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Zheng J, Jiang H, Yan Y, Yin T. Overview of the chemistry and biological activities of natural atisine-type diterpenoid alkaloids. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22882-22893. [PMID: 39040692 PMCID: PMC11261430 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Atisine-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloids (DAs) are a very important class of diterpenoid alkaloids, which play an important role in the biosynthesis of DAs. To date, 87 atisine-type DAs and 11 bis-DAs containing an atisine unit have been reported from five genera in two families. The genus Spiraea in Rosaceae family could be regarded as the richest resource for atisine-type DAs, followed by the genera Delphinium and Aconitum in the Ranunculaceae family. Among the reported atisine-type DAs, several possess unprecedented skeletons. Natural atisine-type DAs have a wide range of biological activities, including antitumor, antiplatelet aggregation, biological control, and anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiarrhythmic, and cholinesterase inhibitory effects, which are closely related to their structures. In particular, the antiparasitic effect of atisine-type DAs is more prominent than that of other types of DAs, which highlights their potential in antiparasite drug discovery. In summary, the high chemical and biological diversity of atisine-type DAs indicates their great potential as a vast resource for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zheng
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University 519041 Zhuhai China
| | - Hongjun Jiang
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University 519041 Zhuhai China
| | - Yuanfeng Yan
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University 519041 Zhuhai China
| | - Tianpeng Yin
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University 519041 Zhuhai China
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2
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Hikisz P, Namiecińska E, Paneth P, Budzisz E. Mechanistic Studies of Arene-Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Carbothioamidopyrazoles as Alternative Cancer Drugs. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093969. [PMID: 37175377 PMCID: PMC10180065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Arene-ruthenium(II) complexes with carbothioamidopyrazoles at the C-2 and C-5 positions have been recognized as chemotherapeutic agent alternatives to cisplatin and its oxaliplatin analogs. The aim of this study was to continue research on the biological aspect of arene-ruthenium(II) complexes and their anticancer activity. The present paper includes an additional 12 new tumor cells, analyzed by MTT, and employs a series of extended bioassays to better understand their potential mechanism of antitumor activity. The following tests were conducted: membrane permeability studies, intramolecular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) assays, mitochondrial potential changes, DNA analysis by comet assay using the electrophoresis method, measurement of cleaved PARP protein levels, and determination of apoptotic and necrotic cell fractions by fluorescence microscopy. Additionally, the article presents lipophilicity studies based on RP-TLC and molecular docking studies. We hope that the presented data will prove useful in practical treatment, especially for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Hikisz
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Namiecińska
- Department of the Chemistry of Cosmetic Raw Materials, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Budzisz
- Department of the Chemistry of Cosmetic Raw Materials, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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3
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Nicolás-Hernández DS, Rodríguez-Expósito RL, López-Arencibia A, Bethencourt-Estrella CJ, Sifaoui I, Salazar-Villatoro L, Omaña-Molina M, Fernández JJ, Díaz-Marrero AR, Piñero JE, Lorenzo-Morales J. Meroterpenoids from Gongolaria abies-marina against Kinetoplastids: In Vitro Activity and Programmed Cell Death Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040476. [PMID: 37111233 PMCID: PMC10146491 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease affect millions of people worldwide. The available treatments against these parasitic diseases are limited and display multiple undesired effects. The brown alga belonging to the genus Gongolaria has been previously reported as a source of compounds with different biological activities. In a recent study from our group, Gongolaria abies-marine was proven to present antiamebic activity. Hence, this brown alga could be a promising source of interesting molecules for the development of new antiprotozoal drugs. In this study, four meroterpenoids were isolated and purified from a dichloromethane/ethyl acetate crude extract through a bioguided fractionation process targeting kinetoplastids. Moreover, the in vitro activity and toxicity were evaluated, and the induction of programmed cell death was checked in the most active and less toxic compounds, namely gongolarone B (2), 6Z-1'-methoxyamentadione (3) and 1'-methoxyamentadione (4). These meroterpenoids triggered mitochondrial malfunction, oxidative stress, chromatin condensation and alterations of the tubulin network. Furthermore, a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis showed that meroterpenoids (2-4) induced the formation of autophagy vacuoles and ER and Golgi complex disorganization. The obtained results demonstrated that the mechanisms of action at the cellular level of these compounds were able to induce autophagy as well as an apoptosis-like process in the treated parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée San Nicolás-Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén L Rodríguez-Expósito
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atteneri López-Arencibia
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos J Bethencourt-Estrella
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico
| | - Maritza Omaña-Molina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - José J Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana R Díaz-Marrero
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - José E Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Martín-Montes Á, Martínez-Camarena Á, Lopera A, Bonastre-Sabater I, Clares MP, Verdejo B, García-España E, Marín C. The Bioactivity of Xylene, Pyridine, and Pyrazole Aza Macrocycles against Three Representative Leishmania Species. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030992. [PMID: 36986853 PMCID: PMC10059905 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the urgent need for finding effective and free of secondary effect treatments for every clinical form of Leishmaniasis, a series of synthetic xylene, pyridine and, pyrazole azamacrocycles were tested against three Leishmania species. A total of 14 compounds were tested against J774.2 macrophage cells which were models for host cells, and against promastigote and amastigote forms of each studied Leishmania parasite. Amongst these polyamines, one proved effective against L. donovani, another one for L. braziliensis and L. infantum, and another one was selective solely for L. infantum. These compounds showed leishmanicidal activity and reduced parasite infectivity and dividing ability. Action mechanism studies gave a hint that compounds were active against Leishmania due to their ability to alter parasite metabolic pathways and reduce (except Py33333) parasitic Fe-SOD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-Montes
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Camarena
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Alberto Lopera
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Irene Bonastre-Sabater
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - M. Paz Clares
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Begoña Verdejo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Enrique García-España
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.G.-E.); (C.M.)
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.G.-E.); (C.M.)
