreased with ovarian development. SfCht2, SfCht6-2 and SfENGase were highly expressed in fat body on the first and second days after eclosion, whereas SfIDGF1 highest on day 7. Compared with control group, Silencing four chitinase genes inhibited ovarian development and significantly shortened the oviposition period of S. furcifera, reducing egg-laying capacity but not affecting egg hatching. The detection demonstrated that the expression levels of SfVg, SfVgR and 70-90% juvenile hormone (JH) signaling pathway-related reproductive genes was significantly down-regulated. Moreover, SfCht6-2 and SfENGase significantly affected the expression levels of Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway genes. SfENGase had the ability to impact nutrient signaling pathways and fatty acid metabolism, repressing vitellogenin synthesis and ultimately influencing ovarian development of S. furcifera. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study provides insight into the function of chitinases in insect fecundity and is of great significance for enriching the cognition of insect chitinase function. They will become the suitable target genes for controlling the most destructive rice planthoppers. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hui Zeng
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming-Fu Gong
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Ning-Nan Chen
- Plant Protection 2020, Agricultural College of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qing Lei
- Plant Protection 2020, Agricultural College of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dao-Chao Jin
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao WJ, Li Y, Jiao ZL, Su PP, Yang LB, Sun CQ, Xiu JF, Shang XL, Guo G. Function analysis and characterisation of a novel chitinase, MdCht9, in Musca domestica. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 33:157-172. [PMID: 38160324 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Insect chitinases have been proposed as potential targets for pest control. In this work, a novel group IV chitinase gene, MdCht9, from Musca domestica was found to have multiple functions in the physiological activity, including chitin regulation, development and antifungal immunity. The MdCht9 gene was cloned and sequenced, its phylogeny was analysed and its expression was determined in normal and 20E treated larvae. Subsequently, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated MdCht9 knockdown was performed, followed by biochemical assays, morphological observations and transcriptome analysis. Finally, the recombinant protein MdCht9 (rMdCht9) was purified and tested for anti-microbial activity and enzyme characteristics. The results showed that MdCht9 consists of three domains, highly expressed in a larval salivary gland. RNAi silencing of MdCht9 resulted in significant down-regulation of chitin content and expression of 15 chitin-binding protein (CBP) genes, implying a new insight that MdCht9 might regulate chitin content by influencing the expression of CBPs. In addition, more than half of the lethality and partial wing deformity appeared due to the dsMdCht9 treatment. In addition, the rMdCht9 exhibited anti-microbial activity towards Candida albicans (fungus) but not towards Escherichia coli (G-) or Staphylococcus aureus (G+). Our work expands on previous studies of chitinase while providing a potential target for pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen-Long Jiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pei-Pei Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Long-Bing Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao-Qin Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Xiu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Shang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Guo Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang R, Liu W, Zhang Z. miR-306-5p is involved in chitin metabolism in Aedes albopictus pupae via linc8338-miR-306-5p-XM_019678125.2 axis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 200:105811. [PMID: 38582583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus can transmit several lethal arboviruses. This mosquito has become a sever public health threat due to its rapidly changing global distribution. Chitin, which is the major component of the cuticle and peritrophic membrane (PM), is crucial for the growth and development of insect. microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the posttranscriptional level regulation of gene expression, thereby influencing many biological processes in insects. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the role of miR-306-5p in regulating chitin metabolism in Ae. albopictus pupae. Overexpression of miR-306-5p resulted in a significantly reduced survival rate in pupae and an increased malformation rate in adults. Both in vivo and in vitro evidence confirmed the presence of the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory axis (linc8338-miR-306-5p-XM_019678125.2). RNAi of linc8338 and XM_019678125.2 had effects on pupae similar to those of miR-306-5p. The highest expression level of miR-306-5p was found in the midgut, and alteration in the expression of miR-306-5p, XM_019678125.2 and linc8338 induced increased transcript levels of chitin synthase 2 (AaCHS2) and decreased chitinase 10 (AaCht10); as well as increased thickness of the midgut and enlarged midgut epithelial cells. The results of this study highlight the potential of miR-306-5p as a prospective target in mosquito control and confirm that the ceRNA mechanism is involved in chitin metabolism. These findings will provide a basis for further studies to uncover the molecular mechanisms through which ncRNAs regulate chitin metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Zhang
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan 250117, China; School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan 250117, China.
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan 250117, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan 250117, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Y, Tang H, Zhou W, Li C, Chen YN, Zhang Q, Fu KY, Guo WC, Shi JF. Identification of chitinase genes and roles in the larval-pupal transition of Leptinotarsa decemlineata. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:282-295. [PMID: 37671631 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect chitinases play crucial roles in degrading chitin in the extracellular matrix, affecting insect development and molting. However, our understanding of the specific functions of various chitinases in Leptinotarsa decemlineata is limited, hindering the deployment of novel gene-targeting technologies as pest management strategies. RESULTS We identified and characterized 19 full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences of chitinase genes (LdChts) in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Despite having varying domain architectures, all these chitinases contained at least one chitinase catalytic domain. Phylogenetic analysis classified the chitinase proteins into ten distinct clusters (groups I-X). Expression profiles showed the highest expression in chitin-rich tissues or during specific developmental stages from the larva-to-pupa transition. Gene-specific RNA interference (RNAi) experiments provided valuable insight into chitinase gene function. Silencing of group II LdCht10 prevented larval-larval molting, larval-prepupal, and prepupal-pupal processes. Moreover, our study revealed that LdCht5, LdCht2, LdCht11, LdCht1, and LdCht3 from groups I and VII-X were specifically essential for the transition from prepupal to pupal stage, whereas LdIDGF2 from group V was necessary for the larval-prepupal metamorphic process. The chitinase gene LdCht7 from group III and LdIDGF4 from group V were involved in both the larva-to-prepupa and the prepupa-to-pupa shift. Additionally, our findings also shed light on the exclusive expression of nine chitinase genes within group IV in the digestive system, suggesting their potential role in regulating larval body weight and larva-to-pupa transition. CONCLUSION Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the functional specialization of chitinase genes during the molting process of various stages and identify potential targets for RNAi-based management of Leptinotarsa decemlineata. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-Yun Fu
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Wen-Chao Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Ji-Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rabadiya D, Behr M. The biology of insect chitinases and their roles at chitinous cuticles. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 165:104071. [PMID: 38184175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most prevalent biomaterials in the natural world. The chitin matrix formation and turnover involve several enzymes for chitin synthesis, maturation, and degradation. Sequencing of the Drosophila genome more than twenty years ago revealed that insect genomes contain a number of chitinases, but why insects need so many different chitinases was unclear. Here, we focus on insect GH18 family chitinases and discuss their participation in chitin matrix formation and degradation. We describe their variations in terms of temporal and spatial expression patterns, molecular function, and physiological consequences at chitinous cuticles. We further provide insight into the catalytic mechanisms by discussing chitinase protein domain structures, substrate binding, and enzymatic activities with respect to structural analysis of the enzymatic GH18 domain, substrate-binding cleft, and characteristic TIM-barrel structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhyeykumar Rabadiya
- Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Behr
- Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zeng B, Chen FR, Sun H, Liu Y, Wu SF, Bass C, Gao CF. Molecular and functional analysis of chitin synthase genes in Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:661-676. [PMID: 36269029 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, has developed a high level of resistance to many of the compounds currently used for control. There is therefore an urgent need to develop novel control methods for C. suppressalis. Insect chitin synthases (CHS) have attracted interest as a potential target for insect pest management. However, to date, CHS have not been characterized in C. suppressalis. Two CHS genes (CsCHS1 and CsCHS2) were identified and cloned from C. suppressalis. Two transcript variants were identified for CsCHS1, CsCHS1a and CsCHS1b. Spatiotemporal expression profiling showed that both transcripts of CsCHS1 are most highly expressed on the last day of each larval instar stage and show the highest expression levels in the integument. In contrast, CsCHS2 is predominantly expressed during the larval feeding stages and shows the highest expression levels in the midgut. Knockdown of CsCHS1 by RNA interference significantly inhibited the molting and pupation of C. suppressalis, and knockdown of CsCHS2 significantly affected growth during the larval stage, but had no significant effect on the pupation. Moreover, knockout of CsCHS1 by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing severely lowered the hatching rate, larval survivorship, pupation rate, and eclosion rate, but only larval survivorship at the G0 generation was lowered after the knockout of CsCHS2. These results demonstrate that CsCHS1 and CsCHS2 play vital roles in the growth and development of C. suppressalis, and so have potential as insecticidal targets for the control of this highly damaging pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zeng
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application/College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Fu-Rong Chen
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application/College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Sun
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application/College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application/College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shun-Fan Wu
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application/College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Cong-Fen Gao
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application/College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu Q, Xie H, Qu M, Liu T, Yang Q. Group h Chitinase: A Molecular Target for the Development of Lepidopteran-Specific Insecticides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37038745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture requires insecticides that are selective between insects and mammals and even between harmful and beneficial insects. Lepidoptera includes the largest number of insect pests that threaten crops, and Hymenoptera contains the natural enemies for these pests. Discovery of lepidopteran-specific molecular targets is one route to develop such selective pesticides. Group h chitinase (Chi-h) is an ideal target for lepidopteran-specific insecticides because it is only distributed in Lepidoptera and is critical to their molting processes. This minireview focuses on the latest progress in developing Chi-h as a lepidopteran-specific insecticide target. We describe the biological function, crystal structure, and small-molecule inhibitors of the enzyme. Notably, two unique pockets were discovered in the crystal structure of Chi-h for the binding of the selective inhibitors, phlegmacin B1 and lynamicin B. Moreover, lynamicin B was found to exhibit significant insecticidal activity toward lepidopteran pests but is harmless toward their natural enemies. These findings are advancing the development of selective insecticides to meet the needs of sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Lu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaodong 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie Xie
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaodong 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingbo Qu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaodong 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaodong 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
An S, Liu W, Fu J, Zhang Z, Zhang R. Molecular identification of the chitinase genes in Aedes albopictus and essential roles of AaCht10 in pupal-adult transition. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:120. [PMID: 37005671 PMCID: PMC10068161 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus is an increasingly serious threat in public health due to it is vector of multiple arboviruses that cause devastating human diseases, as well as its widening distribution in recent years. Insecticide resistance is a serious problem worldwide that limits the efficacy of chemical control strategies against Ae. albopictus. Chitinase genes have been widely recognized as attractive targets for the development of effective and environmentally safe insect management measures. METHODS Chitinase genes of Ae. albopictus were identified and characterized on the basis of bioinformatics search of the referenced genome. Gene characterizations and phylogenetic relationships of chitinase genes were investigated, and spatio-temporal expression pattern of each chitinase gene was evaluated using qRT-PCR. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to suppress the expression of AaCht10, and the roles of AaCht10 were verified based on phynotype observations, chitin content analysis and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain of epidermis and midgut. RESULTS Altogether, 14 chitinase-related genes (12 chitinase genes and 2 IDGFs) encoding 17 proteins were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all these AaChts were classified into seven groups, and most of them were gathered into group IX. Only AaCht5-1, AaCht10 and AaCht18 contained both catalytic and chitin-binding domains. Different AaChts displayed development- and tissue-specific expression profiling. Suppression of the expression of AaCht10 resulted in abnormal molting, increased mortality, decreased chitin content and thinning epicuticle, procuticle and midgut wall of pupa. CONCLUSIONS Findings of the present study will aid in determining the biological functions of AaChts and also contribute to using AaChts as potential target for mosquito management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha An
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Jingwen Fu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China.
