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Bolsinger MM, Drobny A, Wilfling S, Reischl S, Krach F, Moritz R, Balta D, Hehr U, Sock E, Bleibaum F, Hanses F, Winner B, Huarcaya SP, Arnold P, Zunke F. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induces Time-Dependent CTSL Upregulation in HeLa Cells and Alveolarspheres. J Cell Biochem 2024:e30627. [PMID: 38971996 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy and lysosomal pathways are involved in the cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 virus. To infect the host cell, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). To allow the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane, the spike protein has to be cleaved. One possible mechanism is the endocytosis of the SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 complex and subsequent cleavage of the spike protein, mainly by the lysosomal protease cathepsin L. However, detailed molecular and dynamic insights into the role of cathepsin L in viral cell entry remain elusive. To address this, HeLa cells and iPSC-derived alveolarspheres were treated with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and the changes in mRNA and protein levels of cathepsins L, B, and D were monitored. Additionally, we studied the effect of cathepsin L deficiency on spike protein internalization and investigated the influence of the spike protein on cathepsin L promoters in vitro. Furthermore, we analyzed variants in the genes coding for cathepsin L, B, D, and ACE2 possibly associated with disease progression using data from Regeneron's COVID Results Browser and our own cohort of 173 patients with COVID-19, exhibiting a variant of ACE2 showing significant association with COVID-19 disease progression. Our in vitro studies revealed a significant increase in cathepsin L mRNA and protein levels following exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in HeLa cells, accompanied by elevated mRNA levels of cathepsin B and D in alveolarspheres. Moreover, an increase in cathepsin L promoter activity was detected in vitro upon spike protein treatment. Notably, the knockout of cathepsin L resulted in reduced internalization of the spike protein. The study highlights the importance of cathepsin L and lysosomal proteases in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein internalization and suggests the potential of lysosomal proteases as possible therapeutic targets against COVID-19 and other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Bolsinger
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alice Drobny
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Reischl
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Krach
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raul Moritz
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Denise Balta
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ute Hehr
- Center for Human Genetics Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sock
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Bleibaum
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Hanses
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department for Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susy Prieto Huarcaya
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Anatomy, Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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de Almeida Marques DP, Andrade LAF, Reis EVS, Clarindo FA, Moraes TDFS, Lourenço KL, De Barros WA, Costa NEM, Andrade LMD, Lopes-Ribeiro Á, Coêlho Maciel MS, Corrêa-Dias LC, de Almeida IN, Arantes TS, Litwinski VCV, de Oliveira LC, Serafim MSM, Maltarollo VG, Guatimosim SC, Silva MM, Tsuji M, Ferreira RS, Barreto LV, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, da Fonseca FG, De Fátima Â, Coelho-Dos-Reis JGA. New anti-SARS-CoV-2 aminoadamantane compounds as antiviral candidates for the treatment of COVID-19. Virus Res 2024; 340:199291. [PMID: 38065303 PMCID: PMC10733093 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Here, the antiviral activity of aminoadamantane derivatives were evaluated against SARS-CoV-2. The compounds exhibited low cytotoxicity to Vero, HEK293 and CALU-3 cells up to a concentration of 1,000 µM. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of aminoadamantane was 39.71 µM in Vero CCL-81 cells and the derivatives showed significantly lower IC50 values, especially for compounds 3F4 (0.32 µM), 3F5 (0.44 µM) and 3E10 (1.28 µM). Additionally, derivatives 3F5 and 3E10 statistically reduced the fluorescence intensity of SARS-CoV-2 protein S from Vero cells at 10 µM. Transmission microscopy confirmed the antiviral activity of the compounds, which reduced cytopathic effects induced by the virus, such as vacuolization, cytoplasmic projections, and the presence of myelin figures derived from cellular activation in the face of infection. Additionally, it was possible to observe a reduction of viral particles adhered to the cell membrane and inside several viral factories, especially after treatment with 3F4. Moreover, although docking analysis showed favorable interactions in the catalytic site of Cathepsin L, the enzymatic activity of this enzyme was not inhibited significantly in vitro. The new derivatives displayed lower predicted toxicities than aminoadamantane, which was observed for either rat or mouse models. Lastly, in vivo antiviral assays of aminoadamantane derivatives in BALB/cJ mice after challenge with the mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2, corroborated the robust antiviral activity of 3F4 derivative, which was higher than aminoadamantane and its other derivatives. Therefore, aminoadamantane derivatives show potential broad-spectrum antiviral activity, which may contribute to COVID-19 treatment in the face of emerging and re-emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisymara Priscila de Almeida Marques
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luis Adan Flores Andrade
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Centro Tecnológico de Vacinas (CT Vacinas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Erik Vinicius Sousa Reis
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Alves Clarindo
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaís de Fátima Silva Moraes
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Karine Lima Lourenço
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Centro Tecnológico de Vacinas (CT Vacinas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Wellington Alves De Barros
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nathália Evelyn Morais Costa
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lídia Maria de Andrade
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ágata Lopes-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariella Sousa Coêlho Maciel
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Laura Cardoso Corrêa-Dias
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabela Neves de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Micobacterioses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thalita Souza Arantes
- Centro de Microscopia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vivian Costa Vasconcelos Litwinski
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Camilo de Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mateus Sá Magalhães Serafim
- Laboratório de Virus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Gonçalves Maltarollo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos da Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Silvia Carolina Guatimosim
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mário Morais Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rafaela Salgado Ferreira
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiza Valença Barreto
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Planejamento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Edel Figueiredo Barbosa-Stancioli
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada (LVBA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Centro Tecnológico de Vacinas (CT Vacinas), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ângelo De Fátima
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Rejdak K, Fiedor P, Bonek R, Łukasiak J, Chełstowski W, Kiciak S, Dąbrowski P, Gala‐Błądzińska A, Dec M, Papuć E, Zasybska A, Kaczor M, Grieb P. Amantadine in unvaccinated patients with early, mild to moderate COVID-19: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16045. [PMID: 37584095 PMCID: PMC11235826 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adamantanes were listed as an interesting option as an early intervention against COVID-19. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of amantadine in preventing the progression of COVID-19 and its neurological sequelae. METHODS Unvaccinated patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within 5 days were enrolled. Subjects were randomized (50:50) to amantadine (AMD; 100 mg twice daily) or placebo (PLB) for 14 days. The Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement of the World Health Organization (OSCI-WHO) was the primary measure. Secondary endpoints included assessment for fatigue; depression, disorders of smell and taste, and sleepiness on Days 1 and 15. RESULTS We enrolled 99 patients (49 AMD and 50 PLB). Disease progression (OSCI-WHO = 4) was observed in 6% (AMD) and 8% (PLB) patients (p > 0.05) with further deterioration (OSCI-WHO〉4) in 0% (AMD) and 8% (PLB) patients (p > 0.05). Complete recovery on Day 15 was 60% higher in the AMD compared with the PLB group (p = 0.025). There was improvement in taste (AMD: p = 0.003; PLB: p = 0.0001) and smell (AMD: p = 0.005; PLB: p = 0.0004) but not in fatigue in both groups. Improvement was observed in the AMD (p = 0.010) but not in the PLB group (p = 0.058) when assessing depression as well as sleepiness (AMD: p = 0.0002; PLB: p = 0.341). There was one death in the PLB group (2.0%) and none in the AMD group (p > 0.05) until Day 210. Overall, the drug was well tolerated. CONCLUSION The central effects of amantadine on the nervous system with reduction of sleepiness and depression might have had a supportive effect on faster recovery in early COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rejdak
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of LublinLublinPoland
| | - Piotr Fiedor
- Department of General and Transplantation SurgeryMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Robert Bonek
- Department of Neurology and Clinical NeuroimmunologyRegional Specialist HospitalGrudziadzPoland
| | | | | | - Sławomir Kiciak
- Independent Voivodeship Hospital “Jana Bożego” in LublinLublinPoland
| | - Piotr Dąbrowski
- Independent Voivodeship Hospital “Jana Bożego” in LublinLublinPoland
| | - Agnieszka Gala‐Błądzińska
- Collegium MedicumUniversity of Rzeszów and St. Queen Jadwiga Clinical District Hospital No. 2RzeszówPoland
| | - Mateusz Dec
- SPZOZ Kalwaria ZebrzydowskaKalwaria ZebrzydowskaPoland
| | - Ewa Papuć
- Department of NeurologyMedical University of LublinLublinPoland
| | | | | | - Paweł Grieb
- Department of Experimental PharmacologyMossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
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Weis N, Bollerup S, Sund JD, Glamann JB, Vinten C, Jensen LR, Sejling C, Kledal TN, Rosenkilde MM. Amantadine for COVID-19 treatment (ACT) study: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:1313-1319. [PMID: 37353078 PMCID: PMC10284620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a severe need for effective antiviral treatment. The objectives of this study were to assess if pre-emptive treatment with amantadine for COVID-19 in non-hospitalized persons ≥40 years or adults with comorbidities was able to prevent disease progression and hospitalization. Primary outcomes were clinical status on day 14. METHODS Between 9 June 2021 and 27 January 2022, this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, single-centre clinical trial included 242 subjects with a follow-up period of 90 days. Subjects were randomly assigned 1:1 to either amantadine 100 mg or placebo twice daily for 5 days. The inclusion criteria were confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and at least one of (a) age ≥40 years, age ≥18 years and (b) at least one comorbidity, or (c) body mass index ≥30. The study protocol was published at www. CLINICALTRIALS gov (unique protocol #02032021) and at www.clinicaltrialregister.eu (EudraCT-number 2021-001177-22). RESULTS With 121 participants in each arm, we found no difference in the primary endpoint with 82 participants in the amantadine arm, and 92 participants in the placebo arm with no limitations to activities, respectively, and 25 and 37 with limitations to activities in the amantadine arm and the placebo arm, respectively. No participants in either group were admitted to hospital or died. The OR of having state severity increased by 1 in the amantadine group versus placebo was 1.8 (CI 1.0-3.3, [p 0.051]). On day 7, one participant was hospitalized in each group; throughout the study, this increased to five and three participants for amantadine versus placebo treatment (p 0.72). Similarly, on day 7, there was no difference in the status of oropharyngeal swabs. Most participants (108 in each group) were SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive (p 0.84). CONCLUSION We found no effect of amantadine on disease progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Weis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Bollerup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Dissing Sund
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Borg Glamann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Vinten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Riger Jensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Sejling
- Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Klas K, Strzebonska K, Waligora M. Ethical challenges of clinical trials with a repurposed drug in outbreaks. MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2023; 26:233-241. [PMID: 36881334 PMCID: PMC9989564 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-023-10140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a strategy of identifying new potential uses for already existing drugs. Many researchers adopted this method to identify treatment or prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite the considerable number of repurposed drugs that were evaluated, only some of them were labeled for new indications. In this article, we present the case of amantadine, a drug commonly used in neurology that attracted new attention during the COVID-19 outbreak. This example illustrates some of the ethical challenges associated with the launch of clinical trials to evaluate already approved drugs. In our discussion, we follow the ethics framework for prioritization of COVID-19 clinical trials proposed by Michelle N Meyer and colleagues (2021). We focus on four criteria: social value, scientific validity, feasibility, and consolidation/collaboration. We claim that launching amantadine trials was ethically justified. Although the scientific value was anticipated to be low, unusually, the social value was expected to be high. This was because of significant social interest in the drug. In our view, this strongly supports the need for evidence to justify why the drug should not be prescribed or privately accessed by interested parties. Otherwise, a lack of evidence-based argument could enhance its uncontrolled use. With this paper, we join the discussion on the lessons learned from the pandemic. Our findings will help to improve future efforts to decide on the launch of clinical trials on approved drugs when dealing with the widespread off-label use of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Klas
- Research Ethics in Medicine Study Group (REMEDY), Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Michalowskiego 12, 31-126, Krakow, PL, Poland
| | - Karolina Strzebonska
- Research Ethics in Medicine Study Group (REMEDY), Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Michalowskiego 12, 31-126, Krakow, PL, Poland
| | - Marcin Waligora
- Research Ethics in Medicine Study Group (REMEDY), Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Michalowskiego 12, 31-126, Krakow, PL, Poland.