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5
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Martín-Montes Á, Clares MP, Martín-Escolano R, Delgado-Pinar E, Marín C, Verdejo B, Martínez-Camarena Á, Molina-Carreño D, García-España E, Sánchez-Moreno M. Heterocyclic Diamines with Leishmanicidal Activity. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:3168-3181. [PMID: 34734686 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the world's most neglected diseases with a worldwide prevalence of 12 million people. There are no effective human vaccines for its prevention, and outdated drugs hamper treatment. Therefore, research aimed at developing new therapeutic tools to fight leishmaniasis remains a crucial goal today. With this purpose in mind, here, we present 10 new compounds made up by linking alkylated ethylenediamine units to pyridine or quinoline heterocycles with promising in vitro and in vivo efficacy against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania infantum, Leishmania donovani, and Leishmania braziliensis species. Three compounds (2, 4, and 5) showed a selectivity index much higher in the amastigote form than the reference drug glucantime. These three derivatives affected the parasite infectivity rates; the result was lower parasite infectivity rates than glucantime tested at an IC25 dose. In addition, these derivatives were substantially more active against the three Leishmania species tested than glucantime. The mechanism of action of these compounds has been studied, showing alterations in glucose catabolism and leading to greater levels of iron superoxide dismutase inhibition. These molecules could be potential candidates for leishmaniasis chemotherapy due to their effectiveness and their ready synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-Montes
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María Paz Clares
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad De Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, CT2 7NJ Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Estefanía Delgado-Pinar
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad De Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- University of Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, CQC, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Begoña Verdejo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad De Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Camarena
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad De Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Molina-Carreño
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique García-España
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad De Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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6
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Martín-Montes Á, Kolodová K, Marín C, Rosales-Lombardo MJ, Sánchez-Moreno M, de Andrés-Gordo L, Cano C, Campayo L, Gómez-Muñoz A, Sanz AM, Yunta MJR. In vitro Leishmanicidal and Trypanosomicidal Properties of Imidazole-Containing Azine and Benzoazine Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3600-3614. [PMID: 34665510 PMCID: PMC9298202 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis and Chagas diseases are two of the most important parasitic diseases in the world. Both belong to the category of Neglected Tropical Diseases, and they cannot be prevented by vaccination. Their treatments are founded in outdated drugs that possess many pernicious side‐effects and they're not easy to administer. With the aim of discovering new compounds that could serve as anti‐trypanosomal drugs, an antiparasitic study of a synthetic compound family has been conducted. A series of new 1,4‐bis(alkylamino)‐ and 1‐alkylamino‐4‐chloroazine and benzoazine derivatives 1–4 containing imidazole rings have been synthesized and identified. Their structures showed a possible interest based on previous work. Their in vitro anti‐Leishmania infantum, anti‐L. braziliensis, anti‐L. donovani and anti‐T. cruzi activity were tested, as well as the inhibition of Fe‐SOD enzymes. It was found that some of them exhibited quite relevant values indicative of being worthy of future more detailed studies, as most of them showed activity to more than only one parasite species, especially compound 3
c was active for the three studied Leishmania species and also for T. cruzi, which is a very interesting trait as it covers a wide spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-Montes
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Kristina Kolodová
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Cano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucrecia Campayo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana M Sanz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J R Yunta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Méndez-Arriaga JM, Rubio-Mirallas E, Quirós M, Sánchez-Moreno M. Zinc 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine complexes: synthesis, structural characterization and their effect against Chagas disease. Med Chem 2021; 18:444-451. [PMID: 34387166 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210812162500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization catalogues illnesses such as Chagas disease as neglected diseases, due the low investment in new drugs to fight them. The search for novel and non-side effects anti-parasitic compounds is one of the urgent needs of the Third World. The use of triazolopyrimidines and their metal complexes have demonstrated hopeful results in this field. OBJECTIVE This work studies the antiparasitic efficacy against Trypanosoma cruzi strains of a series of zinc triazolopyrimidine complexes. METHOD A series of Zn complexes has been synthesized by the reaction between the triazolopyrimidine derivatives 7-amino-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (7atp) and 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dmtp) with Zn(SO4) • 7H2O, ZnCl2, and Zn(NO3)2 • 6H2O salts. The complexes have been analyzed by spectroscopic and thermal assays and X-ray diffraction methods have been used to dilucidate the crystalline structure of one of them. The antiparasitic efficacy was tested in vitro against Trypanosoma cruzi to compare the trypanocidal effect of different ligands and counteranions to fight Chagas disease. RESULTS The efficacy of these compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi has also been tested to compare the influence of different ligands and counteranions on the trypanocidal effect against Chagas disease. CONCLUSION Antiproliferative tests corroborate the synergistic trypanocidal effect of the triazolopyrimidine coordination complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Méndez-Arriaga
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorganica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n 28933, Móstoles, Madrid. Spain
| | - Erika Rubio-Mirallas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada. Spain
| | - Miguel Quirós
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada. Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada. Spain
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8
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Fandzloch M, Jędrzejewski T, Dobrzańska L, Esteban-Parra GM, Wiśniewska J, Paneth A, Paneth P, Sitkowski J. New organometallic ruthenium(ii) complexes with purine analogs - a wide perspective on their biological application. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5557-5573. [PMID: 33908935 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03974h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three half-sandwich organometallic ruthenium(ii) complexes containing purine analogs such as triazolopyrimidines of general formula [(η6-p-cym)Ru(L)Cl2], where p-cym represents p-cymene and L is 5,6,7-trimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (tmtp for 1), 5,7-diethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (detp for 2) and 5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one (HmtpO for 3), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C, 15N), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (for 1 and 2). All these complexes have been thoroughly screened for their in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines as well as L929 murine fibroblast cells, indicating [(η6-p-cym)Ru(HmtpO)Cl2] (3) as the most active representative against the HeLa cell line and simultaneously being 64-fold less toxic to normal L929 murine fibroblast cells than cisplatin. At the same time, 3 has shown antimetastatic activity comparable to NAMI-A against HeLa cells both after 24 and 48 h of treatment in a wound healing assay. In order to better understand the mechanism of anticancer action and differences in the cytotoxic activity of 1-3, the studies were expanded to determining their lipophilicity, the kinetic stability at pH 6.5-8, the effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HeLa cells and interactions with significant biomolecules (DNA and albumin) by using molecular docking and circular dichroism (CD) experiments. Furthermore, antiparasitic studies against L. braziliensis, L. infantum and T. cruzi reveal that the newly synthesized complexes 1-3 are very promising candidates which can compete with commercial antiparasitic drugs. Complex 3 in particular, on top of exhibiting a high antiparasitic effect (IC50 < 1 μM against two strains), reaches a selectivity index >1000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Fandzloch
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland.
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9
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Quijia CR, Bonatto CC, Silva LP, Andrade MA, Azevedo CS, Lasse Silva C, Vega M, de Santana JM, Bastos IMD, Carneiro MLB. Liposomes Composed by Membrane Lipid Extracts from Macrophage Cell Line as a Delivery of the Trypanocidal N, N'-Squaramide 17 towards Trypanosoma cruzi. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235505. [PMID: 33276688 PMCID: PMC7730638 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chagas is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and affects about 25 million people worldwide. N, N’-Squaramide 17 (S) is a trypanocidal compound with relevant in vivo effectiveness. Here, we produced, characterized, and evaluated cytotoxic and trypanocidal effects of macrophage-mimetic liposomes from lipids extracted of RAW 264.7 cells to release S. As results, the average hydrodynamic diameter and Zeta potential of mimetic lipid membranes containing S (MLS) was 196.5 ± 11 nm and −61.43 ± 2.3 mV, respectively. Drug entrapment efficiency was 73.35% ± 2.05%. After a 72 h treatment, MLS was observed to be active against epimastigotes in vitro (IC50 = 15.85 ± 4.82 μM) and intracellular amastigotes (IC50 = 24.92 ± 4.80 μM). Also, it induced low cytotoxicity with CC50 of 1199.50 ± 1.22 μM towards VERO cells and of 1973.97 ± 5.98 μM in RAW 264.7. MLS also induced fissures in parasite membrane with a diameter of approximately 200 nm in epimastigotes. MLS showed low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells and high trypanocidal activity revealing this nanostructure a promising candidate for the development of Chagas disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rafael Quijia
- Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, UnB—Brasilia, Federal District, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, PqEB, Av. W5 Norte (Final) Caixa Postal 02372, Brasília DF 70.770-917, Brazil; (C.C.B.); (L.P.S.)
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, UnB—Brasilia, Federal District, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil; (M.A.A.); (C.S.A.); (C.L.S.); (J.M.d.S.)
| | - Cínthia Caetano Bonatto
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, PqEB, Av. W5 Norte (Final) Caixa Postal 02372, Brasília DF 70.770-917, Brazil; (C.C.B.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Luciano Paulino Silva
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estação Biológica, PqEB, Av. W5 Norte (Final) Caixa Postal 02372, Brasília DF 70.770-917, Brazil; (C.C.B.); (L.P.S.)
| | - Milene Aparecida Andrade
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, UnB—Brasilia, Federal District, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil; (M.A.A.); (C.S.A.); (C.L.S.); (J.M.d.S.)
| | - Clenia Santos Azevedo
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, UnB—Brasilia, Federal District, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil; (M.A.A.); (C.S.A.); (C.L.S.); (J.M.d.S.)
| | - Camila Lasse Silva
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, UnB—Brasilia, Federal District, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil; (M.A.A.); (C.S.A.); (C.L.S.); (J.M.d.S.)
| | - Manel Vega
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma on the Island of Majorca, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain;
| | - Jaime Martins de Santana
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, UnB—Brasilia, Federal District, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil; (M.A.A.); (C.S.A.); (C.L.S.); (J.M.d.S.)
| | - Izabela Marques Dourado Bastos
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, UnB—Brasilia, Federal District, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil; (M.A.A.); (C.S.A.); (C.L.S.); (J.M.d.S.)
