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Moss DL, Paine AC, Krug PW, Kanekiyo M, Ruckwardt TJ. Enterovirus virus-like-particle and inactivated poliovirus vaccines do not elicit substantive cross-reactive antibody responses. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012159. [PMID: 38662650 PMCID: PMC11045126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses are the most common human pathogen with over 300 distinct genotypes. Previous work with poliovirus has suggested that it is possible to generate antibody responses in humans and animals that can recognize members of multiple enterovirus species. However, cross protective immunity across multiple enteroviruses is not observed epidemiologically in humans. Here we investigated whether immunization of mice or baboons with inactivated poliovirus or enterovirus virus-like-particles (VLPs) vaccines generates antibody responses that can recognize enterovirus D68 or A71. We found that mice only generated antibodies specific for the antigen they were immunized with, and repeated immunization failed to generate cross-reactive antibody responses as measured by both ELISA and neutralization assay. Immunization of baboons with IPV failed to generate neutralizing antibody responses against enterovirus D68 or A71. These results suggest that a multivalent approach to enterovirus vaccination is necessary to protect against enterovirus disease in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Moss
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alden C. Paine
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Krug
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tracy J. Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Valeanu A, Mihai DP, Andrei C, Puscasu C, Ionica AM, Hinoveanu MI, Predoi VP, Bulancea E, Chirita C, Negres S, Marineci CD. Identification, analysis and prediction of valid and false information related to vaccines from Romanian tweets. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1330801. [PMID: 38362220 PMCID: PMC10867260 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1330801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The online misinformation might undermine the vaccination efforts. Therefore, given the fact that no study specifically analyzed online vaccine related content written in Romanian, the main objective of the study was to detect and evaluate tweets related to vaccines and written in Romanian language. Methods 1,400 Romanian vaccine related tweets were manually classified in true, neutral and fake information and analyzed based on wordcloud representations, a correlation analysis between the three classes and specific tweet characteristics and the validation of several predictive machine learning algorithms. Results and discussion The tweets annotated as misinformation showed specific word patterns and were liked and reshared more often as compared to the true and neutral ones. The validation of the machine learning algorithms yielded enhanced results in terms of Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Score (0.744-0.843) when evaluating the Support Vector Classifier. The predictive model estimates in a well calibrated manner the probability that a specific Twitter post is true, neutral or fake. The current study offers important insights regarding vaccine related online content written in an Eastern European language. Future studies must aim at building an online platform for rapid identification of vaccine misinformation and raising awareness for the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dragos Paul Mihai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Oruganti S, Lakshmi Gundimeda S, Buddolla V, Anantha Lakshmi B, Kim YJ. Paper-based diagnostic chips for viral detection. Clin Chim Acta 2023:117413. [PMID: 37263536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Viruses cause various diseases in humans, and pose serious health risks to individuals and populations worldwide. As a result, various diagnostic procedures and methods have been developed to prevent, manage, and reduce the burden of viral diseases, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. Among these, paper-based diagnostic chips are becoming increasingly common because of their speed, accuracy, convenience, and economical and environmental friendliness. These paper-based diagnostic tests have ideal point-of-care (POC) diagnostic applications, particularly in personalized healthcare. Paper-based diagnostics have emerged as innovative and low-cost solutions for diagnosing viral diseases in remote and underdeveloped regions where traditional diagnostic methods are not readily available. These tests are easy to use, require minimal equipment, and can be performed by nonspecialized personnel, making them accessible even in resource-constrained settings. In this review, we discuss recent developments in paper-based diagnostic chips, the importance of improved methods for identifying viral pathogens, drawbacks of traditional detection techniques, and challenges and prospects of paper-based diagnostic chips for the detection of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Oruganti
- Dr. Buddolla's Institute of Life Sciences, Tirupati-517506, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Viswanath Buddolla
