Debris flow susceptibility assessment based on information value and machine learning coupling method: from the perspective of sustainable development

Accurately assessing the susceptibility of debris flow disasters is of great significance for reducing the cost of disaster prevention and mitigation, as well as disaster losses. Machine learning (ML) models have been widely used in the susceptibility assessment of debris flow disasters. However, these models often have randomness in the selection of non-disaster data, which can lead to redundant information and poor applicability and accuracy of susceptibility evaluation results. To address this issue, this paper focuses on debris flow disasters in Yongji County, Jilin Province, China; optimizes the sampling method of non-disaster datasets in machine learning susceptibility assessment; and proposes a susceptibility prediction model that couples information value (IV) with artificial neural network (ANN) and logistic regression (LR) models. A debris flow disaster susceptibility distribution map with higher accuracy was drawn based on this model. The model's performance is evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), information gain ratio (IGR), and typical disaster point verification methods. The results show that the rainfall and topography were found to be decisive factors in the occurrence of debris flow disasters, and the IV-ANN model established in this study had the highest accuracy (AUC = 0.968). Compared to traditional machine learning models, the coupling model produced an increase in economic benefit of about 25% while reducing the average disaster prevention and control investment cost by about 8%. Based on model's susceptibility map, this paper proposes practical disaster prevention and control suggestions that promote sustainable development in the region, such as establishing monitoring systems and information platforms to aid disaster management.

Active or passive maternal smoking increases the risk of low birth weight or preterm delivery: Benefits of cessation and tobacco control policies

In France, maternal smoking, active or passive, remains one of the highest in Europe. At the same time, there is an increase in the number of low birth weight (<2500 g) and premature (<37 weeks of amenorrhea) newborns. The objective of this narrative review is to examine the impact of active or passive maternal smoking on birth weight or prematurity rates, and to consider the benefits of policies to stop or control smoking. This is a narrative review that analyzes and discusses the major articles published over the past 20 years regarding the role of active or passive maternal smoking on the risk of low birth weight or preterm delivery. Articles were selected using the following keywords: maternal smoking, low birth weight, preterm birth, smoking cessation, passive smoking, exhaled carbon monoxide, tobacco control policies. Active smoking is associated, in a dose-response relationship, with increased risks of low birth weight and preterm delivery. Passive smoking, mainly related to the presence of a smoking spouse, increases the risk of low birth weight and preterm birth. Our review confirmed also the benefits of smoking cessation, even in the third trimester, in reducing the risk of small for gestation age or fetal growth restriction and preterm birth. Several studies of tobacco control policies have been shown to be effective in significantly reducing maternal smoking. There is sufficient evidence to infer a causal link between active or passive maternal smoking and low birth weight or preterm delivery. This causal link is compelling and sufficient to justify intensifying efforts to promote rapid progress in tobacco control policies, with the vision of a tobacco-free generation, and smoking cessation with best practices during preconception or pregnancy.

Effect of resistance vs. aerobic exercise in pre-diabetes: an RCT

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to assess the different impacts of aerobic and resistance exercise intervention on pre-diabetes and its possible influencing factor (obesity) to identify which exercise intervention mode was better for pre-diabetes to control their blood glucose levels.

METHODS

Single-blind randomized controlled trial. Participants were recruited from Southwest Hospital between February 2016 and May 2017 and randomly divided into three groups using stratified randomization: aerobic exercise (A), resistance exercise (R), and control (C). The effects of each group were analyzed, and the relationship with obesity was investigated following a 12-week intervention.

RESULTS

Eighty participants were enrolled (9 were lost, and 1 was excluded). Finally, 26 participants were included in group A, 23 in group R, and 21 in group C. In groups A and R, FPG, OGTT 2-h PG, and HOMA2-IR decreased by 6.17% (P = 0.001) and 4.81% (P = 0.019), 20.39% (P < 0.001) and 16.50% (P < 0.001), and 8.34% (P = 0.026) and 18.31% (P = 0.001, superior to that in group A), respectively (all P < 0.001 compared with group C, with no significant differences between groups A and R). The ratio of reversal to euglycemia was 69.2% (P = 0.003 compared with group C) in group A and 43.5% (P = 0.213 compared with group C) in group R. The decreased ratio of GSP in group R was greater (65.2%, P = 0.008 compared with group C) compared with group A (38.5%, P = 0.355 compared with group C). Decreases in the parameters BMI (3.1 ± 3.2% P < 0.001, moderately positive correlation with the decreased FPG level, r = 0.498, P = 0.010, two-tailed) and waist circumference (3.1 ± 2.7% P < 0.001) were noted in group A, but no significant correlations were noted between other indicators in group R.