- Correspondence: (I.M.D.B.); (M.L.B.C.); Tel.: +55-61-3107-3051 (I.M.D.B.)
| | - Marcella Lemos Brettas Carneiro
- Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, UnB—Brasilia, Federal District, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (I.M.D.B.); (M.L.B.C.); Tel.: +55-61-3107-3051 (I.M.D.B.)
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10
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Yin T, Cai L, Ding Z. A systematic review on the chemical constituents of the genus Consolida (Ranunculaceae) and their biological activities. RSC Adv 2020; 10:35072-35089. [PMID: 35515663 PMCID: PMC9056944 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06811j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, species of the genus Consolida (Ranunculaceae) have been extensively utilized for their extremely high ornamental and medicinal values. Phytochemical investigations of Consolida species have revealed the presence of multiple active ingredients, including diterpenoid alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols, fatty acids, and volatile constituents. These chemical constituents are of great research significance due to their novel structures and broad biological activities. This review addresses, for the first time, the chemical constituents of Consolida plants and the biological activities of these compounds to facilitate future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpeng Yin
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai 519041 China.,Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
| | - Le Cai
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
| | - Zhongtao Ding
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
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11
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Esteban-Parra GM, Sebastián ES, Cepeda J, Sánchez-González C, Rivas-García L, Llopis J, Aranda P, Sánchez-Moreno M, Quirós M, Rodríguez-Diéguez A. Anti-diabetic and anti-parasitic properties of a family of luminescent zinc coordination compounds based on the 7-amino-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ligand. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 212:111235. [PMID: 32920434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the formation of a triazolopyrimidine derivative ligand, 7-amino-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (7-amtp), and a new family of coordination compounds based on this ligand and zinc as metal ion, synthesized by conventional routes. These materials possess different mononuclear structures, namely [ZnCl2(7-amtp)2] (1), [Zn(7-amtp)2(H2O)4](NO3)2·2(7-amtp)·6H2O (2) and [Zn(7-amtp)2(H2O)4](SO4)·1.5H2O (3) derived from the use of different zinc (II) salts, in such a way that the counterions govern the crystallization to a large extent. These compounds present and show variable luminescent properties based on ligand-centred charge transfers which have been deeply studied by Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) calculations. When these compounds are transferred to solution, preserving complex entities as corroborated by NMR studies, they present interesting anti-diabetic and anti-parasitic capabilities, with a comparatively higher selectivity index than other previously reported triazolopyrimidine-based materials. The results derived from in vivo experiments conducted in mice also confirm their promising activity as anti-diabetic drug being capable of dropping glucose levels after oral administration. Therefore, these new materials may be considered as excellent candidates to be further investigated in the field of luminescent coordination compounds with biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginés M Esteban-Parra
- Dept. of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Eider San Sebastián
- Departmento de Quimica Aplicada, Facultad de Química, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Javier Cepeda
- Departmento de Quimica Aplicada, Facultad de Química, University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Lorenzo Rivas-García
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Granada, Cartuja Campus, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Llopis
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Granada, Cartuja Campus, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Aranda
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Granada, Cartuja Campus, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Dept. of Parasitology, University of Granada, Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Quirós
- Dept. of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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12
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García-García A, Echenique-Errandonea E, Cepeda J, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Seco JM, Salinas-Castillo A, Sánchez-Moreno M, Méndez-Arriaga JM, Rodríguez-Diéguez A. Photoluminescence and in vitro cytotoxicity analysis in a novel mononuclear Zn(II) coordination compound based on bumetanide. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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García-García A, Méndez-Arriaga JM, Martín-Escolano R, Cepeda J, Gómez-Ruiz S, Salinas-Castillo A, Seco JM, Sánchez-Moreno M, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Ruiz-Muelle AB, Fernández I, Marín C, Rodríguez-Diéguez A. In vitro evaluation of leishmanicidal properties of a new family of monodimensional coordination polymers based on diclofenac ligand. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of 2D coordination polymers based on 1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111098. [PMID: 32454248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report on the formation of two novel multifunctional isomorphous (4,4) square-grid 2D coordination polymers based on 1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid. To the best of our knowledge, these complexes are the first examples of 2D-coordination polymers constructed with this novel ligand. We have analysed in detail the structural, magnetic and anti-parasitic properties of the resulting materials. In addition, the capability of inhibiting nitric oxide production from macrophage cells has been measured and was used as an indirect measure of the anti-inflammatory response. Finally, the photocatalytic activity was measured with a model pollutant, i.e. vanillic acid (phenolic compound), with the aim of further increasing the functionalities and applicability of the compounds.
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15
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Esteban‐Parra GM, Moscoso I, Cepeda J, García JA, Sánchez‐Moreno M, Rodríguez‐Diéguez A, Quirós M. Lanthanide(III) Based Complexes Containing 5,7‐Dimethyl‐1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐
a
]pyrimidine as Long‐Lived Photoluminescent Antiparasitic Agents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ginés M. Esteban‐Parra
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Inmaculada Moscoso
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Javier Cepeda
- Departamento de Química Aplicada Facultad de Química Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU) 20018 Donostia Spain
| | - Jose A. García
- Departamento de Física Aplicada II Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU) 48940 Leioa Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez‐Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología Facultad de Ciencias University of Granada 18071 Granada Spain
| | | | - Miguel Quirós
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada 18071 Granada Spain
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16
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Méndez-Arriaga JM, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Sánchez-Moreno M. In vitro leishmanicidal activity of copper (II) 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine complex and analogous transition metal series. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Esteban-Parra GM, Méndez-Arriaga JM, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Quirós M, Salas JM, Sánchez-Moreno M. High antiparasitic activity of silver complexes of 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5 a]pyrimidine. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 201:110810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Martín-Montes Á, Aguilera-Venegas B, Mª Morales-Martín R, Martín-Escolano R, Zamora-Ledesma S, Marín C, Arán VJ, Sánchez-Moreno M. In vitro assessment of 3-alkoxy-5-nitroindazole-derived ethylamines and related compounds as potential antileishmanial drugs. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103274. [PMID: 31539744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widespread neglected tropical disease complex that is responsible of one million new cases per year. Current treatments are outdated and pose many problems that new drugs need to overcome. With the goal of developing new, safe, and affordable drugs, we have studied the in vitro activity of 12 different 5-nitroindazole derivatives that showed previous activity against different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi in a previous work. T. cruzi belongs to the same family as Leishmania spp., and treatments for the disease it produces also needs renewal. Among the derivatives tested, compounds 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, and 12 showed low J774.2 macrophage toxicity, while their effect against both intracellular and extracellular forms of the studied parasites was higher than the ones found for the reference drug Meglumine Antimoniate (Glucantime®). In addition, their Fe-SOD inhibitory effect, the infection rates, metabolite alteration, and mitochondrial membrane potential of the parasites treated with the selected drugs were studied in order to gain insights into the action mechanism, and the results of these tests were more promising than those found with glucantime, as the leishmanicidal effect of these new drug candidates was higher. The promising results are encouraging to test these derivatives in more complex studies, such as in vivo studies and other experiments that could find out the exact mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-Montes
