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Farris T, González-Ochoa S, Mohammed M, Rajakaruna H, Tonello J, Kanagasabai T, Korolkova O, Shimamoto A, Ivanova A, Shanker A. Loss of Mitochondrial Tusc2/Fus1 Triggers a Brain Pro-Inflammatory Microenvironment and Early Spatial Memory Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7406. [PMID: 39000512 PMCID: PMC11242373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain pathological changes impair cognition early in disease etiology. There is an urgent need to understand aging-linked mechanisms of early memory loss to develop therapeutic strategies and prevent the development of cognitive impairment. Tusc2 is a mitochondrial-resident protein regulating Ca2+ fluxes to and from mitochondria impacting overall health. We previously reported that Tusc2-/- female mice develop chronic inflammation and age prematurely, causing age- and sex-dependent spatial memory deficits at 5 months old. Therefore, we investigated Tusc2-dependent mechanisms of memory impairment in 4-month-old mice, comparing changes in resident and brain-infiltrating immune cells. Interestingly, Tusc2-/- female mice demonstrated a pro-inflammatory increase in astrocytes, expression of IFN-γ in CD4+ T cells and Granzyme-B in CD8+T cells. We also found fewer FOXP3+ T-regulatory cells and Ly49G+ NK and Ly49G+ NKT cells in female Tusc2-/- brains, suggesting a dampened anti-inflammatory response. Moreover, Tusc2-/- hippocampi exhibited Tusc2- and sex-specific protein changes associated with brain plasticity, including mTOR activation, and Calbindin and CamKII dysregulation affecting intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. Overall, the data suggest that dysregulation of Ca2+-dependent processes and a heightened pro-inflammatory brain microenvironment in Tusc2-/- mice could underlie cognitive impairment. Thus, strategies to modulate the mitochondrial Tusc2- and Ca2+- signaling pathways in the brain should be explored to improve cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonie Farris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (T.F.); (M.M.); (T.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (S.G.-O.); (J.T.); (O.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Salvador González-Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (S.G.-O.); (J.T.); (O.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Muna Mohammed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (T.F.); (M.M.); (T.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (S.G.-O.); (J.T.); (O.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Harshana Rajakaruna
- The Office for Research and Innovation, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA;
| | - Jane Tonello
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (S.G.-O.); (J.T.); (O.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (T.F.); (M.M.); (T.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (S.G.-O.); (J.T.); (O.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Olga Korolkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (S.G.-O.); (J.T.); (O.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Akiko Shimamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (S.G.-O.); (J.T.); (O.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Alla Ivanova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (T.F.); (M.M.); (T.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (S.G.-O.); (J.T.); (O.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (S.G.-O.); (J.T.); (O.K.); (A.S.)
- The Office for Research and Innovation, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA;
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Zhu W, Zhang H, Niu T, Liu K, Fareeduddin Mohammed Farooqui H, Sun R, Chen X, Yuan Y, Wang S. Microglial SCAP deficiency protects against diabetes-associated cognitive impairment through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:154-170. [PMID: 38570101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-induced pathological microglial responses and subsequent neuronal damage are notable characteristics of diabetes-associated cognitive impairment (DACI). Cholesterol accumulation in the brain is a prevalent consequence of diabetes mellitus (DM), exacerbating pathological microglial responses. Regarding disordered glucose and lipid metabolism, the Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein (SREBP) cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), a cholesterol sensor, exhibits increased expression and abnormal translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, amplifying the inflammatory response. Therefore, we hypothesized that overexpression of microglia-SCAP and cholesterol accumulation in DM mice could induce pathological microglial responses associated with DACI. Our type 2 DM mice model presented an abnormal increase in microglial SCAP expression. The functional loss of microglia-specific SCAP in DM mice improved cognitive impairment, neuronal synaptic plasticity deficits, and abnormal microglial responses. Mechanistically, the accumulated SCAP directly bound to and enhanced the activation of the microglial-specific inflammatory amplifier, NLRP3 inflammasome, in Golgi, thereby increasing pathological microglial responses and promoting neuronal damage. These findings indicate an important regulatory axis of microglial responses from SCAP to the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in microglia. These underscore the crosstalk between cholesterol disorders and pathological microglial responses, offering a promising avenue for pharmaceutical interventions in DACI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Center for Leading Medicine and Advanced Technologies of IHM, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Tong Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kunyu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Huzaifa Fareeduddin Mohammed Farooqui