CONCLUSIONS

Both resistance and aerobic exercise can control and reverse IGR. Compared with aerobic exercise, resistance exercise may be superior in terms of GSP and IR improvement. Aerobic exercise decreases blood glucose levels through weight loss. However, the effect of resistance exercise might not be mediated via weight loss and obesity control.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000038304. Registered on September 17, 2020.

Circulating spexin levels are influenced by the glycemic status and correlated with pancreatic β-cell function in Chinese subjects

AIMS

Spexin plays a role in regulating glucose metabolism. This study investigated the spexin levels in different glycemic status and its association with insulin secretion in humans.

METHODS

A total of 462 subjects were recruited in this study, including 52 healthy subjects, 106 first-degree relatives (FDRs) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 115 impaired glucose regulation (IGR), 80 newly diagnosed T2DM, and 106 established T2DM. Serum spexin was measured using ELISA. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA2-β), and Stumvoll index estimating first- and second-phase insulin secretion were calculated.

RESULTS

Spexin levels were higher in FDRs [235.53 pg/ml (185.28, 293.95)] and IGR [239.79 pg/ml (191.52, 301.69)], comparable in newly diagnosed T2DM [224.68 pg/ml (187.37, 279.74)], and lower in established T2DM [100.11 pg/ml (78.50, 137.34)], compared with healthy subjects [200.23 pg/ml (160.32, 275.65)]. Spexin levels were negatively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (r =  - 0.355, P < 0.001), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) (r =  - 0.379, P < 0.001), and HOMA2-IR (r =  -  0.225, P < 0.001), and positively correlated with HOMA2-β (r = 0.245, P < 0.001) after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that established T2DM and HOMA2-β were independently associated with serum spexin levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum spexin levels represented as a bell-shaped curve along the glycemic continuum and is closely related with insulin secretion in humans.

Intragenic recombination within the pun allele of the pink-eyed dilution locus in pre-melanocytes and primordial germ cells of embryonic mice treated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea

The forward or reverse processes of intragenic recombination (IGR), which occur through the addition or deletion of duplicated homologous exons of the p^un allele in Pun mice, was observed in vivo, after introducing an homozygous p^un allele in a C57BL/6 background. We assessed the frequency of IGR upon N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) treatment of pre-melanocytes (PMCs: somatic cells) and primordial germ cells (PGCs: germ cells) of embryonic mice at 10.5 days of development (E10.5). We simultaneously examined IGR and other mutations at the p locus of PMCs responsible for coat color in the offspring obtained by crossing p^un/p^un with p^un/P mice. The frequencies of both spontaneous and ENU-induced IGR were markedly higher than that of the recessive mutation (RM) in PMCs obtained from crossing C57BL/6 and PW strains (Shibuya et al., 1982). ENU also induces IGR at a higher frequency in PGCs at E10.5, which was observed in the next generation. These results indicate that ENU, which preferentially induces gene mutations through base substitution, also induces IGR at a high frequency in the p^un allele in both somatic and germ cells of embryonic mice at the E10.5 developmental stage.

Pyriproxyfen induces lethal and sublethal effects on biological traits and demographic growth parameters in Musca domestica

Musca domestica is a global insect-pest of human beings and animal agriculture. Pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analog, has shown its potential for effective management of M. domestica. However, lethal and sublethal effects of pyriproxyfen on biological traits and demographic growth parameters of M. domestica are still unknown. The present study investigated the effects of lethal and sublethal concentrations on different biological traits of M. domestica for two generations i.e., exposed parents (F0) and their offspring (F1). Concentration-response bioassays revealed that concentrations of pyriproxyfen that caused 50% (LC₅₀), 25% (LC₂₅), 10% (LC₁₀) and 2% (LC₂) mortality of M. domestica were estimated as 0.12, 0.06, 0.03 and 0.01 μg/g, respectively. In the F0 generation, exposure of 3^rd instar larvae to these concentrations resulted in a reduced pupation rate, lengthened pupal stage duration, light weight pupae and reduction in adult emergence in a concentration-dependent manner. In the case of F1 generation, similar trend was observed for pupation rate, pupal stage duration, and total developmental period (i.e., egg to adult); however, pupal weight was affected at LC₁₀, LC₂₅, LC₅₀ levels, and adult emergence at only LC₂₅ and LC₅₀ levels. The values of demographic growth parameters, analyzed through age-stage, two-sex life table theory, were significantly decreased at all the levels of pyriproxyfen compared with control. This study highlights that pyriproxyfen has the potential to suppress the population of M. domestica through its lethal and sublethal effects and presents an empirical basis from which to consider management decisions for chemical control in the field.