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Benjamín Aguilera-Venegas
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Box 233, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Rosa Mª Morales-Martín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Zamora-Ledesma
- Cuerpo Académico de Ecología y Diversidad Faunística, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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19
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Synthesis and characterization of radiation cross-linked PVP hydrogels and investigation of its potential as an antileishmanial drug carrier. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Méndez-Arriaga JM, Oyarzabal I, Martín-Montes Á, García-Rodríguez J, Quirós M, Sánchez-Moreno M. First Example of Antiparasitic Activity Influenced by Thermochromism: Leishmanicidal Evaluation of 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine Metal Complexes. Med Chem 2019; 16:422-430. [PMID: 30931864 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190401120607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization catalogues illnesses such as Leishmaniasis as neglected diseases, due to low investment in new drugs to fight them. The search of novel and non-side effects anti-parasitic compounds is one of the urgent needs for the Third World. The use of triazolopyrimidines and their metallic complexes has demonstrated hopeful results in this field. OBJECTIVE This work studies the antiparasitic efficacy of a series of 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4- triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine first row transition metal complexes against three leishmania spp. strains. METHODS The in vitro antiproliferation of promastigote forms of different strains of leishmania spp. (L. infantum, L. braziliensis and L donovani) and the cytotoxicity in macrophage host cells are reported here. The antiparasitic assays have been complemented with enzymatic tests to elucidate the mechanisms of action. New crystal structure description, thermal analysis, magnetic susceptibility and magnetization experiments have also been carried out in order to present a whole characterization of the studied compounds and interesting physical properties besides the biological tests. RESULTS The results of antiproliferation screening and cytotoxicity show great antiparasitic efficacy in the studied complexes. The superoxide dismutase enzymatic assays exhibit a different behaviour according to the thermochromic triazolopyrimidine form tested. CONCLUSION Antiproliferative assays and enzymatic tests corroborate the synergetic leishmanicidal effect present in coordination triazolopyrimidine complexes. The changes in coordination sphere derived from thermochromism affect the physical properties as well as the biological efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Méndez-Arriaga
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Itziar Oyarzabal
- CNRS, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600 Pessac, France.,University of Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Álvaro Martín-Montes
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Judith García-Rodríguez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Quirós
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
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21
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Martín-Escolano R, Cebrián R, Martín-Escolano J, Rosales MJ, Maqueda M, Sánchez-Moreno M, Marín C. Insights into Chagas treatment based on the potential of bacteriocin AS-48. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2019; 10:1-8. [PMID: 30953804 PMCID: PMC6447751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi represents a significant public health problem in Latin America, affecting around 8 million cases worldwide. Nowadays is urgent the identification of new antichagasic agents as the only therapeutic options available, Nifurtimox and Benznidazole, are in use for >40 years, and present high toxicity, limited efficacy and frequent treatment failures in the chronic phase of the disease. Recently, it has been described the antiparasitic effect of AS-48, a bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus faecalis, against Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania spp. In this work, we have demonstrated the in vitro potential of the AS-48 bacteriocin against T. cruzi. Interesting, AS-48 was more effective against the three morphological forms of different T. cruzi strains, and displayed lower cytotoxicity than the reference drug Benznidazole. In addition, AS-48 combines the criteria established as a potential antichagasic agent, resulting in a promising therapeutic alternative. According to the action mechanism, AS-48 trypanocidal activity could be explained in a mitochondrion-dependent manner through a reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial depolarization, causing a fast and severe bioenergetic collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa S/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Rubén Cebrián
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences. C/ Fuentenueva S/n. University of Granada, Severo Ochoa /n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Martín-Escolano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa S/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria J Rosales
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa S/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Maqueda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences. C/ Fuentenueva S/n. University of Granada, Severo Ochoa /n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa S/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa S/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
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22
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of new long-chain squaramides as anti-chagasic agents in the BALB/c mouse model. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:865-879. [PMID: 30728107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chagas Disease is caused by infection with the insect-transmitted protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and affects more than 10 million people. It is a paradigmatic example of a chronic disease without an effective treatment in Latin America where the current therapies, based on Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, are characterised by limited efficacy, toxic side-effects and frequent failures in the treatment. We present a series of new long-chain squaramides, identified based on their 1H and 13C NMR spectra, and their trypanocidal activity and cytotoxicity were tested in vitro through the determination of IC50 values. Compounds 4 and 7 were more active and less toxic than the reference drug Benznidazole, and these results were the basis of promoting in vivo assays, where parasitaemia levels, assignment of cure, reactivation of parasitaemia and others parameters were determined in mice treated in both the acute and chronic phases. Finally, the mechanisms of action were elucidated at metabolic and mitochondrial levels and superoxide dismutase inhibition. The experiments allowed us to select compound 7 as a promising candidate for treating Chagas Disease, where the activity, stability and low cost make long-chain squaramides appropriate molecules for the development of an affordable anti-chagasic agent versus current treatments.
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Urbanová K, Ramírez-Macías I, Martín-Escolano R, Rosales MJ, Cussó O, Serrano J, Company A, Sánchez-Moreno M, Costas M, Ribas X, Marín C. Effective Tetradentate Compound Complexes against Leishmania spp. that Act on Critical Enzymatic Pathways of These Parasites. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010134. [PMID: 30602705 PMCID: PMC6337631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrum and efficacy of available antileishmanial drugs is limited. In the present work we evaluated in vitro the antiproliferative activity of 11 compounds based on tetradentate polyamines compounds against three Leishmania species (L. braziliensis, L. donovani and L. infantum) and the possible mechanism of action. We identified six compounds (3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 10) effective against all three Leishmania spp both on extracellular and intracellular forms. These six most active leishmanicidal compounds also prevent the infection of host cells. Nevertheless, only compound 7 is targeted against the Leishmania SOD. Meanwhile, on the glucose metabolism the tested compounds have a species-specific effect on Leishmania spp.: L. braziliensis was affected mainly by 10 and 8, L. donovani by 7, and L. infantum by 5 and 3. Finally, the cellular ultrastructure was mainly damaged by 11 in the three Leishmania spp. studied. These identified antileishmania candidates constitute a good alternative treatment and will be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Urbanová
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Ramírez-Macías
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - María José Rosales
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Olaf Cussó
- QBIS-CAT Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona. Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain.
| | - Joan Serrano
- QBIS-CAT Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona. Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain.
| | - Anna Company
- QBIS-CAT Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona. Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain.
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS-CAT Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona. Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain.
| | - Xavi Ribas
- QBIS-CAT Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona. Campus de Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain.
