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Dunaiski CM, Kock MM, Chan WY, Ismail A, Peters RPH. Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of vaginal Candida glabrata isolates in Namibia. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae009. [PMID: 38308518 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the most common non-albicans Candida species that causes vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Given the intrinsically low susceptibility of C. glabrata to azole drugs, investigations into C. glabrata prevalence, fungal susceptibility profile, and molecular epidemiology are necessary to optimise the treatment of VVC. This molecular epidemiological study was conducted to determine antifungal drug profile, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with phenotypic antifungal resistance and epidemic diversity of C. glabrata isolates from women with VVC in Namibia. Candida glabrata isolates were identified using phenotypic and molecular methods. Antifungal susceptibility of strains was determined for fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B, and anidulafungin. Whole genome sequencing was used to determine SNPs in antifungal resistance genes and sequence type (ST) allocation. Among C. glabrata isolates, all (20/20; 100%) exhibited phenotypic resistance to the azole class antifungal drug, (fluconazole), and phenotypic susceptibility to the polyene class (amphotericin B), and the echinocandins (anidulafungin). Non-synonymous SNPs were identified in antifungal resistance genes of all fluconazole-resistant C. glabrata isolates including ERG6 (15%), ERG7 (15%), CgCDR1 (25%), CgPDR1 (60%), SNQ2 (10%), FKS1 (5.0%), FKS2 (5.0%), CgFPS1 (5.0%), and MSH2 (15%). ST15 (n = 8/20, 40%) was predominant. This study provides important insight into phenotypic and genotypic antifungal resistance across C. glabrata isolates from women with VVC in Namibia. In this study, azole resistance is determined by an extensive range of SNPs, while the observed polyene and echinocandin resistance-associated SNPs despite phenotypic susceptibility require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara M Dunaiski
- Namibia University of Sciences and Technology, Department of Health and Applied Sciences, Windhoek 10005, Namibia
- University of Pretoria, Department of Medical Microbiology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Marleen M Kock
- University of Pretoria, Department of Medical Microbiology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane, Academic Division, Pretoria 3191, South Africa
| | - Wai Yin Chan
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0081, South Africa
- Right to care, Centurion 0157, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Remco P H Peters
- University of Pretoria, Department of Medical Microbiology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- University of Cape Town, Division of Medical Microbiology, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
- Foundation for Professional Development, Research Unit, East London 5217, South Africa
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2
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Czajka KM, Venkataraman K, Brabant-Kirwan D, Santi SA, Verschoor C, Appanna VD, Singh R, Saunders DP, Tharmalingam S. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Antifungal Resistance in Pathogenic Candida Species. Cells 2023; 12:2655. [PMID: 37998390 PMCID: PMC10670235 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is a highly pervasive infection posing major health risks, especially for immunocompromised populations. Pathogenic Candida species have evolved intrinsic and acquired resistance to a variety of antifungal medications. The primary goal of this literature review is to summarize the molecular mechanisms associated with antifungal resistance in Candida species. Resistance can be conferred via gain-of-function mutations in target pathway genes or their transcriptional regulators. Therefore, an overview of the known gene mutations is presented for the following antifungals: azoles (fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole), echinocandins (caspofungin, anidulafungin and micafungin), polyenes (amphotericin B and nystatin) and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). The following mutation hot spots were identified: (1) ergosterol biosynthesis pathway mutations (ERG11 and UPC2), resulting in azole resistance; (2) overexpression of the efflux pumps, promoting azole resistance (transcription factor genes: tac1 and mrr1; transporter genes: CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, PDR16 and SNQ2); (3) cell wall biosynthesis mutations (FKS1, FKS2 and PDR1), conferring resistance to echinocandins; (4) mutations of nucleic acid synthesis/repair genes (FCY1, FCY2 and FUR1), resulting in 5-FC resistance; and (5) biofilm production, promoting general antifungal resistance. This review also provides a summary of standardized inhibitory breakpoints obtained from international guidelines for prominent Candida species. Notably, N. glabrata, P. kudriavzevii and C. auris demonstrate fluconazole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M. Czajka
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | | | - Stacey A. Santi
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Chris Verschoor
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Vasu D. Appanna
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | - Ravi Singh
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Deborah P. Saunders
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sujeenthar Tharmalingam
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (K.M.C.); (K.V.); (C.V.); (R.S.); (D.P.S.)
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada; (D.B.-K.); (S.A.S.)