Transporter-mediated ecdysteroid trafficking across cell membranes: A novel target for insect growth regulators

Ecdysteroids are a class of steroid hormones in arthropods that control molting and metamorphosis through interaction with intracellular nuclear receptors. In contrast to the extensive literature describing their biosynthetic pathways and signaling components, little has been known about how these hormones are traveling into and out of the cells through lipid bilayers of the cell membranes. Recently, a series of studies conducted in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster revealed that membrane transporters have critical functions in trafficking ecdysteroids across cell membranes, challenging the classical simple diffusion model of steroid hormone transport. Here we summarize recent advances in our understanding of membrane transporters involved in ecdysteroid signaling in Drosophila, with particular focus on Ecdysone Importer (EcI) that is involved in ecdysteroid uptake in peripheral tissues. We then discuss the potential advantage of EcI blockers as a novel pest management tool as compared to classical insect growth regulators.

Circulation of two different variants of intergenic region (IGR) located between the I73R and I329L genes of African swine fever virus strains in Vietnam

Since African swine fever virus (ASFV) introduction into Vietnam in 2019, most ASFV strains detected in this country belong to the p72 genotype II and intergenic region (IGR) II variant. Further investigation of the intergenic region of ASFVs isolated in the Capital Hanoi region showed two different variants, IGR I and IGR II, which were located between the I73R and I329L genes of the p72 genotype II ASFV strains. This finding suggests co-circulation of two ASFV variants in the domestic pig population in Vietnam.

Biochemical mechanism, inheritance and cross-resistance to cyromazine in a non-target Chrysoperla carnea: A potential predator of whiteflies and aphids

Developing an eco-friendly Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach is only possible by minimizing the use of insecticides and their effects on non-targets such as natural enemies. Chrysoperla carnea is a potential predator of several economic pests including whiteflies and aphids. C. carnea selected with cyromazine for 15 generations indicated a great increase in resistance to this Insect Growth Regulator (IGR). There was no cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and nitenpyram in Cyro-SEL population. Inheritance to cyromazine was autosomal, incompletely dominant, and polygenic. A high realized heritability (h₂) value (0.37) confirmed more genetic variability. Synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) showed a significant involvement of P-450 monooxygenase and esterase in cyromazine resistance development. These findings are helpful to design a natural enemy-friendly IPM strategy resulting in increased survival and performance of C. carnea controlling economic pests.

A Lassa Virus Live-Attenuated Vaccine Candidate Based on Rearrangement of the Intergenic Region

Lassa virus (LASV) poses a significant public health problem within the regions of Lassa fever endemicity in Western Africa. LASV infects several hundred thousand individuals yearly, and a considerable number of Lassa fever cases are associated with high morbidity and lethality. No approved LASV vaccine is available, and current therapy is limited to an off-label usage of ribavirin that is only partially effective and associated with significant side effects. The impact of Lassa fever on human health, together with the limited existing countermeasures, highlights the importance of developing effective vaccines against LASV. Here, we present the development and characterization of a recombinant LASV (rLASV) vaccine candidate [rLASV(IGR/S-S)], which is based on the presence of the noncoding intergenic region (IGR) of the small (S) genome segment (S-IGR) in both large (L) and S LASV segments. In cultured cells, rLASV(IGR/S-S) was modestly less fit than wild-type rLASV (rLASV-WT). rLASV(IGR/S-S) was highly attenuated in guinea pigs, and a single subcutaneous low dose of the virus completely protected against otherwise lethal infection with LASV-WT. Moreover, rLASV(IGR/S-S) was genetically stable during serial passages in cultured cells. These findings indicate that rLASV(IGR/S-S) can be developed into a LASV live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) that has the same antigenic composition as LASV-WT and a well-defined mechanism of attenuation that overcomes concerns about increased virulence that could be caused by genetic changes in the LAV during multiple rounds of multiplication.IMPORTANCE Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever, infects several hundred thousand people in Western Africa, resulting in many lethal Lassa fever cases. No U.S. Food and Drug Administration-licensed countermeasures are available to prevent or treat LASV infection. We describe the generation of a novel LASV live-attenuated vaccine candidate rLASV(IGR/S-S), which is based on the replacement of the large genomic segment noncoding intergenic region (IGR) with that of the small genome segment. rLASV(IGR/S-S) is less fit in cell culture than wild-type virus and does not cause clinical signs in inoculated guinea pigs. Importantly, rLASV(IGR/S-S) protects immunized guinea pigs against an otherwise lethal exposure to LASV.