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
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24
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Martín-Escolano R, Molina-Carreño D, Delgado-Pinar E, Martin-Montes Á, Clares MP, Medina-Carmona E, Pitarch-Jarque J, Martín-Escolano J, Rosales MJ, García-España E, Sánchez-Moreno M, Marín C. New polyamine drugs as more effective antichagas agents than benznidazole in both the acute and chronic phases. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 164:27-46. [PMID: 30583247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the continuous research effort that has been made in recent years to find ways to treat the potentially life threatening Chagas disease (CD), this remains the third most important infectious disease in Latin America. CD is an important public health problem affecting 6-7 million people. Since the need to search for new drugs for the treatment of DC persists, in this article we present a panel of new polyamines based on the tripodal structure of tris(2-aminomethyl)amine (tren) that can be prepared at low cost with high yields. Moreover, these polyamines present the characteristic of being water-soluble and resistant to the acidic pH values of stomach, which would allow their potential oral administration. In vitro and in vivo assays permitted to identify the compound with the tren moiety functionalized with one fluorene unit (7) as a potential antichagas agent. Compound 7 has broader spectrum of action, improved efficacy in acute and chronic phases of the disease and lower toxicity than the reference drug benznidazole. Finally, the action mechanisms studied at metabolic and mitochondrial levels shows that the trypanocidal activity of compound 7 could be related to its effect at the glycosomal level. Therefore, this work allowed us to select compound 7 as a promising candidate to perform preclinical evaluation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Molina-Carreño
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Estefanía Delgado-Pinar
- ICMol, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martin-Montes
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - M Paz Clares
- ICMol, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Encarnación Medina-Carmona
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Pitarch-Jarque
- ICMol, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Javier Martín-Escolano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - María José Rosales
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique García-España
- ICMol, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs. Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
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25
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Murillo JA, Gil JF, Upegui YA, Restrepo AM, Robledo SM, Quiñones W, Echeverri F, San Martin A, Olivo HF, Escobar G. Antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of ent-beyerene diterpenoids. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:153-160. [PMID: 30482546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the in vitro activity of two natural isomeric ent-beyerene diterpenes, several derivatives and synthetic intermediates. Beyerenols 1 and 2 showed EC50 of 4.6 ± 9.4 and 5.3 ± 9.4 μg/mL against amastigotes of L. (V) brazilensis, with SI of 5.1 and 7.7, respectively. Beyerenol 1 was synthesized from stevioside. In vivo experiments with bereyenols showed cure in 50% of hamsters infected with L. (V) brazilensis topically applied as Cream I (beyerenol 1, 0.81%, w/w) and Cream III (beyerenol 2, 1.96%, w/w). These results suggest that beyerenols are potential candidates for cutaneous leishmaniasis chemotherapy by topical application. In vitro assays of amastigotes of L. (V) brazilensis showed EC50 of 1.1 ± 0.1 and 1.3 ± 0.04 μg/mL, with SI of 3.1 and 3.5 for hydrazone intermediates 10 and 11, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilmar A Murillo
- QOPN Grupo Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan F Gil
- QOPN Grupo Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yulieth A Upegui
- PECET, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Postal Code 0500100, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Adriana M Restrepo
- PECET, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Postal Code 0500100, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sara M Robledo
- PECET, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Postal Code 0500100, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Winston Quiñones
- QOPN Grupo Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Fernando Echeverri
- QOPN Grupo Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Horacio F Olivo
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Gustavo Escobar
- QOPN Grupo Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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26
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Martín-Escolano R, Aguilera-Venegas B, Marín C, Martín-Montes Á, Martín-Escolano J, Medina-Carmona E, Arán VJ, Sánchez-Moreno M. Synthesis and Biological in vitro and in vivo Evaluation of 2-(5-Nitroindazol-1-yl)ethylamines and Related Compounds as Potential Therapeutic Alternatives for Chagas Disease. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2104-2118. [PMID: 30098232 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a potentially life-threatening illness that affects 5-8 million people in Latin America, and more than 10 million people worldwide. It is characterized by an acute phase, which is partly resolved by the immune system, but then develops as a chronic disease without an effective treatment. There is an urgent need for new antiprotozoal agents, as the current standard therapeutic options based on benznidazole and nifurtimox are characterized by limited efficacy, toxicity, and frequent failures in treatment. In vitro and in vivo assays were used to identify some new low-cost 5-nitroindazoles as a potential antichagasic therapeutic alternative. Compound 16 (3-benzyloxy-5-nitro-1-vinyl-1H-indazole) showed improved efficiency and lower toxicity than benznidazole in both in vitro and in vivo experiments, and its trypanocidal activity seems to be related to its effect at the mitochondrial level. Therefore, compound 16 is a promising candidate for the development of a new anti-Chagas agent, and further preclinical evaluation should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, University of Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Benjamín Aguilera-Venegas
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Box 233, Santiago, 8380492, Chile
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, University of Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martín-Montes
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, University of Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Martín-Escolano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, University of Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Encarnación Medina-Carmona
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, University of Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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27
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Martín-Escolano R, Moreno-Viguri E, Santivañez-Veliz M, Martin-Montes A, Medina-Carmona E, Paucar R, Marín C, Azqueta A, Cirauqui N, Pey AL, Pérez-Silanes S, Sánchez-Moreno M. Second Generation of Mannich Base-Type Derivatives with in Vivo Activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5643-5663. [PMID: 29883536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a potentially life-threatening and neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. One of the most important challenges related to Chagas disease is the search for new, safe, effective, and affordable drugs since the current therapeutic arsenal is inadequate and insufficient. Here, we report a simple and cost-effective synthesis and the biological evaluation of the second generation of Mannich base-type derivatives. Compounds 7, 9, and 10 showed improved in vitro efficiency and lower toxicity than benznidazole, in addition to no genotoxicity; thus, they were applied in in vivo assays to assess their activity in both acute and chronic phases of the disease. Compound 10 presented a similar profile to benznidazole from the parasitological perspective but also yielded encouraging data, as no toxicity was observed. Moreover, compound 9 showed lower parasitaemia and higher curative rates than benznidazole, also with lower toxicity in both acute and chronic phases. Therefore, further studies should be considered to optimize compound 9 to promote its further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Departament of Parasitology , Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada , Severo Ochoa s/n , E-18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Elsa Moreno-Viguri
- Universidad de Navarra , Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Instituto de Salud Tropical , Pamplona 31008 , Spain
| | - Mery Santivañez-Veliz
- Universidad de Navarra , Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Instituto de Salud Tropical , Pamplona 31008 , Spain
| | - Alvaro Martin-Montes
- Departament of Parasitology , Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada , Severo Ochoa s/n , E-18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Encarnación Medina-Carmona
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada , Av. Fuentenueva s/n , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Rocío Paucar
- Universidad de Navarra , Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Instituto de Salud Tropical , Pamplona 31008 , Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departament of Parasitology , Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada , Severo Ochoa s/n , E-18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Universidad de Navarra , Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Pamplona 31008 , Spain
| | - Nuria Cirauqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21949-900 , Brazil
| | - Angel L Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada , Av. Fuentenueva s/n , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Silanes
- Universidad de Navarra , Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Instituto de Salud Tropical , Pamplona 31008 , Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departament of Parasitology , Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada , Severo Ochoa s/n , E-18071 Granada , Spain
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28
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Liu J, Ma D. A Unified Approach for the Assembly of Atisine- and Hetidine-type Diterpenoid Alkaloids: Total Syntheses of Azitine and the Proposed Structure of Navirine C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6676-6680. [PMID: 29611891 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A tetracyclic dinitrile was synthesized in twelve steps from cyclohex-2-en-1-one by using a chelation-triggered conjugate addition to a γ-hydroxy-substituted α,β-unsaturated nitrile and an oxidative dearomatization/Diels-Alder cycloaddition cascade as the key steps. The first total synthesis of azitine (in 17 steps) was achieved through a simple reductive cyclization of this intermediate and subsequent transformations while the total synthesis of the proposed structure of navirine C (in 19 steps) was accomplished by a hydrogen-atom-transfer reaction of the tetracyclic dinitrile, Pd/C-catalyzed reductive cyclization, and subsequent functional group manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
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29
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Liu J, Ma D. A Unified Approach for the Assembly of Atisine‐ and Hetidine‐type Diterpenoid Alkaloids: Total Syntheses of Azitine and the Proposed Structure of Navirine C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Dawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products ChemistryCenter for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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30
