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Donzella S, Colacicco A, Nespoli L, Contente ML. Mimicking Natural Metabolisms: Cell-Free Flow Preparation of Dopamine. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200462. [PMID: 36315165 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of dopamine (DA) from L-tyrosine as starting material is an excellent yet challenging strategy. Here we developed a versatile, multi-enzymatic platform for the biocatalytic preparation of DA in a continuous mode with excellent conversion (90 %) and reaction time (45 min). The system exploits the immobilization of a decarboxylase from Bacillus pumilis (Fdc) and a tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus (Tyr), which were combined to mimic the in-vivo synthesis of DA (both primary and secondary metabolisms) giving rise to an efficient strategy with a considerable reduction of process associated costs and environmental impact. To enhance the system automation, an in-line purification via catch-and-release procedure was added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Donzella
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Agostina Colacicco
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Nespoli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina L Contente
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
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2
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Yaashikaa PR, Devi MK, Kumar PS. Advances in the application of immobilized enzyme for the remediation of hazardous pollutant: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134390. [PMID: 35339523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, ecofriendly, low-cost, and sustainable alternatives techniques have been focused on the effective removal of hazardous pollutants from the water streams. In this context, enzyme immobilization seems to be of specific interest to several researchers to develop novel, effective, greener, and hybrid strategies for the removal of toxic contaminants. Immobilization is a biotechnological tool, anchoring the enzymes on support material to enhance the stability and retain the structural conformation of enzymes for catalysis. Recyclability and reusability are the main merits of immobilized enzymes over free enzymes. Studies showed that immobilized enzyme laccase can be used up to 7 cycles with 66% efficiency, peroxidase can be recycled to 2 cycles with 50% efficiency, and also cellulase to 3 cycles with 91% efficiency. In this review, basic concepts of immobilization, different immobilization techniques, and carriers used for immobilization are summarized. In addition to that, the potential of immobilized enzymes as the bioremediation agents for the effective degradation of pollutants from the contaminated zone and the impact of different operating parameters are summarized in-depth. Further, this review provides future trends and challenges that have to be solved shortly for enhancing the potential of immobilized systems for large-scale industrial wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Yaashikaa
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - M Keerthana Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India.
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3
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Jarosz T, Ledwon P. Electrochemically Produced Copolymers of Pyrrole and Its Derivatives: A Plentitude of Material Properties Using "Simple" Heterocyclic Co-Monomers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:E281. [PMID: 33430477 PMCID: PMC7826606 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polypyrrole is a classical, well-known conjugated polymer that is produced from a simple heterocyclic system. Numerous pyrrole derivatives exhibit biological activity, and the repeat unit is a common building block present in the chemical structure of many polymeric materials, finding wide application, primarily in optoelectronics and sensing. In this work, we focus on the variety of copolymers and their material properties that can be produced electrochemically, even though all these systems are obtained from mixtures of the "simple" pyrrole monomer and its derivatives with different conjugated and non-conjugated species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Przemyslaw Ledwon
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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4
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Utilization of enzyme extract self-encapsulated within polypyrrole in sensitive detection of catechol. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 128:34-39. [PMID: 31186108 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of polyphenol oxidases (laccase, tyrosinase) in biosensor technology is an efficient approach towards phenol detection, which is significant in numerous fields such as environmental monitoring, food industry etc. The use of crude extract instead of pure enzyme eliminates the need for costly and laborious processes of enzyme separation and purification. This study employs polyphenol oxidase extract, biosynthesized by white-rot fungi Trametes pubescens (TP) for the development of amperometric biosensors for catechol detection. The catalytic activity of the crude extract was firstly used to induce the bio-synthesis of conducting polymer - polypyrrole (Ppy), resulting in the self-encapsulation of the enzyme extract within the conducting material. The viability and biological integrity of the enzyme extract was preserved after the synthesis and was able to efficiently detect phenolic compounds such as catechol. Comparative evaluations between the biosynthesized Ppy based biosensor (bio-Ppy) and the biosensor based on bio-PPy with additional enzyme extract (bio-Ppy-TP) were performed. Lastly, the performance of these two biosensors was compared with that of a third one, based on chemically synthesized Ppy with enzyme extract (chem-Ppy-TP). All three types of biosensors proved high efficiency for catechol detection at low concentration (1-60 μM) and were employed for real sample detection in fruit wines showing linear correlation with the spectrophotometric results obtained with the Folin-Ciocalteau standard test.
