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Rajavel A, Klees S, Hui Y, Schmitt AO, Gültas M. Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism Underlying African Animal Trypanosomiasis by Means of the 1000 Bull Genomes Project Genomic Dataset. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050742. [PMID: 35625470 PMCID: PMC9138820 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Climate change is increasing the risk of spreading vector-borne diseases such as African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT), which is causing major economic losses, especially in sub-Saharan African countries. Mainly considering this disease, we have investigated transcriptomic and genomic data from two cattle breeds, namely Boran and N‘Dama, where the former is known for its susceptibility and the latter one for its tolerance to the AAT. Despite the rich literature on this disease, there is still a need to investigate underlying genetic mechanisms to decipher the complex interplay of regulatory SNPs (rSNPs), their corresponding gene expression profiles and the downstream effectors associated with the AAT disease. The findings of this study complement our previous results, which mainly involve the upstream events, including transcription factors (TFs) and their co-operations as well as master regulators. Moreover, our investigation of significant rSNPs and effectors found in the liver, spleen and lymph node tissues of both cattle breeds could enhance the understanding of distinct mechanisms leading to either resistance or susceptibility of cattle breeds. Abstract African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a neglected tropical disease and spreads by the vector tsetse fly, which carries the infectious Trypanosoma sp. in their saliva. Particularly, this parasitic disease affects the health of livestock, thereby imposing economic constraints on farmers, costing billions of dollars every year, especially in sub-Saharan African countries. Mainly considering the AAT disease as a multistage progression process, we previously performed upstream analysis to identify transcription factors (TFs), their co-operations, over-represented pathways and master regulators. However, downstream analysis, including effectors, corresponding gene expression profiles and their association with the regulatory SNPs (rSNPs), has not yet been established. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate the complex interplay of rSNPs, corresponding gene expression and downstream effectors with regard to the AAT disease progression based on two cattle breeds: trypanosusceptible Boran and trypanotolerant N’Dama. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the effectors involved in the regulation of several signal transduction pathways, thereby differentiating the molecular mechanism with regard to the immune responses of the cattle breeds. The effectors and their associated genes (especially MAPKAPK5, CSK, DOK2, RAC1 and DNMT1) could be promising drug candidates as they orchestrate various downstream regulatory cascades in both cattle breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Rajavel
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Selina Klees
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yuehan Hui
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Armin Otto Schmitt
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (S.K.); (Y.H.); (A.O.S.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Gültas
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August University, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Lübecker Ring 2, 59494 Soest, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (M.G.)
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Mudji J, Künzli E, Molyneux D, Blum J. Long-term sequelae of congenital gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:932-936. [PMID: 34051702 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical presentation of gambiense human African trypanosomias (gHAT) is generally considered to be the same among children and adults. In general, when describing the clinical presentation of children with gHAT, no differentiation is made between congenital gHAT and gHAT acquired later. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the signs and symptoms attributable to congenital gHAT and its long-term sequelae. METHODS Following an evaluation of the hospital register for gHAT, the authors observed that six children born to mothers with gHAT during their pregnancies still had sequelae of the infection. The six mothers were interviewed about their respective pregnancies and the developmental history of the children borne to the infected mothers. Furthermore, the children then underwent a complete physical examination with a focus on neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms. RESULTS Five of the six patients are still seriously disabled. Behavioral changes are present in four patients, tremor, speech impairment, involuntary movements and pathologic the Barrés test and Mingazzini test in three patients and convulsions, pyramidal signs and decreased muscle tonus in two patients. Two patients cannot work and one has a sphincter disorder. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that congenital gHAT may lead to long-lasting sequelae in babies born to mothers treated after delivery. The risk of embryo toxicity of treatment of mothers with gHAT must be balanced against the risk of congenital gHAT with long-term sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junior Mudji
- Hôpital Evangélique de Vanga, Vanga Mission, B.P. 4728 Kinshasa 2, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Protestant University of Congo, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, B.P. 4745, Kinshasa 2, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Esther Künzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Medical Department, 4002 Basel Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Molyneux