The juvenile hormone receptor as a target of juvenoid "insect growth regulators"

Synthetic compounds that mimic the action of juvenile hormones (JHs) are founding members of a class of insecticides called insect growth regulators (IGRs). Like JHs, these juvenoids block metamorphosis of insect larvae to reproductive adults. Many biologically active juvenoids deviate in their chemical structure considerably from the sesquiterpenoid JHs, raising questions about the mode of action of such JH mimics. Despite the early deployment of juvenoid IGRs in the mid-1970s, their molecular effect could not be understood until recent discoveries of JH signaling through an intracellular JH receptor, namely the ligand-binding transcription factor Methoprene-tolerant (Met). Here, we briefly overview evidence defining three widely employed and chemically distinct juvenoid IGRs (methoprene, pyriproxyfen, and fenoxycarb), as agonist ligands of the JH receptor. We stress that knowledge of the target molecule is critical for using these compounds both as insecticides and as research tools.

Development-Disrupting Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, Novaluron, Reprogramming the Chitin Degradation Mechanism of Red Palm Weevils

Disruption in chitin regulation by using chitin synthesis inhibitor (novaluron) was investigated to gain insights into the biological activity of chitinase in red palm weevils, an invasive pest of date palms in the Middle East. Impact of novaluron against ninth instar red palm weevil larvae was examined by dose-mortality response bioassays, nutritional indices, and expression patterns of chitinase genes characterized in this study. Laboratory bioassays revealed dose-dependent mortality response of ninth-instar red palm weevil larvae with LD₅₀ of 14.77 ppm of novaluron. Dietary growth analysis performed using different doses of novaluron (30, 25, 20, 15, 10, and 5 ppm) exhibited very high reduction in their indexes such as Efficacy of Conversion of Digested Food (82.38%) and Efficacy of Conversion of Ingested Food (74.27%), compared with control treatment. Transcriptomic analysis of red palm weevil larvae characterized numerous genes involved in chitin degradation including chitinase, chitinase-3-like protein 2, chitinase domain-containing protein 1, Endochitinase-like, chitinase 3, and chitin binding peritrophin-a domain. However, quantitative expression patterns of these genes in response to novaluron-fed larvae revealed tissue-specific time-dependent expression patterns. We recorded overexpression of all genes from mid-gut tissues. Growth retarding, chitin remodeling and larvicidal potential suggest novaluron as a promising alternate for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus management.

Comparative laboratory and field study of biorational insecticides for Culicoides biting midge management in larval developmental sites

An appropriate management strategy of bluetongue vectors should include larvicidal treatments in their larval development sites utilizing active substances with low environmental impact. A selection of biorational insecticides with potential against dipteran larvae was assayed in the laboratory against field collected Culicoides larvae including C. cataneii, C. circumscriptus, and C. imicola, determining their median lethal concentrations in water and mud/water substrate. The efficacy of formulations containing the insect growth regulators pyriproxyfen and cyromazine, the botanical insecticide azadirachtin, and the entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Brevibacillus laterosporus, was also assessed in field conditions in a comparative study conducted in sheep farm larval development sites, including treatments with the organophosphate temephos. Significant larvicidal properties were associated with the various insecticides evaluated in the laboratory assays and in field trials, although with different levels of effectiveness. While temephos was confirmed to be an effective broad spectrum larvicidal substance, B. laterosporus appeared to be the most effective among entomopathogens, while insect growth regulators combined a good efficacy to a long-lasting residual effect in the field. Everything considered, the use of these biorational insecticides alone or in combination with larval habitat manipulation techniques appears to be a promising method to complement integrated biting midge management programs.