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5
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Capecchi E, Piccinino D, Delfino I, Bollella P, Antiochia R, Saladino R. Functionalized Tyrosinase-Lignin Nanoparticles as Sustainable Catalysts for the Oxidation of Phenols. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E438. [PMID: 29914085 PMCID: PMC6027214 DOI: 10.3390/nano8060438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable catalysts for the oxidation of phenol derivatives under environmentally friendly conditions were prepared by the functionalization of lignin nanoparticles with tyrosinase. Lignin, the most abundant polyphenol in nature, is the main byproduct in the pulp and paper manufacturing industry and biorefinery. Tyrosinase has been immobilized by direct adsorption, encapsulation, and layer-by-layer deposition, with or without glutaraldehyde reticulation. Lignin nanoparticles were found to be stable to the tyrosinase activity. After the enzyme immobilization, they showed a moderate to high catalytic effect in the synthesis of catechol derivatives, with the efficacy of the catalyst being dependent on the specific immobilization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Capecchi
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Davide Piccinino
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Ines Delfino
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Riccarda Antiochia
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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6
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In vivo cytotoxicity, molecular docking and study of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase on polycarbazole-titanium dioxide nanocomposite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Pramanik N, Dutta K, Basu RK, Kundu PP. Aromatic π-Conjugated Curcumin on Surface Modified Polyaniline/Polyhydroxyalkanoate Based 3D Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:2365-2377. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilkamal Pramanik
- Advanced
Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata-700 009, India
| | - Kingshuk Dutta
- Advanced
Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata-700 009, India
| | - Ranjan K. Basu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata-700 009, India
| | - Patit P. Kundu
- Advanced
Polymer Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata-700 009, India
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India
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8
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Roychoudhury A, Basu S, Jha SK. Dopamine biosensor based on surface functionalized nanostructured nickel oxide platform. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 84:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Homaei A. Enhanced activity and stability of papain immobilized on CNBr-activated sepharose. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:373-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Baig U, Gondal MA, Alam MF, Laskar AA, Alam M, Younus H. Enzyme immobilization and molecular modeling studies on an organic–inorganic polypyrrole–titanium(iv)phosphate nanocomposite. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01463h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A polypyrrole–titanium(iv)phosphate nanocomposite was synthesized by using facile chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of titanium(iv)phosphate for YADH immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Baig
- Center of Excellence for Scientific Research Collaboration with MIT
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
- Laser Research Group
| | - Mohammed Ashraf Gondal
- Center of Excellence for Scientific Research Collaboration with MIT
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
- Laser Research Group
| | - Md Fazle Alam
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
| | - Amaj Ahmed Laskar
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division of Bioscience
- Dongguk University
- Gyeongju 780-714
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hina Younus
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
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11
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Soylemez S, Hacioglu SO, Kesik M, Unay H, Cirpan A, Toppare L. A novel and effective surface design: conducting polymer/β-cyclodextrin host-guest system for cholesterol biosensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18290-18300. [PMID: 25279806 DOI: 10.1021/am5054493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The combination of supramolecules and conducting polymers (CPs) has gained much attention for the development of new immobilization matrices for biomolecules. Herein, an amperometric biosensor based on a novel conducting polymer, poly(2-(2-octyldodecyl)-4,7-di(selenoph-2-yl)-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole)) (PSBTz) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) for the detection of cholesterol, was constructed. The PSBTz film with β-CD was deposited on a graphite electrode by electropolymerization technique to achieve a suitable matrix for enzyme immobilization. Moreover, to justify the immobilization, alkyl chain containing conducting polymer (PSBTz) was designed, synthesized and electrochemically polymerized on the transducer surface. Alkyl chains in the structure of SBTz and hydroxyl groups of β-CD contributed to effective immobilization while protecting the suitable orientation of the biomolecule. Cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) was covalently immobilized onto the modified surface using N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) as the cross-linking agent. After successful immobilization, amperometric biosensor responses were recorded at −0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (KM(app)), maximum current (Imax), limit of detection (LOD), and sensitivity values were determined: 28.9 μM, 12.1 μA, 0.005 μM, and 5.77 μA/μM cm(2), respectively. The fabricated biosensor was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Finally, the prepared biosensor was successfully applied for the determination of cholesterol in blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniye Soylemez