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Johannes Blum
- Hôpital Evangélique de Vanga, Vanga Mission, B.P. 4728 Kinshasa 2, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Medical Department, 4002 Basel Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
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Blum A, Mudji J, Grize L, Burri C, Zellweger MJ, Blum J. Sleeping hearts: 12 years after a follow up study on cardiac findings due to sleeping sickness. One Health 2020; 11:100182. [PMID: 33392376 PMCID: PMC7772621 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) and Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) are diseases caused by single-celled flagellate protozoan parasites. While cardiac complications such as conduction problems and heart failure are very common in Chagas disease there is little known about the long-term effects of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) on cardiac sequelae in Sub-Saharan Africa, where heart failure has become an increasing problem and growing burden. In the context of clinical trials conducted between 2004 and 2005 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the prevalence of HAT related signs and symptoms and an ECG were evaluated prior to the initiation of treatment. The object of this follow-up study in 2017 was to assess the prevalence of cardiac sequelae in the same 51 first stage and 18 second stage HAT patients 12–13 years after their treatment by conducting a clinical examination and an ECG. A control group matched by age (± 5 years), sex and whenever possible form the same village was enrolled. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of cardiac symptoms and in ECG findings between patients and their controls at the time of the follow-up evaluation. Repolarization changes disappeared or improved in 24.7% of HAT patients and were even less frequent than in the control group. Peripheral low voltage was the only parameter that increased over time in HAT patients and in three patients, new conduction problems in the ECG (ventricular bigeminy, RBBB, and bifascicular block) could be found, although none of these findings was clinically significant. However, the appearance of these conduction problems might represent an early indication of a HAT related cardiomyopathy or ongoing subclinical infection. This hypothesis would be supported by the findings of an older study in which antibodies (IFAT) against trypanosomiasis in 27% of Cameroonian patients with dilated cardiomyopathy compared to 2% in normal controls had been observed. In American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas)cardiac complications are common, but no significant cardiac sequelae was found in African Trypanosomiasis. 12 years after treatment none of the patients developed cardiac failure and there was no sudden death due to arrhythmia. The appearance of cardiac conduction problems in the actual ECG could be an early indication of a HAT related cardiomyopathy. Overall, as compared to Chagas disease, HAT seems to have minimal influence on the heart even over a long follow-up time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Blum
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Medical Department, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Junior Mudji
- Hôpital Evangélique de Vanga, Vanga Mission, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Protestant University of Congo, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, B.P. 4745, Kinshasa 2, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Leticia Grize
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Medical Department, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Burri
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Medical Department, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael J. Zellweger
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Blum
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Medical Department, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Hôpital Evangélique de Vanga, Vanga Mission, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Corresponding author at: Swiss Tropical und Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, BP 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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Gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis Sequelae after Treatment: A Follow-Up Study 12 Years after Treatment. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5010010. [PMID: 31940846 PMCID: PMC7157708 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical presentation of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is well known, but knowledge on long-term sequelae is limited. In the frame of studies conducted between 2004 and 2005 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the prevalence of HAT related signs and symptoms were evaluated before the start of treatment and at the end of treatment. To explore possible long-term sequelae, the same clinical parameters were assessed in 2017 in 51 first stage and 18 second stage HAT patients. Signs and symptoms 12–13 years after treatment were compared to before and immediately after treatment and to controls matched for sex and age (±5 years). In first stage HAT patients, the prevalence of all signs and symptoms decreased compared to before treatment but were still higher after 12–13 years than immediately at the end of treatment and in the control group. In second stage HAT patients, all HAT-specific findings had continuously decreased to the point where they were in the range of the healthy control group. In a selection of oligosymptomatic first stage HAT patients, no trypanosomes were detected in the blood by microscopic examination or PCR. An oligosymptomatic presentation of HAT due to the persistence of parasites in compartments, where first stage HAT medications do not penetrate, could not be ruled out.