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruoyu Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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3
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Harrison MAA, Morris SL, Rudman GA, Rittenhouse DJ, Monk CH, Sakamuri SSVP, Mehedi Hasan M, Shamima Khatun M, Wang H, Garfinkel LP, Norton EB, Kim S, Kolls JK, Jazwinski SM, Mostany R, Katakam PVG, Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Zwezdaryk KJ. Intermittent cytomegalovirus infection alters neurobiological metabolism and induces cognitive deficits in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 117:36-50. [PMID: 38182037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Risk factors contributing to dementia are multifactorial. Accumulating evidence suggests a role for pathogens as risk factors, but data is largely correlative with few causal relationships. Here, we demonstrate that intermittent murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection of mice, alters blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and metabolic pathways. Increased basal mitochondrial function is observed in brain microvessels cells (BMV) exposed to intermittent MCMV infection and is accompanied by elevated levels of superoxide. Further, mice score lower in cognitive assays compared to age-matched controls who were never administered MCMV. Our data show that repeated systemic infection with MCMV, increases markers of neuroinflammation, alters mitochondrial function, increases markers of oxidative stress and impacts cognition. Together, this suggests that viral burden may be a risk factor for dementia. These observations provide possible mechanistic insights through which pathogens may contribute to the progression or exacerbation of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A A Harrison
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Science & Engineering, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sara L Morris
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Grace A Rudman
- Department of Environmental Studies, Tulane University School of Liberal Arts, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Daniel J Rittenhouse
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Center for Translational Research in Infection & Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chandler H Monk
- Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Siva S V P Sakamuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Mst Shamima Khatun
- Tulane Center for Translational Research in Infection & Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hanyun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lucas P Garfinkel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Norton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sangku Kim
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Center for Translational Research in Infection & Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - S. Michal Jazwinski
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ricardo Mostany
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Prasad V G Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Engler-Chiurazzi
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Kevin J Zwezdaryk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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4
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Ma W, Oswald J, Rios Angulo A, Chen Q. Tmem119 expression is downregulated in a subset of brain metastasis-associated microglia. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:6. [PMID: 38308250 PMCID: PMC10837931 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-024-00846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Under pathological conditions, the immune-specialized brain microenvironment contains both resident microglia and bone marrow-derived myeloid cells recruited from peripheral circulation. Due to largely overlapping phenotypic similarities between these ontogenically distinct myeloid populations, studying their individual functions in central nervous system diseases has been challenging. Recently, transmembrane protein 119 (Tmem119) has been reported as a marker for resident microglia which is not expressed by bone marrow-derived myeloid cells. However, several studies have reported the loss or reduction of Tmem119 expression in pathologically activated microglia. Here, we examined whether Tmem119 could be used as a robust marker to identify brain metastasis-associated microglia. In addition, we also compared Tmem119 expression of primary microglia to the immortalized microglia-like BV2 cell line and characterized expression changes after LPS treatment. Lastly, we used a commercially available transgenic mouse line (Tmem119-eGFP) to compare Tmem119 expression patterns to the traditional antibody-based detection methods. Our results indicate that brain metastasis-associated microglia have reduced Tmem119 gene and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Ma
- Immunology, Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jack Oswald
- Immunology, Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela Rios Angulo
