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Reynoso-Cereceda GI, Valdez-Cruz NA, Pérez NO, Trujillo-Roldán MA. A comprehensive study of glucose and oxygen gradients in a scaled-down model of recombinant HuGM-CSF production in thermoinduced Escherichia coli fed-batch cultures. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38701182 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2347403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The effect of gradients of elevated glucose and low dissolved oxygen in the addition zone of fed-batch E. coli thermoinduced recombinant high cell density cultures can be evaluated through two-compartment scale-down models. Here, glucose was fed in the inlet of a plug flow bioreactor (PFB) connected to a stirred tank bioreactor (STB). E. coli cells diminished growth from 48.2 ± 2.2 g/L in the stage of RP production if compared to control (STB) with STB-PFB experiments, when residence time inside the PFB was 25 s (34.1 ± 3.5 g/L) and 40 s (25.6 ± 5.1 g/L), respectively. The recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rHuGM-CSF) production decreased from 34 ± 7% of RP in inclusion bodies (IB) in control cultures to 21 ± 8%, and 7 ± 4% during the thermoinduction production phase when increasing residence time inside the PFB to 25 s and 40 s, respectively. This, along with the accumulation of acetic and formic acid (up to 4 g/L), indicates metabolic redirection of central carbon routes through metabolic flow and mixed acid fermentation. Special care must be taken when producing a recombinant protein in heat-induced E. coli, because the yield and productivity of the protein decreases as the size of the bioreactors increases, especially if they are carried at high cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta I Reynoso-Cereceda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. Unidad de Posgrado, CDMX, México
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Nestor O Pérez
- Probiomed S.A. de C.V. Planta Tenancingo, Cruce de Carreteras Acatzingo- Zumpahuacan SN, Tenancingo, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Baja California, Mexico
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2
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Gong L, Yang Z, Zhang F, Gao W. Cytokine conjugates to elastin-like polypeptides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 190:114541. [PMID: 36126792 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are a group of pleiotropic proteins which are crucial for various biological processes and useful as therapeutics. However, they usually suffer from the poor stability, extreme short circulation half-life, difficulty in high-yield and large-scale production and side effects, which greatly restricts their applications. Over the past decades, conjugation of cytokines with elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), a type of promising biomaterials, have showed great potential in solving these challenges due to ELP's thermal responsiveness, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, non-immunogenicity, and ease of design and control at the genetic level. This review presents recent progress in the design and production of a variety of ELP conjugated cytokines for extended circulation, enhanced stability, increased soluble protein expression, simplified purification, improved drug delivery, and controlled release. Notably, the unique thermoresponsive properties of cytokine-ELP conjugates make it possible to self-assemble into micelles with drastically extended circulatory half-life for targeted delivery or to in situ form drug depots for topical administration and controlled release. The challenges and issues in the emerging field are further discussed and the future directions are pointed out at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Gong
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhaoying Yang
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weiping Gao
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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McMullen P, Fang L, Qiao Q, Shao Q, Jiang S. Impacts of a Zwitterionic Peptide on its Fusion Protein. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1485-1493. [PMID: 35852436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins frequently need to be modified with high-molecular-weight molecules to improve their pharmacokinetic properties. The genetic linkage of therapeutic proteins to a high-molecular-weight zwitterionic peptide, termed EKP, offers a promising approach. As with any protein modification, EKP could impact the structural behavior and receptor binding properties of the linked therapeutic protein, thereby altering its bioactivity. To evaluate the effects of EKP on therapeutic proteins, we study the receptor binding properties of high-molecular-weight EKP linked to the growth colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) using the genetically based yeast display platform. We find that yeast-displayed EKP-GCSF and GCSF exhibits similar binding to its receptor GCSF-R, suggesting that EKP does not hinder receptor binding. Furthermore, yeast-displayed EKP-GCSF demonstrates protection against thermal denaturation compared to GCSF. Similarly, to study the structural effects of EKP on GCSF, we employ in silico modeling using alphaFold2 in conjunction with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Likewise, in silico modeling reveals that EKP does not alter the structural behavior of GCSF. Finally, we demonstrate the functional benefits of EKP, by which the EKP-GCSF fusion protein produced in Escherichia coli exhibits improved pharmacokinetics and prolonged bioactivity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McMullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Qi Qiao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Qing Shao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Shaoyi Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Das PK, Sahoo A, Dasu VV. Current status, and the developments of hosts and expression systems for the production of recombinant human cytokines. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107969. [PMID: 35525478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines consist of peptides, proteins and glycoproteins, which are biological signaling molecules, and boost cell-cell communication in immune reactions to stimulate cellular movements in the place of trauma, inflammation and infection. Recombinant cytokines are designed in such a way that they have generalized immunostimulation action or stimulate specific immune cells when the body encounters immunosuppressive signals from exogenous pathogens or other tumor microenvironments. Recombinant cytokines have improved the treatment processes for numerous diseases. They are also beneficial against novel toxicities that arise due to pharmacologic immunostimulators that lead to an imbalance in the regulation of cytokine. So, the production and use of recombinant human cytokines as therapeutic proteins are significant for medical treatment purposes. For the improved production of recombinant human cytokines, the development of host cells such as bacteria, yeast, fungi, insect, mammal and transgenic plants, and the specific expression systems for individual hosts is necessary. The recent advancements in the field of genetic engineering are beneficial for easy and efficient genetic manipulations for hosts as well as expression cassettes. The use of metabolic engineering and systems biology approaches have tremendous applications in recombinant protein production by generating mathematical models, and analyzing complex biological networks and metabolic pathways via simulations to understand the interconnections between metabolites and genetic behaviors. Further, the bioprocess developments and the optimization of cell culture conditions would enhance recombinant cytokines productivity on large scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Kumar Das
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ansuman Sahoo
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Veeranki Venkata Dasu
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Restrepo-Pineda S, Sánchez-Puig N, Pérez NO, García-Hernández E, Valdez-Cruz NA, Trujillo-Roldán MA. The pre-induction temperature affects recombinant HuGM-CSF aggregation in thermoinducible Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2883-2902. [PMID: 35412129 PMCID: PMC9002048 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The overproduction of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli leads to insoluble aggregates of proteins called inclusion bodies (IBs). IBs are considered dynamic entities that harbor high percentages of the recombinant protein, which can be found in different conformational states. The production conditions influence the properties of IBs and recombinant protein recovery and solubilization. The E. coli growth in thermoinduced systems is generally carried out at 30 °C and then recombinant protein production at 42 °C. Since the heat shock response in E. coli is triggered above 34 °C, the synthesis of heat shock proteins can modify the yields of the recombinant protein and the structural quality of IBs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different pre-induction temperatures (30 and 34 °C) on the growth of E. coli W3110 producing the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rHuGM-CSF) and on the IBs structure in a λpL/pR-cI857 thermoinducible system. The recombinant E. coli cultures growing at 34 °C showed a ~ 69% increase in the specific growth rate compared to cultures grown at 30 °C. The amount of rHuGM-CSF in IBs was significantly higher in cultures grown at 34 °C. Main folding chaperones (DnaK and GroEL) were associated with IBs and their co-chaperones (DnaJ and GroES) with the soluble protein fraction. Finally, IBs from cultures that grew at 34 °C had a lower content of amyloid-like structure and were more sensitive to proteolytic degradation than IBs obtained from cultures at 30 °C. Our study presents evidence that increasing the pre-induction temperature in a thermoinduced system allows obtaining higher recombinant protein and reducing amyloid contents of the IBs. KEY POINTS: • Pre-induction temperature determines inclusion bodies architecture • In pre-induction (above 34 °C), the heat shock response increases recombinant protein production • Inclusion bodies at higher pre-induction temperature show a lower amyloid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Restrepo-Pineda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, México
| | - Nuria Sánchez-Puig
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Néstor O Pérez
- Probiomed S.A. de C.V. Planta Tenancingo, Cruce de Carreteras Acatzingo-Zumpahuacan SN, Tenancingo, CP 52400, Estado de México, México
| | - Enrique García-Hernández
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, México.
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Unidad de Bioprocesos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, México.
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Sandberg MW, Bunkenborg J, Thyssen S, Villadsen M, Kofoed T. Characterization of a novel + 70 Da modification in rhGM-CSF expressed in E. coli using chemical assays in combination with mass spectrometry. Amino Acids 2021; 54:601-613. [PMID: 34453584 PMCID: PMC9117350 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine and a white blood cell growth factor that has found usage as a therapeutic protein. During analysis of different fermentation batches of GM-CSF recombinantly expressed in E. coli, a covalent modification was identified on the protein by intact mass spectrometry. The modification gave a mass shift of + 70 Da and peptide mapping analysis demonstrated that it located to the protein N-terminus and lysine side chains. The chemical composition of C4H6O was found to be the best candidate by peptide fragmentation using tandem mass spectrometry. The modification likely contains a carbonyl group, since the mass of the modification increased by 2 Da by reduction with borane pyridine complex and it reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. On the basis of chemical and tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation behavior, the modification could be attributed to crotonaldehyde, a reactive compound formed during lipid peroxidation. A low recorded oxygen pressure in the reactor during protein expression could be linked to the formation of this compound. This study shows the importance of maintaining full control over all reaction parameters during recombinant protein production.