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
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12
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Subrizi F, Crucianelli M, Grossi V, Passacantando M, Pesci L, Saladino R. Carbon Nanotubes as Activating Tyrosinase Supports for the Selective Synthesis of Catechols. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400856e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Subrizi
- Department
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via
Vetoio, I-67100 Coppito, AQ, Italy
| | - Marcello Crucianelli
- Department
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via
Vetoio, I-67100 Coppito, AQ, Italy
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Department
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via
Vetoio, I-67100 Coppito, AQ, Italy
| | - Maurizio Passacantando
- Department
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via
Vetoio, I-67100 Coppito, AQ, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pesci
- Department
of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department
of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy
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13
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Bozzini T, Botta G, Delfino M, Onofri S, Saladino R, Amatore D, Sgarbanti R, Nencioni L, Palamara AT. Tyrosinase and Layer-by-Layer supported tyrosinases in the synthesis of lipophilic catechols with antiinfluenza activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7699-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Theoretical and experimental studies on the electronic, optical, and structural properties of poly-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid films. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Shadi L, Karimi M, Entezami AA, Safa KD. A facile synthesis of polyaniline/polyethylene glycol/polyaniline terpolymers: preparation of electrospun conducting nanofibers by blending of the terpolymers with polycaprolactone. Polym Bull (Berl) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-013-1038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Lupu S, Lete C, Balaure PC, Caval DI, Mihailciuc C, Lakard B, Hihn JY, del Campo FJ. Development of amperometric biosensors based on nanostructured tyrosinase-conducting polymer composite electrodes. SENSORS 2013; 13:6759-74. [PMID: 23698270 PMCID: PMC3690080 DOI: 10.3390/s130506759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bio-composite coatings consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and tyrosinase (Ty) were successfully electrodeposited on conventional size gold (Au) disk electrodes and microelectrode arrays using sinusoidal voltages. Electrochemical polymerization of the corresponding monomer was carried out in the presence of various Ty amounts in aqueous buffered solutions. The bio-composite coatings prepared using sinusoidal voltages and potentiostatic electrodeposition methods were compared in terms of morphology, electrochemical properties, and biocatalytic activity towards various analytes. The amperometric biosensors were tested in dopamine (DA) and catechol (CT) electroanalysis in aqueous buffered solutions. The analytical performance of the developed biosensors was investigated in terms of linear response range, detection limit, sensitivity, and repeatability. A semi-quantitative multi-analyte procedure for simultaneous determination of DA and CT was developed. The amperometric biosensor prepared using sinusoidal voltages showed much better analytical performance. The Au disk biosensor obtained by 50 mV alternating voltage amplitude displayed a linear response for DA concentrations ranging from 10 to 300 μM, with a detection limit of 4.18 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelian Lupu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Gheorghe 1-5, Bucharest 011061, Romania; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +40-741-984-028; Fax: +40-213-111-796
| | - Cecilia Lete
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu” of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202, Bucharest 060021, Romania; E-Mail:
| | - Paul Cătălin Balaure
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Gheorghe 1-5, Bucharest 011061, Romania; E-Mail:
| | - Dan Ion Caval
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Gheorghe 1-5, Bucharest 011061, Romania; E-Mail:
| | - Constantin Mihailciuc
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Bld. Regina Elisabeta 4-12, Bucharest 030018, Romania; E-Mail:
| | - Boris Lakard
- Institut UTINAM, CNRS-UMR 6213, Université de Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, Besançon Cedex 25030, France; E-Mails: (B.L.); (J.-Y.H.)