- Immunology, Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Immunology, Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Hu NY, Gao TM, Chen YH. Preparation of Healthy Single Neuron or Astrocyte Suspension from Adult Mouse Brain for RNA-seq. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2794:341-351. [PMID: 38630243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3810-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been widely applied in neuroscience research, enabling the investigation of cellular heterogeneity at the transcriptional level, the characterization of rare cell types, and the detailed analysis of the stochastic nature of gene expression. Isolation of single nerve cells in good health, especially from the adult rodent brain, is the most difficult and critical process for scRNA-seq. Here, we describe methods to optimize protease digestion of brain slices, which enable yield of millions of cells in good health from the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng-Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yi-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Wu Y, Du S, Bimler LH, Mauk KE, Lortal L, Kichik N, Griffiths JS, Osicka R, Song L, Polsky K, Kasper L, Sebo P, Weatherhead J, Knight JM, Kheradmand F, Zheng H, Richardson JP, Hube B, Naglik JR, Corry DB. Toll-like receptor 4 and CD11b expressed on microglia coordinate eradication of Candida albicans cerebral mycosis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113240. [PMID: 37819761 PMCID: PMC10753853 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Candida albicans is linked to chronic brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the molecular basis of brain anti-Candida immunity remains unknown. We show that C. albicans enters the mouse brain from the blood and induces two neuroimmune sensing mechanisms involving secreted aspartic proteinases (Saps) and candidalysin. Saps disrupt tight junction proteins of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to permit fungal brain invasion. Saps also hydrolyze amyloid precursor protein (APP) into amyloid β (Aβ)-like peptides that bind to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and promote fungal killing in vitro while candidalysin engages the integrin CD11b (Mac-1) on microglia. Recognition of Aβ-like peptides and candidalysin promotes fungal clearance from the brain, and disruption of candidalysin recognition through CD11b markedly prolongs C. albicans cerebral mycosis. Thus, C. albicans is cleared from the brain through innate immune mechanisms involving Saps, Aβ, candidalysin, and CD11b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shuqi Du
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lynn H Bimler
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kelsey E Mauk
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Léa Lortal
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Nessim Kichik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - James S Griffiths
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lizhen Song
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Katherine Polsky
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jill Weatherhead
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J Morgan Knight
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan P Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), 07737 Jena, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07737 Jena, Germany.
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - David B Corry
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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7
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Sharp RC, Guenther DT, Farrer MJ. Experimental procedures for flow cytometry of wild-type mouse brain: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281705. [PMID: 38022545 PMCID: PMC10646240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to systematically review the neuroimmunology literature to determine the average immune cell counts reported by flow cytometry in wild-type (WT) homogenized mouse brains. Background Mouse models of gene dysfunction are widely used to study age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The importance of the neuroimmune system in these multifactorial disorders has become increasingly evident, and methods to quantify resident and infiltrating immune cells in the brain, including flow cytometry, are necessary. However, there appears to be no consensus on the best approach to perform flow cytometry or quantify/report immune cell counts. The development of more standardized methods would accelerate neuroimmune discovery and validation by meta-analysis. Methods There has not yet been a systematic review of 'neuroimmunology' by 'flow cytometry' via examination of the PROSPERO registry. A protocol for a systematic review was subsequently based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) using the Studies, Data, Methods, and Outcomes (SDMO) criteria. Literature searches were conducted in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. From that search, 900 candidate studies were identified, and 437 studies were assessed for eligibility based on formal exclusion criteria. Results Out of the 437 studies reviewed, 58 were eligible for inclusion and comparative analysis. Each study assessed immune cell subsets within homogenized mouse brains and used flow cytometry. Nonetheless, there was considerable variability in the methods, data analysis, reporting, and results. Descriptive statistics have been presented on the study designs and results, including medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs) and overall means with standard deviations (SD) for specific immune cell counts and their relative proportions, within and between studies. A total of 58 studies reported the most abundant immune cells within the brains were TMEM119+ microglia, bulk CD4+ T cells, and bulk CD8+ T cells. Conclusion Experiments to conduct and report flow cytometry data, derived from WT homogenized mouse brains, would benefit from a more standardized approach. While within-study comparisons are valid, the variability in methods of counting of immune cell populations is too broad for meta-analysis. The inclusion of a minimal protocol with more detailed methods, controls, and standards could enable this nascent field to compare results across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew J. Farrer
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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8