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Nguyen TKO, Vu TL, Nguyen MQ, Ta HKK, Park KS, Kim SH, Kim CJ, Jang YJ, Choe H. Soluble Prokaryotic Overexpression and Purification of Human GM-CSF Using the Protein Disulfide Isomerase b'a' Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105267. [PMID: 34067755 PMCID: PMC8156066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a member of the colony-stimulating factor (CSF) family, which functions to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and other hematopoietic lineages such as neutrophils, dendritic cells, or macrophages. These proteins have thus generated considerable interest in clinical therapy research. A current obstacle to the prokaryotic production of human GM-CSF (hGM-CSF) is its low solubility when overexpressed and subsequent complex refolding processes. In our present study, the solubility of hGM-CSF was examined when combined with three N-terminal fusion tags in five E. coli strains at three different expression temperatures. In the five E. coli strains BL21 (DE3), ClearColi BL21 (DE3), LOBSTR, SHuffle T7 and Origami2 (DE3), the hexahistidine-tagged hGM-CSF showed the best expression but was insoluble in all cases at each examined temperature. Tagging with the maltose-binding protein (MBP) and the b'a' domain of protein disulfide isomerase (PDIb'a') greatly improved the soluble overexpression of hGM-CSF at 30 °C and 18 °C. The solubility was not improved using the Origami2 (DE3) and SHuffle T7 strains that have been engineered for disulfide bond formation. Two conventional chromatographic steps were used to purify hGM-CSF from the overexpressed PDIb'a'-hGM-CSF produced in ClearColi BL21 (DE3). In the experiment, 0.65 mg of hGM-CSF was isolated from a 0.5 L flask culture of these E. coli and showed a 98% purity by SDS-PAGE analysis and silver staining. The bioactivity of this purified hGM-CSF was measured at an EC50 of 16.4 ± 2 pM by a CCK8 assay in TF-1 human erythroleukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kieu Oanh Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (T.K.O.N.); (T.L.V.); (M.Q.N.); (H.K.K.T.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Thi Luong Vu
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (T.K.O.N.); (T.L.V.); (M.Q.N.); (H.K.K.T.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Minh Quan Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (T.K.O.N.); (T.L.V.); (M.Q.N.); (H.K.K.T.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Huynh Kim Khanh Ta
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (T.K.O.N.); (T.L.V.); (M.Q.N.); (H.K.K.T.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Kyoung Sun Park
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 25159, Korea; (K.S.P.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Soo Hyeon Kim
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 25159, Korea; (K.S.P.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Yeon Jin Jang
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (T.K.O.N.); (T.L.V.); (M.Q.N.); (H.K.K.T.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (T.K.O.N.); (T.L.V.); (M.Q.N.); (H.K.K.T.); (Y.J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3010-4292
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Ahmadian M, Jahanian-Najafabadi A, Akbari V. Optimization of Buffer Additives for Efficient Recovery of hGM-CSF from Inclusion Bodies Using Response Surface Methodology. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 19:297-309. [PMID: 33680031 PMCID: PMC7758011 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.1101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) by Escherichia coli leads to formation of insoluble and inactive proteins, inclusion bodies. The aim of this study was to improve recovery of biologically active hGM-CSF from inclusion bodies. The effect of types, concentrations and pHs of denaturing agents and addition of reducing agents on the yield of inclusion bodies solubilization was evaluated. Next, various conditions were evaluated for refolding hGM-CSF using a two-step design of experiment (DOE) including primary screening by factorial design, and then optimization by response surface design. It was found that hGM-CSF inclusion bodies can be efficiently solubilized with 4 M urea and 4 mM β-mercaptoethanol, pH = 9. A response surface quadratic model was employed to predict the optimum refolding conditions and the accuracy of this model was confirmed by high value of R2 (0.99) and F-value of 0.64. DOE results revealed that sorbitol (0.235 M), imidazole (97 mM), and SDS (0.09%) would be the optimum buffer additives for refolding of hGM-CSF. Following refolding studies, the obtained protein was subjected to circular dichroism which confirmed correct secondary structure of the refolded hGM-CSF. The refolded hGM-CSF exhibited reasonable biological activity compared with standard protein. The approach developed in this work can be important to improve the refolding of other proteins with similar structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ahmadian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Jahanian-Najafabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vajihe Akbari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Mendes L, Guerra JO, Costa B, Silva ASD, Guerra MDGB, Ortiz J, Doria SS, Silva GVD, de Jesus DV, Barral-Netto M, Penna G, Carvalho EM, Machado PRL. Association of miltefosine with granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Amazon region: A randomized and controlled trial. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 103:358-363. [PMID: 33253864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare topical granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and miltefosine (G + M) versus placebo and miltefosine (P + M) or parenteral meglumine antimoniate (MA) in the treatment of 150 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania guyanensis in the Amazon. DESIGN A randomized and double-blinded clinical trial. RESULTS At 90 days after the initiation of therapy, the cure rates were 66%, 58%, and 52% for the groups P + M, G + M, and MA, respectively (p > 0.05). Cure rates at 180 days did not differ. Healing time was similar in the 3 groups, but faster in the MA group as compared to the G + M group (p = 0.04). Mild and transitory systemic adverse events were frequent in all groups (above 85%). Nausea (85%) and vomiting (39%) predominated in the miltefosine groups and arthralgia (51%) and myalgia (48%) in the MA group. One patient (group MA) stopped treatment after presenting with fever, exanthema, and severe arthralgia. CONCLUSIONS Miltefosine did not present a higher cure rate than MA, and the association of GM-CSF did not improve the therapeutic response. Nevertheless, because of its less toxicity, easier administration, and a similar cure rate when compared with MA, miltefosine should remain as one of the main drugs for treating CL due to L. guyanensis. (Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT03023111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mendes
- Programa de Pós graduação em Medicina Tropical da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado-UEA/FMTHVD, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jorge Oliveira Guerra
- Programa de Pós graduação em Medicina Tropical da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado-UEA/FMTHVD, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Aríneia Soares da Silva