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Castanheira M, Deshpande LM, Davis AP, Carvalhaes CG, Pfaller MA. Azole Resistance in Candida glabrata Clinical Isolates from Global Surveillance is Associated with Efflux Overexpression. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 29:371-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lotfali E, Fattahi A, Sayyahfar S, Ghasemi R, Rabiei MM, Fathi M, Vakili K, Deravi N, Soheili A, Toreyhi H, Shirvani F. A Review on Molecular Mechanisms of Antifungal Resistance in Candida glabrata: Update and Recent Advances. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1371-1388. [PMID: 33956513 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second frequent etiologic agent of mucosal and invasive candidiasis. Based on the recent developments in molecular methods, C. glabrata has been introduced as a complex composed of C. glabrata, Candida nivariensis, and Candida bracarensis. The four main classes of antifungal drugs effective against C. glabrata are pyrimidine analogs (flucytosine), azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes. Although the use of antifungal drugs is related to the predictable development of drug resistance, it is not clear why C. glabrata is able to rapidly resist against multiple antifungals in clinics. The enhanced incidence and antifungal resistance of C. glabrata and the high mortality and morbidity need more investigation regarding the resistance mechanisms and virulence associated with C. glabrata; additional progress concerning the drug resistance of C. glabrata has to be further prevented. The present review highlights the mechanism of resistance to antifungal drugs in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Lotfali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Fattahi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Sayyahfar
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ghasemi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Rabiei
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Soheili
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Toreyhi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Shirvani
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rao H, Choo S, Rajeswari Mahalingam SR, Adisuri DS, Madhavan P, Md. Akim A, Chong PP. Approaches for Mitigating Microbial Biofilm-Related Drug Resistance: A Focus on Micro- and Nanotechnologies. Molecules 2021; 26:1870. [PMID: 33810292 PMCID: PMC8036581 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms play an essential role in chronic and healthcare-associated infections and are more resistant to antimicrobials compared to their planktonic counterparts due to their (1) physiological state, (2) cell density, (3) quorum sensing abilities, (4) presence of extracellular matrix, (5) upregulation of drug efflux pumps, (6) point mutation and overexpression of resistance genes, and (7) presence of persister cells. The genes involved and their implications in antimicrobial resistance are well defined for bacterial biofilms but are understudied in fungal biofilms. Potential therapeutics for biofilm mitigation that have been reported include (1) antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, (2) antimicrobial lock therapy, (3) antimicrobial peptides, (4) electrical methods, and (5) antimicrobial coatings. These approaches exhibit promising characteristics for addressing the impending crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Recently, advances in the micro- and nanotechnology field have propelled the development of novel biomaterials and approaches to combat biofilms either independently, in combination or as antimicrobial delivery systems. In this review, we will summarize the general principles of clinically important microbial biofilm formation with a focus on fungal biofilms. We will delve into the details of some novel micro- and nanotechnology approaches that have been developed to combat biofilms and the possibility of utilizing them in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinash Rao
- School of Medicine, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (H.R.); (D.S.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Sulin Choo
- School of Biosciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
| | | | - Diajeng Sekar Adisuri
- School of Medicine, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (H.R.); (D.S.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia; (H.R.); (D.S.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Abdah Md. Akim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
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Physicochemical and Antifungal Properties of Clotrimazole in Combination with High-Molecular Weight Chitosan as a Multifunctional Excipient. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120591. [PMID: 33255899 PMCID: PMC7760713 DOI: 10.3390/md18120591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosans represent a group of multifunctional drug excipients. Here, we aimed to estimate the impact of high-molecular weight chitosan on the physicochemical properties of clotrimazole–chitosan solid mixtures (CL–CH), prepared by grinding and kneading methods. We characterised these formulas by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffractometry, and performed in vitro clotrimazole dissolution tests. Additionally, we examined the antifungal activity of clotrimazole–chitosan mixtures against clinical Candida isolates under neutral and acid conditions. The synergistic effect of clotrimazole and chitosan S combinations was observed in tests carried out at pH 4 on Candida glabrata strains. The inhibition of C. glabrata growth reached at least 90%, regardless of the drug/excipient weight ratio, and even at half of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of clotrimazole. Our results demonstrate that clotrimazole and high-molecular weight chitosan could be an effective combination in a topical antifungal formulation, as chitosan acts synergistically with clotrimazole against non-albicans candida strains.
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Chromatin Structure and Drug Resistance in Candida spp. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030121. [PMID: 32751495 PMCID: PMC7559719 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-microbial resistance (AMR) is currently one of the most serious threats to global human health and, appropriately, research to tackle AMR garnishes significant investment and extensive attention from the scientific community. However, most of this effort focuses on antibiotics, and research into anti-fungal resistance (AFR) is vastly under-represented in comparison. Given the growing number of vulnerable, immunocompromised individuals, as well as the positive impact global warming has on fungal growth, there is an immediate urgency to tackle fungal disease, and the disturbing rise in AFR. Chromatin structure and gene expression regulation play pivotal roles in the adaptation of fungal species to anti-fungal stress, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue to tackle AFR. In this review we discuss both the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms by which chromatin structure can dictate AFR mechanisms and will present evidence of how pathogenic yeast, specifically from the Candida genus, modify chromatin structure to promote survival in the presence of anti-fungal drugs. We also discuss the mechanisms by which anti-chromatin therapy, specifically lysine deacetylase inhibitors, influence the acquisition and phenotypic expression of AFR in Candida spp. and their potential as effective adjuvants to mitigate against AFR.