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Gupta Y, Savytskyi OV, Coban M, Venugopal A, Pleqi V, Weber CA, Chitale R, Durvasula R, Hopkins C, Kempaiah P, Caulfield TR. Protein structure-based in-silico approaches to drug discovery: Guide to COVID-19 therapeutics. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 91:101151. [PMID: 36371228 PMCID: PMC9613808 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With more than 5 million fatalities and close to 300 million reported cases, COVID-19 is the first documented pandemic due to a coronavirus that continues to be a major health challenge. Despite being rapid, uncontrollable, and highly infectious in its spread, it also created incentives for technology development and redefined public health needs and research agendas to fast-track innovations to be translated. Breakthroughs in computational biology peaked during the pandemic with renewed attention to making all cutting-edge technology deliver agents to combat the disease. The demand to develop effective treatments yielded surprising collaborations from previously segregated fields of science and technology. The long-standing pharmaceutical industry's aversion to repurposing existing drugs due to a lack of exponential financial gain was overrun by the health crisis and pressures created by front-line researchers and providers. Effective vaccine development even at an unprecedented pace took more than a year to develop and commence trials. Now the emergence of variants and waning protections during the booster shots is resulting in breakthrough infections that continue to strain health care systems. As of now, every protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been structurally characterized and related host pathways have been extensively mapped out. The research community has addressed the druggability of a multitude of possible targets. This has been made possible due to existing technology for virtual computer-assisted drug development as well as new tools and technologies such as artificial intelligence to deliver new leads. Here in this article, we are discussing advances in the drug discovery field related to target-based drug discovery and exploring the implications of known target-specific agents on COVID-19 therapeutic management. The current scenario calls for more personalized medicine efforts and stratifying patient populations early on for their need for different combinations of prognosis-specific therapeutics. We intend to highlight target hotspots and their potential agents, with the ultimate goal of using rational design of new therapeutics to not only end this pandemic but also uncover a generalizable platform for use in future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Oleksandr V Savytskyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; In Vivo Biosystems, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Matt Coban
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Vasili Pleqi
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Caleb A Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Rohit Chitale
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; The Council on Strategic Risks, 1025 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ravi Durvasula
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Prakasha Kempaiah
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas R Caulfield
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of QHS Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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7
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Iacono S, Schirò G, Davì C, Mastrilli S, Abbott M, Guajana F, Arnao V, Aridon P, Ragonese P, Gagliardo C, Colomba C, Scichilone N, D’Amelio M. COVID-19 and neurological disorders: what might connect Parkinson's disease to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1172416. [PMID: 37273689 PMCID: PMC10232873 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1172416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) rapidly became a worldwide health emergency due to its elevated infecting capacity, morbidity, and mortality. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and, nowadays the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and PD reached a great interest. Apparently independent one from the other, both diseases share some pathogenetic and clinical features. The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and PD is complex and it depends on the direction of the association that is which of the two diseases comes first. Some evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection might be a possible risk factor for PD wherein the exposure to SARS-CoV-2 increase the risk for PD. This perspective comes out from the increasing cases of parkinsonism following COVID-19 and also from the anatomical structures affected in both COVID-19 and early PD such as olfactory bulb and gastrointestinal tract resulting in the same symptoms such as hyposmia and constipation. Furthermore, there are many reported cases of patients who developed hypokinetic extrapyramidal syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 infection although these would resemble a post-encephalitic conditions and there are to date relevant data to support the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 infection is a risk factor for the development of PD. Future large, longitudinal and population-based studies are needed to better assess whether the risk of developing PD after COVID-19 exists given the short time span from the starting of pandemic. Indeed, this brief time-window does not allow the precise estimation of the incidence and prevalence of PD after pandemic when compared with pre-pandemic era. If the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and PD pathogenesis is actually putative, on the other hand, vulnerable PD patients may have a greater risk to develop COVID-19 being also more prone to develop a more aggressive disease course. Furthermore, PD patients with PD showed a worsening of motor and non-motor symptoms during COVID-19 outbreak due to both infection and social restriction. As well, the worries related to the risk of being infected should not be neglected. Here we summarize the current knowledge emerging about the epidemiological, pathogenetic and clinical relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Iacono
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Davì
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Mastrilli
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Paolo Giaccone di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michelle Abbott
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Guajana
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Arnao
- UO Neurologia e Stroke Unit, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale ad Alta Specializzazione, Ospedali Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Aridon
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Ragonese
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cesare Gagliardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Colomba
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Scichilone
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco D’Amelio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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8
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Barthe M, Hertereau L, Lamghari N, Osman-Ponchet H, Braud VM. Receptors and Cofactors That Contribute to SARS-CoV-2 Entry: Can Skin Be an Alternative Route of Entry? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076253. [PMID: 37047226 PMCID: PMC10094153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2, all routes of entry of the virus into the host must be mapped. The skin is in contact with the external environment and thus may be an alternative route of entry to transmission via the upper respiratory tract. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry is primarily dependent on ACE2 and the proteases TMPRSS2 or cathepsin L but other cofactors and attachment receptors have been identified that may play a more important role in specific tissues such as the skin. The continued emergence of new variants may also alter the tropism of the virus. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on these receptors and cofactors, their expression profile, factors modulating their expression and their role in facilitating SARS-CoV-2 infection. We discuss their expression in the skin and their possible involvement in percutaneous infection since the presence of the virus has been detected in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Barthe
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, 06560 Valbonne, France; (M.B.); (L.H.); (N.L.)
- PKDERM Laboratories, 45 Boulevard Marcel Pagnol, 06130 Grasse, France
| | - Leslie Hertereau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, 06560 Valbonne, France; (M.B.); (L.H.); (N.L.)
| | - Noura Lamghari
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, 06560 Valbonne, France; (M.B.); (L.H.); (N.L.)
- PKDERM Laboratories, 45 Boulevard Marcel Pagnol, 06130 Grasse, France
| | - Hanan Osman-Ponchet
- PKDERM Laboratories, 45 Boulevard Marcel Pagnol, 06130 Grasse, France
- Correspondence: (H.O.-P.); (V.M.B.)
| | - Véronique M. Braud
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, 06560 Valbonne, France; (M.B.); (L.H.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.O.-P.); (V.M.B.)
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9
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Butterworth RF. Adamantanes for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the presence of SARS-CoV-2. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1128157. [PMID: 36968489 PMCID: PMC10031118 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1128157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Advent of the acute respiratory coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the search for novel antiviral agents and in the repurposing of existing agents with demonstrated efficacy against other known coronaviruses in the search for an agent with antiviral activity for use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adamantanes including amantadine, rimantadine, and memantine have well-established benefit in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and fatigue related to Multiple sclerosis (MS) all of which are known comorbidities related to COVID-19 Moreover, results of basic pharmacological studies both in vitro and in vivo reveal that amantadine has the potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 via down-regulation of host-cell proteases resulting in impaired viral genome release into the host cell and via amantadine's property as an NMDA receptor antagonist resulting in the prevention of the acute lung injury and respiratory distress that is characteristic of COVID-19. Cases suggestive of COVID-19 prophylaxis have been reported in patients with PD or MS or severe cognitive impairment treated in all cases for several months with an adamantane [amantadine or memantine] who were subsequently infected with SARS-CoV-2 confirmed by RT-PCR, and, in all cases, no signs of infectious disease were encountered. Amantadine is effective for the treatment of fatigue in MS and for the neurological complications of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).
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10
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Autophagy in Inflammatory Response against SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054928. [PMID: 36902354 PMCID: PMC10002778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease pandemic, which profoundly reshaped the world in 2019 (COVID-19), and is currently ongoing, has affected over 200 countries, caused over 500 million cumulative cases, and claimed the lives of over 6.4 million people worldwide as of August 2022. The causative agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Depicting this virus' life cycle and pathogenic mechanisms, as well as the cellular host factors and pathways involved during infection, has great relevance for the development of therapeutic strategies. Autophagy is a catabolic process that sequesters damaged cell organelles, proteins, and external invading microbes, and delivers them to the lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy would be involved in the entry, endo, and release, as well as the transcription and translation, of the viral particles in the host cell. Secretory autophagy would also be involved in developing the thrombotic immune-inflammatory syndrome seen in a significant number of COVID-19 patients that can lead to severe illness and even death. This review aims to review the main aspects that characterize the complex and not yet fully elucidated relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and autophagy. It briefly describes the key concepts regarding autophagy and mentions its pro- and antiviral roles, while also noting the reciprocal effect of viral infection in autophagic pathways and their clinical aspects.