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García-Huertas P, Olmo F, Sánchez-Moreno M, Dominguez J, Chahboun R, Triana-Chávez O. Activity in vitro and in vivo against Trypanosoma cruzi of a furofuran lignan isolated from Piper jericoense. Exp Parasitol 2018; 189:34-42. [PMID: 29656102 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Piperaceae species are abundant in the tropics and are important components of secondary vegetation. Many of these plants have received considerable attention due to their wide range of biological activities. Here, the trypanocidal activity of extracts and fractions with different polarities obtained from Colombian Piper jericoense plant was evaluated. A furofuran lignan, (1S,3aS,4S,6aS)-1-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(3″,4″-methylendioxyphenyl)hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan, (1), was isolated from Colombian Piper jericoense leaves ethyl acetate extract. Its relative configuration at the stereogenic centers was established on the basis of various spectroscopic analyses, including 1D- (1H, 13C, and DEPT) and 2D-NMR (COSY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC) and a 2D INADEQUATE NMR experiment as well as by comparison of their spectral data with those of related compounds such as (+)-Kobusin (2). The activity against Trypanosoma cruzi indicated that compound 1 was active against all parasite forms (epimastigote, amastigote and trypomastigote) and presented lower toxicity than the reference drug, benznidazole (Bz), evidenced by a selective index of 18.4 compared to that of Bz, which was 6.7. Moreover, this compound inhibited the infectious process, and it was active in infected mice in the acute phase. This compound significantly inhibited the T. cruzi Fe-SOD enzyme, whereas Cu/Zn-SOD from human cells was not affected. Ultrastructural analyses, together with metabolism-excretion studies in the parasite, were also performed to identify the possible mechanism of action of the tested compound. Interestingly, the lignan affected the parasite structure, but it did not alter the energetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola García-Huertas
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas - BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Francisco Olmo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS, Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (IBS, Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Jorge Dominguez
- Grupo de Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Rachid Chahboun
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas - BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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31
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In vitro leishmanicidal and trypanocidal evaluation and magnetic properties of 7-amino-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine Cu(II) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 180:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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32
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Fandzloch M, Arriaga JMM, Sánchez-Moreno M, Wojtczak A, Jezierska J, Sitkowski J, Wiśniewska J, Salas JM, Łakomska I. Strategies for overcoming tropical disease by ruthenium complexes with purine analog: Application against Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 176:144-155. [PMID: 28910663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tropical diseases currently constitute a major health problem and thus a challenge in the field of drug discovery. The current treatments show serious disadvantages due to cost, toxicity, long therapy duration and resistance, and the use of metal complexes as chemotherapeutic agents against these ailments appears to be a very attractive alternative. Herein, we describe three newly synthesized ruthenium complexes with a bioactive molecule, the purine analogue 5,6,7-trimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (tmtp): cis,fac-[RuCl2(dmso)3(tmtp)] (1), mer-[RuCl3(dmso)(H2O)(tmtp)]·2H2O (2) and fac,cis-[RuCl3(H2O)(tmtp)2] (3). Their structures were characterized using X-ray and spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR or EPR). The stability of the synthesized complexes 1-3 in various buffered solutions (pH=3-7.4) was monitored using conventional and stopped-flow techniques. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of all ruthenium complexes against promastigote forms of Leishmania spp. (L. infantum, L. braziliensis, and L. donovani) and epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi was investigated. Notably, the results showed that the activity of 1 against L. brasiliensis was more than three-fold higher than that of glucantime, and 1 showed no appreciable toxicity towards J774.2 macrophages. Additionally, 2 displayed even 141-fold lower toxicity against host cells than glucantime, demonstrating significantly higher selectivity than the reference drug. Therefore, 1 and 2 appear to be excellent candidates for further development as potential drugs for the effective treatment of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. All novel complexes were also shown to be potent inhibitors of Fe-SOD in the studied species, while their effects on human CuZn-SOD were very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Fandzloch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | | | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Andrzej Wojtczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Julia Jezierska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sitkowski
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Joanna Wiśniewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Juan Manuel Salas
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Iwona Łakomska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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In vitro antileishmanial activity and iron superoxide dismutase inhibition of arylamine Mannich base derivatives. Parasitology 2017; 144:1783-1790. [PMID: 28789716 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the world's most neglected diseases, and it has a worldwide prevalence of 12 million. There are no effective human vaccines for its prevention, and treatment is hampered by outdated drugs. Therefore, research aiming at the development of new therapeutic tools to fight leishmaniasis remains a crucial goal today. With this purpose in mind, we present 20 arylaminoketone derivatives with a very interesting in vitro and in vivo efficacy against Trypanosoma cruzi that have now been studied against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania infantum, Leishmania donovani and Leishmania braziliensis strains. Six out of the 20 Mannich base-type derivatives showed Selectivity Index between 39 and 2337 times higher in the amastigote form than the reference drug glucantime. These six derivatives affected the parasite infectivity rates; the result was lower parasite infectivity rates than glucantime tested at an IC25 dose. In addition, these derivatives were substantially more active against the three Leishmania species tested than glucantime. The mechanism of action of these compounds has been studied, showing a greater alteration in glucose catabolism and leading to greater levels of iron superoxide dismutase inhibition. These molecules could be potential candidates for leishmaniasis chemotherapy.
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Méndez-Arriaga JM, Esteban-Parra GM, Juárez MJ, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Sánchez-Moreno M, Isac-García J, Salas JM. Antiparasitic activity against trypanosomatid diseases and novel metal complexes derived from the first time characterized 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidi-7(4H)-one. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 175:217-224. [PMID: 28780409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A serie of isostructural complexes with general formula [M(ftpO)2(H2O)4] have been obtained from reaction between the first time characterized triazolopyrimidine derivative 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidi-7(4H)-one (HftpO) (1) and first row transition nitrates (M=Cu (2), Co (3), Ni (4) and Zn (5)). A copper complex with formula [Cu(HftpO)2(NO3)2(H2O)2]·H2O (6) was also isolated. HftpO and their metal complexes have been characterized by spectroscopic and thermal analysis and their crystal structures have been solved by X-ray diffraction methods. The isostructural compounds are mononuclear complexes where the triazolopyrimidine ligand acts as monodentate ligand through N3 nitrogen position. The crystal structure of these novel bis-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one-tetraaquo metal complexes offers an excellent opportunity at these complexes to acts as potential building blocks. Also, the antiparasitic activity of HftpO ligand against different leishmania and trypanosome strains has been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Méndez-Arriaga
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - G M Esteban-Parra
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M J Juárez
- Inst. Reconoc. Molec. y Desarr. Tecnol. (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez-Diéguez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - J Isac-García
- Grupo de Modelización y Diseño Molecular, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - J M Salas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Library of Seleno-Compounds as Novel Agents against Leishmania Species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02546-16. [PMID: 28320721 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02546-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro leishmanicidal activities of a series of 48 recently synthesized selenium derivatives against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis parasites were tested using promastigotes and intracellular amastigote forms. The cytotoxicity of the tested compounds for J774.2 macrophage cells was also measured in order to establish their selectivity. Six of the tested compounds (compounds 8, 10, 11, 15, 45, and 48) showed selectivity indexes higher than those of the reference drug, meglumine antimonate (Glucantime), for both Leishmania species; in the case of L. braziliensis, compound 20 was also remarkably selective. Moreover, data on infection rates and amastigote numbers per macrophage showed that compounds 8, 10, 11, 15, 45, and 48 were the most active against both Leishmania species studied. The observed changes in the excretion product profile of parasites treated with these six compounds were also consistent with substantial cytoplasmic alterations. On the other hand, the most active compounds were potent inhibitors of Fe superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) in the two parasite species considered, whereas their impact on human CuZn-SOD was low. The high activity, low toxicity, stability, low cost of the starting materials, and straightforward synthesis make these compounds appropriate molecules for the development of affordable antileishmanicidal agents.
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Simple dialkyl pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylates show in vitro and in vivo activity against disease-causing trypanosomatids. Parasitology 2017; 144:1133-1143. [PMID: 28367781 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of some simple dialkyl pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylates (compounds 2-6) and their sodium salts (pyrazolates) (compounds 7-9) against Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis are reported. In most cases the studied compounds showed, especially against the clinically significant amastigote forms, in vitro activities higher than those of the reference drugs (benznidazole for T. cruzi and glucantime for Leishmania spp.); furthermore, the low non-specific cytotoxicities against Vero cells and macrophages shown by these compounds led to good selectivity indexes, which are 8-72 times higher for T. cruzi amastigotes and 15-113 times higher for Leishmania spp. amastigotes than those of the respective reference drugs. The high efficiency of diethyl ester 3 and its sodium salt 8 against the mentioned protozoa was confirmed by further in vitro assays on infection rates and by an additional in vivo study in a murine model of acute and chronic Chagas disease. The inhibitory capacity of compounds 3 and 8 on the essential iron superoxide dismutase of the aforementioned parasites may be related to the observed anti-trypanosomatid activity. The low acute toxicity of compounds 3 and 8 in mice is also reported in this article.