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Salazar SB, Simões RS, Pedro NA, Pinheiro MJ, Carvalho MFNN, Mira NP. An Overview on Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Candidiasis and Underlying Resistance Mechanisms in Clinical Strains. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010023. [PMID: 32050673 PMCID: PMC7151124 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections and, in particular, those caused by species of the Candida genus, are growing at an alarming rate and have high associated rates of mortality and morbidity. These infections, generally referred as candidiasis, range from common superficial rushes caused by an overgrowth of the yeasts in mucosal surfaces to life-threatening disseminated mycoses. The success of currently used antifungal drugs to treat candidiasis is being endangered by the continuous emergence of resistant strains, specially among non-albicans Candida species. In this review article, the mechanisms of action of currently used antifungals, with emphasis on the mechanisms of resistance reported in clinical isolates, are reviewed. Novel approaches being taken to successfully inhibit growth of pathogenic Candida species, in particular those based on the exploration of natural or synthetic chemicals or on the activity of live probiotics, are also reviewed. It is expected that these novel approaches, either used alone or in combination with traditional antifungals, may contribute to foster the identification of novel anti-Candida therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Salazar
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.B.S.); (R.S.S.); (N.A.P.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Rita S. Simões
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.B.S.); (R.S.S.); (N.A.P.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Nuno A. Pedro
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.B.S.); (R.S.S.); (N.A.P.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Maria Joana Pinheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.B.S.); (R.S.S.); (N.A.P.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Maria Fernanda N. N. Carvalho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Nuno P. Mira
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.B.S.); (R.S.S.); (N.A.P.); (M.J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Pais P, Galocha M, Viana R, Cavalheiro M, Pereira D, Teixeira MC. Microevolution of the pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans and Candida glabrata during antifungal therapy and host infection. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:142-159. [PMID: 30854392 PMCID: PMC6402363 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.03.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections by the pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are among the most common fungal diseases. The success of these species as human pathogens is contingent on their ability to resist antifungal therapy and thrive within the human host. C. glabrata is especially resilient to azole antifungal treatment, while C. albicans is best known for its wide array of virulence features. The core mechanisms that underlie antifungal resistance and virulence in these pathogens has been continuously addressed, but the investigation on how such mechanisms evolve according to each environment is scarcer. This review aims to explore current knowledge on micro-evolution experiments to several treatment and host-associated conditions in C. albicans and C. glabrata. The analysis of adaptation strategies that evolve over time will allow to better understand the mechanisms by which Candida species are able to achieve stable phenotypes in real-life scenarios, which are the ones that should constitute the most interesting drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Pereira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cacho Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Biswas C, Marcelino VR, Van Hal S, Halliday C, Martinez E, Wang Q, Kidd S, Kennedy K, Marriott D, Morrissey CO, Arthur I, Weeks K, Slavin MA, Sorrell TC, Sintchenko V, Meyer W, Chen SCA. Whole Genome Sequencing of Australian Candida glabrata Isolates Reveals Genetic Diversity and Novel Sequence Types. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2946. [PMID: 30559734 PMCID: PMC6287553 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a pathogen with reduced susceptibility to azoles and echinocandins. Analysis by traditional multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has recognized an increasing number of sequence types (STs), which vary with geography. Little is known about STs of C. glabrata in Australia. Here, we utilized whole genome sequencing (WGS) to study the genetic diversity of 51 Australian C. glabrata isolates and sought associations between STs over two time periods (2002-2004, 2010-2017), and with susceptibility to fluconazole by principal component analysis (PCA). Antifungal susceptibility was determined using Sensititre YeastOneTM Y010 methodology and WGS performed on the NextSeq 500 platform (Illumina) with in silico MLST STs inferred by WGS data. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes linked to echinocandin, azole and 5-fluorocytosine resistance were analyzed. Of 51 isolates, WGS identified 18 distinct STs including four novel STs (ST123, ST124, ST126, and ST127). Four STs accounted for 49% of isolates (ST3, 15.7%; ST83, 13.7%; ST7, 9.8%; ST26, 9.8%). Split-tree network analysis resolved isolates to terminal branches; many of these comprised multiple isolates from disparate geographic settings but four branches contained Australian isolates only. ST3 isolates were common in Europe, United States and now Australia, whilst ST8 and ST19, relatively frequent in the United States, were rare/absent amongst our isolates. There was no association between ST distribution (genomic similarity) and the two time periods or with fluconazole susceptibility. WGS identified mutations in the FKS1 (S629P) and FKS2 (S663P) genes in three, and one, echinocandin-resistant isolate(s), respectively. Both mutations confer phenotypic drug resistance. Twenty-five percent (13/51) of isolates were fluconazole-resistant (MIC ≥ 64 μg/ml) of which 9 (18%) had non wild-type MICs to voriconazole and posaconazole. Multiple SNPs were present in genes linked to azole resistance such as CgPDR1 and CgCDR1, as well as several in MSH2; however, SNPs occurred in both azole-susceptible and azole-resistant isolates. Although no particular SNP in these genes was definitively associated with resistance, azole-resistant/non-wild type isolates had a propensity to harbor SNPs resulting in amino acid substitutions in Pdr1 beyond the first 250 amino acid positions. The presence of SNPs may be markers of STs. Our study shows the value of WGS for high-resolution sequence typing of C. glabrata, discovery of novel STs and potential to monitor trends in genetic diversity. WGS assessment for echinocandin resistance augments phenotypic susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanika Biswas