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11
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Müller T, Riederer P, Kuhn W. Aminoadamantanes: from treatment of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease to symptom amelioration of long COVID-19 syndrome? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023; 16:101-107. [PMID: 36726198 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2176301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aminoadamantanes amantadine and memantine are well known. They mainly act as N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists. AREAS COVERED The antiviral drug amantadine moderately ameliorates impaired motor behavior in patients with Parkinson's disease. Memantine provides beneficial effects on memory function in patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease already treated with acetylcholine esterase inhibitors. Both compounds counteract impaired monoamine neurotransmission with associated symptoms, such as depression. They improve vigilance, lack of attention and concentration, fatigue syndromes according to clinical findings in patients with chronic neurodegenerative processes. Their extrasynaptic N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptor blockade weakens a prolonged influx of Ca2+ ions as the main responsible components of neuronal excitotoxicity. This causes neuronal dying and associated functional deficits. EXPERT OPINION We suggest aminoadamantanes as future therapies for amelioration of short- and long-term consequences of a COVID 19 infection. Particularly the extended-release amantadine formulations will be suitable. They showed better clinical efficacy compared with the conventional available compounds. Amantadine may particularly be suitable for amelioration of fatigue or chronic exhaustion, memantine for improvement of cognitive deficits. Clinical research in patients, who are affected by the short- and long-term consequences of a COVID 19 infection, is warranted to confirm these still hypothetical putative beneficial effects of aminoadamantanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Weissensee, Gartenstr. 1, 13088, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Kuhn
- Department of Neurology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Gustav Adolf Str. 8, 97422, Schweinfurt, Germany
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12
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Huang P, Zhang LY, Tan YY, Chen SD. Links between COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease/Alzheimer's disease: reciprocal impacts, medical care strategies and underlying mechanisms. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:5. [PMID: 36717892 PMCID: PMC9885419 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on patients with neurodegenerative diseases and the specific neurological manifestations of COVID-19 have aroused great interest. However, there are still many issues of concern to be clarified. Therefore, we review the current literature on the complex relationship between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases with an emphasis on Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We summarize the impact of COVID-19 infection on symptom severity, disease progression, and mortality rate of PD and AD, and discuss whether COVID-19 infection could trigger PD and AD. In addition, the susceptibility to and the prognosis of COVID-19 in PD patients and AD patients are also included. In order to achieve better management of PD and AD patients, modifications of care strategies, specific drug therapies, and vaccines during the pandemic are also listed. At last, mechanisms underlying the link of COVID-19 with PD and AD are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Huang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Lin-Yuan Zhang
- grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Yu-Yan Tan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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13
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Yuan Y, Jiao B, Qu L, Yang D, Liu R. The development of COVID-19 treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125246. [PMID: 36776881 PMCID: PMC9909293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a pandemic named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has become the greatest worldwide public health threat of this century. Recent studies have unraveled numerous mysteries of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and thus largely improved the studies of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutic strategies. However, important questions remain regarding its therapy. In this review, the recent research advances on COVID-19 mechanism are quickly summarized. We mainly discuss current therapy strategies for COVID-19, with an emphasis on antiviral agents, neutralizing antibody therapies, Janus kinase inhibitors, and steroids. When necessary, specific mechanisms and the history of therapy are present, and representative strategies are described in detail. Finally, we discuss key outstanding questions regarding future directions of the development of COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Baihai Jiao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Lili Qu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Duomeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Ruijuan Liu, ; Duomeng Yang,
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China,*Correspondence: Ruijuan Liu, ; Duomeng Yang,
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Przytuła F, Kasprzak J, Dulski J, Koziorowski D, Kwaśniak-Butowska M, Sołtan W, Roszmann A, Śmiłowska K, Schinwelski M, Sławek J. Morbidity and severity of COVID-19 in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with amantadine - A multicenter, retrospective, observational study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 106:105238. [PMID: 36509028 PMCID: PMC9724557 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After more than 2 years of the pandemic, effective treatment for COVID-19 is still under research. In recent months, publications hypothesized amantadine's potential beneficial effect on SARS-CoV-2 infection. OBJECTIVE To compare the groups of Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients who were administered amantadine chronically and those who did not take this medication in the context of the incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection. METHODS An observational, retrospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted among consecutive patients with idiopathic PD. The structured questionnaires were completed during the patient's follow-up visits at the Outpatient Clinic or during hospitalization. The questionnaire included the following informations: patient's age, duration of PD, Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) stage, comorbidities, medications, COVID-19 confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) swab test for SARS-CoV-2 with specified symptoms and their severity (home or hospital treatment). The vaccination status was verified as well. RESULTS Five hundred fifty-two (n = 552) patients participated in the study - 329 men (60%). The mean H-Y stage was 2.44 (range: 1-4) and the mean duration of PD was 9.6 years (range: 1-34). One hundred four subjects (19%) had confirmed COVID-19 infection. Subjects over 50 years of age had a significantly lower incidence of COVID-19 (17% vs 38%, p = 0.0001) with difference also in mean H-Y stage (2.27 vs 2.49; p = 0.011) and disease duration (8.4 vs 9.9 years, p = 0.007). There were no differences between patients with and without co-morbidities. In the whole analyzed group 219 (40%) subjects were treated with amantadine. Comparing COVID-19 positive and negative patients, amantadine was used by 48/104 (46%) and 171/448 (38%) respectively. 22% of patients on amantadine vs. 17% of patients without amantadine developed COVID-19. These differences were not significant. There were no differences in morbidity and severity of COVID-19 between amantadine users and non-users as well. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 was less common in older (>50) with longer duration and more advanced patients. Amantadine did not affect the risk of developing COVID-19 or the severity of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Przytuła
- Neurology&Stroke Dpt, St. Adalbert Hospital, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jakub Kasprzak
- Neurology&Stroke Dpt, St. Adalbert Hospital, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dulski
- Neurology&Stroke Dpt, St. Adalbert Hospital, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurological-Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Dariusz Koziorowski
- Neurology Dpt, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland and Bródno Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kwaśniak-Butowska
- Neurology&Stroke Dpt, St. Adalbert Hospital, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurological-Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Witold Sołtan
- Neurology&Stroke Dpt, St. Adalbert Hospital, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Roszmann
- Neurology&Stroke Dpt, St. Adalbert Hospital, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurological-Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Jarosław Sławek
- Neurology&Stroke Dpt, St. Adalbert Hospital, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurological-Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
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15
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Zhou Q, Chen Y, Wang R, Jia F, He F, Yuan F. Advances of CRISPR-Cas13 system in COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment. Genes Dis 2022; 10:S2352-3042(22)00317-8. [PMID: 36591005 PMCID: PMC9793954 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in over 570 million infections and 6 million deaths worldwide. Early detection and quarantine are essential to arrest the spread of the highly contagious COVID-19. High-risk groups, such as older adults and individuals with comorbidities, can present severe symptoms, including pyrexia, pertussis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, on SARS-CoV-2 infection that can prove fatal, demonstrating a clear need for high-throughput and sensitive platforms to detect and eliminate SARS-CoV-2. CRISPR-Cas13, an emerging CRISPR system targeting RNA with high specificity and efficiency, has recently drawn much attention for COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment. Here, we summarized the current research progress on CRISPR-Cas13 in COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment and highlight the challenges and future research directions of CRISPR-Cas13 for effectively counteracting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruolei Wang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fengjing Jia
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng He
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fuwen Yuan
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Zalyalova ZA, Munasipova SE, Khasanova DM, Ilyina GR, Khayatova ZG, Bagdanova NI. A “new” role of amantadines in COVID-19 in patients with Parkinson’s disease: results of own comparative study. NEUROLOGY, NEUROPSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOSOMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-6-40-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. A. Zalyalova
- Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia; Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center for Extrapyramidal Pathology and Botulinum Therapy, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan; Hospital for War Veterans; Clinical Hospital “Railway Medicine“
| | - S. E. Munasipova
- Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia; Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center for Extrapyramidal Pathology and Botulinum Therapy, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan; Hospital for War Veterans
| | - D. M. Khasanova
- Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center for Extrapyramidal Pathology and Botulinum Therapy, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan; Hospital for War Veterans
| | - G. R. Ilyina
- Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center for Extrapyramidal Pathology and Botulinum Therapy, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan; Hospital for War Veterans
| | | | - N. I. Bagdanova
- Republican Clinical Diagnostic Center for Extrapyramidal Pathology and Botulinum Therapy, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan; Hospital for War Veterans
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17
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Lei S, Chen X, Wu J, Duan X, Men K. Small molecules in the treatment of COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:387. [PMID: 36464706 PMCID: PMC9719906 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has become a global crisis, and brought severe disruptions to societies and economies. Until now, effective therapeutics against COVID-19 are in high demand. Along with our improved understanding of the structure, function, and pathogenic process of SARS-CoV-2, many small molecules with potential anti-COVID-19 effects have been developed. So far, several antiviral strategies were explored. Besides directly inhibition of viral proteins such as RdRp and Mpro, interference of host enzymes including ACE2 and proteases, and blocking relevant immunoregulatory pathways represented by JAK/STAT, BTK, NF-κB, and NLRP3 pathways, are regarded feasible in drug development. The development of small molecules to treat COVID-19 has been achieved by several strategies, including computer-aided lead compound design and screening, natural product discovery, drug repurposing, and combination therapy. Several small molecules representative by remdesivir and paxlovid have been proved or authorized emergency use in many countries. And many candidates have entered clinical-trial stage. Nevertheless, due to the epidemiological features and variability issues of SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to continue exploring novel strategies against COVID-19. This review discusses the current findings in the development of small molecules for COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, their detailed mechanism of action, chemical structures, and preclinical and clinical efficacies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Lei
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Jieping Wu
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingmei Duan
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Ke Men
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
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Tatar D, Świerzy K, Błachut M, Badura Brzoza K. Psychotic Disorders in the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection or Uncomplicated Amantadine Treatment?-Case Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15768. [PMID: 36497843 PMCID: PMC9735925 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection is currently the subject of intense research. Mental disorders in the course of coronavirus infection are non-specific. They most often have a sudden onset and short-term course and resolve spontaneously or after the administration of low doses of antipsychotic drugs. At the same time, attempts have been made to develop recommendations for COVID-19 therapy. Single reports suggest the effectiveness of amantadine in the treatment. The mechanism of action of the drug in this case is not known; it is expected that amantadine, by reducing the expression of the cathepsin L gene, may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 replication. In addition, this drug stimulates dopaminergic transmission, which may result in numerous side effects, often of a neuropsychological nature, the most common of which are visual hallucinations. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to unequivocally diagnose the cause of mental disorders among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who took amatatide for off-label treatment. A clear assessment of whether the psychological symptoms in this group of patients are the primary or secondary clinical manifestation of the infection or a complication of amantadine treatment is difficult. In this context, we attempted to describe a case of a patient with psychotic symptoms who was confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 infection and treated with amantadine.