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Martín-Montes Á, Ballesteros-Garrido R, Martín-Escolano R, Marín C, Guitiérrez-Sánchez R, Abarca B, Ballesteros R, Sanchez-Moreno M. Synthesis and in vitro leishmanicidal activity of novel [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine salts. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains a significant worldwide problem; it is of great interest to develop new drugs to fight this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-Montes
- Departamento de Parasitología
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA)
- Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada
- Granada
- Spain
| | | | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Departamento de Parasitología
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA)
- Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada
- Granada
- Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento de Parasitología
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA)
- Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada
- Granada
- Spain
| | | | - Belén Abarca
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46100 Valencia
- Spain
| | - Rafael Ballesteros
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46100 Valencia
- Spain
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA)
- Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada
- Granada
- Spain
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Moreno-Viguri E, Jiménez-Montes C, Martín-Escolano R, Santivañez-Veliz M, Martin-Montes A, Azqueta A, Jimenez-Lopez M, Zamora Ledesma S, Cirauqui N, López de Ceráin A, Marín C, Sánchez-Moreno M, Pérez-Silanes S. In Vitro and in Vivo Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Activity of New Arylamine Mannich Base-Type Derivatives. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10929-10945. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Moreno-Viguri
- Department
of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Tropical Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Carmen Jiménez-Montes
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Mery Santivañez-Veliz
- Department
of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Tropical Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Alvaro Martin-Montes
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra
Institute for Health Research, Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de
Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Marina Jimenez-Lopez
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Salvador Zamora Ledesma
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Nuria Cirauqui
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
| | - Adela López de Ceráin
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra
Institute for Health Research, Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de
Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento
de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria
(ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18014, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Silanes
- Department
of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Tropical Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
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Barros de Alencar MVO, de Castro E Sousa JM, Rolim HML, de Medeiros MDGF, Cerqueira GS, de Castro Almeida FR, Citó AMDGL, Ferreira PMP, Lopes JAD, de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante AA, Islam MT. Diterpenes as lead molecules against neglected tropical diseases. Phytother Res 2016; 31:175-201. [PMID: 27896890 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are reported to be present everywhere. Poor and developing areas in the world have received great attention to NTDs. Drug resistance, safety profile, and various challenges stimulate the search for alternative medications. Plant-based drugs are viewed with great interest, as they are believed to be devoid of side effects. Diterpenes, a family of essential oils, have showed attractive biological effects. A systematic review of the literature was carried out to summarize available evidences of diterpenes against NTDs. For this, databases were searched using specific search terms. Among the 2338 collected reports, a total of 181 articles were included in this review. Of them, 148 dealt with investigations using single organisms, and 33 used multiple organisms. No mechanisms of action were reported in the case of 164 reports. A total of 93.92% were related to nonclinical studies, and 4.42% and 1.66% dealt with preclinical and clinical studies, respectively. The review displays that many diterpenes are effective upon Chagas disease, chikungunya, echinococcosis, dengue, leishmaniasis, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, schistosomiasis, and tuberculosis. Indeed, diterpenes are amazing drug candidates against NTDs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Marcelo de Castro E Sousa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Picos, (Piauí), 64.607-670, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Hercília Maria Lins Rolim
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Freire de Medeiros
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Santos Cerqueira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center for Research (BIOTEC), Federal University of Piauí (LAFFEX), Parnaíba, Piauí, 64.218-470, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Regina de Castro Almeida
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Antônia Maria das Graças Lopes Citó
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Md Torequl Islam
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, 64.049-550, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, Mehedibag, Chittagong, 4000, Bangladesh
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Effective anti-leishmanial activity of minimalist squaramide-based compounds. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:36-49. [PMID: 27480054 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of N,N'-Squaramides derivatives, compounds that feature both hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups and are capable of multiple interactions with complementary sites, against Leishmania infantum, Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania donovani a series of 18compounds was prepared and assayed on extracellular and intracellular parasite forms. Infectivity and cytotoxicity tests were performed on J774.2 macrophage cells using meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) as the reference drug. Changes in metabolite excretion by 1H-NMR and the ultrastructural alterations occurring in the parasites treated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), was analyzed. Compounds 1, 7, 11, 14 and 17 were the more active and less toxic. Infection rates showed that the order of effectiveness was 17 > 11 > 14 > 7 for both L. infantum and L. braziliensis and in the same way, the compound 1 for L. donovani. All these compounds have altered the typical structure of the promastigotes, glycosomes and mitochondria. These severe modifications by the compounds are the ultimate reasons for the alterations observed in the excretion products. The Squaramide 17 (3-(butylamino)-4-((3-(dimetilamino)propyl)(methyl)amino)cyclobut-3-en-1,2-dione) was clearly the most efficient of all compounds. The data appear to confirm that the severe modifications generated in organelles such as glycosomes or mitochondria by the compounds are the ultimate reasons for the alterations observed in the excretion products of all species. The activity, stability, low cost of starting materials, and straightforward synthesis make amino squaramides appropriate molecules for the development of an affordable anti-leishmanial agent.
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In vitro and in vivo identification of tetradentated polyamine complexes as highly efficient metallodrugs against Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2016; 164:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Marín C, Inclán M, Ramírez-Macías I, Albelda MT, Cañas R, Clares MP, González-García J, Rosales MJ, Urbanova K, García-España E, Sánchez-Moreno M. In vitro antileishmanial activity of aza-scorpiand macrocycles. Inhibition of the antioxidant enzyme iron superoxide dismutase. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21262f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aza-scorpiand-like macrocycles candidates for the development of affordable anti-leishmanicidal agents.
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Leishmanicidal Activity of (+)-Phyllanthidine and the Phytochemical Profile of Margaritaria nobilis (Phyllanthaceae). Molecules 2015; 20:22157-69. [PMID: 26690400 PMCID: PMC6332510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of the Securinega alkaloid (+)-phyllanthidine on Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and the first chemical investigation of Margaritaria nobilis L.f. (Phyllanthaceae) are described. Treating the parasites with this alkaloid caused a dose-dependent reduction in promastigote growth of 67.68% (IC50 82.37 μg/mL or 353 µM) and in amastigote growth of 83.96% (IC50 49.11 μg/mL or 210 µM), together with ultrastructural alterations in the promastigotes. No cytotoxic effect was detected in mammalian cells (CC50 1727.48 µg/mL or CC50 5268 µM). Classical chromatographic techniques and spectral methods led to the isolation and identification of betulinic acid, kaempferol, corilagin, gallic acid and its methyl ester, besides (+)-phyllanthidine from M. nobilis leaves and stems. Margaritaria nobilis is another source of the small group of Securinega alkaloids, together with other Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae s.l.) species. The low toxicity to macrophages and the effects against promastigotes and amastigotes are suggestive that (+)-phyllanthidine could be a promising antileishmanial agent for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Olmo F, Gómez-Contreras F, Navarro P, Marín C, Yunta MJ, Cano C, Campayo L, Martín-Oliva D, Rosales MJ, Sánchez-Moreno M. Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal properties of a new imidazole-containing nitrophthalazine derivative. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 106:106-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Shyaula SL, Tamang T, Ghouri N, Adhikari A, Marasini S, Bajracharya GB, Manandhar MD, Choudhary MI. Antileishmanial diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum spicatum (Bruhl) Stapf. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:2590-2593. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1114941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajan L. Shyaula
- Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Tensangmu Tamang
- Department of Chemistry, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nida Ghouri
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shanti Marasini
- Department of Chemistry, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Gan B. Bajracharya
- Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | | | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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46