| | - Jean-Yves Hihn
- Institut UTINAM, CNRS-UMR 6213, Université de Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, Besançon Cedex 25030, France; E-Mails: (B.L.); (J.-Y.H.)
| | - Francisco Javier del Campo
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain; E-Mail:
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Foschini M, Marletta A, Faria RC, Leonard D, Bessueille F, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Gonçalves D. Electrochemically Prepared Polypyrrole-2-Carboxylic Acid Films: Synthesis Protocols and Studies on Biosensors. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Yuan J, Gaponik N, Eychmüller A. Application of Polymer Quantum Dot-Enzyme Hybrids in the Biosensor Development and Test Paper Fabrication. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5047-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300714j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Prospects of Organic Conducting Polymer Modified Electrodes: Enzymosensors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/502707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic conducting polymer modified electrodes (OCPMEs) have emerged as potential candidates for electrochemical biosensors due to their easy preparation methods along with unique properties, like stability in air and being compatible with biological molecules in a neutral aqueous solution. OCPMEs are playing an important role in the improvement of public health and environment for the detection of desired analytes with high sensitivity and specificity. In this paper, we highlight the prospects of OCMEs-based electrochemical enzymosensors.
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20
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Layer-by-Layer coated tyrosinase: An efficient and selective synthesis of catechols. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:157-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Guazzaroni M, Pasqualini M, Botta G, Saladino R. A Novel Synthesis of Bioactive Catechols by Layer-by-Layer Immobilized Tyrosinase in an Organic Solvent Medium. ChemCatChem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Apetrei C, Rodríguez-Méndez M, De Saja J. Amperometric tyrosinase based biosensor using an electropolymerized phosphate-doped polypyrrole film as an immobilization support. Application for detection of phenolic compounds. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Odaci D, Kahveci MU, Sahkulubey EL, Ozdemir C, Uyar T, Timur S, Yagci Y. In situ synthesis of biomolecule encapsulated gold-cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) nanocomposite as biosensing platform: A model study. Bioelectrochemistry 2010; 79:211-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Tuncagil S, Varis S, Toppare L. Design of a biosensor based on 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,5-di(2-thienyl)-1H pyrrole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Adsorption of cellulase Aspergillus niger on a commercial activated carbon: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 75:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Cysteine enhances activity and stability of immobilized papain. Amino Acids 2009; 38:937-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Odaci D, Kiralp Kayahan S, Timur S, Toppare L. Use of a thiophene-based conducting polymer in microbial biosensing. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tembe S, Kubal B, Karve M, D'Souza S. Glutaraldehyde activated eggshell membrane for immobilization of tyrosinase from Amorphophallus companulatus: Application in construction of electrochemical biosensor for dopamine. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 612:212-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rahman MA, Kumar P, Park DS, Shim YB. Electrochemical Sensors Based on Organic Conjugated Polymers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2008; 8:118-141. [PMID: 27879698 PMCID: PMC3681146 DOI: 10.3390/s8010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic conjugated polymers (conducting polymers) have emerged as potentialcandidates for electrochemical sensors. Due to their straightforward preparation methods,unique properties, and stability in air, conducting polymers have been applied to energystorage, electrochemical devices, memory devices, chemical sensors, and electrocatalysts.Conducting polymers are also known to be compatible with biological molecules in aneutral aqueous solution. Thus, these are extensively used in the fabrication of accurate,fast, and inexpensive devices, such as biosensors and chemical sensors in the medicaldiagnostic laboratories. Conducting polymer-based electrochemical sensors and biosensorsplay an important role in the improvement of public health and environment because rapiddetection, high sensitivity, small size, and specificity are achievable for environmentalmonitoring and clinical diagnostics. In this review, we summarized the recent advances inconducting polymer-based electrochemical sensors, which covers chemical sensors(potentiometric, voltammetric, amperometric) and biosensors (enzyme based biosensors,immunosensors, DNA sensors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Aminur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovative Bio.Physio Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Keumjeong-ku, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovative Bio.Physio Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Keumjeong-ku, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