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19
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Xi X, Han L. Exploring the relationship between novel Coronavirus pneumonia and Parkinson's disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31813. [PMID: 36401405 PMCID: PMC9678520 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis is that there is 0a relationship between Parkinson's disease and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). By summarizing the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and COVID-19 and the impact of COVID-19 on the central nervous system, the relationship between Parkinson's disease and COVID-19 was analyzed, including whether Parkinson's disease is a predisposition factor for COVID-19 and whether COVID-19 causes the occurrence of Parkinson's disease. Discuss the impact of COVID-19 on patients with Parkinson's disease, including symptoms and life impact. To summarize the principles, goals and methods of home rehabilitation for Parkinson's disease patients during COVID-19. Through the analysis of this paper, it is believed that COVID-19 may cause Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease has the condition of susceptibility to COVID-19, but this conclusion is still controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xi
- Rehabilitation Center,Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing
- * Correspondence: Xiaoming Xi, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No.15, Badachu Xixizhuang, Shijingshan District, Beijing (e-mail: )
| | - Liang Han
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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20
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Overview of Antiviral Drug Therapy for COVID-19: Where Do We Stand? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112815. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccine weapon has resulted in being essential in fighting the COVID-19 outbreak, but it is not fully preventing infection due to an alarming spreading of several identified variants of concern. In fact, the recent emergence of variants has pointed out how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still represents a global health threat. Moreover, oral antivirals also develop resistance, supporting the need to find new targets as therapeutic tools. However, cocktail therapy is useful to reduce drug resistance and maximize vaccination efficacy. Natural products and metal-drug-based treatments have also shown interesting antiviral activity, representing a valid contribution to counter COVID-19 outbreak. This report summarizes the available evidence which supports the use of approved drugs and further focuses on significant clinical trials that have investigated the safety and efficacy of repurposing drugs and new molecules in different COVID-19 phenotypes. To date, there are many individuals vulnerable to COVID-19 exhibiting severe symptoms, thus characterizing valid therapeutic strategies for better management of the disease is still a challenge.
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21
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Cui Z, Zeng C, Huang F, Yuan F, Yan J, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Hankey W, Jin VX, Huang J, Staats HF, Everitt JI, Sempowski GD, Wang H, Dong Y, Liu SL, Wang Q. Cas13d knockdown of lung protease Ctsl prevents and treats SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:1056-1064. [PMID: 35879545 PMCID: PMC10082993 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells requires specific host proteases; however, no successful in vivo applications of host protease inhibitors have yet been reported for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Here we describe a chemically engineered nanosystem encapsulating CRISPR-Cas13d, developed to specifically target lung protease cathepsin L (Ctsl) messenger RNA to block SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. We show that this nanosystem decreases lung Ctsl expression in normal mice efficiently, specifically and safely. We further show that this approach extends survival of mice lethally infected with SARS-CoV-2, correlating with decreased lung virus burden, reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and diminished severity of pulmonary interstitial inflammation. Postinfection treatment by this nanosystem dramatically lowers the lung virus burden and alleviates virus-induced pathological changes. Our results indicate that targeting lung protease mRNA by Cas13d nanosystem represents a unique strategy for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection and demonstrate that CRISPR can be used as a potential treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifen Cui
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cong Zeng
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Furong Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fuwen Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jingyue Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yufan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - William Hankey
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Victor X Jin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Herman F Staats
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Qianben Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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22
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Amantadine and Rimantadine Inhibit Hepatitis A Virus Replication through the Induction of Autophagy. J Virol 2022; 96:e0064622. [PMID: 36040176 PMCID: PMC9517723 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00646-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Furthermore, HAV causes acute liver failure or acute-on-chronic liver failure. However, no potent anti-HAV drugs are currently available in the clinical situations. There have been some reports that amantadine, a broad-spectrum antiviral, suppresses HAV replication in vitro. Therefore, we examined the effects of amantadine and rimantadine, derivates of adamantane, on HAV replication, and investigated the mechanisms of these drugs. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of amantadine and rimantadine on HAV HM175 genotype IB subgenomic replicon replication and HAV HA11-1299 genotype IIIA replication in cell culture infection systems. Amantadine and rimantadine significantly inhibited HAV replication at the post-entry stage in Huh7 cells. HAV infection inhibited autophagy by suppressing the autophagy marker light chain 3 and reducing number of lysosomes. Proteomic analysis on HAV-infected Huh7 cells treated by amantadine and rimantadine revealed the changes of the expression levels in 42 of 373 immune response-related proteins. Amantadine and rimantadine inhibited HAV replication, partially through the enhancement of autophagy. Taken together, our results suggest a novel mechanism by which HAV replicates along with the inhibition of autophagy and that amantadine and rimantadine inhibit HAV replication by enhancing autophagy. IMPORTANCE Amantadine, a nonspecific antiviral medication, also effectively inhibits HAV replication. Autophagy is an important cellular mechanism in several virus-host cell interactions. The results of this study provide evidence indicating that autophagy is involved in HAV replication and plays a role in the HAV life cycle. In addition, amantadine and its derivative rimantadine suppress HAV replication partly by enhancing autophagy at the post-entry phase of HAV infection in human hepatocytes. Amantadine may be useful for the control of acute HAV infection by inhibiting cellular autophagy pathways during HAV infection processes.
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Nepali K, Sharma R, Sharma S, Thakur A, Liou JP. Beyond the vaccines: a glance at the small molecule and peptide-based anti-COVID19 arsenal. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:65. [PMID: 36064696 PMCID: PMC9444709 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Unprecedented efforts of the researchers have been witnessed in the recent past towards the development of vaccine platforms for the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Albeit, vaccination stands as a practical strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, supplementing the anti-COVID19 arsenal with therapeutic options such as small molecules/peptides and antibodies is being conceived as a prudent strategy to tackle the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Noteworthy to mention that collective efforts from numerous teams have led to the generation of a voluminous library composed of chemically and mechanistically diverse small molecules as anti-COVID19 scaffolds. This review article presents an overview of medicinal chemistry campaigns and drug repurposing programs that culminated in the identification of a plethora of small molecule-based anti-COVID19 drugs mediating their antiviral effects through inhibition of proteases, S protein, RdRp, ACE2, TMPRSS2, cathepsin and other targets. In light of the evidence ascertaining the potential of small molecule drugs to approach conserved proteins required for the viral replication of all coronaviruses, accelerated FDA approvals are anticipated for small molecules for the treatment of COVID19 shortly. Though the recent attempts invested in this direction in pursuit of enrichment of the anti-COVID-19 armoury (chemical tools) are praiseworthy, some strategies need to be implemented to extract conclusive benefits of the recently reported small molecule viz. (i) detailed preclinical investigation of the generated anti-COVID19 scaffolds (ii) in-vitro profiling of the inhibitors against the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants (iii) development of assays enabling rapid screening of the libraries of anti-COVID19 scaffold (iv) leveraging the applications of machine learning based predictive models to expedite the anti-COVID19 drug discovery campaign (v) design of antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center for Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ram Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sachin Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Amandeep Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center for Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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24
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Ren Q, Yu N, Zou P, He Q, Macharia DK, Sheng Y, Zhu B, Lin Y, Wu G, Chen Z. Reusable Cu 2-xS-modified masks with infrared lamp-driven antibacterial and antiviral activity for real-time personal protection. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2022; 441:136043. [PMID: 35370448 PMCID: PMC8956354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.136043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Disposable surgical masks are widely used by the general public since the onset of the coronavirus outbreak in 2019. However, current surgical masks cannot self-sterilize for reuse or recycling for other purposes, resulting in high economic and environmental costs. To solve these issue, herein we report a novel low-cost surgical mask decorated with copper sulfide (Cu2-xS) nanocrystals for photothermal sterilization in a short time (6 min). With the spun-bonded nonwoven fabrics (SNF) layer from surgical masks as the substrate, Cu2-xS nanocrystals are in-situ grown on their surface with the help of a commercial textile adhesion promoter. The SNF-Cu2-xS layer possesses good hydrophobicity and strong near infrared absorption. Under the irradiation with an infrared baking lamp (IR lamp, 50 mW cm-2), the surface temperature of SNF-Cu2-xS layer on masks can quickly increase to over 78 °C, resulting from the high photothermal effects of Cu2-xS nanocrystals. As a result, the polluted masks exhibit an outstanding antibacterial rate of 99.9999% and 85.4% for the Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as well as the inactivation of human coronavirus OC43 (3.18-log10 decay) and influenza A virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) (3.93-log10 decay) after 6 min irradiation, and achieve rapid sterilization for reuse and recycling. Therefore, such Cu2-xS-modified masks with IR lamp-driven antibacterial and antiviral activity have great potential for real-time personal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Nuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Qiang He
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Daniel K Macharia
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yangyi Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ying Lin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Guoyi Wu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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COVID-19 and Parkinson's Disease: Possible Links in Pathology and Therapeutics. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1586-1596. [PMID: 35829997 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of SARs-CoV-2 with emerging new variants is leading to global health crisis and has brought a major concern for patients with comorbidities. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a motor neurodegenerative disease involving various metabolic and psychological ailments along with the common occurrence of hyposmia as observed in COVID-19 patients. In addition, the observed surplus inflammatory responses in both diseases are also alarming. Alongside, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, essentially required by SARS-CoV-2 to enter the cell and dopamine decarboxylase (DDC), required for dopamine synthesis is known to co-regulate in the non-neuronal cells. Taken together, these conditions suggested the probable reciprocal pathological relation between COVID-19 and PD and also suggested that during comorbidities, the disease diagnosis and therapeutics are critical and may engender severe health complications. In this review, we discuss various events and mechanisms which may have implications for the exacerbation of PD conditions and must be taken into account during the treatment of patients.