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Moghimi-Khorasgani A, Homayouni Moghadam F, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Ferulic Acid reduces amyloid beta mediated neuroinflammation through modulation of Nurr1 expression in microglial cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290249. [PMID: 37590236 PMCID: PMC10434858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells (MGCs) serve as the resident macrophages in the brain and spinal cord, acting as the first line of immune defense against pathological changes. With various phenotypes, they can shift from a homeostatic state to a reactive state or transit from a reactive to a non-inflammatory reactive state (alternative homeostatic). A well-timed transit is crucial in limiting excessive microglial reaction and promoting the healing process. Studies indicate that increased Nurr1 expression promotes anti-neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. In this study, we investigated the possible role of ferulic acid (FA) in facilitating microglia transition due to its anti-inflammatory and Nurr1-inducing effects. MGCs were extracted from the brains of male NMRI mice at postnatal day 2 (P2) and cultured with or without FA and beta-amyloid (Aβ). Real-time qRT-PCR was conducted to measure the expressions of Nurr1, IL-1β, and IL-10 genes. Immunostaining was performed to determine the number of NURR1-positive cells, and the ramification index (RI) of MGCs was calculated using Image J software. Treating MGCs with FA (50 μg/ml) induced Nurr1 and IL-10 expressions, while reducing the level of IL-1β in the absence of Aβ-stress. Further assessments on cells under Aβ-stress showed that FA treatment restored the IL-10 and Nurr1 levels, increased the RI of cells, and the number of NURR1-positive cells. Morphological assessments and measurements of the RI revealed that FA treatment reversed amoeboid and rod-like cells to a ramified state, which is specific morphology for non-inflammatory reactive microglia. To conclude, FA can provide potential alternative homeostatic transition in Aβ-reactive microglia by recruiting the NURR1 dependent anti-inflammatory responses. This makes it a promising therapeutic candidate for suppressing Aβ-induced neuroinflammatory responses in MGCs. Furthermore, given that FA has the ability to increase NURR1 levels in homeostatic microglia, it could be utilized as a preventative medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moghimi-Khorasgani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, ACECR Institute of Higher Education (Isfahan Branch), Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farshad Homayouni Moghadam
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
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9
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Lin MTY, Lee IXY, Chen WL, Chen MY, Mehta JS, Yam GHF, Peh GSL, Liu YC. Culture of Primary Neurons from Dissociated and Cryopreserved Mouse Trigeminal Ganglion. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2023; 29:381-393. [PMID: 37212303 PMCID: PMC10442681 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2023.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal nerves originate from the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, which enters the cornea at the limbus radially from all directions toward the central cornea. The cell bodies of the sensory neurons of trigeminal nerve are located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), while the axons are extended into the three divisions, including ophthalmic branch that supplies corneal nerves. Study of primary neuronal cultures established from the TG fibers can therefore provide a knowledge basis for corneal nerve biology and potentially be developed as an in vitro platform for drug testing. However, setting up primary neuron cultures from animal TG has been dubious with inconsistency among laboratories due to a lack of efficient isolation protocol, resulting in low yield and heterogenous cultures. In this study, we used a combined enzymatic digestion with collagenase and TrypLE to dissociate mouse TG while preserving nerve cell viability. A subsequent discontinuous Percoll density gradient followed by mitotic inhibitor treatment effectively diminished the contamination of non-neuronal cells. Using this method, we reproducibly generated high yield and homogenous primary TG neuron cultures. Similar efficiency of nerve cell isolation and culture was further obtained for TG tissue cryopreserved for short (1 week) and long duration (3 months), compared to freshly isolated tissues. In conclusion, this optimized protocol shows a promising potential to standardize TG nerve culture and generate a high-quality corneal nerve model for drug testing and neurotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Tzu-Yu Lin
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Xin Yu Lee
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Advanced Ocular Surface and Corneal Nerve Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yun Chen
- Advanced Ocular Surface and Corneal Nerve Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jodhbir S. Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Corneal and External Eye Disease Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gary H. F. Yam
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gary S. L. Peh