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250117, China.
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China.
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250117, China.
- School of Laboratory Animal (Shandong Laboratory Animal Center), Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250117, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Adeyinka OS, Nasir IA, Tabassum B. Host-induced silencing of the CpCHI gene resulted in developmental abnormalities and mortality in maize stem borer (Chilo partellus). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280963. [PMID: 36745624 PMCID: PMC9901779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNAi-based insecticides for crop protection have witnessed rapid improvement over the years. However, their potential to efficiently control maize stem borer (Chilo partellus) pests has remained underexplored. In this study, double-stranded C. partellus chitinase (dsCHI) toxicity was investigated in C. partellus larvae. Furthermore, we developed transgenic maize lines expressing dsRNA targeted against C. partellus chitinase transcripts and performed detached leaf insect feeding bioassays. Our results revealed that C. partellus chitinase transcript expression was significantly downregulated by 57% and 82% in the larvae. Larvae exhibited various phenotypic distortion levels across developmental stages, and 53% mortality occurred in transgenic fed larvae compared to those fed on nontransgenic leaves. In conclusion, we have identified the C. partellus chitinase gene as a potential target for RNAi-mediated control and demonstrated that oral delivery via bacteria and plant-mediated delivery are viable means of achieving C. partellus RNAi-mediated control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olawale Samuel Adeyinka
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences Jackson state University, Jackson, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Idrees Ahmad Nasir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Tabassum
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu H, Zhao D, Guo XC, Liu ZR, Li RJ, Lu XJ, Guo W. Group V Chitin Deacetylases Influence the Structure and Composition of the Midgut of Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043076. [PMID: 36834492 PMCID: PMC9961250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA) can accelerate the conversion of chitin to chitosan, influencing the mechanical properties and permeability of the cuticle structures and the peritrophic membrane (PM) in insects. Putative Group V CDAs SeCDA6/7/8/9 (SeCDAs) were identified and characterized from beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua larvae. The cDNAs of SeCDAs contained open reading frames of 1164 bp, 1137 bp, 1158 bp and 1152 bp, respectively. The deduced protein sequences showed that SeCDAs are synthesized as preproteins of 387, 378, 385 and 383 amino acid residues, respectively. It was revealed via spatiotemporal expression analysis that SeCDAs were more abundant in the anterior region of the midgut. The SeCDAs were down-regulated after treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). After treatment with a juvenile hormone analog (JHA), the expression of SeCDA6 and SeCDA8 was down-regulated; in contrast, the expression of SeCDA7 and SeCDA9 was up-regulated. After silencing SeCDAV (the conserved sequences of Group V CDAs) via RNA interference (RNAi), the layer of intestinal wall cells in the midgut became more compact and more evenly distributed. The vesicles in the midgut were small and more fragmented or disappeared after SeCDAs were silenced. Additionally, the PM structure was scarce, and the chitin microfilament structure was loose and chaotic. It was indicated in all of the above results that Group V CDAs are essential for the growth and structuring of the intestinal wall cell layer in the midgut of S. exigua. Additionally, the midgut tissue and the PM structure and composition were affected by Group V CDAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiao-Chang Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhao-Rui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Rui-Jun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiu-Jun Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang T, Huo Y, Dong Q, Liu W, Gao L, Zhou J, Li D, Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhang M. LmCht5-1 and LmCht5-2 Promote the Degradation of Serosal and Pro-Nymphal Cuticles during Locust Embryonic Development. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121778. [PMID: 36552286 PMCID: PMC9775170 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The success of the degradation of the extraembryonic serosal cuticle and the second embryonic cuticle (pro-nymphal cuticle) is essential for the development and molting of nymph from egg in Orthoptera Locusta migratoria. Chitinase 5 is an important gene for chitin degradation in nymphs and in the egg stage. In this study, we investigated the important roles of chitinase 5-1 (LmCht5-1) and chitinase 5-2 (LmCht5-2) in the degradation of the serosal and pro-nymphal cuticles during locust embryonic development. The serosal cuticle degrades from 7-day-old embryos (E7) to E13, along with the degradation of the pro-nymphal cuticle, which begins at E12 to E14. The mRNA and protein of LmCht5-1 and LmCht5-2 are expressed during the degradation process of the serosal cuticle and the pro-nymphal cuticle. RNAi experiments at the embryonic stage show that both dsLmCht5-1 and dsLmCht5-2 contribute to the failure of development in early and late embryogenesis. Further, during the serosal cuticle molting process, ultra-structure analysis indicated that dsLmCht5-1 prevented the loss of the coarse chitin layer in the upper part in both early and late embryogenesis. Meanwhile, dsLmCht5-2 blocked the degradation of the lower fine chitin layer at the early stage and blocked the chitin degradation of loose coarse chitin in the late molting process. During the degradation of the pro-nymphal cuticle, dsLmCht5-1 suppresses chitin degradation between layers in the procuticle, while dsLmCht5-2 suppresses chitin degradation into filaments inside of the layer. In summary, our results suggest that both LmCht5-1 and LmCht5-2 contribute to the degradation of the serosal and pro-nymphal cuticles during the locust embryonic stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yanjun Huo
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qing Dong
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiannan Zhou
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Daqi Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Xueyao Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (M.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li C, Ul Haq I, Khurshid A, Tao Y, Quandahor P, Zhou JJ, Liu CZ. Effects of abiotic stresses on the expression of chitinase-like genes in Acyrthosiphon pisum. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1024136. [PMID: 36505077 PMCID: PMC9727142 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1024136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect chitinases play a crucial part to digest chitin in the exoskeleton during the molting process. However, research on insect chitinase related to the environmental stress response is very limited. This study was the first conducted to expression analysis of chitinase- related genes in A. pisum under abiotic stresses. Here, we identified five chitinase-like proteins (ApIDGF, ApCht3, ApCht7, ApCht10 and ApENGase), and clustered them into five groups (group II, III, V, Ⅹ, and ENGase). Developmental expression analysis revealed that the five A. pisum chitinase-related genes were expressed at whole developmental stages with different relative expression patterns. When aphids were exposed to various abiotic stresses including temperature, insecticide and the stress 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), all five chitinase genes were differentially expressed in A. pisum. The results showed that insecticide such as imidacloprid down-regulated the expression of these five Cht-related genes. Analysis of temperature stress of A. pisum chitinase suggested that ApCht7 expression was high at 10°C, which demonstrates its important role in pea aphids under low temperature. Conversely, ApCht10 was more active under high temperature stress, as it was significantly up-regulated at 30°C. Besides, 20E enhanced ApCht3 and ApCht10 expression in A. pisum, but reduced ApCht7 expression. These findings provide basic information and insights for the study of the role of these genes under abiotic stress, which advances our knowledge in the management of pea aphids under multiple stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Li
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Inzamam Ul Haq
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Aroosa Khurshid
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Tao
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peter Quandahor
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chang-Zhong Liu
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Chang-Zhong Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li L, Wang YQ, Li GY, Song QS, Stanley D, Wei SJ, Zhu JY. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of chitin metabolism enzymes in Tenebrio molitor. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21950. [PMID: 35809232 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is of great importance in the cuticle and inner cuticular linings of insects. Chitin synthases (CHSs), chitin deacetylases (CDAs), chitinases (CHTs), and β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (HEXs) are important enzymes required for chitin metabolism, and play essential roles in development and metamorphosis. Although chitin metabolism genes have been well characterized in limited insects, the information in the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, a model insect, is presently still unavailable. With the help of bioinformatics, we identified 54 genes that encode putative chitin metabolism enzymes, including 2 CHSs, 10 CDAs, 32 CHTs, and 10 HEXs in the genome of T. molitor. All these genes have the conserved domains and motifs of their corresponding protein family. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that CHS genes were divided into two groups. CDA genes were clustered into five groups. CHT genes were phylogenetically grouped into 11 clades, among which 1 in the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases group and the others were classified in the glycoside hydrolase family 18 groups. HEX genes were assorted into six groups. Developmental and tissue-specific expression profiling indicated that the identified chitin metabolism genes showed dynamical expression patterns concurrent with specific instar during molting period, suggesting their significant roles in molting and development. They were predominantly expressed in different tissues or body parts, implying their functional specialization and diversity. The results provide important information for further clarifying their biological functions using the yellow mealworm as an ideal experimental insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Guang-Ya Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/ARS Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lv SL, Xu ZY, Li MJ, Mbuji AL, Gu M, Zhang L, Gao XW. Detection of Chitin Synthase Mutations in Lufenuron-Resistant Spodoptera frugiperda in China. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13100963. [PMID: 36292911 PMCID: PMC9604260 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is commonly known as fall armyworm, native to tropical and subtropical regions of America, is an important migratory agricultural pest. It is important to understand the resistance and internal mechanism of action of S. frugiperda against lufenuron in China. Lufenuron is one of the main insecticides recommended for field use in China and has a broad prospect in the future. We conducted a bioassay using the diet-overlay method and found that the current S. frugiperda in China are still at a low level of resistance to lufenuron. Secondly, we examined whether the mutation I1040M (I1042M in Plutella xylostella), associated with lufenuron resistance, was produced in the field. And then we tested the expression of chitin synthase SfCHSA and SfCHSB in different tissues, and the changes of these two genes after lufenuron induction. The results showed that there is still no mutation generation in China and there is a significant change in the expression of SfCHSA under the effect of lufenuron. In conclusion, our study suggests that field S. frugiperda populations in 2019 and 2020 were less resistant to lufenuron. In fall armyworm, chitin synthases included SfCHSA and SfCHSB genes, and after induction treatment with lufenuron, the expression of the SfCHSA gene was significantly increased. In SfCHSA, no mutation has been detected in the site associated with lufenuron resistance. Secondly, in S. frugiperda larvae, the SfCHSA gene was the highest in the head of the larvae, followed by the integument; while the SfCHSB gene was mainly concentrated in the midgut. Therefore, we believe that the SfCHSA gene plays a greater role in the resistance of S. frugiperda to lufenuron than the SfCHSB gene. It is worth noting that understanding the level of resistance to lufenuron in China, the main mechanism of action of lufenuron on larvae, and the mechanism of resistance to lufenuron in S. frugiperda will help in crop protection as well as in extending the life span of this insecticide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lei Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6273-2974