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26
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Qi JH, Dong FX, Wang K, Zhang SY, Liu ZM, Wang WJ, Sun FZ, Zhang HM, Wang XL. Feasibility analysis and mechanism exploration of Rhei Radix et Rhizome-Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus (RS) against COVID-19. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35584000 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. As a novel global epidemic, corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 brought great suffering and disaster to mankind. Recently, although significant progress has been made in vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, there are still no drugs for treating COVID-19. It is well known that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has achieved excellent efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19 in China. As a treasure-house of natural drugs, Chinese herbs offer a promising prospect for discovering anti-COVID-19 drugs.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. We proposed that Rhei Radix et Rhizome-Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus (RS) may have potential value in the treatment of COVID-19 patients by regulating immune response, protecting the cardiovascular system, inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors, and blocking virus invasion and replication processes.Aim. We aimed to explore the feasibility and molecular mechanisms of RS against COVID-19, to provide a reference for basic research and clinical applications.Methodology. Through literature mining, it is found that a Chinese herbal pair, RS, has potential anti-COVID-19 activity. In this study, we analysed the feasibility of RS against COVID-19 by high-throughput molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, we predicted the molecular mechanisms of RS against COVID-19 based on network pharmacology.Results. We proved the feasibility of RS anti-COVID-19 by literature mining, virtual docking and molecular dynamics simulations, and found that angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and 3C-like protease (3 CL pro) were also two critical targets for RS against COVID-19. In addition, we predicted the molecular mechanisms of RS in the treatment of COVID-19, and identified 29 main ingredients, 21 potential targets and 16 signalling pathways. Rhein, eupatin, (-)-catechin, aloe-emodin may be important active ingredients in RS. ALB, ESR1, EGFR, HMOX1, CTSL, and RHOA may be important targets against COVID-19. Platelet activation, renin secretion, ras signalling pathway, chemokine signalling pathway, and human cytomegalovirus infection may be important signalling pathways against COVID-19.Conclusion. RS plays a key role in the treatment of COVID-19, which may be closely related to immune regulation, cardiovascular protection, anti-inflammation, virus invasion and replication processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Qi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China
| | - Fang-Xu Dong
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China
| | - Ke Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China
| | - Shan-Yu Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China
| | - Zi-Ming Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China
| | - Feng-Zhi Sun
- The Pharmacy Department, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Hui-Min Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Xiao-Long Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic Research, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China
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27
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Rejdak K, Fiedor P, Bonek R, Goch A, Gala-Błądzińska A, Chełstowski W, Łukasiak J, Kiciak S, Dąbrowski P, Dec M, Król ZJ, Papuć E, Zasybska A, Segiet A, Grieb P. The use of amantadine in the prevention of progression and treatment of COVID-19 symptoms in patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COV-PREVENT): Study rationale and design. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 116:106755. [PMID: 35390511 PMCID: PMC8978450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID-19, a disease caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic in most cases. Some patients, usually burdened with risk factors develop acute respiratory failure and other organ dysfunction. In such cases, the mortality rate is very high despite the use of intensive therapy. Amantadine has complex activity including antiviral, antiinflammatory and dopaminergic effects. This clinical trial will assess the efficacy and safety of amantadine in the prevention of COVID-19 progression toward acute respiratory failure and neurological complications. Methods and results The trial will enroll 200 patients who are positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection and have one or more risk factors for worsening the disease. These patients will be included as hospitalized or ambulatory subjects for early treatment of illness. The recruitment will take place in 8 centers covering different regions of Poland. For 14 days they will be given either 200 mg of amantadine a day or placebo. Our hypothesis is a considerable reduction in the number of patients with progression toward respiratory insufficiency or neurological complications thanks to the treatment of amantadine. Conclusions Demonstrating the efficacy and safety of amantadine treatment in improving the clinical condition of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 is of great importance in combating the effects of the pandemic. It has potential to influence on the severity and course of neurological complications, which are very common and persist long after the infection as long-COVID syndrome. Clinical trial registration:www.clinicaltrials.gov identification no. NCT04854759; Eudra CT number: 2021–001144-98 (dated 27 February 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rejdak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Fiedor
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Bonek
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroimmunology, Regional Specialist Hospital, Grudziadz, Poland
| | - Aleksander Goch
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroimmunology, Regional Specialist Hospital, Grudziadz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gala-Błądzińska
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland; St' Queen Jadwiga Clinical District Hospital No. 2, Rzeszów, Poland
| | | | | | - Sławomir Kiciak
- Independent Voivodeship Hospital "Jana Bożego" in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Dąbrowski
- Independent Voivodeship Hospital "Jana Bożego" in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Dec
- SPZOZ Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, Poland
| | - Zbigniew J Król
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Papuć
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adriana Zasybska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Segiet
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Xiang R, Yu Z, Wang Y, Wang L, Huo S, Li Y, Liang R, Hao Q, Ying T, Gao Y, Yu F, Jiang S. Recent advances in developing small-molecule inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1591-1623. [PMID: 34249607 PMCID: PMC8260826 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused havoc across the entire world. Even though several COVID-19 vaccines are currently in distribution worldwide, with others in the pipeline, treatment modalities lag behind. Accordingly, researchers have been working hard to understand the nature of the virus, its mutant strains, and the pathogenesis of the disease in order to uncover possible drug targets and effective therapeutic agents. As the research continues, we now know the genome structure, epidemiological and clinical features, and pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we summarized the potential therapeutic targets involved in the life cycle of the virus. On the basis of these targets, small-molecule prophylactic and therapeutic agents have been or are being developed for prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhengsen Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shanshan Huo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yanbai Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qinghong Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yaning Gao
- Beijing Pharma and Biotech Center, Beijing 100176, China,Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 54237673, fax: +86 21 54237465 (Shibo Jiang); Tel.: +86 312 7528935, fax: +86 312 7521283 (Fei Yu); Tel.: +86 10 62896868; fax: +86 10 62899978, (Yanning Gao).
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China,Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 54237673, fax: +86 21 54237465 (Shibo Jiang); Tel.: +86 312 7528935, fax: +86 312 7521283 (Fei Yu); Tel.: +86 10 62896868; fax: +86 10 62899978, (Yanning Gao).
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China,Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 54237673, fax: +86 21 54237465 (Shibo Jiang); Tel.: +86 312 7528935, fax: +86 312 7521283 (Fei Yu); Tel.: +86 10 62896868; fax: +86 10 62899978, (Yanning Gao).
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Rejdak K, Grieb P. Fluvoxamine and Amantadine: Central Nervous System Acting Drugs Repositioned for COVID-19 as Early Intervention. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:777-781. [PMID: 34325642 PMCID: PMC9878960 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210729123734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the World faces unprecedented pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, repositioning of existing drugs to treatment of COVID-19 disease is urgently awaited, provided that high quality scientific evidence supporting safety and efficacy in this new indication is gathered. Efforts concerning drugs repositioning to COVID-19 were mostly focused on antiviral drugs, or drugs targeting the late phase of the disease. METHODS Based on published research, the pharmacological activities of fluvoxamine and amantadine, two well-known drugs widely used in clinical practice for psychiatric and neurological diseases, respectively, have been reviewed, with a focus on their potential therapeutic importance in the treatment of COVID-19. RESULTS Several preclinical and clinical reports were identified suggesting that these two drugs might exert protective effects in the early phases of COVID-19. CONCLUSION Preclinical and early clinical evidence are presented indicating that these drugs hold promise to prevent COVID-19 progression when administered early during the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rejdak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; Tel: (+48) 226086527; E-mail:
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30
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Ashour NA, Abo Elmaaty A, Sarhan AA, Elkaeed EB, Moussa AM, Erfan IA, Al-Karmalawy AA. A Systematic Review of the Global Intervention for SARS-CoV-2 Combating: From Drugs Repurposing to Molnupiravir Approval. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:685-715. [PMID: 35321497 PMCID: PMC8935998 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s354841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 continues to unfold all over the world. The development of novel effective antiviral drugs to fight against SARS-CoV-2 is a time cost. As a result, some specific FDA-approved drugs have already been repurposed and authorized for COVID-19 treatment. The repurposed drugs used were either antiviral or non-antiviral drugs. Accordingly, the present review thoroughly focuses on the repurposing efficacy of these drugs including clinical trials experienced, the combination therapies used, the novel methods followed for treatment, and their future perspective. Therefore, drug repurposing was regarded as an effective avenue for COVID-19 treatment. Recently, molnupiravir is a prodrug antiviral medication that was approved in the United Kingdom in November 2021 for the treatment of COVID-19. On the other hand, PF-07321332 is an oral antiviral drug developed by Pfizer. For the treatment of COVID-19, the PF-07321332/ritonavir combination medication is used in Phase III studies and was marketed as Paxlovid. Herein, we represented the almost history of combating COVID-19 from repurposing to the recently available oral anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidates, as a new hope to end the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Ashour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, 42526, Egypt
| | - Amany A Sarhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Moussa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Ali Erfan
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
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Shivalkar S, Pingali MS, Verma A, Singh A, Singh V, Paital B, Das D, Varadwaj PK, Samanta SK. Outbreak of COVID-19: A Detailed Overview and Its Consequences. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1353:23-45. [PMID: 35137366 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85113-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After the outbreak from Wuhan City of China, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a pandemic worldwide in a very short span of time. The high transmission rate and pathogenicity of this virus have made COVID-19 a major public health concern globally. Basically, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 is the third introduction of a highly infectious human epidemic coronavirus in the twenty-first century. Various research groups have claimed bats to be the natural host of SARS-CoV-2. However, the intermediate host and mode of transmission from bat to humans are not revealed yet. The COVID-19 cost hundreds and thousands of lives and millions are facing the consequences. The objective of this chapter was to analyze the outbreak of COVID-19 and problems faced globally. METHODS All published relevant literature from scientific sources and reputed news channels are considered to write the current review. RESULTS Generally, elder persons and more particularly people with underlying medical conditions are found to be highly vulnerable to severe infection and prone to fatal outcomes. Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment with clinically approved drugs or vaccines to treat this disease. Several research groups have been investigating the efficacies of several antiviral and repurposed drugs. Currently, most of the SARS-COV-2 vaccines are at the preclinical or clinical stage of development. The latest research progress on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and current status of therapeutic intervention indicates that still a specific drug or vaccine needs to come up for the effective treatment of the pandemic COVID-19. It is observed that various aspects of social life, economic status, and healthcare systems are majorly affected by this pandemic. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the outbreak of COVID-19 has severely affected each and every field, such as social, scientific, industrial, transport, and medical sectors. Irrespective of tremendous efforts globally, few vaccines are now available for the prevention of the disease. Specific drug is not available publicly for the treatment of COVID-19. Prevention of air pollution that can aggravate COVID-19 has been suggested. Therefore, as of now, social distancing and sanitization practices are the only options available for the prevention of the disease for many.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shivalkar
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - M Shivapriya Pingali
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Arushi Verma
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Anirudh Singh
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Vishal Singh
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Reodx Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Debashis Das
- Department of Botany, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pritish Kumar Varadwaj
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India.
| | - Sintu Kumar Samanta
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India.