- Programa de Pós graduação em Medicina Tropical da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado-UEA/FMTHVD, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Barbosa Guerra
- Programa de Pós graduação em Medicina Tropical da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado-UEA/FMTHVD, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Ortiz
- Programa de Pós graduação em Medicina Tropical da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado-UEA/FMTHVD, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Susan Smith Doria
- Programa de Pós graduação em Medicina Tropical da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado-UEA/FMTHVD, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - George Villarouco da Silva
- Programa de Pós graduação em Medicina Tropical da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado-UEA/FMTHVD, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Denison Vital de Jesus
- Programa de Pós graduação em Medicina Tropical da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas/Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado-UEA/FMTHVD, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Gerson Penna
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília-DF, e Escola Fiocruz de Governo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brasília, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), FIOCRUZ, Bahia, Brazil; Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Machado
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), FIOCRUZ, Bahia, Brazil; Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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10
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Machado PRL, Prates FVO, Boaventura V, Lago T, Guimarães LH, Schriefer A, Corte TWF, Penna G, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Carvalho EM. A double-bind and randomized trial to evaluate Miltefosine and topical GM-CSF in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis in Brazil. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e2465-e2469. [PMID: 32894278 PMCID: PMC8492114 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Brazil using pentavalent antimony (Sbv) is associated with a high rate of failure. Miltefosine has proven efficacy for CL caused by L. braziliensis, with a cure rate (CR) of 75%. A combined treatment with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and miltefosine could increase CR and decrease healing time. Methods A randomized, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of miltefosine combined with topical GM-CSF (M + GM) vs miltefosine and placebo (M + P) vs Sbv in 133 patients with CL caused by L. braziliensis in Bahia, Brazil. Results The final CR at 180 days after the initiation of treatment was 44.4% in the Sbv group, 76.6% in the M + P group (P = .003 vs Sbv), and 75.6% in the M + GM group (P = .004 vs Sbv). The median healing time for cure was 102 days for the Sbv group and 60 days for both miltefosine groups (P = .0009). During the 6-month follow-up period, 4 relapses were documented: 1 in the Sbv group, 1 in the M + P group, and 2 in the M + GM group. Mild adverse events occurred in 65% of patients from the Sbv group, 76% and 79% from the M + P and M + GM groups respectively. Conclusions Miltefosine is more effective than Sbv for the treatment of CL caused by L. braziliensis in Brazil and accelerates the healing time. Association with GM-CSF does not improve therapeutic outcome. Clinical Trials Registration NCT03023111.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R L Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Fernanda V O Prates
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Tainã Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Guimarães
- Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Teixeira de Freitas, Brazil
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Temis W F Corte
- Quatro G Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento, LTDA, Av. Ipiranga, Prédio 92A, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Gerson Penna
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), FIOCRUZ, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, CNPq, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), FIOCRUZ, Bahia, Brazil
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11
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Park M, Vaikari VP, Dhandhukia JP, Alachkar H, MacKay JA. Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Fused to Elastin-Like Polypeptides Assembles Biologically-Active Nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1551-1561. [PMID: 32319752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGMCSF) is crucial in the immune system as it stimulates survival, proliferation, differentiation, and functional activation of myeloid hematopoietic cells. hGMCSF is integral to approved therapies, including monoclonal antibodies against checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptors, and prevention of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Recombinant hGMCSF can be purified from Escherichia. coli; however, it forms inclusion bodies that require solubilization and refolding. Alternatively, this manuscript describes its fusion with an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). Previously reported as purification tags and solubility enhancers, ELPs are recombinant polypeptides that undergo reversible temperature-dependent phase separation. This report is the first to show that fusion to an ELP enables direct purification of hGMCSF fusions from the soluble fraction of bacterial lysate. Surprisingly, these ELP-fusions assemble stable, small, spherical nanoparticles that maintain pro-mitotic activity of hGMCSF. These nanoparticles exhibit ELP-mediated phase separation; however, nanoparticle assembly significantly increases the entropic and enthalpic cost of phase separation compared to ELP alone. The attachment of a high molecular weight ELP to a difficult-to-express protein, like hGMCSF, appears to be a useful strategy to stabilize bioactive, protein-based nanoparticles, which may have broad applications in medicine and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincheol Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Vijaya P Vaikari
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jugal P Dhandhukia
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Houda Alachkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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12