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa R Marcelino
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sebastiaan Van Hal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, New South Wales Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catriona Halliday
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elena Martinez
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Qinning Wang
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Kidd
- National Mycology Reference Centre, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Karina Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canberra Hospital & Health Services, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Deborah Marriott
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Orla Morrissey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Arthur
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kerry Weeks
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Monica A Slavin
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tania C Sorrell
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon C-A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Biswas C, Chen SCA, Halliday C, Kennedy K, Playford EG, Marriott DJ, Slavin MA, Sorrell TC, Sintchenko V. Identification of genetic markers of resistance to echinocandins, azoles and 5-fluorocytosine in Candida glabrata by next-generation sequencing: a feasibility study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:676.e7-676.e10. [PMID: 28344162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multi-antifungal drug resistance in Candida glabrata is increasing. We examined the feasibility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to investigate the presence of antifungal drug resistance markers in C. glabrata. METHODS The antifungal susceptibility of 12 clinical isolates and one ATCC strain of C. glabrata was determined using the Sensititre YeastOne® YO10 assay. These included three isolate pairs where the second isolate of each pair had developed a rise in drug MICs. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes known to be linked to echinocandin, azole and 5-fluorocytosine resistance were analysed in all isolates through NGS. RESULTS High-quality non-synonymous SNPs in antifungal resistance genes such as FKS1, FKS2, CgCDR1, CgPDR1 and FCY2 were identified. For two of three isolate pairs, there was a >60-fold rise in MICs to all echinocandins in the second isolate from each pair; one echinocandin-resistant isolate harboured a mutation in FKS1 (S629P) and the other in FKS2 (S663P). Of the third pair, both the 5-fluorocytosine-susceptible, and resistant isolates had a mutation in FCY2 (A237T). SNPs in CgPDR1 were found in pan-azole-resistant isolates. SNPs in other genes linked to azole resistance (CgCDR1, ERG9 and CgFLR1) were present in both azole-susceptible and azole-resistant isolates. SNPs were also identified in Candida adhesin genes EPA1, EPA6, PWP2 and PWP5 but their presence was not associated with higher drug MICs. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide analysis of antifungal resistance markers was feasible and simultaneously revealed mutation patterns of genes implicated in resistance to different antifungal drug classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Biswas
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | - S C-A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Halliday
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Kennedy
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Canberra Hospital, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia
| | - E G Playford
- Infection Management Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - D J Marriott
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - M A Slavin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - T C Sorrell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - V Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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12
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Nabili M, Abdollahi Gohar A, Badali H, Mohammadi R, Moazeni M. Amino acid substitutions in Erg11p of azole-resistant Candida glabrata: Possible effective substitutions and homology modelling. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 5:42-6. [PMID: 27436465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms responsible for fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata is not only crucial for the development of new antifungals but is also important in choosing appropriate antifungals for patients at the earliest stages. The aim of this study was to determine the Erg11p amino acid substitutions in fluconazole-resistant C. glabrata isolates. Sixty clinical isolates of C. glabrata were investigated. In vitro antifungal activities of fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole were determined using the broth microdilution reference method. The ERG11 gene for resistant (n=4) and susceptible (n=1) isolates were sequenced and multi-aligned using MEGA6 software. A homology model of the C. glabrata ERG11 gene was created by SWISS-MODEL software using the crystal structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Erg11p as a template, and the predicted binding sites to fluconazole were investigated. Fluconazole and multi-azole resistance were observed in 6.7% and 3.3% of the isolates, respectively. Several amino acid substitutions were identified, among which some were also identified in susceptible isolates. The amino acid substitution G236V was at the binding site, and substitutions H146Q and D234E were near to the binding site of triazoles according to the SWISS-MODEL. According to the homology modelling results, the amino acid substitution G236V is highly likely to play a key role in azole resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Nabili
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Atefeh Abdollahi Gohar
- Invasive Fungi Research Centre/Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 20th km of Khazar Abad Road, P.O. Box 4847191971, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Badali
- Invasive Fungi Research Centre/Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 20th km of Khazar Abad Road, P.O. Box 4847191971, Sari, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine and Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Moazeni
- Invasive Fungi Research Centre/Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 20th km of Khazar Abad Road, P.O. Box 4847191971, Sari, Iran.