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Exploring Toxins for Hunting SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors: Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, Pharmacokinetic Properties, and Reactome Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020153. [PMID: 35215266 PMCID: PMC8875976 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main protease (Mpro) is a potential druggable target in SARS-CoV-2 replication. Herein, an in silico study was conducted to mine for Mpro inhibitors from toxin sources. A toxin and toxin-target database (T3DB) was virtually screened for inhibitor activity towards the Mpro enzyme utilizing molecular docking calculations. Promising toxins were subsequently characterized using a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) binding energy estimations. According to the MM-GBSA binding energies over 200 ns MD simulations, three toxins—namely philanthotoxin (T3D2489), azaspiracid (T3D2672), and taziprinone (T3D2378)—demonstrated higher binding affinities against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro than the co-crystalized inhibitor XF7 with MM-GBSA binding energies of −58.9, −55.9, −50.1, and −43.7 kcal/mol, respectively. The molecular network analyses showed that philanthotoxin provides a ligand lead using the STRING database, which includes the biochemical top 20 signaling genes CTSB, CTSL, and CTSK. Ultimately, pathway enrichment analysis (PEA) and Reactome mining results revealed that philanthotoxin could prevent severe lung injury in COVID-19 patients through the remodeling of interleukins (IL-4 and IL-13) and the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These findings have identified that philanthotoxin—a venom of the Egyptian solitary wasp—holds promise as a potential Mpro inhibitor and warrants further in vitro/in vivo validation.
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Huang Y, Li S, Huang S, Tu J, Chen X, Xiao L, Liu B, Yuan X. Comprehensive and Integrative Analysis of Two Novel SARS-CoV-2 Entry Associated Proteases CTSB and CTSL in Healthy Individuals and Cancer Patients. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:780751. [PMID: 35155389 PMCID: PMC8826559 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.780751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 200 million people have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and 4 million deaths have been reported worldwide to date. Cathepsin B/cathepsin L (CTSB/L) are SARS-CoV-2 entry–associated proteases and facilitate SARS-CoV-2 to infect host cells. However, the expressions of CTSB/L in healthy individuals and cancer patients remain not fully elucidated yet. Here, we comprehensively profiled the expressions and distributions of CTSB/L in human normal tissues, cancer tissues, and cell lines. Moreover, we compared CTSB/L expressions between various cancers and matched normal tissues, and investigated their genetic alteration and prognostic values in pan-cancer. Finally, we also explored the correlation between CTSB/L expressions and immune infiltration. We found that CTSB was highly expressed in most tissues, and CTSL was highly expressed predominantly in the digestive, urinary, and respiratory systems, such as the lungs, liver and gallbladder, and kidney tissues in the translational level. Moreover, cancer patients may be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data suggested that CTSB/L are overexpressed in aerodigestive and genitourinary cancers when compared with that in matched normal tissues, and their expressions were closely related to the prognosis of some cancer types. Interestingly, CTSB/L expressions were significantly correlated with immune cell infiltration in manifold cancer tissues and their corresponding normal tissues. In conclusion, our study shows a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of two important SARS-CoV-2 entry–related proteases, which could provide a potential indication on prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Liu
- *Correspondence: Xianglin Yuan, ; Bo Liu,
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Drelich-Zbroja A, Cheda M, Kuczyńska M, Dąbrowska I, Kopyto E, Halczuk I. Parkinson's Disease in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Brain Sci 2022; 12:143. [PMID: 35203906 PMCID: PMC8869942 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we attempt to collate the existing scientific evidence regarding the possible role of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as to investigate the impact of PD/parkinsonism on the clinical course of the viral infection itself. Since etiology of PD is not completely understood, various studies suggest different potential links between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and PD. Suggested connections include, among others, similar prodromal symptoms, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system involvement, or gut microbiome dysbiosis participation. Despite the initial assumptions that, as a mainly elderly population suffering from rigidity of respiratory muscles, impairment of cough reflex, and dyspnea, PD patients would be more susceptible to viral infection, and would experience a more aggressive course of COVID-19, the published scientific reports contain mutually exclusive data that require further investigation and meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drelich-Zbroja
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (M.C.); (M.K.); (I.D.)
| | - Mateusz Cheda
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (M.C.); (M.K.); (I.D.)
| | - Maryla Kuczyńska
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (M.C.); (M.K.); (I.D.)
| | - Izabela Dąbrowska
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (M.C.); (M.K.); (I.D.)
| | - Ewa Kopyto
- Students’ Scientific Society at the Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (E.K.); (I.H.)
| | - Izabela Halczuk
- Students’ Scientific Society at the Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (E.K.); (I.H.)
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Bakhati B, Sibi VM, Mekala AP, Ronen JA, Mungara SS. Amantadine-Induced Cardiac Arrest in a Patient With COVID-19. Cureus 2022; 14:e21345. [PMID: 35186602 PMCID: PMC8850186 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amantadine, which is known for its antiviral activity, is presently used as therapy for Parkinson's disease. Adverse effects, such as cardiac arrhythmias, have been described in patients after ingestion of amantadine. Here, we present a patient who suffered a cardiac arrest following ingestion of a low dose of amantadine. A 71-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department for a witnessed cardiac arrest. He had developed an upper respiratory tract infection the preceding week and was prescribed 100 mg of amantadine. Within half an hour of taking the first dose, the patient collapsed. He was found to be in asystole by emergency medical services, and advanced cardiac life support protocols were initiated, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation and intubation for airway protection. However, he sustained multiple recurrences of cardiac arrest, and despite all resuscitation efforts, the patient expired.
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Fearon C, Fasano A. Prevalence and outcomes of Covid-19 in Parkinson's disease: Acute settings and hospital. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 165:35-62. [PMID: 36208906 PMCID: PMC9020798 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The global explosion of COVID-19 necessitated the rapid dissemination of information regarding SARS-CoV-2. Hence, COVID-19 prevalence and outcome data in Parkinson's disease patients were disseminated at a time when we only had part of the picture. In this chapter we firstly discuss the current literature on the prevalence of COVID-19 in people with PD. We then discuss outcomes from COVID-19 in people with PD, specifically risk of hospitalization and mortality. Finally, we discuss specific contributing and confounding factors which may put PD patients at higher or lower risk from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Fearon
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada.
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37
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Haouzi D, Entezami F, Tuaillon E, Gala A, Ferrières-Hoa A, Brouillet S, Thierry AR, Hamamah S. SARS-CoV-2 and Implantation Window: Gene Expression Mapping of Human Endometrium and Preimplantation Embryo. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121378. [PMID: 34947909 PMCID: PMC8706202 DOI: 10.3390/life11121378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding whether SARS-CoV-2 could infect cells and tissues handled during ART is crucial for risk mitigation, especially during the implantation window when either endometrial biopsies are often practiced for endometrial receptivity assessment or embryo transfer is performed. To address this question, this review analyzed current knowledge of the field and retrospectively examined the gene expression profiles of SARS-CoV-2-associated receptors and proteases in a cohort of ART candidates using our previous Affymetrix microarray data. Human endometrial tissue under natural and controlled ovarian stimulation cycles and preimplantation embryos were analyzed. A focus was particularly drawn on the renin-angiotensin system, which plays a prominent role in the virus infection, and we compared the gene expression levels of receptors and proteases related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the samples. High prevalence of genes related to the ACE2 pathway during both cycle phases and mainly during the mid-secretory phase for ACE2 were reported. The impact of COS protocols on endometrial gene expression profile of SARS-CoV-2-associated receptors and proteases is minimal, suggesting no additional potential risks during stimulated ART procedure. In blastocysts, ACE2, BSG, CTSL, CTSA and FURIN were detectable in the entire cohort at high expression level. Specimens from female genital tract should be considered as potential targets for SARS-CoV-2, especially during the implantation window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Haouzi
- Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1203, DEFE, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.H.); (F.E.); (A.G.); (A.F.-H.); (S.B.)
- IRMB (Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Biotherapy), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France
- CHU Montpellier, ART/PGD Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Global ART Innovation Network, IRMB, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Frida Entezami
- Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1203, DEFE, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.H.); (F.E.); (A.G.); (A.F.-H.); (S.B.)
- ART Department, American Hospital of Paris, 92200 Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Edward Tuaillon
- CHU Montpellier, Bacteriology-Virology Department, 34295 Montpellier, France;
| | - Anna Gala
- Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1203, DEFE, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.H.); (F.E.); (A.G.); (A.F.-H.); (S.B.)
- CHU Montpellier, ART/PGD Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Alice Ferrières-Hoa
- Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1203, DEFE, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.H.); (F.E.); (A.G.); (A.F.-H.); (S.B.)
- CHU Montpellier, ART/PGD Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Brouillet
- Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1203, DEFE, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.H.); (F.E.); (A.G.); (A.F.-H.); (S.B.)
- IRMB (Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Biotherapy), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France
- CHU Montpellier, ART/PGD Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Alain R. Thierry
- Regional Institute of Cancer of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Samir Hamamah
- Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1203, DEFE, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.H.); (F.E.); (A.G.); (A.F.-H.); (S.B.)