- Dr. Buddolla's Institute of Life Sciences, Tirupati-517506, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Buddolla Anantha Lakshmi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do 13120, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Punsoni M, Lakis NS, Mellion M, de la Monte SM. Post-Polio Syndrome Revisited. Neurol Int 2023; 15:569-579. [PMID: 37092507 PMCID: PMC10123742 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is characterized by recrudescence or worsening of motor neuron disease symptoms decades after recovery from acute paralytic poliovirus infection, i.e., poliomyelitis. PPS afflicts between 25% and 40% of poliomyelitis survivors and mimics motor neuron diseases (MNDs), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), due to its selective impairment, degeneration, or death of motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. Herein, we report a case of PPS in a 68-year-old man with a remote history of bulbar and cervical cord involvement by poliomyelitis, review the relevant literature, and contrast the salient histopathologic features that distinguish our case of PPS from ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Punsoni
- Division of Neuropathology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Nelli S Lakis
- Division of Neuropathology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Michelle Mellion
- Division of Neuropathology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Suzanne M de la Monte
- Division of Neuropathology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Immunoprophylaxis using polypeptide chimera vaccines plus adjuvant system promote Th1 response controlling the spleen parasitism in hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2022; 40:5494-5503. [PMID: 35963820 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several advances have been observed in vaccinology especially for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). One of the tools employed is epitope prediction by immunoinformatic approaches that reduce the time and cost to develop a vaccine. In this scenario, immunoinformatics is being more often used to develop vaccines for NTDs, in particular visceral leishmaniasis (VL) which is proven not to have an effective vaccine yet. Based on that, in a previous study, two predicted T-cell multi-epitope chimera vaccines were experimentally validated in BALB/c mice to evaluate the immunogenicity, central and effector memory and protection against VL. Considering the results obtained in the mouse model, we assessed the immune response of these chimeras inMesocricetus auratushamster, which displays, experimentally, similar pathological status to human and dog VL disease. Our findings indicate that both chimeras lead to a dominant Th1 response profile, inducing a strong cellular response by increasing the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokines associated with a decrease in IL-10. Also, the chimeras reduced the spleen parasite load and the weight a correlation between protector immunological mechanisms and consistent reduction of the parasitic load was observed. Our results demonstrate that both chimeras were immunogenic and corroborate with findings in the mouse model. Therefore, we reinforce the use of the hamster as a pre-clinical model in vaccination trials for canine and human VL and the importance of immunoinformatic to identify epitopes to design vaccines for this important neglected disease.
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Sooksawasdi Na Ayudhya S, Laksono BM, van Riel D. The pathogenesis and virulence of enterovirus-D68 infection. Virulence 2021; 12:2060-2072. [PMID: 34410208 PMCID: PMC8381846 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1960106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014, enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) emerged causing outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in children worldwide. In a subset of patients, EV-D68 infection was associated with the development of central nervous system (CNS) complications, including acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). Since then, the number of reported outbreaks has risen biennially, which emphasizes the need to unravel the systemic pathogenesis in humans. We present here a comprehensive review on the different stages of the pathogenesis of EV-D68 infection – infection in the respiratory tract, systemic dissemination and infection of the CNS – based on observations in humans as well as experimental in vitro and in vivo studies. This review highlights the knowledge gaps on the mechanisms of systemic dissemination, routes of entry into the CNS and mechanisms to induce AFM or other CNS complications, as well as the role of virus and host factors in the pathogenesis of EV-D68.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brigitta M Laksono
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Dr Molewaterplein 40, GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Dr Molewaterplein 40, GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Garceau SP, Igbokwe EN, Warschawski Y, Neufeld ME, Safir OA, Wade JP, Guy P, Wolfstadt JI. Management Options and Outcomes for Patients with Femoral Fractures with Post-Polio Syndrome of the Lower Extremity: A Critical Analysis Review. JBJS Rev 2020; 8:e0146. [PMID: 32487976 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.19.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-polio syndrome is characterized by a late functional deterioration (usually after >=15 years from the initial infection) in patients with a history of paralytic poliomyelitis infection, and it is defined by the March of Dimes criteria. Patients with post-polio syndrome are at increased risk for falls and associated hip and femoral fractures as a result of lower bone mineral density, decreased lean muscle mass, and musculoskeletal deformities.
Current evidence suggests that treatment modalities for femoral fractures should emphasize fixation that allows early progressive weight-bearing and ambulation to optimize functional outcomes. Good results after hip arthroplasty have been described with both cemented and uncemented implants in patients who have been treated for osteoarthritis, but there has been little evidence guiding hip fracture management. Anatomic challenges that are encountered are osteoporotic bone, a valgus neck-shaft angle, increased femoral anteversion, and a small femoral canal diameter.