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li D, Zhang J, Yang Y, Liu J, Lu J, Ren M, Abbas M, Zhu KY, Zhang J. Identification and RNAi-based functional analysis of chitinase family genes in Agrotis ipsilon. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4278-4287. [PMID: 35716091 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin is a major component in the extracellular matrix of insects, and its metabolism largely affects insect development and molting. As essential degradative enzymes, chitinases are encoded by multiple genes that differ in size, expression pattern and function in insects. However, our limited knowledge on the functions of different chitinases in Agrotis ipsilon has prevented our application of new technologies to target these genes as new pest management strategies. RESULTS We revealed 11 full-length complementary DNA sequences of chitinase genes (AiChts) from A. ipsilon transcriptome. Although the domain architecture of these chitinases varied greatly, they all contained at least one chitinase catalytic domain. Developmental stage- and tissue-dependent expression profiles showed that most AiChts had the highest expression in the pupal stage. Furthermore, AiCht2, AiCht6, AiCht7 and AiCht10 were mainly expressed in the integument, whereas AiCht8 and AiCht-h had the highest expression in the midgut. The RNA interference (RNAi) experiment revealed that knockdown of AiCht10 or the imaginal disc growth factor gene (AiIDGF) induced high larval mortality. Larvae failed to shed the old cuticle during molting after the injection of double-stranded RNA targeting AiCht10 (dsAiCht10), whereas the larval bodies shrunk and blackened after the injection of dsRNA targeting AiIDGF (dsAiIDGF). CONCLUSION Our results revealed for the first time the important functions of AiCht10 and AiIDGF in A. ipsilon. These genes are essential for larval development, and can potentially serve as new targets for RNAi-based pest management. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianqin Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Section of Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jiao Liu
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junjiao Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Meifeng Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mureed Abbas
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dittmer NT, Hiromasa Y, Kanost MR. Proteomic analysis of pharate pupal molting fluid from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 149:103844. [PMID: 36115517 PMCID: PMC9875806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The insect cuticle is a key component of their success, being important for protection, communication, locomotion, and support. Conversely, as an exoskeleton, it also limits the size of the insect and must be periodically molted and a new one synthesized, to permit growth. To achieve this, the insect secretes a solution of chitinases, proteases and other proteins, known collectively as molting fluid, during each molting process to break down and recycle components of the old cuticle. Previous research has focused on the degradative enzymes in molting fluid and offered some characterization of their biochemical properties. However, identification of the specific proteins involved remained to be determined. We have used 2D SDS-PAGE and LC/MS-based proteomic analysis to identify proteins in the molting fluid of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, undergoing the larval to pupal molt. We categorized these proteins based on their proposed functions including chitin metabolism, proteases, peptidases, and immunity. This analysis complements previous reported work on M. sexta molting fluid and identifies candidate genes for enzymes involved in cuticle remodeling. Proteins classified as having an immune function highlight potential for molting fluid to act as an immune barrier to prevent infections during the cuticle degradation and ecdysis processes. Several proteins known to function in melanin synthesis as an immune response in hemolymph were present in molting fluid. We demonstrated that the bacterium Micrococcus luteus and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana can stimulate activation of phenoloxidase in molting fluid, indicating that the recognition proteins, protease cascade, and prophenoloxidase needed for melanin synthesis are present as a defense against infection during cuticle degradation. This analysis offers insights for proteins that may be important not only for molting in M. sexta but for insects in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal T Dittmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Yasuaki Hiromasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Michael R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Qu MB, Guo XX, Kong L, Hou LJ, Yang Q. A midgut-specific lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase of Locusta migratoria is indispensable for the deconstruction of the peritrophic matrix. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1287-1298. [PMID: 35150068 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are important enzymes that boost the hydrolysis of recalcitrant polysaccharides, such as chitin. They are found extensively in different insect species and are classified as auxiliary activities family 15 (AA15) LPMOs (LPMO15). Some of them were identified from the insect midgut and proven to act on chitin. However, knowledge about their physiological roles during insect growth and development remains limited. Here, we found that midgut-specific LPMO15s are widely distributed in different insect orders, such as the orthopteran Locusta migratoria and the lepidopteran Bombyx mori. Using L. migratoria as a model insect, the function of midgut-specific LmLPMO15-3 during development was investigated. Double-stranded RNA-mediated downregulation of LmLPMO15-3 expression at the 4th or 5th instar nymph stage severely decreased the survival rate and resulted in lethal phenotypes. Hematoxylin and eosin staining results indicated that the deficient individuals exhibited incompletely digested peritrophic matrix (PM), which suggested that LmLPMO15-3 is essential for the deconstruction of the PM during molting. This study provides direct evidence of the physiological importance of a midgut-specific LPMO15 during insect development. As L. migratoria is one of the most destructive agricultural pests, LmLPMO15-3 is a potential target for pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Bo Qu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Guo
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lin Kong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ling-Jie Hou
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang L, Chen M, Han X, Liu C, Wang C, Zhang G, Yang D, Zhao S. Discovery of ZQ- 8, a Novel Starting Point To Develop Inhibitors against the Potent Molecular Target Chitinase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11314-11323. [PMID: 36054909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we found that compound ZQ-8 had a strong impact on the growth and development of Helicoverpa armigera. However, the mechanism and target of ZQ-8 are not clear, which makes it difficult to optimize the structure of this compound. In this study, the preliminary mode of action of ZQ-8 was studied through RNA sequencing and molecular docking. We also analyzed the underlying mechanisms from the aspect of ZQ-8 with respect to chitinase. The results showed that ZQ-8 mainly affects chitinase activity in the epidermis of H. armigera. ZQ-8 can competitively combine with chitinase 2 and endochitinase to form a relatively stable complex of ZQ-8, resulting in the failure of chitinase to degrade chitin. These findings indicate that the epidermis of H. armigera was identified as the action site of ZQ-8 and chitinase 2 and endochitinase were potential targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Desong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
We show that interfering with insect chitin deacetylation by down-regulation of specific chitin deacetylase (CDA) isoforms, belonging to subfamily group I, causes breakage of the chitinous internal tendon cuticle at the femur–tibia joint, muscle detachment from both internal and external tendon cells, and defective locomotion. Our studies reveal a previously unrecognized role of CDA-like proteins in cooperation with zona pellucida domain-containing proteins in musculoskeletal connectivity, maintenance of tendon cell microtubule integrity, muscle force transmission, limb movement, and locomotion. We propose an essential function for group I CDAs, which are highly conserved among insect and other arthropod species, in invertebrate musculoskeletal connectivity involving partially deacetylated chitin in the extracellular matrix overlying the tendon cells. Muscle attachment sites (MASs, apodemes) in insects and other arthropods involve specialized epithelial cells, called tendon cells or tenocytes, that adhere to apical extracellular matrices containing chitin. Here, we have uncovered a function for chitin deacetylases (CDAs) in arthropod locomotion and muscle attachment using a double-stranded RNA-mediated gene-silencing approach targeted toward specific CDA isoforms in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Tc). Depletion of TcCDA1 or the alternatively spliced TcCDA2 isoform, TcCDA2a, resulted in internal tendon cuticle breakage at the femur–tibia joint, muscle detachment from both internal and external tendon cells, and defective locomotion. TcCDA deficiency did not affect early muscle development and myofiber growth toward the cuticular MASs but instead resulted in aborted microtubule development, loss of hemiadherens junctions, and abnormal morphology of tendon cells, all features consistent with a loss of tension within and between cells. Moreover, simultaneous depletion of TcCDA1 or TcCDA2a and the zona pellucida domain protein, TcDumpy, prevented the internal tendon cuticle break, further supporting a role for force-dependent interactions between muscle and tendon cells. We propose that in T. castaneum, the absence of N-acetylglucosamine deacetylation within chitin leads to a loss of microtubule organization and reduced membrane contacts at MASs in the femur, which adversely affect musculoskeletal connectivity, force transmission, and physical mobility.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hu DQ, Luo SH, Abudunasier M, Cai XH, Feng MM, Liu XN, Wang DM. The effect of group IV chitinase, HaCHT4, on the chitin content of the peritrophic matrix (PM) during larval growth and development of Helicoverpa armigera. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1815-1823. [PMID: 35043538 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive research has been conducted on insect chitinases. However, little is known about the function of chitinase in the regulation of the surface structure of the peritrophic matrix (PM) in larval midguts. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of HaCHT4 on the chitin content and surface structure of the PM during larval growth and development of Helicoverpa armigera. RESULTS The expression level of HaCHT4 was lower and the chitin content was higher in the early stages of fourth to sixth instar larvae, but they were reversed in the corresponding late stages. The correlation coefficient between the expression level of HaCHT4 and the chitin content was -0.585 (P < 0.05), with a higher negative correlation of -0.934 for the fourth instar (P < 0.01). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the surface structure of PM was multi-laminated with small pores in the early stages of fourth to sixth instar larvae, and more and bigger pores in the late stages. Low expression of HaCHT4 caused by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in the increase of chitin content in the PM, and the surface structure of PM became multilayered with smaller pore size in the late stage of fourth instar larvae. Also, induction of HaCHT4 by application of 2-tridecanone (2-TD), decreased the chitin content of PM, caused larger pores to form and lots of food bolus to attach to the PM surface, and also increased the larval susceptibility to chlorantraniliprole. CONCLUSION These results provided strong evidence that HaCHT4 plays an important role by regulating the chitin content of the PM and its surface structure, thereby affecting the sensitivity of H. armigera to chlorantraniliprole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Qin Hu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Sheng-Hui Luo
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Maimaitiaili Abudunasier
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xin-Hui Cai