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13
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Silva DBDS, Rodrigues LMC, Almeida AAD, Oliveira KMPD, Grisolia AB. Novel point mutations in the ERG11 gene in clinical isolates of azole resistant Candida species. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:192-9. [PMID: 26982177 PMCID: PMC4804502 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The azoles are the class of medications most commonly used to fight infections caused
by Candida sp. Typically, resistance can be attributed to mutations
in ERG11 gene (CYP51) which encodes the cytochrome P450
14α-demethylase, the primary target for the activity of azoles. The objective of this
study was to identify mutations in the coding region of theERG11
gene in clinical isolates of Candidaspecies known to be resistant to
azoles. We identified three new synonymous mutations in the ERG11
gene in the isolates of Candida glabrata (C108G, C423T and A1581G)
and two new nonsynonymous mutations in the isolates of Candida
krusei - A497C (Y166S) and G1570A (G524R). The functional consequence of
these nonsynonymous mutations was predicted using evolutionary conservation scores.
The G524R mutation did not have effect on 14α-demethylase functionality, while the
Y166S mutation was found to affect the enzyme. This observation suggests a possible
link between the mutation and dose-dependent sensitivity to voriconazole in the
clinical isolate of C. krusei. Although the presence of the Y166S in
phenotype of reduced azole sensitivity observed in isolate C.
kruseidemands investigation, it might contribute to the search of new
therapeutic agents against resistant Candida isolates.
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14
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Tam P, Gee K, Piechocinski M, Macreadie I. Candida glabrata, Friend and Foe. J Fungi (Basel) 2015; 1:277-292. [PMID: 29376912 PMCID: PMC5753114 DOI: 10.3390/jof1020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is mostly good, but, at times, it is an opportunistic pathogen. Previously known as Torulopsis glabrata, it enjoyed a good reputation and was even present in starter cultures. Its haploid genome and lack of mating made it an attractive challenge for yeast genetics studies. However, more recently it has become better known due to its character as an emerging cause of candidiasis, and for its resistance to multidrugs that are employed for candidiasis treatment. While now classified as Candida glabrata, it is still not a good fit and tends to stand alone as a very unique yeast. In terms of sequence, it is dissimilar to other Candida yeast and most similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllix Tam
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Kirsten Gee
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Miryam Piechocinski
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Ian Macreadie
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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15
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Mahl CD, Behling CS, Hackenhaar FS, de Carvalho e Silva MN, Putti J, Salomon TB, Alves SH, Fuentefria A, Benfato MS. Induction of ROS generation by fluconazole in Candida glabrata: activation of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative DNA damage. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 82:203-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Szweda P, Gucwa K, Romanowska E, Dzierz Anowska-Fangrat K, Naumiuk Ł, Brillowska-Da Browska A, Wojciechowska-Koszko I, Milewski S. Mechanisms of azole resistance among clinical isolates of Candida glabrata in Poland. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:610-619. [PMID: 25818698 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is currently ranked as the second most frequently isolated aetiological agent of human fungal infections, next only to Candida albicans. In comparison with C. albicans, C. glabrata shows lower susceptibility to azoles, the most common agents used in treatment of fungal infections. Interestingly, the mechanisms of resistance to azole agents in C. albicans have been much better investigated than those in C. glabrata. The aim of the presented study was to determine the mechanisms of resistance to azoles in 81 C. glabrata clinical isolates from three different hospitals in Poland. The investigation was carried out with a Sensititre Yeast One test and revealed that 18 strains were resistant to fluconazole, and 15 were cross-resistant to all other azoles tested (voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole). One isolate resistant to fluconazole was cross-resistant to voriconazole, and resistance to voriconazole only was observed in six other isolates. All strains were found to be susceptible to echinocandins and amphotericin B, and five were classified as resistant to 5-fluorocytosine. The sequence of the ERG11 gene encoding lanosterol 14-α demethylase (the molecular target of azoles) of 41 isolates, including all strains resistant to fluconazole and three resistant only to voriconazole, was determined, and no amino acid substitutions were found. Real-time PCR studies revealed that 13 of 15 azole-resistant strains showed upregulation of the CDR1 gene encoding the efflux pump. No upregulation of expression of the CDR2 or ERG11 gene was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szweda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gucwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Romanowska
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dzierz Anowska-Fangrat
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Naumiuk
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital of the Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Str. 7, 80-954 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Brillowska-Da Browska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstanców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Milewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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17