Intramedullary nailing of hip and femoral fractures can be challenging due to the small femoral canal diameter that frequently is encountered. Alternative methods of fixation have shown promising results. These include the use of sliding hip screws for hip fracture management and fixed-angle locking plates for hip and femoral fracture management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Garceau
- Division of Orthopaedics, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yaniv Warschawski
- Division of Orthopaedics, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael E Neufeld
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Adult Joint Reconstruction, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oleg A Safir
- Division of Orthopaedics, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John P Wade
- Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pierre Guy
- Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jesse I Wolfstadt
- Division of Orthopaedics, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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A novel gamma radiation-inactivated sabin-based polio vaccine. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228006. [PMID: 31999745 PMCID: PMC6991977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A concerted action on the part of international agencies and national governments has resulted in the near-eradication of poliomyelitis. However, both the oral polio vaccine (OPV) and the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) have deficiencies which make them suboptimal for use after global eradication. OPV is composed of attenuated Sabin strains and stimulates robust immunity, but may revert to neurovirulent forms in the intestine which can be shed and infect susceptible contacts. The majority of IPV products are manufactured using pathogenic strains inactivated with formalin. Upon eradication, the production of large quantities of pathogenic virus will present an increased biosecurity hazard. A logical ideal endgame vaccine would be an inactivated form of an attenuated strain that could afford protective immunity while safely producing larger numbers of doses per unit of virus stock than current vaccines. We report here the development of an ionizing radiation (IR)-inactivated Sabin-based vaccine using a reconstituted Mn-decapeptide (MDP) antioxidant complex derived from the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. In bacteria, Mn2+-peptide antioxidants protect proteins from oxidative damage caused by extreme radiation exposure. Here we show for the first time, that MDP can protect immunogenic neutralizing epitopes in picornaviruses. MDP protects epitopes in Polio Virus 1 and 2 Sabin strains (PV1-S and PV2-S, respectively), but viral genomic RNA is not protected during supralethal irradiation. IR-inactivated Sabin viruses stimulated equivalent or improved neutralizing antibody responses in Wistar rats compared to the commercially used IPV products. Our approach reduces the biosecurity risk of the current PV vaccine production method by utilizing the Sabin strains instead of the wild type neurovirulent strains. Additionally, the IR-inactivation approach could provide a simpler, faster and less costly process for producing a more immunogenic IPV. Gamma-irradiation is a well-known method of virus inactivation and this vaccine approach could be adapted to any pathogen of interest.
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9
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de Godoi AM, Faccin-Galhardi LC, Rechenchoski DZ, Arruda TBMG, Cunha AP, de Almeida RR, Rodrigues FEA, Ricardo NMPS, Nozawa C, Linhares REC. Structural characterization and antiviral activity of pectin isolated from Inga spp. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:925-931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Live viral vaccines rely on attenuated viruses that can successfully infect their host but have reduced fitness or virulence. Such attenuated viruses were originally developed through trial and error, typically by adaptation of the wild-type virus to novel conditions. That method was haphazard, with no way of controlling the degree of attenuation or the number of attenuating mutations or preventing evolutionary reversion. Synthetic biology now enables rational design and engineering of viral attenuation, but rational design must be informed by biological principles to achieve stable, quantitative attenuation. This work shows that in a model system for viral attenuation, bacteriophage T7, attenuation can be obtained from rational design principles, and multiple different attenuation approaches can be combined for enhanced overall effect. Attenuated viruses have numerous applications, in particular in the context of live viral vaccines. However, purposefully designing attenuated viruses remains challenging, in particular if the attenuation is meant to be resistant to rapid evolutionary recovery. Here we develop and analyze a new attenuation method, promoter ablation, using an established viral model, bacteriophage T7. Ablation of promoters of the two most highly expressed T7 proteins (scaffold and capsid) led to major reductions in transcript abundance of the affected genes, with the effect of the double knockout approximately additive of the effects of single knockouts. Fitness reduction was moderate and also approximately additive; fitness recovery on extended adaptation was partial and did not restore the promoters. The fitness effect of promoter knockouts combined with a previously tested codon deoptimization of the capsid gene was less than additive, as anticipated from their competing mechanisms of action. In one design, the engineering created an unintended consequence that led to further attenuation, the effect of which was studied and understood in hindsight. Overall, the mechanisms and effects of genome engineering on attenuation behaved in a predictable manner. Therefore, this work suggests that the rational design of viral attenuation methods is becoming feasible. IMPORTANCE Live viral vaccines rely on attenuated viruses that can successfully infect their host but have reduced fitness or virulence. Such attenuated viruses were originally developed through trial and error, typically by adaptation of the wild-type virus to novel conditions. That method was haphazard, with no way of controlling the degree of attenuation or the number of attenuating mutations or preventing evolutionary reversion. Synthetic biology now enables rational design and engineering of viral attenuation, but rational design must be informed by biological principles to achieve stable, quantitative attenuation. This work shows that in a model system for viral attenuation, bacteriophage T7, attenuation can be obtained from rational design principles, and multiple different attenuation approaches can be combined for enhanced overall effect.