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Meng-Meng Feng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu ZZ, Zhang WY, Lin YZ, Li DQ, Shu BS, Lin JT. Genome-wide identification, characterization and functional analysis of the chitianse and chitinase-like gene family in Diaphorina citri. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1740-1748. [PMID: 34997800 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect chitinases play vital roles in postembryonic development, especially during the molting process, and are potential targets for the RNA interference (RNAi)-based insecticidal strategy. Systematic functional analyses of chitinase genes have already been conducted on numerous insect pests, but similar analyses have not been carried out on Diaphorina citri. RESULTS Eleven chitinase/chitinase-like genes and one endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) gene were identified in the Diaphorina citri genome using various bioinformatic tools. Transcriptomes of the integument and midgut from fifth-instar nymphs and freshly-emerged adults of Diaphorina citri were generated and sequenced. Potential functions of 12 chitinase/chitinase-like genes were examined during nymph-adult transitions. Four chitinase genes, including DcCht5, DcCht7, DcCht10-1 and DcCht10-2, were mainly expressed in the integument of fifth-instar nymphs. These four genes were also up-regulated significantly under 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) treatments. RNAi-mediated knockdown of these four genes suggests that they are essential for nymph-adult transition. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated essential roles of the chitinase/chitinase-like genes during the nymph-adult transition in Diaphorina citri, which are potentially useful targets for controlling the Diaphorina citri pest. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Zhen Wu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Ying Zhang
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Zhu Lin
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Da-Qi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Ben-Shui Shu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Tian Lin
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiao Z, Su P, Li Y, Zhao W, Yang L, Sun C, Xiu J, Shang X, Guo G. Identification and function analysis of chitinase 2 gene in housefly, Musca domestica. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 259:110717. [PMID: 35017045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes that play important roles in chitin degradation during the insect development process, and thus are considered as the potential targets for pest management. Here, we identified and characterized the group VII chitinase gene from health pest Musca domestica (MdCht2). We found that MdCht2 was 1932 bp in length with an open reading frame of 1530 bp, which encodes a polypeptide of 509 amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MdCht2 gene was homologs with other closed insects, and belong to the group VII chitinases. Moreover, Real-time PCR analysis indicated that MdCht2 mRNA was highly expressed in pupa stage, as well as in integument and trachea. However, RNAi-mediated knockdown of MdCht2 resulted in high mortality rates and abnormal eclosion. Therefore, we hypothesized that MdCht2 was a crucial gene required for housefly development, which was supported by the transcription level of MdCht2 could be induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), and the dsMdCht2 could resulted in decrease of the chitinase activity and increase of the chitin content. Taken together, our findings suggested that MdCht2 regulated the chitin content via chitinases, thereby leading to abnormal development. Our results provide a potential target for M. domestica management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Jiao
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Peipei Su
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; Lixia District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Yan Li
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Longbing Yang
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chaoqin Sun
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiangfan Xiu
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaoli Shang
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guo Guo
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shen CH, Peng LJ, Zhang YX, Zeng HR, Yu HF, Jin L, Li GQ. Reference Genes for Expression Analyses by qRT-PCR in Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020140. [PMID: 35206714 PMCID: PMC8879603 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Due to a lack of effective internal references, studies on functional genes in Phthorimaea operculella, a serious Lepidopteran pest attacking potatoes worldwide, have been greatly limited. To select suitable endogenous controls, ten housekeeping genes of actin (ACT), α-tubulin (α-TUB), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), elongation factor 1α (EF1α), 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA (18S, 28S), ribosomal protein genes RPL4, RPL13 and RPL27 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were tested. Their expression levels were determined under three different experimental conditions (developmental stages, tissues/organs and temperatures) using qRT-PCR technology. The stability was evaluated with five methods (Ct value, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder). The results clarified that RPL13, EF1α and RPL27 are ranked as the best reference gene combination for measuring gene expression levels among different developing stages and under various temperatures; EF1α and RPL13 are recommended to normalize the gene expression levels among diverse tissues. EF1α and RPL13 are the best reference genes in all the experimental conditions. To validate the utility of the selected reference pair, EF1α and RPL13, we estimated the tissue-biased expression level of chitin synthase A gene (PoChSA). As expected, PoChSA was abundantly expressed in ectodermally derived epidermal cells, and lowly transcribed in the midgut. These findings will lay the foundation for future research on the molecular physiology and biochemistry of P. operculella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lin Jin
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-84395248
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kottaipalayam-Somasundaram SR, Jacob JP, Aiyar B, Merzendorfer H, Nambiar-Veetil M. Chitin metabolism as a potential target for RNAi-based control of the forestry pest Hyblaea puera Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:296-303. [PMID: 34487617 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyblaea puera, commonly known as the teak defoliator, is a serious pest in teak plantations. Despite the availability of control measures, this pest causes losses in yield and quality of timber through voracious feeding. RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising strategy for the control of this pest. Chitin metabolism, which is vital for the growth and development of arthropods, is a potential target for developing RNAi-based insecticides. RESULTS To assess the effects of chitin metabolism inhibition, H. puera larvae were treated with a chitin synthesis inhibitor, diflubenzuron (DFB). DFB treatment caused pupal deformities and disrupted eclosion. Partial gene sequences for three key genes of H. puera chitin metabolism were cloned and sequenced: chitin synthase 1 (HpCHS1), chitinase-h (HpChi-h) and ecdysone receptor (HpEcR). Feeding dsRNA cognate for these three target genes to the first instar of H. puera resulted in mortality and reduction in the corresponding transcript levels as assessed through qRT-PCR. This is the first report of RNAi in this forestry pest. The highest mortality was 45.9%, in response to dsHpEcR treatment; HpChi-h transcripts were the most down-regulated in response to dsHpEcR feeding. DsHpEcR RNAi resulted in growth inhibition and molting arrest. The mortalities were 29.7% and 32.4% for dsHpCHS1 and dsHpChi-h feeding, respectively. CONCLUSION Chitin metabolism could be a potential target for RNAi-based control of H. puera, and HpCHS1, HpChi-h and HpEcR could be suitable target genes. However, the RNAi efficacy needs to be improved through formulations that improve stability and uptake, and employing better delivery strategies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sowmiya R Kottaipalayam-Somasundaram
- Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics Division, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India
- Department Biology/Chemistry, Animal Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John P Jacob
- Forest Protection Division, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India
| | - Balasubramanian Aiyar
- Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics Division, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department Biology/Chemistry, Animal Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mathish Nambiar-Veetil
- Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics Division, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu Q, Xu L, Liu L, Zhou Y, Liu T, Song Y, Ju J, Yang Q. Lynamicin B is a Potential Pesticide by Acting as a Lepidoptera-Exclusive Chitinase Inhibitor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14086-14091. [PMID: 34797675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect group h chitinase is a promising target for designing non-target safe pesticides in that it is exclusively distributed in lepidopteran insects, over 80% of which are agricultural pests. In this work, lynamicin B was discovered to be an inhibitor of OfChi-h, the group h chitinase from the lepidopteran pest Ostrinia furnacalis. Lynamicin B was revealed to competitively inhibit OfChi-h with a Ki value of 8.76 μM and does not significantly inhibit other chitinases. The co-crystal structure of lynamicin B and OfChi-h revealed that the dichloroindolyl group of lynamicin B occupies an unexplored pocket below subsites +1 and +2 of the substrate-binding cleft, which is vital for its selectivity. Feeding experiments demonstrated that lynamicin B exhibited high insecticidal activities against other lepidopteran pests Mythimna separata and Spodoptera frugiperda besides O. furnacalis. Moreover, lynamicin B did not affect Trichogramma ostriniae, a natural enemy of O. furnacalis. This study provides a natural-derived potent pesticide for the control of lepidopteran pests, leaving its natural enemy unaffected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Lu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Liping Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Academy of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tian Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yongxiang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Jianhua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang X, Zhou C, Long G, Yang H, Chen C, Jin D. Characterization and functional analysis of chitinase family genes involved in nymph-adult transition of Sogatella furcifera. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:901-916. [PMID: 32536018 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase degrades chitin in the old epidermis or peritrophic matrix of insects, which ensures normal development and metamorphosis. In our previous work, we comprehensively studied the function of SfCht7 in Sogatella furcifera. However, the number and function of chitinase genes in S. furcifera remain unknown. Here, we identified 12 full-length chitinase transcripts from S. furcifera, which included nine chitinase (Cht), two imaginal disc growth factor (IDGF), and one endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) genes. Expression analysis results revealed that the expression levels of eight genes (SfCht3, SfCht5, SfCht6-1, SfCht6-2, SfCht7, SfCht8, SfCht10, and SfIDGF2) with similar transcript levels peaked prior to molting of each nymph and were highly expressed in the integument. Based on RNA interference (RNAi), description of the functions of each chitinase gene indicated that the silencing of SfCht5, SfCht10, and SfIDGF2 led to molting defects and lethality. RNAi inhibited the expressions of SfCht5, SfCht7, SfCht10, and SfIDGF2, which led to downregulated expressions of chitin synthase 1 (SfCHS1, SfCHS1a, and SfCHS1b) and four chitin deacetylase genes (SfCDA1, SfCDA2, SfCDA3, and SfCDA4), and caused a change in the expression level of two trehalase genes (TRE1 and TRE2). Furthermore, silencing of SfCht7 induced a significant decrease in the expression levels of three wing development-related genes (SfWG, SfDpp, and SfHh). In conclusion, SfCht5, SfCht7, SfCht10, and SfIDGF2 play vital roles in nymph-adult transition and are involved in the regulation of chitin metabolism, and SfCht7 is also involved in wing development; therefore, these genes are potential targets for control of S. furcifera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xibin Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Cao Zhou
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guiyun Long
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Tobacco Science of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Daochao Jin