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Lima GS, Castro-Pinto DB, Machado GC, Maciel MAM, Echevarria A. Antileishmanial activity and trypanothione reductase effects of terpenes from the Amazonian species Croton cajucara Benth (Euphorbiaceae). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1133-1137. [PMID: 26547537 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis comprises several infectious diseases caused by protozoa parasites of Leishmania genus. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the therapeutic use of natural products to treat parasitic diseases. Among them Croton cajucara Benth. (Euphorbiaceae) is a plant found in the Amazonian region with a history of safe use in folk medicine. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of clerodane diterpenes, trans-dehydrocrotonin (DCTN), trans-crotonin (CTN) and acetylaleuritolic acid (AAA) obtained from powdered bark of C. cajucara against promastigotes, axenic and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. Furthermore, the effects of DCTN and CTN on the trypanotiona reductase enzyme were also investigated. The extraction of the terpenes was carried out as previously reported (Maciel et al., 1998; 2003). METHODS The effect of the isolated compounds (DCTN, CTN and AAA) from the bark of C. cajucara was assessed in vitro against promastigotes, axenic amastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of L. amazonensis by counting of remaining parasites in a Neubauer chamber in comparison to pentamidine used as standard drug. The action of natural products on trypanothione reductase was assessed using soluble protein fraction of promastigotes. The assays were performed by incubation with HEPES, EDTA, NADPH and trypanothione disulfide to quantify the NAPH consumption by TryR. RESULTS The results showed very high efficacy, especially of the diterpene DCTN, against promastigotes (IC50 = 6.30 ± 0.06 µg/ml) and axenic amastigotes (IC50 = 19.98 ± 0.05 µg/ml) of L. amazonenesis. The cytotoxic effect of the best active natural product was evaluated on mouse peritoneal infected macrophages (IC50 = 0.47 ± 0.03 µg/ml in 24 h of culture), and the treatment revealed that DCTN never reaches toxic concentrations while reducing the infection and, most importantly, with no toxicity (>100 µg/ml with 0% of macrophage kill) when compared to pentamidine (37.5 µg/ml with 100% of macrophage kill). Furthermore, all of the natural products assayed on the trypanothione reductase enzyme inhibited the enzyme activity compared to the control. CONCLUSION Clerodane diterpenes from C. cajucara showed promising in vitro antileishmanial effects against L. amazonensis, specially the DCTN with no macrophage toxicity up to the assayed concentration. In addition, the action on trypanothione reductase enzyme revealed a possible mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson S Lima
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Biomanguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denise B Castro-Pinto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gerzia C Machado
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria A M Maciel
- Universidade Potiguar Laureate International Universities, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Campus Salgado Filho, Natal-RN, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Instituto de Química, Campus Lagoa Nova, Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Aurea Echevarria
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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Marín C, Ramírez-Macías I, Rosales MJ, Muro B, Reviriego F, Navarro P, Arán VJ, Sánchez-Moreno M. In vitro leishmanicidal activity of 1,3-disubstituted 5-nitroindazoles. Acta Trop 2015; 148:170-8. [PMID: 25956673 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The antiprotozoal activity of some indazole-derived amines (2, 3, 5-8) as well as that of some simple structurally related 3-alkoxy-1-alkyl-5-nitroindazoles (1, 4) against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis is reported. In some cases, these compounds showed in vitro activities against the different morphological forms of Leishmania similar to or higher than those of the reference drug glucantime; this fact, along with low unspecific cytotoxicities against macrophages shown by some of them, led to good selectivity indexes (SI). The high efficiency of some 5-nitroindazoles against the mentioned protozoa was confirmed by further in vitro studies on infection rates. Complementary analyses by (1)H NMR of the changes on the metabolites excreted by parasites after treatment with the more active indazole derivatives in many cases showed the decreased excretion of succinate and increased levels of acetate, lactate and alanine, as well as, in some cases, the appearance of glycine and pyruvate as new metabolites. Damage caused by indazoles at the glycosomal or mitochondrial level are consistent with these metabolic changes as well as with the huge ultrastructural alterations observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), especially affecting the mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Marín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - María José Rosales
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Muro
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), CSIC, c/Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Reviriego
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), CSIC, c/Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), CSIC, c/Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), CSIC, c/Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
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An in vitro iron superoxide dismutase inhibitor decreases the parasitemia levels of Trypanosoma cruzi in BALB/c mouse model during acute phase. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2015; 5:110-6. [PMID: 26236582 PMCID: PMC4501536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify new compounds to treat Chagas disease during the acute phase with higher activity and lower toxicity than the reference drug benznidazole (Bz), two hydroxyphthalazine derivative compounds were prepared and their trypanocidal effects against Trypanosoma cruzi were evaluated by light microscopy through the determination of IC50 values. Cytotoxicity was determined by flow cytometry assays against Vero cells. In vivo assays were performed in BALB/c mice, in which the parasitemia levels were quantified by fresh blood examination; the assignment of a cure was determined by reactivation of blood parasitemia levels after immunosuppression. The mechanism of action was elucidated at metabolic and ultra-structural levels, by 1H NMR and TEM studies. Finally, as these compounds are potentially capable of causing oxidative damage in the parasites, the study was completed, by assessing their activity as potential iron superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) inhibitors. High-selectivity indices observed in vitro were the basis of promoting one of the tested compounds to in vivo assays. The tests on the murine model for the acute phase of Chagas disease showed better parasitemia inhibition values than those found for Bz. Compound 2 induced a remarkable decrease in the reactivation of parasitemia after immunosuppression. Compound 2 turned out to be a great inhibitor of Fe-SOD. The high antiparasitic activity and low toxicity together with the modest costs for the starting materials render this compound an appropriate molecule for the development of an affordable anti-Chagas agent. Low toxicity alternative treatment against Trypanosoma cruzi in murine model. The acute and chronic phases of Chagas disease. In vitro evaluation against epimastigote, amastigote and trypomastigote forms. Compound 2 selectively inhibits the parasite Fe-SOD enzyme. Compound 2 should be followed-up in future clinical experiments.
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Imidazole-containing phthalazine derivatives inhibit Fe-SOD performance in Leishmania species and are active in vitro against visceral and mucosal leishmaniasis. Parasitology 2015; 142:1115-29. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe in vitro leishmanicidal activity of a series of imidazole-containing phthalazine derivatives 1–4 was tested on Leishmania infantum, Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania donovani parasites, and their cytotoxicity on J774·2 macrophage cells was also measured. All compounds tested showed selectivity indexes higher than that of the reference drug glucantime for the three Leishmania species, and the less bulky monoalkylamino substituted derivatives 2 and 4 were clearly more effective than their bisalkylamino substituted counterparts 1 and 3. Both infection rate measures and ultrastructural alterations studies confirmed that 2 and 4 were highly leishmanicidal and induced extensive parasite cell damage. Modifications to the excretion products of parasites treated with 2 and 4 were also consistent with substantial cytoplasmic alterations. On the other hand, the most active compounds 2 and 4 were potent inhibitors of iron superoxide dismutase enzyme (Fe-SOD) in the three species considered, whereas their impact on human CuZn-SOD was low. Molecular modelling suggests that 2 and 4 could deactivate Fe-SOD due to a sterically favoured enhanced ability to interact with the H-bonding net that supports the antioxidant features of the enzyme.
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Prospects of an alternative treatment against Trypanosoma cruzi based on abietic acid derivatives show promising results in Balb/c mouse model. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 89:683-90. [PMID: 25462275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoa parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is an example of extended parasitaemia with unmet medical needs. Current treatments based on old-featured benznidazole (Bz) and nifurtimox are expensive and do not fulfil the criteria of effectiveness, and a lack of toxicity devoid to modern drugs. In this work, a group of abietic acid derivatives that are chemically stable and well characterised were introduced as candidates for the treatment of Chagas disease. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed in order to test the effectiveness of these compounds. Finally, those which showed the best activity underwent additional studies in order to elucidate the possible mechanism of action. In vitro results indicated that some compounds have low toxicity (i.e. >150 μM, against Vero cell) combined with high efficacy (i.e. <20 μM) against some forms of T. cruzi. Further in vivo studies on mice models confirmed the expectations of improvements in infected mice. In vivo tests on the acute phase gave parasitaemia inhibition values higher those of Bz, and a remarkable decrease in the reactivation of parasitaemia was found in the chronic phase after immunosuppression of the mice treated with one of the compounds. The morphological alterations found in treated parasites with our derivatives confirmed extensive damage; energetic metabolism disturbances were also registered by (1)H NMR. The demonstrated in vivo activity and low toxicity, together with the use of affordable starting products and the lack of synthetic complexity, put these abietic acid derivatives in a remarkable position toward the development of an anti-Chagasic agent.
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