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Corneal and External Eye Disease Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Bao H, Yan J, Huang J, Deng W, Zhang C, Liu C, Huang A, Zhang Q, Xiong Y, Wang Q, Wu H, Hou L. Activation of endogenous retrovirus triggers microglial immuno-inflammation and contributes to negative emotional behaviors in mice with chronic stress. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:37. [PMID: 36793064 PMCID: PMC9933381 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02724-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "missing" link of complex and multifaceted interplay among endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) transcription, chronic immuno-inflammation, and the development of psychiatric disorders is still far from being completely clarified. The present study was aimed to investigate the mechanism of protective role of inhibiting ERVs on reversing microglial immuno-inflammation in basolateral amygdala (BLA) in chronic stress-induced negative emotional behaviors in mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 6 w. Negative emotional behaviors were comprehensively investigated to identify the susceptible mice. Microglial morphology, ERVs transcription, intrinsic nucleic acids sensing response, and immuno-inflammation in BLA were assessed. RESULTS Mice with chronic stress were presented as obviously depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, and accompanied with significant microglial morphological activation, murine ERVs genes MuERV-L, MusD, and IAP transcription, cGAS-IFI16-STING pathway activation, NF-κB signaling pathway priming, as well as NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BLA. Antiretroviral therapy, pharmacological inhibition of reverse transcriptases, as well as knocking-down the ERVs transcriptional regulation gene p53 significantly inhibited microglial ERVs transcription and immuno-inflammation in BLA, as well as improved the chronic stress-induced negative emotional behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Our results provided an innovative therapeutic approach that targeting ERVs-associated microglial immuno-inflammation may be beneficial to the patients with psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bao
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Jinqi Yan
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Jiancheng Huang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Wenjuan Deng
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Ce Zhang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Cong Liu
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Ailing Huang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Ying Xiong
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang’an Rd, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West of Yanta Rd, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Huanghui Wu
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, School of Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, No.1279, Sanmen Rd, Shanghai, 200434, China.
| | - Lichao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, No. 2000, East of Xiang'an Rd, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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11
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Hao L, Yang Y, Xu X, Guo X, Zhan Q. Modulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells on microglia in ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1073958. [PMID: 36742051 PMCID: PMC9889551 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1073958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke accounts for 70-80% of all stroke cases. Immunity plays an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Microglia are the first line of defense in the central nervous system. Microglial functions are largely dependent on their pro-inflammatory (M1-like) or anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotype. Modulating neuroinflammation via targeting microglia polarization toward anti-inflammatory phenotype might be a novel treatment for ischemic stroke. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have been demonstrated to modulate microglia activation and phenotype polarization. In this review, we summarize the physiological characteristics and functions of microglia in the healthy brain, the activation and polarization of microglia in stroke brain, the effects of MSC/MSC-EVs on the activation of MSC in vitro and in vivo, and possible underlying mechanisms, providing evidence for a possible novel therapeutics for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongtao Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuming Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Xiuming Guo ✉
| | - Qunling Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China,Qunling Zhan ✉
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12
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GSK3β Inhibition by Phosphorylation at Ser 389 Controls Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010337. [PMID: 36613781 PMCID: PMC9820301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 β (GSK3β) by Ser9 phosphorylation affects many physiological processes, including the immune response. However, the consequences of GSK3β inhibition by alternative Ser389 phosphorylation remain poorly characterized. Here we have examined neuroinflammation in GSK3β Ser389 knock-in (KI) mice, in which the phosphorylation of Ser389 GSK3β is impaired. The number of activated microglia/infiltrated macrophages, astrocytes, and infiltrated neutrophils was significantly higher in these animals compared to C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) counterparts, which suggests that the failure to inactivate GSK3β by Ser389 phosphorylation results in sustained low-grade neuroinflammation. Moreover, glial cell activation and brain infiltration of immune cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) failed in GSK3β Ser389 KI mice. Such effects were brain-specific, as peripheral immunity was not similarly affected. Additionally, phosphorylation of the IkB kinase complex (IKK) in response to LPS failed in GSK3β Ser389 KI mice, while STAT3 phosphorylation was fully conserved, suggesting that the NF-κB signaling pathway is specifically affected by this GSK3β regulatory pathway. Overall, our findings indicate that GSK3β inactivation by Ser389 phosphorylation controls the brain inflammatory response, raising the need to evaluate its role in the progression of neuroinflammatory pathologies.