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ahmad S, Jamil M, Fahim M, Zhang S, Ullah F, Lyu B, Luo Y. RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of Imaginal Disc Growth Factors (IDGFs) Genes Causes Developmental Malformation and Mortality in Melon Fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae. Front Genet 2021; 12:691382. [PMID: 34290744 PMCID: PMC8287652 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.691382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the first successful use of oral feeding dsRNA technique for functional characterization of imaginal disc growth factors (IDGFs) genes (IDGF1, IDGF3_1, IDGF4_0, IDGF4_1, and IDGF6) in melon fly Zeugodacus cucurbitae. Phylogenetic and domain analysis indicates that these genes had high similarity with other Tephritidae fruit flies homolog and contain only one conserved domain among these five genes, which is glyco-18 domain (glyco-hydro-18 domain). Gene expression analysis at different developmental stages revealed that these genes were expressed at larval, pupal, and adult stages. To understand their role in different developmental stages, larvae were fed dsRNA-corresponding to each of the five IDGFs, in an artificial diet. RNAi-mediated knockdown of IDGF1 shows no phenotypic effects but caused mortality (10.4%), while IDGF4_0 caused malformed pharate at the adult stage where insects failed to shed their old cuticle and remained attached with their body, highest mortality (49.2%) was recorded compared to dsRNA-green fluorescent protein (GFP) or DEPC. Silencing of IDGF3_1 and IDGF4_1 cause lethal phenotype in larvae, (17.2%) and (40%) mortality was indexed in Z. cucurbitae. IDGF6 was mainly expressed in pupae and adult stages, and its silencing caused a malformation in adult wings. The developmental defects such as malformation in wings, larval–larval lethality, pupal–adult malformation, and small body size show that IDGFs are key developmental genes in the melon fly. Our results provide a baseline for the melon fly management and understanding of IDGFs specific functions in Z. cucurbitae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmad
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Momana Jamil
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Muhammad Fahim
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shujing Zhang
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoqian Lyu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, China
| | - Yanping Luo
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yang XB, Zhou C, Gong MF, Yang H, Long GY, Jin DC. Identification and RNAi-Based Functional Analysis of Four Chitin Deacetylase Genes in Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6333457. [PMID: 34333649 PMCID: PMC8325873 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are chitin-degrading enzymes that play a key role in insect molting. In this study, we identified and characterized four full-length cDNAs of CDAs from Sogatella furcifera (Horváth). Developmental expression showed that SfCDA1 and SfCDA2 were expressed at all nymph developmental stages, SfCDA3 and SfCDA4 were mainly expressed in the third-instar to fifth-instar nymph stages, whereas tissue-specific analyses indicated that four CDA genes were mainly high expressed in the integument and head during the fifth-instar nymph. RNA interference (RNAi) results revealed that SfCDA1, SfCDA2, and SfCDA4 are associated with molting defect and high mortality with nymph-adult molting. Furthermore, transcripts of chitin synthase 1 variants (SfCHS1, SfCHS1a, and SfCHS1b) were significantly downregulated and causing significant changes in the expression levels of trehalases (TRE1 and TRE2) in the SfCDA1, SfCDA2, and SfCDA4 dsRNA treatment groups. By contrast, no significant phenotypic characteristics were observed after dsSfCDA3 injection. Taken together, our results suggest that SfCDA1, SfCDA2, and SfCDA4 play a vital role in nymph-adult transition, and these genes could regulate chitin biosynthesis expression levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Bin Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
| | - Cao Zhou
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming-Fu Gong
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- College of Tobacco Science of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Gui-Yun Long
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
| | - Dao-Chao Jin
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hou QL, Chen EH. RNA-seq analysis of gene expression changes in cuticles during the larval-pupal metamorphosis of Plutella xylostella. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 39:100869. [PMID: 34171685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is a holometabolous insect that its cuticles must undergo the significant changes during the larval-pupal metamorphosis development. To elucidate these changes at molecular levels, RNA-seq analysis of cuticles from LLS (later fourth instar larval stage), PPS (prepupal stage) and PS (pupal stage) were performed in P. xylostella. In this paper, a total of 17,710 transcripts were obtained in the larval-pupal transition of P. xylostella, and out of which 2293 (881 up-regulated and 1412 down-regulated) and 2989 transcripts (2062 up-regulated and 927 down-regulated) were identified to be differentially expressed between LLS and PPS, as well as PPS and PS, respectively. The further GO and KEGG analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that the 'structural constituent of cuticle', 'chitin metabolic process', 'chitin binding', 'tyrosine metabolism' and 'insect hormone biosynthesis' pathways were significantly enriched, indicating these pathways might be involved in the process of larval pupation in P. xylostella. Then, we found some genes that encoded cuticular proteins, chitinolytic enzymes, chitin synthesis enzymes, and cuticle tanning proteins changed their expression levels remarkably, indicating these genes might play important roles in the restruction (degradation and biosynthesis) of insect cuticles during the larval metamorphosis. Additionally, the significant changes in the mRNA levels of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH) related genes suggested their crucial roles in regulating cuticle remodeling during the larval metamorphosis of P. xylostella. In conclusion, the present study provide us the comprehensive gene expression profiles to explore the molecular mechanisms of cuticle metamorphosis in P. xylostella, which laid a molecular basis to study roles of specific pathways and genes in insect development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Li Hou
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Er-Hu Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Qu MB, Sun SP, Liu YS, Deng XR, Yang J, Yang Q. Insect group II chitinase OfChtII promotes chitin degradation during larva-pupa molting. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:692-704. [PMID: 32306549 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The insect group II chitinase (ChtII, also known as Cht10) is a unique chitinase with multiple catalytic and chitin-binding domains. It has been proven genetically to be an essential chitinase for molting. However, ChtII's role in chitin degradation during insect development remains poorly understood. Obtaining this knowledge is the key to fully understanding the chitin degradation system in insects. Here, we investigated the role of OfChtII during the molting of Ostrinia furnacalis, a model lepidopteran pest insect. OfChtII was expressed earlier than OfChtI (OfCht5) and OfChi-h, at both the gene and protein levels during larva-pupa molting as evidenced by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. A truncated OfChtII, OfChtII-B4C1, was recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris cells and purified to homogeneity. The recombinant OfChtII-B4C1 loosened compacted chitin particles and produced holes in the cuticle surface as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. It synergized with OfChtI and OfChi-h when hydrolyzing insoluble α-chitin. These findings suggested an important role for ChtII during insect molting and also provided a strategy for the coordinated degradation of cuticular chitin during insect molting by ChtII, ChtI and Chi-h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Bo Qu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Peng Sun
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuan-Sheng Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Deng
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen P, De Schutter K, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. Can Plant Lectins Help to Elucidate Insect Lectin-Mediated Immune Response? INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060497. [PMID: 34071763 PMCID: PMC8226959 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Lectins are proteins that can recognize and selectively bind specific sugar structures. These proteins are present in all kingdoms of life, including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms and play a role in a broad range of processes. The interactions between lectins and their target carbohydrates play a primordial role in plant and animal immune systems. Despite being the largest and most diverse taxa on earth, the study of lectins and their functions in insects is lagging behind. To study the role of insect lectins in the immune response, plant lectins could provide an interesting tool. Plant lectins have been well characterized and many of them possess immunomodulatory properties in vertebrate cells. The increasing knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of plant lectins could complement the missing knowledge on the endogenous insect lectins and contribute to understanding the processes and mechanisms by which lectins participate in insect immunity. This review summarizes existing studies of immune responses stimulated by endogenous or exogenous lectins. Abstract Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that recognize and selectively bind to specific sugar structures. This group of proteins is widespread in plants, animals, and microorganisms, and exerts a broad range of functions. Many plant lectins were identified as exogenous stimuli of vertebrate immunity. Despite being the largest and most diverse taxon on earth, the study of lectins and their functions in insects is lagging behind. In insects, research on lectins and their biological importance has mainly focused on the C-type lectin (CTL) family, limiting our global understanding of the function of insect lectins and their role in insect immunity. In contrast, plant lectins have been well characterized and the immunomodulatory effects of several plant lectins have been documented extensively in vertebrates. This information could complement the missing knowledge on endogenous insect lectins and contribute to understanding of the processes and mechanisms by which lectins participate in insect immunity. This review summarizes existing studies of immune responses stimulated by endogenous or exogenous lectins. Understanding how lectins modulate insect immune responses can provide insight which, in turn, can help to elaborate novel ideas applicable for the protection of beneficial insects and the development of novel pest control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Chen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Kong X, Liu F, Zhang Z. RNAi-Mediated Silencing of the Chitinase 5 Gene for Fall Webworm ( Hyphantria cunea) Can Inhibit Larval Molting Depending on the Timing of dsRNA Injection. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050406. [PMID: 33946562 PMCID: PMC8147239 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases, which are crucial enzymes required for chitin degradation and reconstruction, are often selectively considered to be effective molecular targets for pest control due to their critical roles in insect development. Although the Hyphantria cunea chitinase gene has been reported previously, its sequence characteristics, gene function, and feasibility as a potential target for pest management were absent. In the present study, we characterized the H. cunea chitinase gene and designated it HcCht5. Phylogenic and domain structure analysis suggested that HcCht5 contained the typical chitinase features and was clustered into chitinase group I. Tissue-specific and developmental expression pattern analysis with Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) showed that HcCht5 was mainly expressed in the integument tissues and that the transcript levels peaked during molting. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of HcCht5 caused 33.3% (2 ug) and 66.7% (4 ug) mortality rates after double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) injection. Importantly, the interference efficiency of HcCht5 depended on the injection time of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), as the pre-molting treatment achieved molt arrest more effectively. In addition, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of RNAi samples demonstrated silencing of the down-regulated HcCht5 genes related to chitin metabolism and molting hormone signaling, as well as genes related to detoxification metabolism. Our results indicate the essential role of HcCht5 in H. cunea development and detail the involvement of its gene function in the larval molting process.