Sub-lethal effects of lufenuron exposure on spotted bollworm Earias vittella (Fab): key biological traits and detoxification enzymes activity

Spotted bollworm, Earias vittella, is one of the most serious and devastating insect pests of vegetables and cotton. Currently, insecticides are necessary for its control in nearly all crop systems. In this paper, we evaluate the sub-lethal effects of lufenuron on biological traits and activity of detoxification enzymes: cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, esterase, and glutathione S-transeferase (GST) in second instar larvae of E. vittella. Results showed that sub-lethal concentrations (LC₁₅ and LC₄₀ of lufenuron), prolonged larval period (at LC₄₀ = 13.86 ± 1.22 day, LC₁₅ = 13.14 ± 1.15 day, control = 12.28 ± 0.7), pupal duration (LC₄₀ = 11.1 ± day, LC₁₅ = 11.8 ± 0.28 day, control = 9.40 ± 0.52), and extended mean generation time (LC₄₀ = 27.3 ± 0.43 LC₁₅ = 29.0 ± 1.19 day, control = 26.0 ± 0.65). Sub-lethal exposure significantly prolonged the pre-adult stage, decreased pupal weight, and reduced adult longevity in the parent (F₀) and F₁ generation. Moreover, the fecundity and egg viability were significantly lowered in parental and F₁ generations at both sub-lethal concentrations compared to the control. While no significant effects were noted on reproductive parameters such as the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproduction rate (R₀) of F₁ generation when compared to the control. Only mean generation time (T) in F₁ at LC₁₅ was significantly longer compared to the LC₄₀ and control (LC₄₀ = 3.79 ± 0.37, LC₁₅ = 32.28 ± 1.55 day, control = 29.79 ± 0.55). Comparatively, the activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and esterase were higher than GST in treated populations. The increase in resistance development against insecticides may possibly because of elevated activity of detoxification enzymes. These results provide useful information for monitoring resistance in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for E. vittella.

Data Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry Can Identify Circulating Proteins That Predict Future Weight Loss with a Diet and Exercise Programme

We investigated biological determinants that would associate with the response to a diet and weight loss programme in impaired glucose regulation (IGR) people using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH) mass spectrometry (MS), a data acquisition method which complement traditional mass spectrometry-based proteomics techniques. Ten women and 10 men with IGR underwent anthropometric measurements and fasting blood tests. SWATH MS was carried out with subsequent immunoassay of specific peptide levels. After a six-month intervention, 40% of participants lost 3% or more in weight, 45% of patients remained within 3% of their starting weight and 15% increased their weight by 3% or more. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) level was reduced with weight loss with improvements in insulin sensitivity. SWATH MS on pre-intervention samples and subsequent principal component analysis identified a cluster of proteins associated with future weight loss, including insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and Vitamin D binding protein. Individuals who lost 3% in weight had significantly higher baseline IGF-II levels than those who did not lose weight. SWATH MS successfully discriminated between individuals who were more likely to lose weight and potentially improve their sensitivity to insulin. A higher IGF-II baseline was predictive of success with weight reduction, suggesting that biological determinants are important in response to weight loss and exercise regimes. This may permit better targeting of interventions to prevent diabetes in the future.

Alternative insecticides for larval control of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in Lao PDR: insecticide resistance and semi-field trial study

BACKGROUND

The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of several arboviruses, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika, and represents a major public health problem in Southeast Asia. In Laos, where dengue is reemerging, several Ae. aegypti populations from the capital Vientiane have shown resistance to the organophosphate temephos, a commonly-used larvicide for public health interventions.

METHODS

Here, we tested the insecticide susceptibility of a wild larval population of Ae. aegypti against Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen and spinosad. Residual efficacies of Bti (VectobacWG®), diflubenzuron (Killmos®) and temephos (Abate®) were then evaluated under simulated field conditions against the wild Ae. aegypti population.

RESULTS

The larval bioassays showed that the wild Ae. aegypti strain was moderately resistant to temephos and spinosad (resistance ratio, RR < 5) and fully susceptible to the other insecticides (RR = 1). The simulated field trial bioassays showed that all of the insecticides tested remained above the WHO acceptable larvicide threshold after 28 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that Bti and diflubenzuron may be promising alternative larvicides for controlling dengue vectors in water-storage containers in Laos, especially against Ae. aegypti populations, in which resistance to temephos has been detected.