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Nambala P, Musaya J, Hayashida K, Maganga E, Senga E, Kamoto K, Chisi J, Sugimoto C. Comparative evaluation of dry and liquid RIME LAMP in detecting trypanosomes in dead tsetse flies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 85:e1-e6. [PMID: 30326717 PMCID: PMC6324077 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v85i1.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Xenomonitoring is an important approach in assessing the progress of trypanosomiasis control as well as in estimating the endemicity of trypanosomes in affected areas. One of the major challenges in this approach is the unavailability of sensitive and easy to use xenomonitoring tools that can be used in the remote areas where the disease occurs. One tool that has been used successfully in detecting the parasites in tsetse flies is the repetitive insertion mobile element loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RIME LAMP). This tool has recently been modified from the liquid form to dry form for use in remote areas; however, uptake for use in the field has been slow. Field-collected tsetse flies were used to evaluate the performance of dry RIME LAMP over the conventional liquid RIME LAMP. All the samples were also subjected to internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a standard. ITS1-PCR-positive samples were further sequenced for confirmation of the species. A total of 86 wild tsetse flies were left to dry at room temperature for 3 months and DNA was extracted subsequently. All 86 flies were Glossina morsitans morsitans. From these, dry RIME LAMP detected 16.3% while liquid RIME LAMP detected 11.6% as infected with trypanosomes. Ten positive samples on ITS1-PCR were sequenced and all were shown to be trypanosomes. The use of dry RIME LAMP in the field for xenomonitoring of trypanosomes in tsetse flies will greatly contribute towards control of this neglected tropical disease as it provides the cheapest, fastest and simplest way to estimate possible human infective trypanosome infection rates in the tsetse fly vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nambala
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Malawi.
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Drug repositioning approaches to parasitic diseases: a medicinal chemistry perspective. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1699-1710. [PMID: 27365271 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Identifying new indications for clinically useful drugs is a worthwhile approach for neglected tropical diseases. The number of successful repurposing cases in the field is growing as not-for-profit organizations, in association with academia and pharmaceutical companies, enable screening campaigns for the identification of new repositioning candidates. Current programs have delivered encouraging results as the use of state-of-the-art technologies, such as genomic and structural biology tools, and high-throughput screening platforms have become increasingly common in infectious disease research. Drug repositioning has played a key part in improving the lives of those suffering from these conditions, as evidenced by successful precedents and recent studies on preeminent parasitic disorders.
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de Silva Rodrigues JH, Stein J, Strauss M, Rivarola HW, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV, Duszenko M. Clomipramine kills Trypanosoma brucei by apoptosis. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:196-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Wilson CS, Chang AJ, Greene R, Machado S, Parsons MW, Takats TA, Zambetti LJ, Springer AL. Knockdown of Inner Arm Protein IC138 in Trypanosoma brucei Causes Defective Motility and Flagellar Detachment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139579. [PMID: 26555902 PMCID: PMC4640498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Motility in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is conferred by a single flagellum, attached alongside the cell, which moves the cell forward using a beat that is generated from tip-to-base. We are interested in characterizing components that regulate flagellar beating, in this study we extend the characterization of TbIC138, the ortholog of a dynein intermediate chain that regulates axonemal inner arm dynein f/I1. TbIC138 was tagged In situ-and shown to fractionate with the inner arm components of the flagellum. RNAi knockdown of TbIC138 resulted in significantly reduced protein levels, mild growth defect and significant motility defects. These cells tended to cluster, exhibited slow and abnormal motility and some cells had partially or fully detached flagella. Slight but significant increases were observed in the incidence of mis-localized or missing kinetoplasts. To document development of the TbIC138 knockdown phenotype over time, we performed a detailed analysis of flagellar detachment and motility changes over 108 hours following induction of RNAi. Abnormal motility, such as slow twitching or irregular beating, was observed early, and became progressively more severe such that by 72 hours-post-induction, approximately 80% of the cells were immotile. Progressively more cells exhibited flagellar detachment over time, but this phenotype was not as prevalent as immotility, affecting less than 60% of the population. Detached flagella had abnormal beating, but abnormal beating was also observed in cells with no flagellar detachment, suggesting that TbIC138 has a direct, or primary, effect on the flagellar beat, whereas detachment is a secondary phenotype of TbIC138 knockdown. Our results are consistent with the role of TbIC138 as a regulator of motility, and has a phenotype amenable to more extensive structure-function analyses to further elucidate its role in the control of flagellar beat in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne S. Wilson
- Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Chang
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Greene
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sulynn Machado
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Parsons
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Taylor A. Takats
- Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, United States of America
| | - Luke J. Zambetti
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Springer
- Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dynein Light Chain LC8 Is Required for RNA Polymerase I-Mediated Transcription in Trypanosoma brucei, Facilitating Assembly and Promoter Binding of Class I Transcription Factor A. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:95-107. [PMID: 26459761 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00705-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynein light chain LC8 is highly conserved among eukaryotes and has both dynein-dependent and dynein-independent functions. Interestingly, LC8 was identified as a subunit of the class I transcription factor A (CITFA), which is essential for transcription by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) in the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Given that LC8 has never been identified with a basal transcription factor and that T. brucei relies on RNA Pol I for expressing the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), the key protein in antigenic variation, we investigated the CITFA-specific role of LC8. Depletion of LC8 from mammalian-infective bloodstream trypanosomes affected cell cycle progression, reduced the abundances of rRNA and VSG mRNA, and resulted in rapid cell death. Sedimentation analysis, coimmunoprecipitation of recombinant proteins, and bioinformatic analysis revealed an LC8 binding site near the N terminus of the subunit CITFA2. Mutation of this site prevented the formation of a CITFA2-LC8 heterotetramer and, in vivo, was lethal, affecting assembly of a functional CITFA complex. Gel shift assays and UV cross-linking experiments identified CITFA2 as a promoter-binding CITFA subunit. Accordingly, silencing of LC8 or CITFA2 resulted in a loss of CITFA from RNA Pol I promoters. Hence, we discovered an LC8 interaction that, unprecedentedly, has a basal function in transcription.