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13
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Li C, Wu H, Sen Ta Na H, Wang L, Zhong C, Deng B, Liu C, Bao H, Sang H, Hou L. Neuronal-microglial liver X receptor β activating decrease neuroinflammation and chronic stress-induced depression-related behavior in mice. Brain Res 2022; 1797:148112. [PMID: 36216100 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Depression is accompanied by excessive neuroinflammation. Liver X receptor β (LXRβ) has been reported as a newly emerging target that exerts systemic and organic inflammation modulation. However, the modulatory mechanism in alleviating neuroinflammation are far from being revealed. In the current study, depression-related behaviors in mice were induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and corticosterone (CORT) drinking. Mice received either TO901317, PLX-5622 and intra- bilateral basolateral amygdale (BLA) injection of rAAV9-hSyn-hM3D(Gq)-eGFP to activate LXRβ, eliminate microglia and pharmacogenetic activate neurons in BLA, respectively, followed by behavioral tests. Microglial pro-inflammatory and pro-phagocytic activation, as well as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release in BLA were investigated. Moreover, pro-inflammatory activation of BV2 cells-induced by CORT with or without TO901317 was detected. Neuroinflammation indicated by IL-1β release was measured in a co-culture system of HT22-primary microglia with or without TO901317. Our results indicated that chronic stress induced depression-related behaviors, which were accompanied with microglial pro-inflammatory and pro-phagocytic activation, as well as NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BLA. Accordingly, pharmacological activation of LXRβ inhibited microglial pro-inflammatory and pro-phagocytic activation, as well as NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and IL-1β release both in vivo and in vitro. Finally, both elimination of microglia and pharmacogenetic activation of neurons in BLA protected mice from chronic stress-induced depression-related behavior. Collectively, pharmacological activation of neuronal-microglial LXRβ alleviates depression-related behavior by modulating excessive neuroinflammation via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215000, PR China
| | - Huanghui Wu
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, PR China
| | - Ha Sen Ta Na
- Department of Anesthesiology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot 010017, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Chuanqi Zhong
- School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Han Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Hanfei Sang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Lichao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
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14
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Srakočić S, Josić P, Trifunović S, Gajović S, Grčević D, Glasnović A. Proposed practical protocol for flow cytometry analysis of microglia from the healthy adult mouse brain: Systematic review and isolation methods’ evaluation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1017976. [PMID: 36339814 PMCID: PMC9626753 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1017976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to systematically analyze the literature for published flow cytometry protocols for microglia isolation and compare their effectiveness in terms of microglial yield, including our own protocol using sucrose for myelin removal and accutase for enzymatic digestion. For systematic review, the PubMed was searched for the terms “flow cytometry,” “microglia,” “brain,” and “mice.” Three different myelin removal methods (Percoll, sucrose, and no removal) and five protocols for enzymatic digestion (accutase, dispase II, papain, trypsin, and no enzymatic digestion) were tested for the effectiveness of microglia (CD11b+CD45int cell population) isolation from the adult mouse brain using flow cytometry. Qualitative analysis of the 32 selected studies identified three most commonly used myelin removal protocols: Percoll, the use of myelin removal kit, and no removal. Nine enzymatic digestion protocols were identified, from which we selected dispase II, papain, trypsin, and no enzymatic digestion. A comparison of these myelin removal methods and digestion protocols showed the Percoll method to be preferable in removal of non-immune cells, and superior to the use of sucrose which was less effective in removal of non-immune cells, but resulted in a comparable microglial yield to Percoll myelin removal. Digestion with accutase resulted in one of the highest microglial yields, all while having the lowest variance among tested protocols. The proposed protocol for microglia isolation uses Percoll for myelin removal and accutase for enzymatic digestion. All tested protocols had different features, and the choice between them can depend on the individual focus of the research.