Diofenolan induces male offspring production through binding to the juvenile hormone receptor in Daphnia magna

Juvenile hormone (JH) and JH agonists have been reported to induce male offspring production in various daphnid species including Daphnia magna. We recently established a short-term in vivo screening assay to detect chemicals having male offspring induction activity in adult D. magna. Diofenolan has been developed as a JH agonist for insect pest control, but its male offspring induction activity in daphnids has not been investigated yet. In this study, we found that the insect growth regulator (IGR) diofenolan exhibited a potent male offspring induction activity at low ng/L to μg/L concentrations, as demonstrated by the short-term in vivo screening assay and the recently developed TG211 ANNEX 7 test protocol. A two-hybrid assay performed using the D. magna JH receptor confirmed that diofenolan had a strong JH activity. Global whole body transcriptome analysis of D. magna exposed to 10 ng/L diofenolan showed an up-regulation of JH-responsive genes and modulation of several genes involved in the ecdysone receptor signaling pathway. These results clearly demonstrate that diofenolan has strong JH activity and male offspring induction activity, and that a combination of modified standardized regulatory testing protocols and rapid in vitro and in vivo screening assays are able to identify potential endocrine disruptors in D. magna. The observation that diofenolan modulates multiple endocrine signaling pathways in D. magna suggests that further investigation of potential interference with growth, development and reproduction is warranted.

Three single nucleotide variants of the HDAC gene are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Chinese population: a community-based case-control study

OBJECTIVES

There are no data regarding the possible role of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We designed this study to examine whether polymorphisms of HDACs can be implicated in that disease.

METHODS

A community-based, case-control study was conducted, with a total of 568 subjects (284 patients and 284 controls) enrolled. Four polymorphisms of HDAC1 (rs1741981) and HDAC3 (rs11741808, rs2547547, rs2530223) were examined by the use of TaqMan technology.

RESULTS

We found a significant association with risk of type 2 DM for three SNPs of HDAC3, including rs11741808 [odds ratio (OR)=0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.35-0.81], rs2547547 [OR=1.72, 95% CI: 1.13-2.64], and rs2530223 [OR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.01-1.91]. Subgroup analysis showed that BMI≥23kg/m(2), high triglyceride and high blood pressure, together with the rs11741808AG genotype, were associated with a significantly decreased risk for type 2 DM, with ORs of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.27-0.91), 0.38 (95% CI: 0.20-0.71) and 0.43 (95% CI: 0.24-0.76) compared with the AA genotype, respectively. In a population with normal total cholesterol, the AG genotype yielded a significantly decreased risk of type 2 DM risk, with an OR of 0.42 (95% CI: 0.25-0.70) when compared with the persons of the AA genotype. For rs2547547, in a population with normal total cholesterol and triglyceride, the AG genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of type 2 DM, with ORs of 1.92 (95% CI: 1.17-3.15) and 2.24 (95% CI: 1.28-3.94) when compared with the population carrying the AA genotype.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that variants of HDAC3 contribute to an increased prevalence of type 2 DM in the Chinese Han population.

12 weeks' aerobic and resistance training without dietary intervention did not influence oxidative stress but aerobic training decreased atherogenic index in middle-aged men with impaired glucose regulation

Our aim was to determine whether 12 weeks' aerobic Nordic walking (NW) or resistance exercise training (RT) without diet-induced weight loss could decrease oxidative stress and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and MetS score in middle-aged men with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) (n=144. 54.5 ± 6.5 years). In addition, we compared effects of intervention between overweight and obese subgroups. Prevalence of MetS and AIP index decreased only in NW group and MetS score in both NW and RT groups but not in control group. The changes in AIP index correlated inversely with changes in plasma antioxidant capacity. The change in AIP index remained a significant independent predictor of the changes in MetS score after the model was adjusted for age, BMI and volume of exercise (MET h/week) in NW group. There were no changes in the other measured markers of oxidative stress and related cytokines (e.g. osteopontin and osteoprotegerin) in any of the groups. Nordic walking decreased prevalence of MetS and MetS score. Improved lipid profile remained a predictor of decreased MetS score only in NW group and it seems that Nordic walking has more beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease risks than RT training.