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Culakova H, Dzugasova V, Valencikova R, Gbelska Y, Subik J. Stress response and expression of fluconazole resistance associated genes in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata deleted in the CgPDR16 gene. Microbiol Res 2015; 174:17-23. [PMID: 25946325 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In yeasts, the PDR16 gene encodes a phosphatidylinositol transfer protein which belongs to the Sec14 homologue (SFH) family and localizes to lipid droplets, microsomes and at the cell periphery. The loss of its function alters the lipid droplet metabolism and plasma membrane properties, and renders yeast cells more sensitive to azole antimycotics. In this study, the entire chromosomal CgPDR16 ORF was replaced by the ScURA3 gene both in azole sensitive and azole resistant strains of Candida glabrata bearing a gain-of-function mutation in the CgPDR1 gene, and their responses to different stresses were assessed. The CgPDR16 deletion was found to sensitize the mutant strains to azole antifungals without changes in their osmo- and halotolerance. Fluconazole treated pdr16Δ mutant strains displayed a reduced expression of several genes involved in azole tolerance. The gain-of-function CgPDR1 allele as well as the cycloheximide and hydrogen peroxide treatments of cells enhanced the expression of the CgPDR16 gene. The results indicate that CgPDR16 belongs to genes whose expression is induced by chemical and oxidative stresses. The loss of its function can attenuate the expression of drug efflux pump encoding genes that might also contribute to the decreased azole tolerance in pdr16Δ mutant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Culakova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimira Dzugasova
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Romana Valencikova
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Yvetta Gbelska
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Julius Subik
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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18
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Abbes S, Amouri I, Sellami H, Neji S, Trabelsi H, Cheikhrouhou F, Makni F, Ranque S, Ayadi A. Changes in genotype and fluconazole susceptibility of isolates from patients with Candida glabrata in Tunisia. Therapie 2014; 69:449-55. [PMID: 25285365 DOI: 10.2515/therapie/2014059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Candida glabrata has emerged as an opportunistic pathogen of considerable importance in invasive and superficial infections. AIMS To analyze the development of fluconazole resistance in patients under treatment through epidemiological survey in our hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty two patients (89 clinical strains) were collected. Molecular typing of isolates was performed by polymorphic markers. Analysis of gene expression was realized by reverse transcriptase-real time polymerase chain reactions (RT-qPCR). RESULTS Genetic analysis showed that 63% persists with apparently unchanged strains (n=14). Among them, four showed fluconazole resistance development. A strain replacement was observed in 6 patients and two patients selected more resistant isolates during the course of treatment. An analysis of Candida glabrata cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 (CgCDR1), Candida glabrata cerebellar degeneration-related protein 2 (CgCDR2) and Candida glabrata sterol 14 alpha-demetylase Erg 11 (CgERG11) expression revealed an over-expression in 10 resistant isolates. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that C. glabrata strain undergo frequent changes in vivo. The increase in CgCDR1 and CgCDR2 expression was the most mechanism associated with fluconazole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Abbes
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, parasitaire et fongique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Imen Amouri
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, parasitaire et fongique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Hayet Sellami
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, parasitaire et fongique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Sourour Neji
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, parasitaire et fongique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Houaida Trabelsi
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, parasitaire et fongique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Fatma Cheikhrouhou
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, parasitaire et fongique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Fattouma Makni
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, parasitaire et fongique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, Aix-Marseille Université, AP-HM, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Ayadi
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, parasitaire et fongique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Sfax, Tunisie
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19
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Phenotypic analysis of a family of transcriptional regulators, the zinc cluster proteins, in the human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2014; 4:931-40. [PMID: 24657903 PMCID: PMC4025492 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second most important human fungal pathogen. Despite its formal name, C. glabrata is in fact more closely related to the nonpathogenic budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, less is known about the biology of this pathogen. Zinc cluster proteins form a large family of transcriptional regulators involved in the regulation of numerous processes such as the control of the metabolism of sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, as well as drug resistance. The C. glabrata genome encodes 41 known or putative zinc cluster proteins, and the majority of them are uncharacterized. We have generated a panel of strains carrying individual deletions of zinc cluster genes. Using a novel approach relying on tetracycline for conditional expression in C. glabrata at the translational level, we show that only two zinc cluster genes are essential. We have performed phenotypic analysis of nonessential zinc cluster genes. Our results show that two deletion strains are thermosensitive whereas two strains are sensitive to caffeine, an inhibitor of the target of rapamycin pathway. Increased salt tolerance has been observed for eight deletion strains, whereas one strain showed reduced tolerance to salt. We have also identified a number of strains with increased susceptibility to the antifungal drugs fluconazole and ketoconazole. Interestingly, one deletion strain showed decreased susceptibility to the antifungal micafungin. In summary, we have assigned phenotypes to more than half of the zinc cluster genes in C. glabrata. Our study provides a resource that will be useful to better understand the biological role of these transcription factors.