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11
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Brandão LGP, Santoro-Lopes G, Oliveira SDS, da Silva EE, do Brasil PEAA. Seroprevalence of antibodies against the three serotypes of poliovirus and IPV vaccine response in adult solid organ transplant candidates. Vaccine 2018; 36:4681-4686. [PMID: 29937244 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of protective antibody titers to polioviruses in adults candidates for solid organ transplant (SOT), and to assess the immunogenic response to inactivated polio vaccine in this population. METHODS The study included SOT candidates referred to Immunization Reference Centre of Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases from March 2013 to January 2016. It was conducted in 2 phases. The first one, a cross-sectional seroprevalence study, followed by an uncontrolled analysis of vaccine response among patients without protective antibody titers at baseline. Antibody titers to poliomyelitis were determined by microneutralization assay. RESULTS Among 206 SOT candidates included, 156 (76%) had protective antibody titers to all poliovirus serotypes (95% CI: 70-81%). Proven history of oral vaccination in childhood was not associated with higher seroprevalence of protective antibody. In 97% of individuals without protective antibody titers at baseline, there was adequate vaccine response with one dose of inactivated polio vaccine. CONCLUSIONS A relevant proportion of adult candidates for SOT does not have protective titers of antibodies to one or more poliovirus serotype. One dose of inactivated vaccine elicited protective antibody titers in 97% of these subjects and should be routinely prescribed prior to SOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Gomes Pedro Brandão
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Imunização e Vigilância em Saúde (LIVS), Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI - Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Edson Elias da Silva
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC - Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nanteza MB, Bakamutumaho B, Kisakye A, Namuwulya P, Bukenya H, Katushabe E, Bwogi J, Byabamazima CR, Williams R, Gumede N. The detection of 3 ambiguous type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV2s) in Uganda. Virol J 2018; 15:77. [PMID: 29699577 PMCID: PMC5922010 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV or Sabin) is genetically unstable and may mutate to form vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). METHODS In 2014, two VDPVs type 2 were identified during routine surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases. Consequently, a retrospective VDPV survey was conducted to ensure that there was no circulating VDPV in the country. All Sabin poliovirus isolates identified in Uganda 6 months before and 6 months after were re-screened; Sabin 1 and 3 polioviruses were re-screened for Sabin 2 and Sabin 2 polioviruses were re-screened for VDPVs type 2. The Poliovirus rRT-PCR ITD/VDPV 4.0 assay and sequencing were used respectively. RESULTS The first two VDPVs type2 were identified in Eastern Uganda and the third was identified during the survey from South-western Uganda. These regions had low OPV coverage and poor AFP surveillance indicators. CONCLUSION The retrospective VDPV survey was a useful strategy to screen for VDPVs more exhaustively. Supplementary surveillance methods need to be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Bridget Nanteza
- Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), Plot 51 - 59 Nakiwogo Road, P. O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Barnabas Bakamutumaho
- Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), Plot 51 - 59 Nakiwogo Road, P. O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Annet Kisakye
- World Health Organization (WHO), Plot 60 Prince Charles Avenue, Kololo, P.O. Box 24578, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Prossy Namuwulya
- Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), Plot 51 - 59 Nakiwogo Road, P. O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Henry Bukenya
- Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), Plot 51 - 59 Nakiwogo Road, P. O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Edson Katushabe
- World Health Organization (WHO), Plot 60 Prince Charles Avenue, Kololo, P.O. Box 24578, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Josephine Bwogi
- Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), Plot 51 - 59 Nakiwogo Road, P. O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Raffaella Williams
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), 1 Modderfontein Road Sandringham Johannesburg. Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa.,NSW HIV State Reference Laboratory, St Vicent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Nicksy Gumede
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, P.O. Box 06, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
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Prentice S, Kamushaaga Z, Nash SB, Elliott AM, Dockrell HM, Cose S. Post-immunization leucocytosis and its implications for the management of febrile infants. Vaccine 2018; 36:2870-2875. [PMID: 29655624 PMCID: PMC5937853 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aims Clinical guidelines for management of infants with fever but no evident focus of infection recommend that those aged 1–3 months with a white cell count >15 × 109/l have a full septic screen and be admitted for parenteral antibiotics. However, there is limited information about leucocyte changes following routine immunization, a common cause of fever. We investigated white cell counts shortly after routine immunization in Ugandan infants under 3 months of age. Methods White cell counts were measured in 212 healthy infants following routine immunizations (DTwP-HepB-Hib, oral polio and pneumococcal conjugate 7 vaccines) received prior to 3 months of age. Results Mean leucocyte counts increased from 9.03 × 109/l (95% confidence interval 8.59–9.47 × 109/l) pre-immunizations to 16.46 × 109/l (15.4–17.52 × 109/l) at one-day post-immunizations at 6 weeks of age, and 15.21 × 109/l (14.07–16.36 × 109/l) at one-day post-immunizations at 10 weeks of age. The leucocytosis was primarily a neutrophilia, with neutrophil percentages one-day post-immunization of 49% at 6 weeks of age and 46% at 10 weeks of age. White cell parameters returned to baseline by two-days post-immunization. No participant received antibiotics when presenting with isolated fever post-immunization and all remained well at follow-up. Conclusions In our study almost half the children <3 months old presenting with fever but no evident focus of infection at one-day post-immunization met commonly used criteria for full septic screen and admission for parenteral antibiotics, despite having no serious bacterial infection. These findings add to the growing body of literature that questions the utility of white blood cell measurement in identification of young infants at risk of serious bacterial infections, particularly in the context of recent immunizations, and suggest that further exploration of the effect of different immunization regimes on white cell counts is needed. This observational work was nested within a clinical trial, registration number ISRCTN59683017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Prentice