| | - Deog-Su Park
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovative Bio.Physio Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Keumjeong-ku, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
| | - Yoon-Bo Shim
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovative Bio.Physio Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Keumjeong-ku, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
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de Melo-Junior MR, Alves LC, dos Santos FB, Beltrão EIC, de Carvalho LB. Polysiloxane–polyvinyl alcohol discs as support for antibody immobilization: Ultra-structural and physical–chemical characterization. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kiralp S, Balik B, Karatas S, Toppare L, Gungor A. An alternative supporting electrolyte for enzyme immobilization in conducting polymers. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 42:191-4. [PMID: 18029009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study an alternative supporting electrolyte was used in enzyme immobilization. Invertase was studied to observe the effect of the supporting electrolyte. Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) was used as the supporting electrolyte during the electrolysis of pyrrole. The results show that the polymeric supporting electrolyte can be used instead of sodium dodecyl sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Kiralp
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
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Kennedy LJ, Selvi PK, Padmanabhan A, Hema KN, Sekaran G. Immobilization of polyphenol oxidase onto mesoporous activated carbons -- isotherm and kinetic studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 69:262-70. [PMID: 17544053 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Investigations were carried out in batch modes for studying the immobilization behavior of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) on two different mesoporous activated carbon matrices, MAC400 and MAC200. The PPO was immobilized onto MAC400 and MAC200 at various enzyme activities 5 x 10(4), 10 x 10(4), 20 x 10(4), 30 x 10(4)Ul(-1), at pH 5-8, and at temperature ranging from 10 to 40 degrees C. The intensity of immobilization of PPO increased with increase in temperature and initial activities, while it decreased with increase in pH. Immobilization onto MAC400 followed the Langmuir model while Langmuir and Freundlich models could fit MAC200 data. Non-linear pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intraparticle diffusion models were evaluated to understand the mechanism of immobilization. The free and immobilized enzyme kinetic parameters (K(m) and V(max)) were determined by Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics. The K(m) values for free enzyme, PPO immobilized in MAC400 and in MAC200 were 0.49, 0.41 and 0.65 mM, respectively. The immobilization of PPO in carbon matrices was confirmed using FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L John Kennedy
- Department of Environmental Technology, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India.
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Yildiz HB, Sahmetlioglu E, Boyukbayram AE, Toppare L, Yagci Y. Immobilization of tyrosinase and alcohol oxidase in conducting copolymers of thiophene functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol) with pyrrole. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 41:332-7. [PMID: 17555810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of tyrosinase and alcohol oxidase is achieved in the copolymer of pyrrole with vinyl alcohol with thiophene side groups (PVATh-co-PPy) which is a newly synthesized conducting polymer. PVATh-co-PPy/alcohol oxidase and PVATh-co-PPy/tyrosinase electrodes are constructed by the entrapment of enzyme in conducting copolymer matrix during electrochemical copolymerization. For tyrosinase and alcohol oxidase enzymes, catechol and ethanol are used as the substrates, respectively. Kinetic parameters: maximum reaction rates (V(max)) and Michaelis-Menten constants (K(m)) are obtained. V(max) and K(m) are found as 2.75 micromol/(minelectrode) and 18 mM, respectively, for PVATh-co-PPy/alcohol oxidase electrode and as 0.0091micromol/(minelectrode) and 40 mM, respectively, for PVATh-co-PPy/tyrosinase electrode. Maximum temperature and pH values are investigated and found that both electrodes have a wide working range with respect to both temperature and pH. Operational and storage stabilities show that although they have limited storage stabilities, the enzyme electrodes are useful with respect to operational stabilities.