- IRMB (Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Biotherapy), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France
- CHU Montpellier, ART/PGD Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Global ART Innovation Network, IRMB, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-04-67-33-64-04; Fax: +33-04-67-33-62-90
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Hypoxia may be a determinative factor in COVID-19 progression. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100030. [PMID: 34870146 PMCID: PMC8106824 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease which develops following SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, known as COVID-19, in most affected countries displays mortality from 1.5% to 9.8%. When leukocytosis due to granulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and increased level of D-dimers are detected early during the disease course, they are accurate predictors of mortality. Based on the published observations that each of the aforementioned disturbances by itself may appear as a consequence of hypoxia, a hypothesis is presented that early hypoxia consequential to sleep apnea and/or blunted respiratory response to chemical stimuli is an early determinant of COVID-19 progression to the severe and critical stage. Further, it is noted that host-directed therapies which may counteract hypoxia and its early downstream effects are initiated only upon hospitalization of COVID-19 patients, which is too late to be fully effective. An example is anticoagulation treatment with low molecular weight heparin. Repurposing drugs which could counteract some early posthypoxic events, such as fluvoxamine, amantadine and N-acetylcysteine, for post-exposure prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and early prehospital treatment of COVID-19, is indicated.
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Farag EA, Islam MM, Enan K, El-Hussein ARM, Bansal D, Haroun M. SARS-CoV-2 at the human-animal interphase: A review. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08496. [PMID: 34869934 PMCID: PMC8626158 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in China in December 2019, COVID-19 remains the recent leading disease of concern drawing the public health attention globally. The disease is known of viral origin and zoonotic nature originating from animals. However, to date neither the source of the spillover nor the intermediate hosts are identified. Moreover, the public health situation is intermittently aggravated by identification of new animals susceptible to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, potentially replicating the virus and maintaining intra and interspecies spread of the disease. Although the role of a given animal and/or its produce is important to map the disease pattern, continuous efforts should be undertaken to further understand the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, a vital step to establish effective disease prevention and control strategy. This manuscript attempted to review updates regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection at the human-animal interface with consideration to postulations on the genetic relatedness and origin of the different SARS-CoV-2 variants isolated from different animal species. Also, the review addresses the possible role of different animal species and their produce in transmission of the disease. Also, the manuscript discussed the contamination potentiality of the virus and its environmental stability. Finally, we reviewed the currently instituted measures to prevent and manage the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The manuscript suggested the One Health based control measures that could prove of value for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Mazharul Islam
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid Enan
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, Qatar
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Kamel WA, Kamel MI, Alhasawi A, Elmasry S, AlHamdan F, Al-Hashel JY. Effect of Pre-exposure Use of Amantadine on COVID-19 Infection: A Hospital-Based Cohort Study in Patients With Parkinson's Disease or Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2021; 12:704186. [PMID: 34690911 PMCID: PMC8529185 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.704186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Amantadine has been proposed to inhibit E-channel conductance in reconstituted lipid bilayers of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We aimed to study whether patients on amantadine have altered risks of contracting COVID-19 infection. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based, observational, retrospective cohort study using data for patients on amantadine supported by data given by the patients through an online questionnaire. We included registered amantadine users in our hospital for 6 months or more on March 1, 2020, and non-amantadine users to act as the control group. We used forced entry, multiple logistic regression models to estimate adjusted ORs for amantadine adjusting for the confounders. Findings: Between September 1, 2019, and March 1, 2020, 212 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) or multiple sclerosis (MS) received greater than one equal to two prescriptions of amantadine. We selected a random sample of diagnoses which matched 424 patients of non-amantadine users (1:2) as a control group (424 patients). Between March 1, 2020, and March 1, 2021, 256 patients responded to our online questionnaire, 87 patients were on amantadine (group I), and 169 patients were not (control group, group II). COVID-19 disease infection proved to be 5.7 and 11.8% in group I and II patients, respectively. Increased odds of COVID-19 in multivariable-adjusted models were associated with old age and history of contact with COVID cases. Amantadine was associated with a significantly reduced risk of COVID-19 disease infection (adjusted OR 0.256, 95% CI 0.074–0.888). Interpretation: Amantadine is associated with a reduced risk of COVID-19 infection after adjusting for a broad range of variables. History of contact with COVID cases and old age are risk factors for COVID-19 infection. Therefore, we recommended randomized clinical trials investigating amantadine use for the prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A Kamel
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.,Neurology Department, Ibn-Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohmed I Kamel
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Almunther Alhasawi
- Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Consultant, Infectious Disease Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sameh Elmasry
- Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Consultant, Infectious Disease Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fajer AlHamdan
- Internal Medicine Department, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Jasem Y Al-Hashel
- Neurology Department, Ibn-Sina Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Berdowska I, Matusiewicz M. Cathepsin L, transmembrane peptidase/serine subfamily member 2/4, and other host proteases in COVID-19 pathogenesis – with impact on gastrointestinal tract. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6590-6600. [PMID: 34754154 PMCID: PMC8554394 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i39.6590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) seems to employ two routes of entrance to the host cell; via membrane fusion (with the cells expressing both angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane peptidase/serine subfamily member 2/4 (TMPRSS2/4)) or via receptor-mediated endocytosis (to the target cells expressing only ACE2). The second mode is associated with cysteine cathepsins (probably cathepsin L) involvement in the virus spike protein (S protein) proteolytic activation. Also furin might activate the virus S protein enabling it to enter cells. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection is evident in a subset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients exhibiting GIT symptoms, such as diarrhea, and presenting viral-shedding in feces. Considering the abundance and co-localization of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the lower GIT (especially brush-border enterocytes), these two receptors seem to be mainly involved in SARS-CoV-2 invasion of the digestive tract. Additionally, in vitro studies have demonstrated the virions capability of infection and replication in the human epithelial cells lining GIT. However, also furin and cysteine cathepsins (cathepsin L) might participate in the activation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contributing to the virus invasiveness within GIT. Moreover, cathepsin L (due to its involvement in extracellular matrix components degradation and remodeling, the processes enhanced during SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation) might be responsible for the dysregulation of absorption/ digestion functions of GIT, thus adding to the observed in some COVID-19 patients symptoms such as diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Berdowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-368, Lower Silesia, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Matusiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-368, Lower Silesia, Poland
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Zhou Y, Gammeltoft KA, Galli A, Offersgaard A, Fahnøe U, Ramirez S, Bukh J, Gottwein JM. Efficacy of Ion-Channel Inhibitors Amantadine, Memantine and Rimantadine for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102082. [PMID: 34696509 PMCID: PMC8537953 DOI: 10.3390/v13102082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the in vitro efficacy of ion-channel inhibitors amantadine, memantine and rimantadine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In VeroE6 cells, rimantadine was most potent followed by memantine and amantadine (50% effective concentrations: 36, 80 and 116 µM, respectively). Rimantadine also showed the highest selectivity index, followed by amantadine and memantine (17.3, 12.2 and 7.6, respectively). Similar results were observed in human hepatoma Huh7.5 and lung carcinoma A549-hACE2 cells. Inhibitors interacted in a similar antagonistic manner with remdesivir and had a similar barrier to viral escape. Rimantadine acted mainly at the viral post-entry level and partially at the viral entry level. Based on these results, rimantadine showed the most promise for treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Zhou
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (Y.Z.); (K.A.G.); (A.G.); (A.O.); (U.F.); (S.R.); (J.B.)
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen A. Gammeltoft
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (Y.Z.); (K.A.G.); (A.G.); (A.O.); (U.F.); (S.R.); (J.B.)
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Galli
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (Y.Z.); (K.A.G.); (A.G.); (A.O.); (U.F.); (S.R.); (J.B.)
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Offersgaard
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (Y.Z.); (K.A.G.); (A.G.); (A.O.); (U.F.); (S.R.); (J.B.)
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Fahnøe
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (Y.Z.); (K.A.G.); (A.G.); (A.O.); (U.F.); (S.R.); (J.B.)
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Santseharay Ramirez
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (Y.Z.); (K.A.G.); (A.G.); (A.O.); (U.F.); (S.R.); (J.B.)
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (Y.Z.); (K.A.G.); (A.G.); (A.O.); (U.F.); (S.R.); (J.B.)
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Judith M. Gottwein
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; (Y.Z.); (K.A.G.); (A.G.); (A.O.); (U.F.); (S.R.); (J.B.)
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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Gene Expression Analysis through Parallel Non-Negative Matrix Factorization. COMPUTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/computation9100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic expression analysis is a principal tool to explain the behavior of genes in an organism when exposed to different experimental conditions. In the state of art, many clustering algorithms have been proposed. It is overwhelming the amount of biological data whose high-dimensional structure exceeds mostly current computational architectures. The computational time and memory consumption optimization actually become decisive factors in choosing clustering algorithms. We propose a clustering algorithm based on Non-negative Matrix Factorization and K-means to reduce data dimensionality but whilst preserving the biological context and prioritizing gene selection, and it is implemented within parallel GPU-based environments through the CUDA library. A well-known dataset is used in our tests and the quality of the results is measured through the Rand and Accuracy Index. The results show an increase in the acceleration of 6.22× compared to the sequential version. The algorithm is competitive in the biological datasets analysis and it is invariant with respect to the classes number and the size of the gene expression matrix.
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44
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COVID-19 manifestations in people with Parkinson's disease: a USA cohort. J Neurol 2021; 269:1107-1113. [PMID: 34482434 PMCID: PMC8418279 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background With the explosion of COVID-19 globally, it was unclear if people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) were at increased risk for severe manifestations or negative outcomes. Objectives To report on people with PD who had suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to understand how COVID-19 manifested in PD patients. Methods We surveyed PD patients who reported COVID-19 to their Movement Disorders specialists at Columbia University Irving Medical Center and respondents from an online survey administered by the Parkinson’s Foundation that assessed COVID-19 symptoms, general clinical outcomes and changes in motor and non-motor PD symptoms. Results Forty-six participants with PD and COVID-19 were enrolled. Similar to the general population, the manifestations of COVID-19 among people with PD were heterogeneous ranging from asymptomatic carriers (1/46) to death (6/46). The most commonly reported COVID-19 symptoms were fever/chills, fatigue, cough, weight loss, and muscle pain. Worsening and new onset of motor and non-motor PD symptoms during COVID-19 illness were also reported, including dyskinesia, rigidity, balance disturbances, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Conclusion We did not find sufficient evidence that PD is an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 and death. Larger studies with controls are required to understand this further. Longitudinal follow-up of these participants will allow for observation of possible long-term effects of COVID-19 in PD patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00415-021-10784-3.