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Jin JH, Park EB, Kim KJ, Kim M, Lee S, Lee KT, Yang G, Byun SY, Lee N, Goo J, No JH, Choo DJ, Lee JY. In VitroEvaluation of s-Triazine Derivatives for African Trypanosomiasis. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Jin
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Beul Park
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Jong Kim
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhoe Lee
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Gyongseon Yang
- Leishmania Research Laboratory (LRL); Institut Pasteur Korea; Gyeonggi-do 463-400 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Byun
- Leishmania Research Laboratory (LRL); Institut Pasteur Korea; Gyeonggi-do 463-400 Republic of Korea
| | - Nakyung Lee
- Leishmania Research Laboratory (LRL); Institut Pasteur Korea; Gyeonggi-do 463-400 Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Goo
- Leishmania Research Laboratory (LRL); Institut Pasteur Korea; Gyeonggi-do 463-400 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Leishmania Research Laboratory (LRL); Institut Pasteur Korea; Gyeonggi-do 463-400 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joon Choo
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeol Lee
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
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Exosomes or microvesicles? Two kinds of extracellular vesicles with different routes to modify protozoan-host cell interaction. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3567-75. [PMID: 26272631 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Parasite-host cell interaction can be modulated by a dynamic communication between extracellular vesicles (EVs). They should play key roles in cell-cell communications transferring biomolecules (miRNA, proteins, soluble factors) from one cell to another cell. While many names have been used to denominate EVs, a better comprehension to understand these vesicles is raised when we classify it according to biogenesis: originated from multivesicular bodies, named exosomes, and from plasmatic membranes, denominated microvesicles. Here, we have reviewed EV participation during the protozoan-host cell interaction and reinforced the differences and similarities between exosomes and microvesicles, suggesting different intracellular routes and functions. We also discussed perspectives to study EVs and the role of EVs in diagnosis and chemotherapies of infectious diseases.