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20
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Culakova H, Dzugasova V, Perzelova J, Gbelska Y, Subik J. Mutation of the CgPDR16 gene attenuates azole tolerance and biofilm production in pathogenic Candida glabrata. Yeast 2013; 30:403-14. [PMID: 23939632 DOI: 10.1002/yea.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The PDR16 gene encodes the homologue of Sec14p, participating in protein secretion, regulation of lipid synthesis and turnover in vivo and acting as a phosphatidylinositol transfer protein in vitro. This gene is also involved in the regulation of multidrug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and pathogenic yeasts. Here we report the results of functional analysis of the CgPDR16 gene, whose mutation has been previously shown to enhance fluconazole sensitivity in Candida glabrata mutant cells. We have cloned the CgPDR16 gene, which was able to complement the pdr16Δ mutation in both C. glabrata and S. cerevisiae. Along with fluconazole, the pdr16Δ mutation resulted in increased susceptibility of mutant cells to several azole antifungals without changes in sensitivity to polyene antibiotics, cycloheximide, NQO, 5-fluorocytosine and oxidants inducing the intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species. The susceptibility of the pdr16Δ mutant strain to itraconazole and 5-fluorocytosine was enhanced by CTBT [7-chlorotetrazolo(5,1-c)benzo(1,2,4)triazine] inducing oxidative stress. The pdr16Δ mutation increased the accumulation of rhodamine 6G in mutant cells, decreased the level of itraconazole resistance caused by gain-of-function mutations in the CgPDR1 gene, and reduced cell surface hydrophobicity and biofilm production. These results point to the pleiotropic phenotype of the pdr16Δ mutant and support the role of the CgPDR16 gene in the control of drug susceptibility and virulence in the pathogenic C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Culakova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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21
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Kołaczkowska A, Dyląg M, Kołaczkowski M. Differential expression of the Candida glabrata CgRTA1 and CgRSB1 genes in response to various stress conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:169-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Farahyar S, Zaini F, Kordbacheh P, Rezaie S, Safara M, Raoofian R, Heidari M. Overexpression of aldo-keto-reductase in azole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida glabrata determined by cDNA-AFLP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:1. [PMID: 23351326 PMCID: PMC3556022 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-21-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Candida glabrata causes significant medical problems in immunocompromised patients. Many strains of this yeast are intrinsically resistant to azole antifungal agents, and treatment is problematic, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates in immunosuppressed individuals. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the genes involved in the drug resistance of clinical isolates of C. glabrata. Methods The clinical isolates of C. glabrata were collected in an epidemiological survey of candidal infection in immunocompromised patients and consisted of four fluconazole and itraconazole resistant isolates, two fluconazole and itraconazole sensitive isolates, and C. glabrata CBS 138 as reference strain. Antifungal susceptibility patterns of the organisms were determined beforehand by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The potential gene(s) implicated in antifungal resistance were investigated using complementary DNA- Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to evaluate the expression of gene(s) in resistant isolates as compared to sensitive and reference strains. Results and conclusions The aldo-keto-reductase superfamily (AKR gene) was upregulated in the resistant clinical isolates as assessed by cDNA-AFLP. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed AKR mRNA expression approximately twice that seen in the sensitive isolates. Overexpression of the AKR gene was associated with increased fluconazole and itraconazole resistance in C. glabrata. The data suggest that upregulation of the AKR gene might give a new insight into the mechanism of azole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Farahyar
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Candida glabrata: Multidrug Resistance and Increased Virulence in a Major Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-012-0091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Borah S, Shivarathri R, Kaur R. The Rho1 GTPase-activating protein CgBem2 is required for survival of azole stress in Candida glabrata. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:34311-24. [PMID: 21832071 PMCID: PMC3190821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.264671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are common clinical complications of neonates, critically ill, and immunocompromised patients worldwide. Candida species are the leading cause of disseminated fungal infections, with Candida albicans being the most prevalent species. Candida glabrata, the second/third most common cause of candidemia, shows reduced susceptibility to a widely used antifungal drug fluconazole. Here, we present findings from a screen of 9134 C. glabrata Tn7 insertion mutants for altered survival profiles in the presence of fluconazole. We have identified two components of RNA polymerase II mediator complex, three players of Rho GTPase-mediated signaling cascade, and two proteins implicated in actin cytoskeleton biogenesis and ergosterol biosynthesis that are required to sustain viability during fluconazole stress. We show that exposure to fluconazole leads to activation of the protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated cell wall integrity pathway in C. glabrata. Our data demonstrate that disruption of a RhoGAP (GTPase activating protein) domain-containing protein, CgBem2, results in bud-emergence defects, azole susceptibility, and constitutive activation of CgRho1-regulated CgPkc1 signaling cascade and cell wall-related phenotypes. The viability loss of Cgbem2Δ mutant upon fluconazole treatment could be partially rescued by the PKC inhibitor staurosporine. Additionally, we present evidence that CgBEM2 is required for the transcriptional activation of genes encoding multidrug efflux pumps in response to fluconazole exposure. Last, we report that Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin renders fluconazole a fungicidal drug in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapan Borah
