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Sandberg MW, Bunkenborg J, Thyssen S, Villadsen M, Kofoed T. Characterization of a novel + 70 Da modification in rhGM-CSF expressed in E. coli using chemical assays in combination with mass spectrometry. Amino Acids 2021; 54:601-613. [PMID: 34453584 PMCID: PMC9117350 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine and a white blood cell growth factor that has found usage as a therapeutic protein. During analysis of different fermentation batches of GM-CSF recombinantly expressed in E. coli, a covalent modification was identified on the protein by intact mass spectrometry. The modification gave a mass shift of + 70 Da and peptide mapping analysis demonstrated that it located to the protein N-terminus and lysine side chains. The chemical composition of C4H6O was found to be the best candidate by peptide fragmentation using tandem mass spectrometry. The modification likely contains a carbonyl group, since the mass of the modification increased by 2 Da by reduction with borane pyridine complex and it reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. On the basis of chemical and tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation behavior, the modification could be attributed to crotonaldehyde, a reactive compound formed during lipid peroxidation. A low recorded oxygen pressure in the reactor during protein expression could be linked to the formation of this compound. This study shows the importance of maintaining full control over all reaction parameters during recombinant protein production.
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Rookyard AW, Paulech J, Thyssen S, Liddy KA, Puckeridge M, Li DK, White MY, Cordwell SJ. A Global Profile of Reversible and Irreversible Cysteine Redox Post-Translational Modifications During Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Antioxidant Intervention. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:11-31. [PMID: 32729339 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Cysteine (Cys) is a major target for redox post-translational modifications (PTMs) that occur in response to changes in the cellular redox environment. We describe multiplexed, peptide-based enrichment and quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) applied to globally profile reversible redox Cys PTM in rat hearts during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in the presence or absence of an aminothiol antioxidant, N-2-mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG). Parallel fractionation also allowed identification of irreversibly oxidized Cys peptides (Cys-SO2H/SO3H). Results: We identified 4505 reversibly oxidized Cys peptides of which 1372 were significantly regulated by ischemia and/or I/R. An additional 219 peptides (247 sites) contained Cys-SO2H/Cys-SO3H modifications, and these were predominantly identified from hearts subjected to I/R (n = 168 peptides). Parallel reaction monitoring MS (PRM-MS) enabled relative quantitation of 34 irreversibly oxidized Cys peptides. MPG attenuated a large cluster of I/R-associated reversibly oxidized Cys peptides and irreversible Cys oxidation to less than nonischemic controls (n = 24 and 34 peptides, respectively). PRM-MS showed that Cys sites oxidized during ischemia and/or I/R and "protected" by MPG were largely mitochondrial, and were associated with antioxidant functions (peroxiredoxins 5 and 6) and metabolic processes, including glycolysis. Metabolomics revealed I/R induced changes in glycolytic intermediates that were reversed in the presence of MPG, which were consistent with irreversible PTM of triose phosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), altered GAPDH enzyme activity, and reduced I/R glycolytic payoff as evidenced by adenosine triphosphate and NADH levels. Innovation: Novel enrichment and PRM-MS approaches developed here enabled large-scale relative quantitation of Cys redox sites modified by reversible and irreversible PTM during I/R and antioxidant remediation. Conclusions: Cys sites identified here are targets of reactive oxygen species that can contribute to protein dysfunction and the pathogenesis of I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Rookyard
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jana Paulech
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stine Thyssen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kiersten A Liddy
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Max Puckeridge
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Desmond K Li
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melanie Y White
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Mass Spectrometry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Hansen BK, Loveridge CJ, Thyssen S, Wørmer GJ, Nielsen AD, Palmfeldt J, Johannsen M, Poulsen TB. STEFs: Activated Vinylogous Protein-Reactive Electrophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3533-3537. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bente K. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Stine Thyssen
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Aarhus University; Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99 8200 Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Gustav J. Wørmer