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Abstract
Several adamantanes have established actions against coronaviruses. Amantadine, rimantadine, bananins and the structurally related memantine are effective against human respiratory coronavirus HCoV-OC43, bovine coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) and a spiroadamantane amine is effective against the coronavirus strain 229E. Molecular docking studies suggest that amantadine may block the viral E protein channel, leading to impaired viral propagation. Additionally, amantadine analogues may inhibit entry of the virus into the host cell by increasing the pH of the endosomes and thus inhibiting the action of host cell proteases such as Cathepsin L. High-throughput drug screen gene expression analysis identified compounds able to down-regulate Cathepsin L expression where the fifth most potent agent of 466 candidates was amantadine. Amantadine inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication in vitro but does not inhibit the binding of the spike protein to ACE2. Adamantanes also may act against coronaviruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via antagonism of glutamate (NMDA) and the α-7 subtype of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor located on bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells. As an NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine has the potential to inhibit entry of SARS-CoV-2 into these cell populations. Amantadine and memantine are widely employed for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and a pathophysiologic link between the antiviral and anti-Parkinson actions of amantadine has been entertained. Case reports involving 23 patients with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and a range of co-morbidities including type 2 diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and severe cognitive impairment reveal significant potential benefits of amantadine and memantine for the prevention and/or treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 and its neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger F Butterworth
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, 45143 Cabot Trail, Englishtown, NS, B0C 1H0, Canada.
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46
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Guo F, Yang X. A Comprehensive Review of the Management of Pregnant Women with COVID-19: Useful Information for Obstetricians. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:3363-3378. [PMID: 34466003 PMCID: PMC8402981 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s325496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the physiological changes of the cardiovascular system and respiratory system in pregnancy, pregnant women are vulnerable to pathogen infection and severe pneumonia. With the increasing incidence of COVID-19 pneumonia, its influence on pregnant women and neonates has attracted more attention. In this review, we collected all relevant articles published in English from September 1, 2019 to June 10, 2021, regarding the epidemiology, clinical presentations, chemical examinations, imaging findings, the timing of delivery and delivery mode, maternal and neonatal complications, medication, and vertical transmission of COVID-19 in pregnancy. It has been reported that compared with non-pregnant females, pregnant women with COVID-19 are more likely to develop into severe type. In particular, the risk of entering the intensive care unit and endotracheal intubation was higher. Chest computed tomography and blood routine examination are useful for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in a short period of time. COVID-19 pneumonia is not an independent indication for terminating the pregnancy, and it is not contraindicated for vaginal delivery. Compared to normal pregnant females, patients with COVID-19 showed an elevated susceptibility of preterm delivery. Multidisciplinary consultation was suggested in the treatment policy of COVID-19 in pregnancy. Currently, there is no evaluation on the safety, efficacy, and immunity of the approved vaccines for mothers and infants. In human placental tissues, the COVID-19 virus has been found by different detection methods. The mechanism by which the virus enters the placental tissue is unclear, which may be related to placental inflammation. The long-term prognosis of pregnant women with COVID-19 remains unclear and requires further detailed investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuhua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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Prasad K, AlOmar SY, Almuqri EA, Rudayni HA, Kumar V. Genomics-guided identification of potential modulators of SARS-CoV-2 entry proteases, TMPRSS2 and Cathepsins B/L. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256141. [PMID: 34407143 PMCID: PMC8372896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 requires serine protease, transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), and cysteine proteases, cathepsins B, L (CTSB/L) for entry into host cells. These host proteases activate the spike protein and enable SARS-CoV-2 entry. We herein performed genomic-guided gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to identify upstream regulatory elements altering the expression of TMPRSS2 and CTSB/L. Further, medicinal compounds were identified based on their effects on gene expression signatures of the modulators of TMPRSS2 and CTSB/L genes. Using this strategy, estradiol and retinoic acid have been identified as putative SARS-CoV-2 alleviation agents. Next, we analyzed drug-gene and gene-gene interaction networks using 809 human targets of SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The network results indicate that estradiol interacts with 370 (45%) and retinoic acid interacts with 251 (31%) human proteins. Interestingly, a combination of estradiol and retinoic acid interacts with 461 (56%) of human proteins, indicating the therapeutic benefits of drug combination therapy. Finally, molecular docking analysis suggests that both the drugs bind to TMPRSS2 and CTSL with the nanomolar to low micromolar affinity. The results suggest that these drugs can simultaneously target both the entry pathways of SARS-CoV-2 and thus can be considered as a potential treatment option for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartikay Prasad
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology & Neurosciences (AINN), Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Suliman Yousef AlOmar
- Department of College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Abdullah Almuqri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Ahmed Rudayni
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology & Neurosciences (AINN), Amity University, Noida, UP, India
- * E-mail:
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Cartella SM, Terranova C, Rizzo V, Quartarone A, Girlanda P. Covid-19 and Parkinson's disease: an overview. J Neurol 2021; 268:4415-4421. [PMID: 34313818 PMCID: PMC8313415 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In March 2020, WHO declared Covid-19 outbreak pandemic. There has been increasing evidence that frail, old, multi-pathological patients are at greater risk of developing severe Covid-19 infection than younger, healthy ones. Covid-19's impact on Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients could be analysed through both the influence on PD patients' health and their risk of developing severe Covid-19, and the consequences of lockdown and restrictive measures on mental and cognitive health on both patients and caregivers. Moreover, there are critical issues to be considered about patients' care and management through an unprecedented time like this. One important issue to consider is physiotherapy, as most patients cannot keep exercising because of restrictive measures which has profoundly impacted on their health. Lastly, the relationship between PD and Sars-Cov2 may be even more complicated than it seems as some studies have hypothesized a possible Covid-19-induced parkinsonism. Hereby, we review the state of the art about the relationship between Covid-19 and Parkinson's Disease, focusing on each of these five points.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Cartella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - C Terranova
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - V Rizzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - A Quartarone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - P Girlanda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Gao X, Liu Y, Zou S, Liu P, Zhao J, Yang C, Liang M, Yang J. Genome-wide screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection-related genes based on the blood leukocytes sequencing data set of patients with COVID-19. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5544-5554. [PMID: 34009691 PMCID: PMC8242610 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a global epidemic disease caused by a novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), causing serious adverse effects on human health. In this study, we obtained a blood leukocytes sequencing data set of COVID‐19 patients from the GEO database and obtained differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We further analyzed these DEGs by protein–protein interaction analysis and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and identified the DEGs closely related to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Then, we constructed a six‐gene model (comprising IFIT3, OASL, USP18, XAF1, IFI27, and EPSTI1) by logistic regression analysis and calculated the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the diagnosis of COVID‐19. The AUC values of the training group, testing group, and entire group were 0.930, 0.914, and 0.921, respectively. The six genes were highly expressed in patients with COVID‐19 and positively correlated with the expression of SARS‐CoV‐2 invasion‐related genes (ACE2, TMPRSS2, CTSB, and CTSL). The risk score calculated by this model was also positively correlated with the expression of TMPRSS2, CTSB, and CTSL, indicating that the six genes were closely related to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. In conclusion, we comprehensively analyzed the functions of DEGs in the blood leukocytes of patients with COVID‐19 and constructed a six‐gene model that may contribute to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic ideas for COVID‐19. Moreover, these six genes may be therapeutic targets for COVID‐19. COVID‐19 is a global epidemic and poses a serious risk to human health. The differentially expressed genes related to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in leukocytes of patients with COVD‐19 were screened. A 6‐gene model for COVID‐19 diagnosis and treatment was constructed by logistic regression analysis. The role and mechanism of these six genes (IFIT3, OASL, USP18, XAF1, IFI27, and EPSTI1) in COVID‐19 were preliminarily analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, Hunan, China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, Hunan, China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Shaohui Zou
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, Hunan, China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Pengqin Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, Hunan, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, Hunan, China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Changshun Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, Hunan, China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Mingxing Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, Hunan, China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Jinlian Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Huaihua, Hunan, China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Huaihua, Hunan, China
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50
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Anwar F, Naqvi S, Al-Abbasi FA, Neelofar N, Kumar V, Sahoo A, Kamal MA. Targeting COVID-19 in Parkinson's Patients: Drugs Repurposed. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2392-2408. [PMID: 32881656 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200903115138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The last couple of months have witnessed the world in a state of virtual standstill. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has overtaken the globe to economic and social lockdown. Many patients with COVID-19 have compromised immunity, especially in an aged population suffering from Parkinson 's disease (PD). Alteration in dopaminergic neurons and deficiency of dopamine in PD patients are the most common symptoms affecting 1% population above the age of 60 years. The compromised immune system and inflammatory manifestation in PD patients make them an easy target. The most common drugs under trial for COVID-19 are remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin along with adjunct drugs like amantadine with some monoclonal antibodies. Presently, clinically US FDA approved drugs in PD include Levodopa, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors, (Entacapone and Tolcapone), dopamine agonists (Bromocriptine, Ropinirole, Pramipexole, and Rotigotine), monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors (Selegiline and Rasagiline), amantadine and antimuscarinic drugs. The drugs have established mechanisms of action on PD patients with known pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties along with dose and adverse effects. Conclusion and relevance of this review focus on the drugs that can be tried on PD patients with SAR CoV-2 infection, in particular, amantadine that has been approved by all the developed countries as a common drug possessing both antiviral properties by downregulation of CTSL, lysosomal pathway disturbance and change in pH necessary to uncoat the viral proteins and anti- Parkinson properties. To deal with the significant prognostic adverse effect of SARS-CoV-2 on PD, the present-day treatment options, clinical presentation and various mechanisms are the need of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma Naqvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nauroz Neelofar
- Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Natural Product Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, SHUATS, Naini, Prayagraj, India
| | - Ankit Sahoo
- Natural Product Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, SHUATS, Naini, Prayagraj, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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