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Cil M, Böyükbayram AE, Kiralp S, Toppare L, Yağci Y. Various applications of immobilized glucose oxidase and polyphenol oxidase in a conducting polymer matrix. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 41:49-55. [PMID: 17291580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, glucose oxidase and polyphenol oxidase were immobilized in conducting polymer matrices; polypyrrole and poly(N-(4-(3-thienyl methylene)-oxycarbonyl phenyl) maleimide-co-pyrrole) via electrochemical method. Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscope were employed to characterize the copolymer of (N-(4-(3-thienyl methylene)-oxycarbonyl phenyl) maleimide) with pyrrole. Kinetic parameters, maximum reaction rate and Michealis-Menten constant, were determined. Effects of temperature and pH were examined for immobilized enzymes. Also, storage and operational stabilities of enzyme electrodes were investigated. Glucose and polyphenol oxidase enzyme electrodes were used for determination of the glucose amount in orange juices and human serum and phenolic amount in red wines, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cil
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
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Marín-Zamora ME, Rojas-Melgarejo F, García-Canovas F, García-Ruiz PA. Stereospecificity of mushroom tyrosinase immobilized on a chiral and a nonchiral support. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:4569-75. [PMID: 17488091 DOI: 10.1021/jf0701178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mushroom tyrosinase was immobilized from an extract onto glass beads covered with the cross-linked totally cinnamoylated derivates of d-sorbitol (sorbitol cinnamate) and glycerine (glycerine cinnamate). The enzyme was immobilized onto the support by direct adsorption, and the quantity of immobilized tyrosinase was higher for sorbitol cinnamate, the support with the higher number of esterified hydroxyls per unit of monosacharide, than for glycerine cinnamate. The results obtained from the stereospecificity study of the monophenolase and diphenolase activity of immobilized mushroom tyrosinase are reported. The enantiomers L-tyrosine, DL-tyrosine, D-tyrosine, L-dopa, DL-dopa, D-dopa, L-alpha-methyldopa, DL-alpha-methyldopa, L-isoprenaline, DL-isoprenaline, L-adrenaline, DL-adrenaline, L-noradrenaline, and D-noradrenaline were assayed with tyrosinase immobilized on a chiral support (sorbitol cinnamate), whereas L-tyrosine, DL-tyrosine, D-tyrosine, L-dopa, DL-dopa, D-dopa, L-alpha-methyldopa, and DL-alpha-methyldopa were assayed with tyrosinase immobilized on a nonchiral support (glycerine cinnamate). The same Vmax(app) values for each series of enantiomers were obtained. However, the Km(app) values were different, the l isomers showing lower values than the dl isomers, whereas the highest Km(app) value was obtained with d isomers. No difference was observed in the stereospecificity of tyrosinase immobilized on a chiral (sorbitol cinnamate) or nonchiral (glycerine cinnamate) support.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Marín-Zamora
- Grupo de Química de Carbohidratos y Biotecnología de Alimentos (QCBA), Departamento de Química OrgAnica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Marín-Zamora ME, Rojas-Melgarejo F, García-Cánovas F, García-Ruiz PA. Effects of the immobilization supports on the catalytic properties of immobilized mushroom tyrosinase: a comparative study using several substrates. J Biotechnol 2007; 131:388-96. [PMID: 17868943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mushroom tyrosinase was immobilized from an extract onto glass beads covered with one of the following compounds: the crosslinked totally cinnamoylated derivatives of glycerine, D-sorbitol, D-manitol, 1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose, D-glucuronic acid, D-gulonic acid, sucrose, D-glucosone, D-arabinose, D-fructose, D-glucose, ethyl-D-glucopyranoside, inuline, dextrine, dextrane or starch, or the partially cinnamoylated derivative 3,5,6-tricinnamoyl-D-glucofuranose which was obtained by the acid hydrolysis of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-d-glucofuranose. The enzyme was immobilized by direct adsorption onto the support and the quantity of tyrosinase immobilized was found to increase with the hydrophobicity of the supports. The kinetic constants of immobilized tyrosinase acting on the substrates, 4-tert-butylcatechol, dopamine and DL-dopa, were studied. When immobilized tyrosinase acted on 4-tert-butylcatechol, the values of K(m)(app) were lower than these obtained for tyrosinase in solution while, when dopamine and DL-dopa were used, the K(m)(app) were higher. The order of the substrates as regards their ionizable groups, DL-dopa (two ionizable groups)>dopamine (one ionizable group)>4-tert-butylcatechol (no ionizable group) coincided with the order of the K(m)(app) values shown by tyrosinase immobilized on the hydrophobic supports, and was the inverse of that observed for tyrosinase in solution. The K(m)(app) values of immobilized tyrosinase were in all cases higher than those of soluble tyrosinase and depended on the nature of the support and the hydrophobicity of the substrate, meaning that it is possible to design supports with different degrees of selectivity towards a mixture of enzyme substrates in the reaction medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Marín-Zamora