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Pilely K, Nielsen SB, Draborg A, Henriksen ML, Hansen SWK, Skriver L, Mørtz E, Lund RR. A novel approach to evaluate ELISA antibody coverage of host cell proteins-combining ELISA-based immunocapture and mass spectrometry. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2983. [PMID: 32087048 PMCID: PMC7507178 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring host cell proteins (HCPs) is one of the most important analytical requirements in production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals to ensure product purity and patient safety. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the standard method for monitoring HCP clearance. It is important to validate that the critical reagent of an ELISA, the HCP antibody, covers a broad spectrum of the HCPs potentially present in the purified drug substance. Current coverage methods for assessing HCP antibody coverage are based on 2D‐Western blot or immunoaffinity‐purification combined with 2D gel electrophoresis and have several limitations. In the present study, we present a novel coverage method combining ELISA‐based immunocapture with protein identification by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS): ELISA‐MS. ELISA‐MS is used to accurately determine HCP coverage of an early process sample by three commercially available anti‐Escherichia coli HCP antibodies, evading the limitations of current methods for coverage analysis, and taking advantage of the benefits of MS analysis. The results obtained comprise a list of individual HCPs covered by each HCP antibody. The novel method shows high sensitivity, high reproducibility, and enables tight control of nonspecific binding through inclusion of a species‐specific isotype control antibody. We propose that ELISA‐MS will be a valuable supplement to existing coverage methods or even a replacement. ELISA‐MS will increase the possibility of selecting the best HCP ELISA, thus improving HCP surveillance and resulting in a final HCP profile with the lowest achievable risk. Overall, this will be beneficial to both the pharmaceutical industry and patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anette Draborg
- Alphalyse A/S, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maiken L Henriksen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren W K Hansen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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13
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Kinoshita Y, Xu J, Masuda A, Minamihata K, Kamiya N, Mon H, Fujita R, Kusakabe T, Lee JM. Expression and purification of biologically active human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) using silkworm-baculovirus expression vector system. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 159:69-74. [PMID: 30917920 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor. It is widely employed as a therapeutic agent targeting neutropenia in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and in patients with AIDS or after bone marrow transplantation. In this study, we constructed the recombinant baculoviruses for the expression of recombinant hGM-CSF (rhGM-CSF) with two small affinity tags (His-tag and Strep-tag) at the N or C-terminus. Compared to N-tagged rhGM-CSF, C-tagged rhGM-CSF was highly recovered from silkworm hemolymph. The purified rhGM-CSF proteins migrated as a diffuse band and were confirmed to hold N-glycosylations. A comparable activity was achieved when commercial hGM-CSF was tested as a control. Considering the high price of hGM-CSF in the market, our results and strategies using silkworm-baculovirus system can become a great reference for mass production of the active rhGM-CSF at a lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jian Xu
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Akitsu Masuda
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minamihata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mon
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Fujita
- Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Laboratory of Creative Science for Insect Industries, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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14
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Galina L, Dalberto PF, Borges Martinelli LK, Roth CD, Michel Pinto AF, Villela AD, Bizarro CV, Machado P, Saraiva Macedo Timmers LF, Norberto de Souza O, Marcelino de Carvalho Filho E, Basso LA, Santos DS. Biochemical, thermodynamic and structural studies of recombinant homotetrameric adenylosuccinate lyase fromLeishmania braziliensis. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10526f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional and structural data suggested that His197and Ser322residues play a role inLbASL catalysis.
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15
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Ghoshal A, Ghosh SS. Antagonizing canonical Wnt signaling pathway by recombinant human sFRP4 purified from E. coli and its implications in cancer therapy. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 418:119-35. [PMID: 27334754 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays a predominant role in aberrant proliferation in myriad of cancers. In non-cancerous cells, Wnts are blocked by the secreted frizzled-related proteins (sFRPs) that are generally downregulated in cancer cells. We have purified and characterized bacterially expressed glutathione S-transferase-tagged SFRP4 from a novel clone generated from human cell origin. Cervical cancer (HeLa) and lung cancer (A549) cells, in which Wnt and associated genes were found to be expressed, were treated with the purified recombinant sFRP4, which revealed a significant dose-dependent cell growth inhibition up to 40 %. The current investigation on functionality of this bacterially produced recombinant sFRP4 in arresting cancer cell proliferation is the first of its kind, where G2/M phase arrest and early apoptosis were evident. Increase in phosphorylated β-catenin in sFRP4 treatment indicated inhibition of Wnt pathway, which was further confirmed by downregulation of pro-proliferative genes, namely cyclin D1, c-myc, and survivin. Functional activity of recombinant sFRP4 was further exploited in co-therapy module with chemotherapeutic drugs to decipher molecular events. Collectively, our study on purified recombinant sFRP4 from bacterial host holds great promise in targeting Wnt signaling for exploring new strategies to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archita Ghoshal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 39, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 39, India. .,Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 39, India.
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16
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Cloning and expression of recombinant human GMCSF from Pichia pastoris GS115--a progressive strategy for economic production. Am J Ther 2015; 21:462-9. [PMID: 24531404 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGMCSF) is a proinflammatory cytokine and hematopoietic growth factor. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGMCSF) serves as a biotherapeutic agent in bone marrow stimulations, vaccine development, gene therapy approaches, and stem cell mobilization. The objective of the present study includes construction of rhGMCSF having N-terminal intein tag, expression of protein both extracellularly and intracellularly from yeast expression system followed by its purification in a single step by affinity chromatography. The soluble and biologically active rhGMCSF was obtained from Pichia pastoris GS115. About 122 g DCW/L of final yield was obtained for both cytosolic and secretory expression of Pichia GS115 strain. Purified intracellular hGMCSF was 420 mg/L with a specific activity of 2.1×10⁸ IU/mg, and the purified extracellular recombinant protein was 360 mg/L with a specific activity of 1.9×10⁸ IU/mg. The data presented here indicate the possibilities of exploring the economic ways of producing the rhGMCSF.