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15
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Doughty D, Rajpurohit SK, Trang A, Alptekin A, Korkaya AK, Achyut BR, Arbab AS, Bradford JW. Development of a novel purification protocol to isolate and identify brain microglia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1433-1446. [PMID: 35666093 PMCID: PMC9493764 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221096060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the tissue-resident macrophage of the central nervous system (CNS), play a paramount role in brain health and disease status. Here, we describe a novel method for enriching and isolating primary microglia from mouse brain tissue. This isolation method yields a high number of cells from either young or adult mice, and importantly, maintains the health and function of the cells for subsequent cell culture. We also describe flow cytometry methods using novel cell surface markers, including CX3CR1 and Siglec-H, to specifically label microglia while avoiding other bone marrow and/or non-CNS derived macrophages and monocytes, which has been historically difficult to achieve. As microglia are crucial in multiple aspects of biology, such as in normal brain development/function, immune response, neurodegeneration, and cancer, this isolation technique could greatly benefit a wide range of studies in human CNS biology, health, and disease mechanisms. Being able to isolate a largely pure population of microglia could also allow for a more comprehensive understanding of their functional dynamics and role in disease mechanisms, advancement of potential biomarkers, and development of novel therapeutic targets to improve prognosis and quality of life in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Doughty
- Department of Biological Sciences,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,D. D. is Medical College of Georgia,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | | | - Amy Trang
- Department of Biological Sciences,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ahmet Alptekin
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta
University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ahmet K Korkaya
- Department of Biological Sciences,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Bhagelu R Achyut
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory
University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta
University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jennifer W Bradford
- Department of Biological Sciences,
Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,Jennifer W Bradford.
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16
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The Impact of Mouse Preterm Birth Induction by RU-486 on Microglial Activation and Subsequent Hypomyelination. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094867. [PMID: 35563258 PMCID: PMC9105222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) represents 15 million births every year worldwide and is frequently associated with maternal/fetal infections and inflammation, inducing neuroinflammation. This neuroinflammation is mediated by microglial cells, which are brain-resident macrophages that release cytotoxic molecules that block oligodendrocyte differentiation, leading to hypomyelination. Some preterm survivors can face lifetime motor and/or cognitive disabilities linked to periventricular white matter injuries (PWMIs). There is currently no recommendation concerning the mode of delivery in the case of PTB and its impact on brain development. Many animal models of induced-PTB based on LPS injections exist, but with a low survival rate. There is a lack of information regarding clinically used pharmacological substances to induce PTB and their consequences on brain development. Mifepristone (RU-486) is a drug used clinically to induce preterm labor. This study aims to elaborate and characterize a new model of induced-PTB and PWMIs by the gestational injection of RU-486 and the perinatal injection of pups with IL-1beta. A RU-486 single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection at embryonic day (E)18.5 induced PTB at E19.5 in pregnant OF1 mice. All pups were born alive and were adopted directly after birth. IL-1beta was injected intraperitoneally from postnatal day (P)1 to P5. Animals exposed to both RU-486 and IL-1beta demonstrated microglial reactivity and subsequent PWMIs. In conclusion, the s.c. administration of RU-486 induced labor within 24 h with a high survival rate for pups. In the context of perinatal inflammation, RU-486 labor induction significantly decreases microglial reactivity in vivo but did not prevent subsequent PWMIs.
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17
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Gao T, Huang F, Wang W, Xie Y, Wang B. Interleukin-10 genetically modified clinical-grade mesenchymal stromal cells markedly reinforced functional recovery after spinal cord injury via directing alternative activation of macrophages. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:27. [PMID: 35300585 PMCID: PMC8931978 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After spinal cord injury (SCI), dysregulated or nonresolving inflammatory processes can severely disturb neuronal homeostasis and drive neurodegeneration. Although mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapies have showed certain therapeutic efficacy, no MSC therapy has reached its full clinical goal. In this study, we examine interleukin-10 (IL10) genetically modified clinical-grade MSCs (IL10-MSCs) and evaluate their clinical safety, effectiveness, and therapeutic mechanism in a completely transected SCI mouse model. Methods We established stable IL10-overexpressing human umbilical-cord-derived MSCs through electric transduction and screened out clinical-grade IL10-MSCs according to the criteria of cell-based therapeutic products, which were applied to mice with completely transected SCI by repeated tail intravenous injections. Then we comprehensively investigated the motor function, histological structure, and nerve regeneration in SCI mice, and further explored the potential therapeutic mechanism after IL10-MSC treatment. Results IL10-MSC