Collapse
|
33
|
Peng Z, Ren J, Su Q, Zeng Y, Tian L, Wang S, Wu Q, Liang P, Xie W, Zhang Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Chitinase-Like Gene Family in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:254. [PMID: 33802990 PMCID: PMC8002649 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases are of great importance in chitin degradation and remodeling in insects. However, the genome-wide distribution of chitinase-like gene family in Bemsia tabaci, a destructive pest worldwide, is still elusive. With the help of bioinformatics, we annotated 14 genes that encode putative chitinase-like proteins, including ten chitinases (Cht), three imaginal disk growth factors (IDGF), and one endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) in the genome of the whitefly, B. tabaci. These genes were phylogenetically grouped into eight clades, among which 13 genes were classified in the glycoside hydrolase family 18 groups and one in the ENGase group. Afterwards, developmental expression analysis suggested that BtCht10, BtCht5, and BtCht7 were highly expressed in nymphal stages and exhibit similar expression patterns, implying their underlying role in nymph ecdysis. Notably, nymphs exhibited a lower rate of survival when challenged by dsRNA targeting these three genes via a nanomaterial-promoted RNAi method. In addition, silencing of BtCht10 significantly resulted in a longer duration of development compared to control nymphs. These results indicate a key role of BtCht10, BtCht5, and BtCht7 in B. tabaci nymph molting. Our research depicts the differences of chitinase-like family genes in structure and function and identified potential targets for RNAi-based whitefly management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengke Peng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.P.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (L.T.); (S.W.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Jun Ren
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.P.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (L.T.); (S.W.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
| | - Qi Su
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China;
| | - Yang Zeng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.P.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (L.T.); (S.W.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
| | - Lixia Tian
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.P.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (L.T.); (S.W.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.P.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (L.T.); (S.W.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.P.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (L.T.); (S.W.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Wen Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.P.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (L.T.); (S.W.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.P.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (L.T.); (S.W.); (Q.W.); (W.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chitin Synthesis and Degradation in Crustaceans: A Genomic View and Application. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030153. [PMID: 33804177 PMCID: PMC8002005 DOI: 10.3390/md19030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is among the most important components of the crustacean cuticular exoskeleton and intestinal peritrophic matrix. With the progress of genomics and sequencing technology, a large number of gene sequences related to chitin metabolism have been deposited in the GenBank database in recent years. Here, we summarized the genes and pathways associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of chitins in crustaceans based on genomic analyses. We found that chitin biosynthesis genes typically occur in single or two copies, whereas chitin degradation genes are all multiple copies. Moreover, the chitinase genes are significantly expanded in most crustacean genomes. The gene structure and expression pattern of these genes are similar to those of insects, albeit with some specific characteristics. Additionally, the potential applications of the chitin metabolism genes in molting regulation and immune defense, as well as industrial chitin degradation and production, are also summarized in this review.
Collapse
|
35
|
Gegner J, Vogel H, Billion A, Förster F, Vilcinskas A. Complete Metamorphosis in Manduca sexta Involves Specific Changes in DNA Methylation Patterns. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.646281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition between morphologically distinct phenotypes during complete metamorphosis in holometabolous insects is accompanied by fundamental transcriptional reprogramming. Using the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), a powerful model for the analysis of insect evolution and development, we conducted a genome-wide comparative analysis of gene expression and DNA methylation in caterpillars and adults to determine whether complete metamorphosis has an epigenetic basis in this species. Bisulfite sequencing indicated a generally low level of DNA methylation with a unimodal CpGO/E distribution. Expression analysis revealed that 24 % of all known M. sexta genes (3.729) were upregulated in last-instar larvae relative to the adult moth, whereas 26 % (4.077) were downregulated. We also identified 4.946 loci and 4.960 regions showing stage-specific differential methylation. Interestingly, genes encoding histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases were differentially methylated in the larvae and adults, indicating there is crosstalk between different epigenetic mechanisms. The distinct sets of methylated genes in M. sexta larvae and adults suggest that complete metamorphosis involves epigenetic modifications associated with profound transcriptional reprogramming, involving approximately half of all the genes in this species.
Collapse
|
36
|
Like Ginting E, Poluan GG, L Wantania L, Mauren Moko E, Warouw V, S Siby M, Wullur S. Screening and Identification of Sponge-Associated Chitinolytic Bacteria by Forming Chitosan from Manado Bay, Indonesia. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:227-234. [PMID: 33683052 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.227.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Chitosan can be produced through the enzymatic process catalyzed by chitin deacetylase which can be produced by bacteria. The biotransformation of chitin to chitosan by bacteria is interesting because the process is economical and environmentally friendly. This study described the potential of sponge-associated bacterium capability in degrading chitin and forming chitosan. MATERIALS AND METHODS The bacteria were isolated from sponge Cribrochalina sp. at Manado Bay, Indonesia. In the screening of the chitinase activity of bacteria, chitin media was used. Meanwhile, the transformation of chitin to chitosan was tested by using Chitinase Degrading Activity media. Molecular identification of bacteria was based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. RESULTS The results showed that the SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4 and SS5 bacterial isolates could degrade chitin based on chitinolytic indexes. These five bacteria could also form chitosan exhibited through the presence of chitosan in the form of precipitation in the fermented broth of bacteria. SS1 had the highest chitinase activity based on the chitinolytic index identified as Bacillus subtilis (100% identity), hence it is called B. subtilis strain SS1. The partial rRNA gene sequences data were deposited at GenBank under accession number MN999892. CONCLUSION The bacteria strain isolated from Cribrochalina sp. can be utilized in degrading chitin and form chitosan which could be a promising candidate for an economical and eco-friendly process of chitosan.