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17
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Ghoshal A, Ghosh SS. Expression, purification, and therapeutic implications of recombinant sFRP1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:2087-103. [PMID: 25432334 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Secreted frizzled-related proteins (sFRPs) constitute a family of proteins, which impede the Wnt signaling pathway. Upregulation of the Wnt cascade is one of the multiple facets of carcinogenesis. Herein, we report the expression, solubilization, purification, characterization, and anti-cell proliferative activity of a novel recombinant GST-tagged sFRP1 of human origin. sFRP1 was cloned into pGEX-4T2 bacterial expression vector, and the recombinant protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). It was solubilized from inclusion bodies with N-lauroylsarcosine and Triton X-100, before being purified to homogeneity using glutathione agarose affinity chromatography column. The purified protein was characterized using Western blotting, MALDI TOF-TOF, and circular dichroism spectroscopy analysis. Homology modeling and docking studies revealed that tagging GST with sFRP1 does not change the binding conformation of the cysteine-rich domain and hence, possibly does not alter its function. The novel anti-proliferative activity of GST-sFRP1 was demonstrated in a dose-dependent manner on two cancer cell lines, viz., HeLa (cervical cancer) and MCF-7 (breast cancer). Also, combination therapy of the protein with chemotherapeutic drugs resulted in enhanced anti-cancer activity. This opens up a new avenue in the application of recombinant sFRP1 for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archita Ghoshal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-39, Assam, India
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18
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Kosobokova EN, Skrypnik KA, Pinyugina MV, Shcherbakov AI, Kosorukov VS. Optimization of the refolding of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor immobilized on affinity sorbent. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683814080031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Chakraborty M, Goel M, Chinnadayyala SR, Dahiya UR, Ghosh SS, Goswami P. Molecular characterization and expression of a novel alcohol oxidase from Aspergillus terreus MTCC6324. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95368. [PMID: 24752075 PMCID: PMC3994049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The alcohol oxidase (AOx) cDNA from Aspergillus terreus MTCC6324 with an open reading frame (ORF) of 2001 bp was constructed from n-hexadecane induced cells and expressed in Escherichia coli with a yield of ∼4.2 mg protein g−1 wet cell. The deduced amino acid sequences of recombinant rAOx showed maximum structural homology with the chain B of aryl AOx from Pleurotus eryngii. A functionally active AOx was achieved by incubating the apo-AOx with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) for ∼80 h at 16°C and pH 9.0. The isoelectric point and mass of the apo-AOx were found to be 6.5±0.1 and ∼74 kDa, respectively. Circular dichroism data of the rAOx confirmed its ordered structure. Docking studies with an ab-initio protein model demonstrated the presence of a conserved FAD binding domain with an active substrate binding site. The rAOx was specific for aryl alcohols and the order of its substrate preference was 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol >3-methoxybenzyl alcohol>3, 4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol > benzyl alcohol. A significantly high aggregation to ∼1000 nm (diameter) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of 7829.5 min−1 mM−1 for 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol was also demonstrated for rAOx. The results infer the novelty of the AOx and its potential biocatalytic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitun Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Manish Goel
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | - Ujjwal Ranjan Dahiya
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
- * E-mail: (SSG); (PG)
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
- * E-mail: (SSG); (PG)
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20
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Expression and purification of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in fed-batch culture of Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:2425-35. [PMID: 24390866 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine that has multiple roles in hematopoietic cells such as the regulation of proliferation and differentiation. Here, we describe fed-batch culture, refolding, and purification of rhG-CSF. The suitability of urea or sarcosine for solubilizing inclusion bodies (IBs) was tested. It was observed that urea is more efficient for solubilizing and refolding IBs than sarcosine is. The purity of rhG-CSF and the removal percentage of the rhG-CSF isoforms during purification were increased by pH 5.5 precipitation. The purity and the yield of purified rhG-CSF were 99% and 0.5 g of protein per liter culture broth, respectively. Our protocols of recombinant protein purification using ion exchange chromatography and semipreparative high performance liquid chromatography of pH-precipitated refolded solution may be informative to the industrial scale production of biopharmaceuticals.
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21
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Kim CK, Lee CH, Lee SB, Oh JW. Simplified large-scale refolding, purification, and characterization of recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80109. [PMID: 24224041 PMCID: PMC3817114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that stimulates the development of committed hematopoietic progenitor cells and enhances the functional activity of mature cells. Here, we report a simplified method for fed-batch culture as well as the purification of recombinant human (rh) G-CSF. The new system for rhG-CSF purification was performed using not only temperature shift strategy without isopropyl-l-thio-β-d-galactoside (IPTG) induction but also the purification method by a single step of prep-HPLC after the pH precipitation of the refolded samples. Through these processes, the final cell density and overall yield of homogenous rhG-CSF were obtained 42.8 g as dry cell weights, 1.75 g as purified active proteins, from 1 L culture broth, respectively. The purity of rhG-CSF was finally 99% since the isoforms of rhG-CSF could be separated through the prep-HPLC step. The result of biological activity indicated that purified rhG-CSF has a similar profile to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2nd International Standard for G-CSF. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the simple purification through a single step of prep-HPLC may be valuable for the industrial-scale production of biologically active proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Kyu Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology/Animal Resources Research Center, College of Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chi Ho Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Bae Lee
- Division of Animal Resources and Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology/Animal Resources Research Center, College of Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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22
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Chaubey N, Ghosh SS. Molecular cloning, purification and functional implications of recombinant GST tagged hGMCSF cytokine. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1713-26. [PMID: 23334834 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning, purification and cell proliferative activity of a novel recombinant GST tagged human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GST-hGMCSF). The hGMCSF gene was PCR amplified from the cDNA of ACHN renal carcinoma cells and was cloned into the bacterial expression vector. The GST-hGMCSF was purified to homogeneity using glutathione agarose affinity chromatography and subsequently characterized by Western blot, circular dichroism (CD) and MALDI TOF-TOF analysis. Homology modelling studies revealed the possible binding domains of the recombinant cytokine with cognate receptor. The proliferation of THP-1, Raw 264.7, MCF-7 and U87MG cells upon GST-hGMCSF addition was found to be dose dependent. Hence, this functionally active recombinant cytokine has potential application in cancer therapy for stimulating facile growth recovery of normal cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 39, Assam, India
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23
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A simplified method for the efficient refolding and purification of recombinant human GM-CSF. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49891. [PMID: 23166789 PMCID: PMC3498172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) is a haematopoietic growth factor and proinflammatory cytokine. Recombinant hGM-CSF is important not only as a research tool but also as a biotherapeutic. However, rhGM-CSF expressed in E. coli is known to form inclusion bodies of misfolded, aggregated protein. Refolding and subsequent purification of rhGM-CSF from inclusion bodies is difficult with low yields of bioactive protein being produced. Here we describe a method for the isolation, refolding and purification of bioactive rhGM-CSF from inclusion bodies. The method is straightforward, not requiring extensive experience in protein refolding nor purification and using standard laboratory equipment.