- Grupo de Química de Carbohidratos y Biotecnología de Alimentos (QCBA), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Richardson RT, Thompson B, Moulton S, Newbold C, Lum MG, Cameron A, Wallace G, Kapsa R, Clark G, O'Leary S. The effect of polypyrrole with incorporated neurotrophin-3 on the promotion of neurite outgrowth from auditory neurons. Biomaterials 2007; 28:513-23. [PMID: 17007922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This research aims to improve the nerve-electrode interface of the cochlear implant using polymer technology to encourage neuron survival, elongation and adhesion to the electrodes. Polypyrrole (Ppy) doped with p-toluene sulphonate (pTS) is an electroactive polymer into which neurotrophin-3 (NT3) can be incorporated. Ppy/pTS+/-NT3 was synthesised over gold electrodes and used as a surface for auditory neuron explant culture. Neurite outgrowth from explants grown on Ppy/pTS was equivalent to tissue culture plastic but improved with the incorporation of NT3 (Ppy/pTS/NT3). Electrical stimulation of Ppy/pTS/NT3 with a biphasic current pulse, as used in cochlear implants, significantly improved neurite outgrowth from explants. Using (125)I-NT3, it was shown that low levels of NT3 passively diffused from Ppy/pTS/NT3 during normal incubation and that electrical stimulation enhanced the release of biologically active NT3 in quantities adequate for neuron survival. Furthermore, Ppy/pTS/NT3 and its constituents were not toxic to auditory neurons and the Ppy/pTS/NT3 coating on gold electrodes did not alter impedance. If applied to the cochlear implant, Ppy/pTS/NT3 will provide a biocompatible, low-impedance substrate for storage and release of NT3 to help protect auditory neurons from degradation after sensorineural hearing loss and encourage neurite outgrowth towards the electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael T Richardson
- The Bionic Ear Institute, 384 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Vic. 3002, Australia.
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Malhotra BD, Chaubey A, Singh SP. Prospects of conducting polymers in biosensors. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 578:59-74. [PMID: 17723695 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Applications of conducting polymers to biosensors have recently aroused much interest. This is because these molecular electronic materials offer control of different parameters such as polymer layer thickness, electrical properties and bio-reagent loading, etc. Moreover, conducting polymer based biosensors are likely to cater to the pressing requirements such as biocompatibility, possibility of in vivo sensing, continuous monitoring of drugs or metabolites, multi-parametric assays, miniaturization and high information density. This paper deals with the emerging trends in conducting polymer based biosensors during the last about 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bansi D Malhotra
- Biomolecular Electronics and Conducting Polymer Research Group, National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India.
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Tembe S, Karve M, Inamdar S, Haram S, Melo J, D'Souza SF. Development of electrochemical biosensor based on tyrosinase immobilized in composite biopolymeric film. Anal Biochem 2006; 349:72-7. [PMID: 16360108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical enzyme electrode for dopa and dopamine was developed via an easy and effective immobilization method. The enzyme tyrosinase was extracted from a plant source Amorphophallus companulatus and immobilized in a novel composite of two biopolymers: agarose and guar gum. This composite matrix-containing enzyme forms a self-adhering layer on the active surface of glassy carbon electrode, making it a selective and sensitive phenol sensor. Dopa and dopamine were determined by the direct reduction of biocatalytically liberated quinone species at -0.18V versus Ag/AgCl (3M KCl). The analytical characteristics of this sensor, including linear range, lower detection limit, pH, and storage stability, are described. It has reusability up to 15 cycles and a shelf life of more than 2 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Tembe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
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Özalp-Yaman Ş, Baştürkmen M, Kısakürek D. Simultaneous novel synthesis of conducting and non-conducting halogenated polymers by electroinitiation of (2,4,6-trichloro- or 2,6-dichlorophenolato)Ni(II) complexes. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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