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhao D, Liu ZR, Wu H, Fu CR, Li YZ, Lu XJ, Guo W. RNA interference-mediated functional characterization of Group I chitin deacetylases in Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 173:104770. [PMID: 33771270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs, EC 3.5.1.41) catalyze the N-deacetylation of chitin to produce chitosan, which is essential for insect survival. Hence, CDAs are promising targets for the development of novel insecticidal drugs. In this study, the putative Group I chitin deacetylase genes HpCDA1, HpCDA2-1 and HpCDA2-2 were identified from Holotrichia parallela. Conserved domain database search identified a chitin-binding peritrophin-A domain (ChBD), a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain (LDLa), and a putative CDA-like catalytic domain. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the Group I HpCDAs were expressed in various tissues and predominant in the integument. The developmental expression patterns from the first-instar to third-instar larvae showed that HpCDAs were highly expressed on the first day and gradually declined after molting. The functional characteristics of the Group I CDAs in cuticle organization were examined using RNA interference (RNAi) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. Administration of double-stranded HpCDA (dsHpCDA) through larval injection could suppress the expression levels of HpCDA1 and HpCDA2, thus resulting in abnormal or lethal phenotypes. TEM analysis revealed that RNAi of either HpCDA1 or HpCDA2 remarkably affected the cuticle integrity, as evidenced by cuticle disorganization and chitin laminae disruption, suggesting the crucial role of CDAs in chitin modification. These experimental results demonstrate the important contribution of putative key genes involved in chitin metabolism, and provide a foundation for developing new strategies to control H. parallela.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhao-Rui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Han Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chao-Ran Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ya-Zi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiu-Jun Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang G, Gou Y, Guo S, Zhou JJ, Liu C. RNA interference of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalase genes regulates chitin metabolism in two color morphs of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. Sci Rep 2021; 11:948. [PMID: 33441844 PMCID: PMC7806880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalase (TRE) directly regulate trehalose metabolism and indirectly regulate chitin metabolism in insects. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and RNA interference (RNAi) were used to detect the expressions and functions of the ApTPS and ApTRE genes. Abnormal phenotypes were found after RNAi of ApTRE in the Acyrthosiphon pisum. The molting deformities were observed in two color morphs, while wing deformities were only observed in the red morphs. The RNAi of ApTPS significantly down-regulated the expression of chitin metabolism-related genes, UDP-N-acetyglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (ApUAP), chitin synthase 2 (Apchs-2), Chitinase 2, 5 (ApCht2, 5), endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ApENGase) and chitin deacetylase (ApCDA) genes at 24 h and 48 h; The RNAi of ApTRE significantly down-regulated the expression of ApUAP, ApCht1, 2, 8 and ApCDA at 24 h and 48 h, and up-regulated the expression of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (ApGPI) and Knickkopf protein (ApKNK) genes at 48 h. The RNAi of ApTRE and ApTPS not only altered the expression of chitin metabolism-related genes but also decreased the content of chitin. These results demonstrated that ApTPS and ApTRE can regulate the chitin metabolism, deepen our understanding of the biological functions, and provide a foundation for better understanding the molecular mechanism of insect metamorphosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wang
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China
| | - Yuping Gou
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China
| | - Sufan Guo
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China
| | - Changzhong Liu
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China ,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070 Gansu China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Glycoside hydrolase family 18 chitinases: The known and the unknown. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
40
|
Muthukrishnan S, Mun S, Noh MY, Geisbrecht ER, Arakane Y. Insect Cuticular Chitin Contributes to Form and Function. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:3530-3545. [PMID: 32445445 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200523175409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitin contributes to the rigidity of the insect cuticle and serves as an attachment matrix for other cuticular proteins. Deficiency of chitin results in abnormal embryos, cuticular structural defects and growth arrest. When chitin is not turned over during molting, the developing insect is trapped inside the old cuticle. Partial deacetylation of cuticular chitin is also required for proper laminar organization of the cuticle and vertical pore canals, molting, and locomotion. Thus, chitin and its modifications strongly influence the structure of the exoskeleton as well as the physiological functions of the insect. Internal tendons and specialized epithelial cells called "tendon cells" that arise from the outer layer of epidermal cells provide attachment sites at both ends of adult limb muscles. Membrane processes emanating from both tendon and muscle cells interdigitate extensively to strengthen the attachment of muscles to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Protein ligands that bind to membrane-bound integrin complexes further enhance the adhesion between muscles and tendons. Tendon cells contain F-actin fiber arrays that contribute to their rigidity. In the cytoplasm of muscle cells, proteins such as talin and other proteins provide attachment sites for cytoskeletal actin, thereby increasing integrin binding and activation to mechanically couple the ECM with actin in muscle cells. Mutations in integrins and their ligands, as well as depletion of chitin deacetylases, result in defective locomotion and muscle detachment from the ECM. Thus, chitin in the cuticle and chitin deacetylases strongly influence the shape and functions of the exoskeleton as well as locomotion of insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Seulgi Mun
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Mi Y Noh
- Department of Forestry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen W, Yang Q. Development of Novel Pesticides Targeting Insect Chitinases: A Minireview and Perspective. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4559-4565. [PMID: 32239934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) is an enzyme to breakdown β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in chitin and chitooligosaccharides. The loss of chitinase enzymatic activity in insects results in severe exoskeleton defects and lethality at all developmental stages, indicating that insect chitinases can be promising pesticide targets. However, there are no pesticides known to target chitinases. This perspective will focus on the latest research progress of insect chitinases, paying special attention to crystal structures and chemical biology advances in the field. The physiological importance and unique structural features of insect chitinases may ensure the development of new pesticides through a novel acting mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yang WJ, Xu KK, Yan Y, Li C, Jin DC. Role of Chitin Deacetylase 1 in the Molting and Metamorphosis of the Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma serricorne. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072449. [PMID: 32244803 PMCID: PMC7177437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are chitin-modifying enzymes known to play vital roles in insect metamorphosis and development. In this study, we identified and characterized a chitin deacetylase1 gene (LsCDA1) from the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne. LsCDA1 contains a 1614 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 537 amino acids that includes domain structures typical of CDAs. LsCDA1 was mainly expressed in the late larval and late pupal stages. In larval tissues, the highest level of LsCDA1 was detected in the integument. The expression of LsCDA1 was induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in vivo, and it was significantly suppressed by knocking down the expression of ecdysteroidogenesis genes and 20E signaling genes. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided silencing of LsCDA1 in fifth-instar larvae prevented the larval–pupal molt and caused 75% larval mortality. In the late pupal stage, depletion of LsCDA1 resulted in the inhibition of pupal growth and wing abnormalities, and the expression levels of four wing development-related genes (LsDY, LsWG, LsVG, and LsAP) were dramatically decreased. Meanwhile, the chitin contents of LsCDA1 RNAi beetles were significantly reduced, and expressions of three chitin synthesis pathway genes (LsTRE1, LsUAP1, and LsCHS1) were greatly decreased. The results suggest that LsCDA1 is indispensable for larval–pupal and pupal–adult molts, and that it is a potential target for the RNAi-based control of L. serricorne.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jia Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Kang-Kang Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (D.-C.J.)
| | - Dao-Chao Jin
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (D.-C.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ding N, Wang Z, Geng N, Zou H, Zhang G, Cao C, Li X, Zou C. Silencing Br-C impairs larval development and chitin synthesis in Lymantria dispar larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 122:104041. [PMID: 32126216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In insects, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) mediates developmental transitions and regulates molting processes through activation of a series of transcription factors. Broad-Complex (Br-C), a vital gene in the 20E signalling pathway, plays crucial roles during insect growth processes. However, whether Br-C affects chitin synthesis in insects remains unclear. In the present study, the Br-C gene from Lymantria dispar, a notorious defoliator of forestry, was identified based on transcriptome data, and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. The regulatory functions of LdBr-C in chitin synthesis and metabolism in L. dispar larvae were analysed by RNA interference (RNAi). The full-length LdBr-C gene (1431 bp) encodes a 477 amino acid (aa) polypeptide containing a common BRcore region (391 aa) at the N-terminus and a C-terminal Zinc finger domain (56 aa) harbouring two characteristic C2H2 motifs (CXXC and HXXXXH). Phylogenetic analyses showed that LdBr-C shares highest homology and identity with Br-C isoform 7 (83.12%) of Helicoverpa armigera. Expression profiles indicate that LdBr-C was expressed throughout larval and pupal stages, and highly expressed in prepupal and pupal stages. Furthermore, LdBr-C expression was strongly induced by exogenous 20E, and suppressed dramatically after application of dsLdBr-C. Bioassay results showed that knockdown of LdBr-C caused larval developmental deformity, significant weight loss, and a mortality rate of 67.18%. Knockdown of LdBr-C significantly down-regulated transcription levels of eight critical genes (LdTre1, LdTre2, LdG6PI, LdUAP, LdCHS1, LdCHS2, LdTPS and LdCHT) related to chitin synthesis and metabolism, thereby lowering the chitin content in the midgut and epidermis. Our findings demonstrate that Br-C knockdown impairs larval development and chitin synthesis in L. dispar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ding
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Nannan Geng
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Hang Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Guocai Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Chuanwang Cao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Xingpeng Li
- Jilin Province Academy of Forestry Sciences, PR China
| | - Chuanshan Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shao ZM, Li YJ, Zhang XR, Chu J, Ma JH, Liu ZX, Wang J, Sheng S, Wu FA. Identification and Functional Study of Chitin Metabolism and Detoxification-Related Genes in Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Based on Transcriptome Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051904. [PMID: 32164390 PMCID: PMC7084822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae) is a serious pest in the sericulture industry, which has caused damage and losses in recent years. With the widespread use of insecticides, the insecticide resistance of G. pyloalis has becomes increasingly apparent. In order to find other effective methods to control G. pyloalis, this study performed a transcriptome analysis of the midgut, integument, and whole larvae. Transcriptome data were annotated with KEGG and GO, and they have been shown to be of high quality by RT-qPCR. The different significant categories of differentially expressed genes between the midgut and the integument suggested that the transcriptome data could be used for next analysis. With the exception of Dda9 (GpCDA5), 19 genes were involved in chitin metabolism, most of which had close protein–protein interactions. Among them, the expression levels of 11 genes, including GpCHSA, GpCDA1, GpCDA2, GpCDA4, GPCHT1, GPCHT2a, GPCHT3a, GPCHT7, GpTre1, GpTre2, and GpRtv were higher in the integument than in the midgut, while the expression levels of the last eight genes, including GpCHSB, GpCDA5, GpCHT2b, GpCHT3b, GpCHT-h, GpPAGM, GpNAGK, and GpUAP, were higher in the midgut than in the integument. Moreover, 282 detoxification-related genes were identified and can be divided into 10 categories, including cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, aquaporin, chloride channel, methoprene-tolerant, serine protease inhibitor, sodium channel, and calcium channel. In order to further study the function of chitin metabolism-related genes, dsRNA injection knocked down the expression of GpCDA1 and GpCHT3a, resulting in the significant downregulation of its downstream genes. These results provide an overview of chitin metabolism and detoxification of G. pyloalis and lay the foundation for the effective control of this pest in the sericulture industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-min Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Yi-jiangcheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Xiao-rui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jie Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jia-hui Ma
- Zhenjiang Runshen Sericulture Development Co., Ltd, Zhenjiang 212001, China;
| | - Zhi-xiang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Sheng Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (F.-a.W.)
| | - Fu-an Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-m.S.); (Y.-j.L.); (X.-r.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.-x.L.); (J.W.)