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24
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Khasa YP, Khushoo A, Mukherjee KJ. Enhancing toxic protein expression in Escherichia coli fed-batch culture using kinetic parameters: Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as a model system. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 115:291-7. [PMID: 23098681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) expression was studied under the strong T7 promoter in continuous culture of Escherichia coli using complex medium to design an optimum feeding strategy for high cell density cultivation. Continuous culture studies were done at different dilution rates and the growth and product formation profiles were monitored post-induction. Recombinant protein expression was in the form of inclusion bodies with a maximum specific product formation rate (q(p)) of 63.5 mg g(-1) DCW h(-1) at a dilution rate (D) of 0.3 h(-1). The maximum volumetric product concentration achieved at this dilution rate was 474 mg l(-1), which translated a ~1.4 and ~1.75 folds increase than the values obtained at dilution rates of 0.2 h(-1) and 0.4 h(-1) respectively. The specific product yield (Y(P/x)) peaked at 138 mg g(-1) DCW, demonstrating a ~1.6 folds increase in the values obtained at other dilution rates. A drop in q(p) was observed within 5-6 h of induction at all the dilution rates, possibly due to protein toxicity and metabolic stress associated with protein expression. The data from the continuous culture studies allowed us to design an optimal feeding strategy and induction time in fed-batch cultures which resulted in a maximum product concentration of 3.95 g l(-1) with a specific hGM-CSF yield (Y(P/x)) of 107 mg g(-1) DCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogender Pal Khasa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.
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Westerhof LB, Wilbers RHP, Roosien J, van de Velde J, Goverse A, Bakker J, Schots A. 3D domain swapping causes extensive multimerisation of human interleukin-10 when expressed in planta. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46460. [PMID: 23049703 PMCID: PMC3462211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous expression platforms of biopharmaceutical proteins have been significantly improved over the last decade. Further improvement can be established by examining the intrinsic properties of proteins. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine with a short half-life that plays an important role in re-establishing immune homeostasis. This homodimeric protein of 36 kDa has significant therapeutic potential to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this study we show that the major production bottleneck of human IL-10 is not protein instability as previously suggested, but extensive multimerisation due to its intrinsic 3D domain swapping characteristic. Extensive multimerisation of human IL-10 could be visualised as granules in planta. On the other hand, mouse IL-10 hardly multimerised, which could be largely attributed to its glycosylation. By introducing a short glycine-serine-linker between the fourth and fifth alpha helix of human IL-10 a stable monomeric form of IL-10 (hIL-10(mono)) was created that no longer multimerised and increased yield up to 20-fold. However, hIL-10(mono) no longer had the ability to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Forcing dimerisation restored biological activity. This was achieved by fusing human IL-10(mono) to the C-terminal end of constant domains 2 and 3 of human immunoglobulin A (Fcα), a natural dimer. Stable dimeric forms of IL-10, like Fcα-IL-10, may not only be a better format for improved production, but also a more suitable format for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte B Westerhof
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Production and characterization of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) expressed in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:89-101. [PMID: 22627758 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its isolation, the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) has been proposed as a new class of therapeutic biological products in the treatment of various diseases. However, the toxicity of this cytokine towards its expression host constitutes a major obstacle to bioprocess development for large-scale production. In this work, the optimized gene encoding hGM-CSF was expressed in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica in one and two copies under the control of the fatty acid-inducible POX2 promoter. Protein secretion was directed by the targeting sequence of the extracellular lipase (LIP2): preXALip2. After 48 h of induction, Western blot analysis revealed the presence of a nonglycosylated form of 14.5 kDa and a trail of hGM-CSF hyperglycosylated varying from 23 kDa to more than 60 kDa. The two-copy transformants produced hGM-CSF level which was sevenfold higher compared to the single-copy ones. Deglycosylation with PNGase F showed two forms: a mature form of 14.5 kDa and an unprocessed form of 18 kDa. The addition of two alanines to the signal sequence resulted in correct hGM-CSF processing. The production level was estimated at 250 mg/l after preliminary optimization studies of the cultivation and induction phases. The purified hGM-CSF was identified by N-terminal sequencing and LC-MS/MS analysis; its biological activity was confirmed by stimulating the proliferation of TF1 cell line. This study demonstrated that Y. lipolytica is a promising host for the efficient production of active toxic proteins like hGM-CSF.