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Unciti-Broceta JD, Arias JL, Maceira J, Soriano M, Ortiz-González M, Hernández-Quero J, Muñóz-Torres M, de Koning HP, Magez S, Garcia-Salcedo JA. Specific Cell Targeting Therapy Bypasses Drug Resistance Mechanisms in African Trypanosomiasis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004942. [PMID: 26110623 PMCID: PMC4482409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a deadly neglected disease caused by the extracellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Current therapies are characterized by high drug toxicity and increasing drug resistance mainly associated with loss-of-function mutations in the transporters involved in drug import. The introduction of new antiparasitic drugs into therapeutic use is a slow and expensive process. In contrast, specific targeting of existing drugs could represent a more rapid and cost-effective approach for neglected disease treatment, impacting through reduced systemic toxicity and circumventing resistance acquired through impaired compound uptake. We have generated nanoparticles of chitosan loaded with the trypanocidal drug pentamidine and coated by a single domain nanobody that specifically targets the surface of African trypanosomes. Once loaded into this nanocarrier, pentamidine enters trypanosomes through endocytosis instead of via classical cell surface transporters. The curative dose of pentamidine-loaded nanobody-chitosan nanoparticles was 100-fold lower than pentamidine alone in a murine model of acute African trypanosomiasis. Crucially, this new formulation displayed undiminished in vitro and in vivo activity against a trypanosome cell line resistant to pentamidine as a result of mutations in the surface transporter aquaglyceroporin 2. We conclude that this new drug delivery system increases drug efficacy and has the ability to overcome resistance to some anti-protozoal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D. Unciti-Broceta
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra” (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Armilla, Spain
- Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José L. Arias
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Maceira
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra” (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Armilla, Spain
- Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Soriano
- Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Matilde Ortiz-González
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Hernández-Quero
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Muñóz-Torres
- Unidad de Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Harry P. de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Magez
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, VIB, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - José A. Garcia-Salcedo
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra” (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Armilla, Spain
- Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Kasembeli AN, Duarte R, Ramsay M, Naicker S. African origins and chronic kidney disease susceptibility in the human immunodeficiency virus era. World J Nephrol 2015; 4:295-306. [PMID: 25949944 PMCID: PMC4419140 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v4.i2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem worldwide with the estimated incidence growing by approximately 6% annually. There are striking ethnic differences in the prevalence of CKD such that, in the United States, African Americans have the highest prevalence of CKD, four times the incidence of end stage renal disease when compared to Americans of European ancestry suggestive of genetic predisposition. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are the major causes of CKD. HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is an irreversible form of CKD with considerable morbidity and mortality and is present predominantly in people of African ancestry. The APOL1 G1 and G2 alleles were more strongly associated with the risk for CKD than the previously examined MYH9 E1 risk haplotype in individuals of African ancestry. A strong association was reported in HIVAN, suggesting that 50% of African Americans with two APOL1 risk alleles, if untreated, would develop HIVAN. However these two variants are not enough to cause disease. The prevailing belief is that modifying factors or second hits (including genetic hits) underlie the pathogenesis of kidney disease. This work reviews the history of genetic susceptibility of CKD and outlines current theories regarding the role for APOL1 in CKD in the HIV era.
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Anti-trypanosomal cadinanes synthesized by transannular cyclization of the natural sesquiterpene lactone nobilin. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1521-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Marcilla A, Martin-Jaular L, Trelis M, de Menezes-Neto A, Osuna A, Bernal D, Fernandez-Becerra C, Almeida IC, Del Portillo HA. Extracellular vesicles in parasitic diseases. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:25040. [PMID: 25536932 PMCID: PMC4275648 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.25040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases affect billions of people and are considered a major public health issue. Close to 400 species are estimated to parasitize humans, of which around 90 are responsible for great clinical burden and mortality rates. Unfortunately, they are largely neglected as they are mainly endemic to poor regions. Of relevance to this review, there is accumulating evidence of the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in parasitic diseases, acting both in parasite–parasite inter-communication as well as in parasite–host interactions. EVs participate in the dissemination of the pathogen and play a role in the regulation of the host immune systems. Production of EVs from parasites or parasitized cells has been described for a number of parasitic infections. In this review, we provide the most relevant findings of the involvement of EVs in intercellular communication, modulation of immune responses, involvement in pathology, and their potential as new diagnostic tools and therapeutic agents in some of the major human parasitic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marcilla
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Lorena Martin-Jaular
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Trelis
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular i Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Armando de Menezes-Neto
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Parasitology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Dolores Bernal
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Fernandez-Becerra
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Igor C Almeida
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Hernando A Del Portillo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Arias JL, Unciti-Broceta JD, Maceira J, Del Castillo T, Hernández-Quero J, Magez S, Soriano M, García-Salcedo JA. Nanobody conjugated PLGA nanoparticles for active targeting of African Trypanosomiasis. J Control Release 2014; 197:190-8. [PMID: 25445702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of therapeutics is an alternative approach for the selective treatment of infectious diseases. The surface of African trypanosomes, the causative agents of African trypanosomiasis, is covered by a surface coat consisting of a single variant surface glycoprotein, termed VSG. This coat is recycled by endocytosis at a very high speed, making the trypanosome surface an excellent target for the delivery of trypanocidal drugs. Here, we report the design of a drug nanocarrier based on poly ethylen glycol (PEG) covalently attached (PEGylated) to poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA) to generate PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles. This nanocarrier was coupled to a single domain heavy chain antibody fragment (nanobody) that specifically recognizes the surface of the protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma brucei. Nanoparticles were loaded with pentamidine, the first-line drug for T. b. gambiense acute infection. An in vitro effectiveness assay showed a 7-fold decrease in the half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the formulation relative to free drug. Furthermore, in vivo therapy using a murine model of African trypanosomiasis demonstrated that the formulation cured all infected mice at a 10-fold lower dose than the minimal full curative dose of free pentamidine and 60% of mice at a 100-fold lower dose. This nanocarrier has been designed with components approved for use in humans and loaded with a drug that is currently in use to treat the disease. Moreover, this flexible nanobody-based system can be adapted to load any compound, opening a range of new potential therapies with application to other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Arias
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan D Unciti-Broceta
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Armilla, Spain; GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica: Pfizer/Universidad de Granada/Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Maceira
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Armilla, Spain; GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica: Pfizer/Universidad de Granada/Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Del Castillo
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Armilla, Spain; GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica: Pfizer/Universidad de Granada/Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Hernández-Quero
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Stefan Magez
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Structural Biology, VIB, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miguel Soriano
- GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica: Pfizer/Universidad de Granada/Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain; Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - José A García-Salcedo
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Armilla, Spain; GENYO, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica: Pfizer/Universidad de Granada/Junta de Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.