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, 51-59 Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, PO Box 49, Uganda.
| | | | - Stephen B Nash
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Alison M Elliott
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, 51-59 Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, PO Box 49, Uganda.
| | - Hazel M Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen Cose
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, 51-59 Nakiwogo Road, Entebbe, PO Box 49, Uganda; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
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Goncalves G, Le Scanff C, Leboeuf-Yde C. Effect of chiropractic treatment on primary or early secondary prevention: a systematic review with a pedagogic approach. Chiropr Man Therap 2018; 26:10. [PMID: 29632661 PMCID: PMC5885462 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-018-0179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The chiropractic vitalistic approach to the concept of 'subluxation' as a cause of disease lacks both biological plausibility and possibly proof of validity. Nonetheless, some chiropractors purport to prevent disease in general through the use of chiropractic care. Evidence of its effect is needed to be allowed to continue this practice. The objective of this systematic review was therefore to investigate if there is any evidence that spinal manipulations/chiropractic care can be used in primary prevention (PP) and/or early secondary prevention in diseases other than musculoskeletal conditions. Method We searched PubMed, Embase, Index to Chiropractic Literature, and some specialized chiropractic journals, from inception to October 2017, using terms including: "chiropractic", "subluxation", "wellness", "prevention", "spinal manipulation", "mortality". Included were English language articles that indicated that they studied the clinical preventive effect of or benefit from manipulative therapy/chiropractic treatment in relation to PP and/or early treatment of physical diseases/morbidity in general, other than musculoskeletal disorders. Also, population studies were eligible. Checklists were designed in relation to the description of the reviewed articles and some basic quality criteria. Outcomes of studies were related to their methodological quality, disregarding results from those unable to answer the research questions on effect of treatment. Results Of the 13.099 titles scrutinized, 13 articles were included (eight clinical studies and five population studies). These studies dealt with various disorders of public health importance such as diastolic blood pressure, blood test immunological markers, and mortality. Only two clinical studies could be used for data synthesis. None showed any effect of spinal manipulation/chiropractic treatment. Conclusion We found no evidence in the literature of an effect of chiropractic treatment in the scope of PP or early secondary prevention for disease in general. Chiropractors have to assume their role as evidence-based clinicians and the leaders of the profession must accept that it is harmful to the profession to imply a public health importance in relation to the prevention of such diseases through manipulative therapy/chiropractic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Goncalves
- 1CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,2CIAMS, University of Orléans, F-45067 Orléans, France.,Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 boulevard Paul Vaillant Couturier, F-94200 Ivry sur Seine, France
| | - Christine Le Scanff
- 1CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,2CIAMS, University of Orléans, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde
- 1CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,2CIAMS, University of Orléans, F-45067 Orléans, France.,Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 boulevard Paul Vaillant Couturier, F-94200 Ivry sur Seine, France
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15
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MicroRNA-134 regulates poliovirus replication by IRES targeting. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12664. [PMID: 28978937 PMCID: PMC5627394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Global poliovirus eradication efforts include high vaccination coverage with live oral polio vaccine (OPV), surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis, and OPV “mop-up” campaigns. An important objective involves host-directed strategies to reduce PV replication to diminish viral shedding in OPV recipients. In this study, we show that microRNA-134-5p (miR-134) can regulate Sabin-1 replication but not Sabin-2 or Sabin-3 via direct interaction with the PV 5′UTR. Hypochromicity data showed miR-134 binding to Sabin-1 and 3 but not Sabin-2 IRES. Transfection of a miR-134 mimic repressed translation of Sabin-1 5′UTR driven luciferase validating the mechanism of miR-134-mediated repression of Sabin-1. Further, site directed mutagenesis of the miR-134 binding site in Sabin-1 IRES relieved miR-134-mediated repression indicating that these regulatory molecules have an important role in regulating the host gene response to PV. Binding of miR-134 to Sabin-1 IRES caused degradation of the IRES transcript in a miR-134 and sequence specific manner. The miR-134 binding site was found to be highly conserved in wild type PV-1 as well as EV71 strains indicating that miR-134 may regulate function of these IRES sequences in circulation.