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Stability-indicating capillary zone electrophoresis method for the assessment of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and its correlation with reversed-phase liquid chromatography method and bioassay. Talanta 2012; 94:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor: Evaluation of biopharmaceutical formulations by stability-indicating RP-LC method and bioassay. Biologicals 2011; 39:211-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Khasa YP, Khushoo A, Tapryal S, Mukherjee KJ. Optimization of human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) expression using asparaginase and xylanase gene's signal sequences in Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:523-37. [PMID: 21562804 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of the recombinant protein towards the expression host remains a significant deterrent for bioprocess development. In this study, the expression of human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF), which is known to be toxic to its host, was enhanced many folds using a combination of genetic and bioprocess strategies in Escherichia coli. The N terminus attachment of endoxylanase and asparaginase signal sequences from Bacillus subtilis and E. coli, respectively, in combination with and without His-tag, considerably improved expression levels. Induction and media optimization studies in shake flask cultures resulted in a maximal hGM-CSF concentration of 365 mg/L in the form of inclusion bodies (IBs) with a specific product yield (Y (P/X)) of 120 mg/g dry cell weight in case of the asparaginase signal. Culturing the cells in nutrient rich Terrific broth maintained the specific product yields (Y (P/X)) while a 6.6-fold higher volumetric concentration of both product and biomass was obtained. The purification and refolding steps were optimized resulting in a 95% pure protein with a fairly high refolding yield of 45%. The biological activity of the refolded protein was confirmed by a cell proliferation assay on hGM-CSF dependent human erythroleukemia TF-1 cells. This study demonstrated that this indeed is a viable route for the efficient production of hGM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogender Pal Khasa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
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Das KM, Banerjee S, Shekhar N, Damodaran K, Nair R, Somani S, Raiker VP, Jain S, Padmanabhan S. Cloning, soluble expression and purification of high yield recombinant hGMCSF in Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:2064-76. [PMID: 21673940 PMCID: PMC3111651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12032064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGMCSF), a cytokine of therapeutic importance, as a thioredoxin (TRX) fusion has been investigated in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) codon plus cells. The expression of this protein was low when cloned under the T7 promoter without any fusion tags. High yield of GMCSF was achieved (∼88 mg/L of fermentation broth) in the shake flask when the gene was fused to the E. coli TRX gene. The protein was purified using a single step Ni(2+)-NTA affinity chromatography and the column bound fusion tag was removed by on-column cleavage with enterokinase. The recombinant hGMCSF was expressed as a soluble and biologically active protein in E. coli, and upon purification, the final yield was ∼44 mg/L in shake flask with a specific activity of 2.3 × 10(8) U/mg. The results of Western blot and RP-HPLC analyses, along with biological activity using the TF-1 cell line, established the identity of the purified hGMCSF. In this paper, we report the highest yield of hGMCSF expressed in E. coli. The bioreactor study shows that the yield of hGMCSF could be easily scalable with a yield of ∼400 mg/L, opening up new opportunities for large scale production hGMCSF in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M.P. Das
- Clone Development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.M.P.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Sampali Banerjee
- Clone Development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.M.P.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Nivedita Shekhar
- Mammalian Bioassay Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mail:
| | - Karpagavalli Damodaran
- Analytical development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.D.); (V.P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Rahul Nair
- Upstream Development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mail:
| | - Sandeep Somani
- Downstream Development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mail:
| | - Veena P. Raiker
- Analytical development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.D.); (V.P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Shweta Jain
- Analytical development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.D.); (V.P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Sriram Padmanabhan
- Biotechnology R&D, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India
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Ren X, Wang M, Yin J, Ren Y, Li G. Heterologous expression of fused genes encoding the glycoprotein 5 from PRRSV: a way for producing functional protein in prokaryotic microorganism. J Biotechnol 2010; 147:130-5. [PMID: 20356565 PMCID: PMC7114092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the bioinformatics analysis of the gene encoding glycoprotein 5 (GP5) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolate HH08, two gene fragments were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), deleting the signal peptide and transmembrane sequences in GP5 gene. Both gene fragments were designated GP5a and GP5b, respectively. They were ligated with a linker and cloned into prokaryotic expression vector, pET-30a. Expression of the protein of interest was induced by isopropyl beta-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside. The purified protein was used as an immunogen to elicit antibody in rabbit. The immunoreactivity of the protein was determined using ELISA and Western blot. Biologically active GP5 and anti-GP5 antibody inhibited cell infection by PRRSV. Moreover, the antibody produced in this study was capable of detecting the cell infection by PRRSV and distinguishing this virus from other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 451 55190385; fax: +86 451 55103336.
| | - Mingcui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Jiechao Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Yudong Ren
- Department of Computer, College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Guangxing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, 150030 Harbin, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 451 55190385; fax: +86 451 55103336.
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