- From the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Building 7, Gruhakalpa, 5-4-399/B, Nampally, Hyderabad 500001, India
| | - Raju Shivarathri
- From the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Building 7, Gruhakalpa, 5-4-399/B, Nampally, Hyderabad 500001, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- From the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Building 7, Gruhakalpa, 5-4-399/B, Nampally, Hyderabad 500001, India
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Oxidative stress response and virulence factors in Candida glabrata clinical isolates. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2011; 56:116-21. [PMID: 21416384 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-011-0016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We determined the susceptibility to oxidative stress and assessed the four virulence factors of the 38 Candida glabrata clinical isolates originating from two teaching hospitals in Slovakia. All the isolates were susceptible to hydrogen peroxide, diamide, and 7-chlorotetrazolo[5,1-c]benzo[1,2,4]triazine (CTBT) inducing an increased formation of reactive oxygen species in fungal cells. The mean relative cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of isolates was 21.9, ranging from 1.92 to 56.96. All isolates showed biofilm formation. A high biofilm formation was observed among 60.5% of isolates. Positive correlations were observed between biofilm formation and moderate values of CSHs. The 76.3% and 84.2% of isolates displayed varying degrees of proteinase and phospholipase activity, respectively. These results demonstrate a differential distribution of factors contributing to virulence of C. glabrata clinical isolates and point to their significance in pathogenesis that would be targeted by novel antifungals.
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Gómez S, Milena García S, de Bedout C, María García A. Análisis del perfil proteico de aislamientos clínicos de Candida guilliermondii sensibles y resistentes al fluconazol. INFECTIO 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(11)70072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Goffa E, Bialkova A, Batova M, Dzugasova V, Subik J. A yeast cell-based system for screening Candida glabrata multidrug resistance reversal agents and selection of loss-of-function pdr1 mutants. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 11:155-9. [PMID: 21129149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata, multidrug resistance is associated with the overexpression of drug efflux pumps caused by gain-of-function mutations in the CgPDR1 gene. CgPdr1p transcription factor, which activates the expression of several drug efflux transporter genes, is considered to be a promising target for compounds sensitizing the multidrug-resistant yeast cells. Here, we describe a cell-based screening system for detecting the inhibitory activity of compounds interfering with the CgPdr1p function in a heterologous genetic background of the hypersensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain. The screening is based on the ability to abrogate the growth defect of cells suffering from the galactose-induced and CgPdr1p-driven overexpression of a dominant lethal pma1(D378N) allele placed under the control of the ScPDR5 promoter. The system allows rapid identification of multidrug resistance reversal agents inhibiting the CgPdr1p activity or loss-of-function Cgpdr1 mutations, and is amenable to high-throughput screening on solid or liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Goffa
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Berila N, Subik J. Molecular analysis of Candida glabrata clinical isolates. Mycopathologia 2010; 170:99-105. [PMID: 20232155 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an important human pathogen, and an understanding of the genetic relatedness of its clinical isolates is essential for the prevention and control of fungal infections. In this study, we determined the relatedness of 38 Candida glabrata clinical isolates originating from two teaching hospitals in Slovakia. The 14 different genotypes were found by using microsatellite marker analysis (RPM2, MTI and Cg6) and DNA sequencing for analysis of the entire ERG11 gene. Subsequent sequencing of amplified DNA fragments of the PDR1, NMT1, TRP1 and URA3 loci in ten selected clinical isolates revealed identical DNA sequence profiles in five of them. They displayed the same microsatellite marker sizes and contained the same H576Y amino acid substitution recently described in the Pdr1p multidrug resistance transcription factor responsible for azole resistance. These results demonstrate the genetic diversity of C. glabrata clinical isolates in our hospitals and indicate a common clonal origin of some drug resistant ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Berila
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B-2, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
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Levterova V, Panaiotov S, Brankova N, Tankova K. Typing of Genetic Markers Involved in Stress Response by Fluorescent cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Technique. Mol Biotechnol 2010; 45:34-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-009-9236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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