treatment markedly reinforced locomotor improvement, accompanied with decreased lesion volume, regeneration of axons, and preservation of neurons, compared with naïve unmodified MSCs. Further, IL10-MSC transplantation increased the ratio of microglia to infiltrated alternatively activated macrophages (M2), and reduced the ratio of classically activated macrophages (M1) at the injured spinal cord, meanwhile increasing the percentage of Treg and Th2 cells, and reducing the percentage of Th1 cells in the peripheral circulatory system. In addition, IL10-MSC administration could prevent apoptosis and promote neuron differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) under inflammatory conditions in vitro. Conclusions IL10-MSCs exhibited a reliable safety profile and demonstrated promising therapeutic efficacy in SCI compared with naïve MSCs, providing solid support for future clinical application of genetically engineered MSCs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11658-022-00325-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Gao
- Center for Clinic Stem Cell Research, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifei Huang
- Center for Clinic Stem Cell Research, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Center for Clinic Stem Cell Research, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Center for Clinic Stem Cell Research, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Center for Clinic Stem Cell Research, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Anyaegbu CC, Mao Y, McGonigle T, Raja S, Clarke T, Black AMB, Solomon T, Fuller K, Fitzgerald M. Simultaneous flow cytometric characterization of multiple cell types and metabolic states in the rat brain after repeated mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 359:109223. [PMID: 34004202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular responses at the sub-acute phase of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and their contribution to ongoing damage, are unclear, complex and require simultaneous assessment of multiple cells to elucidate. NEW METHOD An 11-colour flow cytometry method for analysing brain cells was evaluated in a weight-drop rat model of repeated mTBI. Animals received sham, one, two or three mTBI delivered at 24 h intervals (n = 6/group). Cerebrum homogenates were prepared 11 days after first mTBI, in two cohorts of n = 3/group to enable same-day staining of fresh tissue. Percentages of neurons, astrocytes, microglia, mature oligodendrocytes and NeuN + CC1+ cells, neutrophils, macrophages and non-myeloid leukocytes, and their immunoreactivity for cell damage indicators (inducible nitric oxide synthase; iNOS, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PCNA, 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine; 8OHDG and 4-hydroxynonenal; HNE), were assessed. RESULTS Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of iNOS in activated microglia increased following two, but not one or three, mTBI (p = 0.04). However, there were differences between processing cohorts in terms of percentages and MFI of some PCNA+, iNOS+, 8OHDG + and HNE + cell populations. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Previous applications of flow cytometry for rat brain analysis were typically limited to three or four markers. This method uses 11 markers to identify nine cell populations and evaluate their immunoreactivity to four metabolic indicators of cell damage. CONCLUSIONS Flow cytometry can be useful for discerning injury-related changes in multiple rat brain cells. However, markers sensitive to subtle changes in experimental conditions must be identified in pilot experiments and subsequently analysed in the same tissue-processing cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidozie C Anyaegbu
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Yilin Mao
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Terry McGonigle
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sushmitha Raja
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Clarke
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anna M B Black
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tanya Solomon
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kathy Fuller
- Division of Cancer Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Nedlands 6009 Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute Building, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands 6009 Western Australia, Australia
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Nishimura T, Suchy FP, Bhadury J, Igarashi KJ, Charlesworth CT, Nakauchi H. Generation of Functional Organs Using a Cell-Competitive Niche in Intra- and Inter-species Rodent Chimeras. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:141-149.e3. [PMID: 33373620 PMCID: PMC8025673 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interspecies organ generation via blastocyst complementation has succeeded in rodents, but not yet in evolutionally more distant species. Early developmental arrest hinders the formation of highly chimeric fetuses. We demonstrate that the deletion of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (Igf1r) in mouse embryos creates a permissive "cell-competitive niche" in several organs, significantly augmenting both mouse intraspecies and mouse/rat interspecies donor chimerism that continuously increases from embryonic day 11 onward, sometimes even taking over entire organs within intraspecies chimeras. Since Igf1r deletion allows the evasion of early developmental arrest, interspecies fetuses with high levels of organ chimerism can be generated via blastocyst complementation. This observation should facilitate donor cell contribution to host tissues, resulting in whole-organ generation via blastocyst complementation across wide evolutionary distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Nishimura
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fabian P Suchy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joydeep Bhadury
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kyomi J Igarashi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carsten T Charlesworth
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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