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16
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Treatment of perinatal viral infections to improve neurologic outcomes. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:162-169. [PMID: 27673425 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections in the fetus or newborn often involve the central nervous system (CNS) and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Substantial progress has been made in identifying interventions decreasing adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in this population. This review highlights progress in treatment of important viruses affecting the CNS in these susceptible hosts, focusing on herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and enteroviruses. The observation that high-dose acyclovir improves mortality in neonatal HSV disease culminated decades of antiviral research for this disease. More recently, prolonged oral acyclovir was found to improve neurologic morbidity after neonatal HSV encephalitis. Ganciclovir, and more recently its oral prodrug valganciclovir, is effective in improving hearing and neurodevelopment after congenital CMV infection. Increasing evidence suggests early control of perinatal HIV infection has implications for neurocognitive functioning into school age. Lastly, the antiviral pleconaril has been studied for nearly two decades for treating severe enteroviral infections, with newer data supporting a role for this drug in neonates. Identifying common mechanisms for pathogenesis of viral CNS disease during this critical period of brain development is an important research goal, highlighted by the recent emergence of Zika virus as a potential cause of fetal neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
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17
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Hill AB, Kilgore C, McGlynn M, Jones CH. Improving global vaccine accessibility. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 42:67-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Serological Monitoring Is Key To Sustain Progress of the Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination Initiative. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:532-4. [PMID: 27226278 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00259-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, Scobie and colleagues (H. M. Scobie et al., Clin Vaccine Immunol 23:546-554, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00052-16) report a nationwide serosurvey of tetanus immunity in >2,000 Cambodian women of child-bearing age to monitor progress toward maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination. This commentary discusses vaccines as interventions for disease control, elimination, and eradication and emphasizes the importance of the tools needed to monitor the effectiveness of initiatives that deliver the vaccines programmatically.
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Arsuaga M, de la Calle-Prieto F, Negredo Antón A, Vázquez González A. [Emerging viral infections and hepatotropic virus]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 34:508-15. [PMID: 27156244 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Environmental degradation, population movements and urban agglomerations have broken down the borders for infectious diseases. The expansion of microorganisms has entered an increasing area of transmission vectors. The lack of immunity of the population leads to an increased risk of spreading infectious diseases. Furthermore, the decline in vaccination rates in developed countries and socio-economic difficulties in large regions has meant that diseases in the process of eradication have re-emerged. That is why health care workers must be trained to avoid delaying in diagnosis and to accelerate the implementation of public health measures. A great deal of education and health prevention should fall under the responsibilities of travellers who move around different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arsuaga
- Unidad de Medicina Tropical y Consulta del Viajero. Centro de Referencia Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales. Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital La Paz-Carlos III, Madrid, España.
| | - Fernando de la Calle-Prieto
- Unidad de Medicina Tropical y Consulta del Viajero. Centro de Referencia Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales. Servicio de Medicina Interna. Hospital La Paz-Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - Ana Negredo Antón
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Enfermedades Víricas Importadas, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, ISCIII, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
| | - Ana Vázquez González
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Enfermedades Víricas Importadas, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, ISCIII, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
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