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (F.-a.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Guschinskaya N, Ressnikoff D, Arafah K, Voisin S, Bulet P, Uzest M, Rahbé Y. Insect Mouthpart Transcriptome Unveils Extension of Cuticular Protein Repertoire and Complex Organization. iScience 2020; 23:100828. [PMID: 32000126 PMCID: PMC7033635 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects have developed intriguing cuticles with very specific structures and functions, including microstructures governing their interactions with transmitted microbes, such as in aphid mouthparts harboring virus receptors within such microstructures. Here, we provide the first transcriptome analysis of an insect mouthpart cuticle (“retort organs” [ROs], the stylets' precursors). This analysis defined stylets as a complex composite material. The retort transcriptome also allowed us to propose an algorithmic definition of a new cuticular protein (CP) family with low complexity and biased amino acid composition. Finally, we identified a differentially expressed gene encoding a pyrokinin (PK) neuropeptide precursor and characterizing the mandibular glands. Injection of three predicted synthetic peptides PK1/2/3 into aphids prior to ecdysis caused a molt-specific phenotype with altered head formation. Our study provides the most complete description to date of the potential protein composition of aphid stylets, which should improve the understanding of the transmission of stylet-borne viruses. First transcriptome of aphid retort glands and stylet cuticular protein composition A pyrokinin transcript is mandibular gland specific at the onset of adult moult Stylet cuticle is of higher protein complexity than other insect cuticles A new class of low-complexity cuticular proteins is predicted
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Guschinskaya
- Insa de Lyon, UMR5240 MAP CNRS-UCBL, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; Université de Lyon
| | - Denis Ressnikoff
- CIQLE, Centre d'imagerie Quantitative Lyon-Est, UCB Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon
| | | | | | - Philippe Bulet
- Platform BioPark Archamps, Archamps, France; CR University of Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Marilyne Uzest
- BGPI, Univ Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Yvan Rahbé
- Insa de Lyon, UMR5240 MAP CNRS-UCBL, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; BGPI, Univ Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France; Université de Lyon.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Immune Functional Analysis of Chitin Deacetylase 3 from the Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010064. [PMID: 31861829 PMCID: PMC6981819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA) is a chitin degradation enzyme that strictly catalyzes the deacetylation of chitin to form chitosan, which plays an important role in regulating growth and development, as well as the immune response. In this study, a chitin deacetylase 3 gene (CDA3) was identified with a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 1362 bp from the genome database of Diaphorina citri, encoding a protein of 453 amino acids. Spatiotemporal expression analysis suggested that D. citri CDA3 (DcCDA3) had the highest expression level in the integument and third-instar nymph stage. Furthermore, DcCDA3 expression level can be induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Injection of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus induced the upregulation of DcCDA3 in the midgut, while DcCDA3 was downregulated in the fat body. After silencing DcCDA3 by RNA interference, there was no influence on the D. citri phenotype. In addition, bactericidal tests showed that recombinant DcCDA3 inhibited gram-positive bacteria, including S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). In conclusion, our results suggest that DcCDA3 might play an important role in the immune response of D. citri.
Collapse
|
47
|
Hussain A, AlJabr AM, Al-Ayedh H. Development-Disrupting Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, Novaluron, Reprogramming the Chitin Degradation Mechanism of Red Palm Weevils. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234304. [PMID: 31779078 PMCID: PMC6930496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption in chitin regulation by using chitin synthesis inhibitor (novaluron) was investigated to gain insights into the biological activity of chitinase in red palm weevils, an invasive pest of date palms in the Middle East. Impact of novaluron against ninth instar red palm weevil larvae was examined by dose-mortality response bioassays, nutritional indices, and expression patterns of chitinase genes characterized in this study. Laboratory bioassays revealed dose-dependent mortality response of ninth-instar red palm weevil larvae with LD50 of 14.77 ppm of novaluron. Dietary growth analysis performed using different doses of novaluron (30, 25, 20, 15, 10, and 5 ppm) exhibited very high reduction in their indexes such as Efficacy of Conversion of Digested Food (82.38%) and Efficacy of Conversion of Ingested Food (74.27%), compared with control treatment. Transcriptomic analysis of red palm weevil larvae characterized numerous genes involved in chitin degradation including chitinase, chitinase-3-like protein 2, chitinase domain-containing protein 1, Endochitinase-like, chitinase 3, and chitin binding peritrophin-a domain. However, quantitative expression patterns of these genes in response to novaluron-fed larvae revealed tissue-specific time-dependent expression patterns. We recorded overexpression of all genes from mid-gut tissues. Growth retarding, chitin remodeling and larvicidal potential suggest novaluron as a promising alternate for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abid Hussain
- Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia;
- Research and Consulting Institute, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Mohammed AlJabr
- Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +009-6650-691-4442
| | - Hassan Al-Ayedh
- Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
- National Agriculture technology center, Life science & Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- RPW Consultant, United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gust KA, Kennedy AJ, Laird JG, Wilbanks MS, Barker ND, Guan X, Melby NL, Burgoon LD, Kjelland ME, Swannack TM. Different as night and day: Behavioural and life history responses to varied photoperiods in Daphnia magna. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4422-4438. [PMID: 31486145 PMCID: PMC6856852 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all animal species have utilized photoperiod to cue seasonal behaviours and life history traits. We investigated photoperiod responses in keystone species, Daphnia magna, to identify molecular processes underlying ecologically important behaviours and traits using functional transcriptomic analyses. Daphnia magna were photoperiod‐entrained immediately posthatch to a standard control photoperiod of 16 light/ 8 dark hours (16L:8D) relative to shorter (4L:20D, 8L:16D, 12L:12L) and longer (20L:4D) day length photoperiods. Short‐day photoperiods induced significantly increased light‐avoidance behaviours relative to controls. Correspondingly, significant differential transcript expression for genes involved in glutamate signalling was observed, a critical signalling pathway in arthropod light‐avoidance behaviour. Additionally, period circadian protein and proteins coding F‐box/LRR‐repeat domains were differentially expressed which are recognized to establish circadian rhythms in arthropods. Indicators of metabolic rate increased in short‐day photoperiods which corresponded with broadscale changes in transcriptional expression across system‐level energy metabolism pathways. The most striking observations included significantly decreased neonate production at the shortest day length photoperiod (4L:20D) and significantly increased male production across short‐day and equinox photoperiods (4L:20D, 8L:16D and 12L:12D). Transcriptional expression consistent with putative mechanisms of male production was observed including photoperiod‐dependent expression of transformer‐2 sex‐determining protein and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) which control splice variant expression for genes like transformer. Finally, increased transcriptional expression of glutamate has also been shown to induce male production in Daphnia pulex via photoperiod‐sensitive mechanisms. Overall, photoperiod entrainment affected molecular pathways that underpin critical behavioural and life history traits in D. magna providing fundamental insights into biological responses to this primary environmental cue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Jennifer G Laird
- Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Mitchell S Wilbanks
- Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | | | - Xin Guan
- Bennett Aerospace, Cary, NC, USA
| | - Nicolas L Melby
- Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Lyle D Burgoon
- Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Michael E Kjelland
- Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Todd M Swannack
- Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Xiangshun A, Qiang Z, Shuyang D, Xiao H, Bu C. Comparative characterization of putative chitin deacetylases from Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1306-1309. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1591264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Considering the challenges of controlling carmine spider mite and protecting pollinators, chitin deacetylase genes (TecCDA1 and TecCDA2) of spider mite were characterized as group I, and were expressed in stage-specific pattern, which imply their role during development. The differences in sequences and structures between T. cinnabarinus and honeybee CDAs offer possibilities to design new selective pesticides protecting pollinator honeybees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Xiangshun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Deng Shuyang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chunya Bu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhu B, Shan J, Li R, Liang P, Gao X. Identification and RNAi-based function analysis of chitinase family genes in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1951-1961. [PMID: 30578597 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect chitinases play a vital part in chitin degradation in exoskeletons and gut linings during the molting process, and therefore are considered potential targets for new insecticide designs or RNA interference (RNAi)-based pest management. Systematic functional analysis of chitinase genes has already been conducted in several insect pests, but not Plutella xylostella. RESULTS In this study, 13 full-length chitinase transcripts were obtained in P. xylostella. Developmental and tissue-specific expression pattern analysis revealed that seven chitinase transcripts were periodically expressed during molting stage and mainly expressed in the integument or midgut, including PxCht3, PxCht5, PxCht6-2, PxCht7, PxCht8, PxCht10 and PxCht-h. RNAi-mediated knockdown of these specific expressed genes revealed that PxCht5 and PxCht10 were essential in larval molting, pupation and eclosion, and PxCht7 was indispensable only in eclosion. No significant effects were observed on insect survival or normal development when the rest chitinase transcripts were suppressed by RNAi. CONCLUSION Our results indicated the function of P. xylostella chitinase family genes during the molting process, and may provide potential targets for RNAi-based management of P. xylostella. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinqiong Shan
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|