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17
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Blood-Siegfried J, Zeantoe GC, Evans LJ, Bondo J, Forstner JR, Wood K. The Impact of Nurses on Neglected Tropical Disease Management. Public Health Nurs 2014; 32:680-701. [PMID: 25229995 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are largely endemic in the developing nations of Africa, Asia, and South and Central America, they are reemerging with increasing frequency in developed countries. Their diagnosis, treatment, and control are an increasing public health concern that requires a different awareness by health care providers. Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are chronic infectious diseases which disproportionately burden poor, rural, and marginalized populations with significant mortality and high morbidity (disability, disfigurement, impaired childhood growth and cognitive development, increased vulnerability to coinfection) that reinforces their poverty. What can we learn from the nurses in developing countries already battling NTD's that could be useful in the developed world? This article provides an overview of distribution, pathophysiology, symptoms, and management of 13 NTDs, with particular attention to the role of nurses in delivering cost-effective integrated interventions. Case studies of schistosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis address recognition and treatment of infected individuals in developed nations where NTD infection is limited primarily to immigrants and travelers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Clinton Zeantoe
- Winifred J. Harley College of Health Sciences, United Methodist University, Ganta, Liberia
| | | | - John Bondo
- Mother Patern School of Health Sciences, Monrovia, Liberia
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Achcar F, Kerkhoven EJ, Barrett MP. Trypanosoma brucei: meet the system. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 20:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei trypanothione reductase: comparative molecular field analysis modeling and structural basis for selective inhibition. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1753-62. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sleeping sickness is a major cause of death in Africa. Since no secure treatment is available, the development of novel therapeutic agents is urgent. In this context, the enzyme trypanothione reductase (TR) is a prominent molecular target that has been investigated in drug design for sleeping sickness. Results: In this study, comparative molecular field analysis models were generated for a series of Trypanosoma brucei TR inhibitors. Statistically significant results were obtained and the models were applied to predict the activity of external test sets, with good correlation between predicted and experimental results. We have also investigated the structural requirements for the selective inhibition of the parasite‘s enzyme over the human glutathione reductase. Conclusion: The quantitative structure–activity relationship models provided valuable information regarding the essential molecular requirements for the inhibitory activity upon the target protein, providing important insights into the design of more potent and selective TR inhibitors.
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20
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Zimmermann S, Oufir M, Leroux A, Krauth-Siegel RL, Becker K, Kaiser M, Brun R, Hamburger M, Adams M. Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7202-9. [PMID: 24080104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mice cynaropicrin (CYN) potently inhibits the proliferation of Trypanosoma brucei-the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis-by a so far unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that CYNs α,β-unsaturated methylene moieties act as Michael acceptors for glutathione (GSH) and trypanothione (T(SH)2), the main low molecular mass thiols essential for unique redox metabolism of these parasites. The analysis of this putative mechanism and the effects of CYN on enzymes of the T(SH)2 redox metabolism including trypanothione reductase, trypanothione synthetase, glutathione-S-transferase, and ornithine decarboxylase are shown. A two step extraction protocol with subsequent UPLC-MS/MS analysis was established to quantify intra-cellular CYN, T(SH)2, GSH, as well as GS-CYN and T(S-CYN)2 adducts in intact T. b. rhodesiense cells. Within minutes of exposure to CYN, the cellular GSH and T(SH)2 pools were entirely depleted, and the parasites entered an apoptotic stage and died. CYN also showed inhibition of the ornithine decarboxylase similar to the positive control eflornithine. Significant interactions with the other enzymes involved in the T(SH)2 redox metabolism were not observed. Alongside many other biological activities sesquiterpene lactones including CYN have shown antitrypanosomal effects, which have been postulated to be linked to formation of Michael adducts with cellular nucleophiles. Here the interaction of CYN with biological thiols in a cellular system in general, and with trypanosomal T(SH)2 redox metabolism in particular, thus offering a molecular explanation for the antitrypanosomal activity is demonstrated. At the same time, the study provides a novel extraction and analysis protocol for components of the trypanosomal thiol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Zimmermann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Rodrigues DF, Arenas Velásquez AM, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L, Martins GZ, Magalhães NO, Martins MBG, Cicarelli RMB, Moreira RRD. Chemical Composition and Trypanocidal Activity of the Essential Oils from Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig (Zingiberaceae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5402/2013/639275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the essential oils (EO) from leaves and rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium was analyzed both by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Thirty and thirty-nine compounds were identified, respectively, in the oils from leaves and rhizomes, representing 88% and 86.1% of the whole compositions. Caryophyllene oxide is the major component in rhizomes while 1,8-cineole predominates in leaves oil. Essential oils and major components were tested for trypanocidal activity using procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei (427 and 29-13 strains). The cytotoxicity index (CI50), using the MTT colorimetric method, showed that essential oils and 1,8-cineole were inactive (>100 μg·mL−1. Nevertheless, caryophyllene oxide revealed a remarkable activity against both T. brucei strains (CI50 = 65.77 μg·mL−1 and 24.53 μg·mL−1, resp.), and the synergism between caryophyllene oxide plus pentamidine (1 : 1, v/v) highly increased the trypanocidal activity (<1.0 μg·mL−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Fernando Rodrigues
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela María Arenas Velásquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilmárcio Zimmermann Martins
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathália Oliveira Magalhães
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Regina Maria Barretto Cicarelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Regina Duarte Moreira
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, UNESP, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Luabeya MK, Mwanza JC, Mukendi KM, Tshala-Katumbay D. APRONES: neurology research and education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Neurology 2013; 80:1806-7. [PMID: 23650232 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182918c5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M K Luabeya
- Centre Neuropsychopathologique, University of Kinshasa School of Medicine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Characterization of a novel class I transcription factor A (CITFA) subunit that is indispensable for transcription by the multifunctional RNA polymerase I of Trypanosoma brucei. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 11:1573-81. [PMID: 23104567 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00250-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is the only organism known to have evolved a multifunctional RNA polymerase I (pol I) system that is used to express the parasite's ribosomal RNAs, as well as its major cell surface antigens, namely, the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) and procyclin, which are vital for establishing successful infections in the mammalian host and the tsetse vector, respectively. Thus far, biochemical analyses of the T. brucei RNA pol I transcription machinery have elucidated the subunit structure of the enzyme and identified the class I transcription factor A (CITFA). CITFA binds to RNA pol I promoters, and its CITFA-2 subunit was shown to be absolutely essential for RNA pol I transcription in the parasite. Tandem affinity purification (TAP) of CITFA revealed the subunits CITFA-1 to -6, which are conserved only among kinetoplastid organisms, plus the dynein light chain DYNLL1. Here, by tagging CITFA-6 instead of CITFA-2, a complex was purified that contained all known CITFA subunits, as well as a novel proline-rich protein. Functional studies carried out in vivo and in vitro, as well as a colocalization study, unequivocally demonstrated that this protein is a bona fide CITFA subunit, essential for parasite viability and indispensable for RNA pol I transcription of ribosomal gene units and the active VSG expression site in the mammalian-infective life cycle stage of the parasite. Interestingly, CITFA-7 function appears to be species specific, because expression of an RNA interference (RNAi)-resistant CITFA-7 transgene from Trypanosoma cruzi could not rescue the lethal phenotype of silencing endogenous CITFA-7.
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