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Andreas D. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine-Research Unit for Molecular Medicine; Aarhus University hospital; Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82 8200 Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Aarhus University; Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99 8200 Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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Hansen BK, Loveridge CJ, Thyssen S, Wørmer GJ, Nielsen AD, Palmfeldt J, Johannsen M, Poulsen TB. STEFs: Activated Vinylogous Protein-Reactive Electrophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bente K. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Stine Thyssen
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Aarhus University; Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99 8200 Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Gustav J. Wørmer
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Andreas D. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine-Research Unit for Molecular Medicine; Aarhus University hospital; Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82 8200 Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Mogens Johannsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Aarhus University; Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99 8200 Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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Madsen PM, Clausen BH, Degn M, Thyssen S, Kristensen LK, Svensson M, Ditzel N, Finsen B, Deierborg T, Brambilla R, Lambertsen KL. Genetic ablation of soluble tumor necrosis factor with preservation of membrane tumor necrosis factor is associated with neuroprotection after focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1553-69. [PMID: 26661199 PMCID: PMC5012516 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15610339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglia respond to focal cerebral ischemia by increasing their production of the neuromodulatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor, which exists both as membrane-anchored tumor necrosis factor and as cleaved soluble tumor necrosis factor forms. We previously demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor knockout mice display increased lesion volume after focal cerebral ischemia, suggesting that tumor necrosis factor is neuroprotective in experimental stroke. Here, we extend our studies to show that mice with intact membrane-anchored tumor necrosis factor, but no soluble tumor necrosis factor, display reduced infarct volumes at one and five days after stroke. This was associated with improved functional outcome after experimental stroke. No changes were found in the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor and tumor necrosis factor-related genes (TNFR1, TNFR2, TACE), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) or chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL10, CCL2); however, protein expression of TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL1 was reduced in membrane-anchored tumor necrosis factor(Δ/Δ) compared to membrane-anchored tumor necrosis factor(wt/wt) mice one day after experimental stroke. This was paralleled by reduced MHCII expression and a reduction in macrophage infiltration in the ipsilateral cortex of membrane-anchored tumor necrosis factor(Δ/Δ) mice. Collectively, these findings indicate that membrane-anchored tumor necrosis factor mediates the protective effects of tumor necrosis factor signaling in experimental stroke, and therapeutic strategies specifically targeting soluble tumor necrosis factor could be beneficial in clinical stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille M Madsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Bettina H Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Matilda Degn
- Molecular Sleep Lab, Department of Diagnostics, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Stine Thyssen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lotte K Kristensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martina Svensson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Ditzel
- KMEB, Molecular Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Kate L Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Joanette EA, Reusens B, Arany E, Thyssen S, Remacle RC, Hill DJ. Low-protein diet during early life causes a reduction in the frequency of cells immunopositive for nestin and CD34 in both pancreatic ducts and islets in the rat. Endocrinology 2004; 145:3004-13. [PMID: 15044374 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Feeding a low-protein (LP) diet to pregnant and lactating rats impairs pancreatic islet mass and insulin release in the offspring, leading to glucose intolerance as adults. We hypothesized that an LP diet changes the number of pancreatic endocrine precursor cells or cells supporting endocrine cell neogenesis. Pregnant rats were given LP (8% protein) or a control (20% protein) diet from conception until postnatal d 21. Cells containing nestin, CD34, or c-Kit were quantified in pancreata of the offspring. Stellate cells immunoreactive for nestin were seen to be adjacent to ductal epithelium and were resident within the islets. These were proliferative and immunonegative for cytokeratin 20, fibronectin, tyrosine hydroxylase, pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1, Nk homeodomain transcription factor 6.1, or insulin, but expressed vimentin. Approximately 20% of islet nestin-positive cells also expressed the endothelial cell marker platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1. Both ducts and islets also contained CD34- and c-Kit-positive cells with similar morphology to those expressing nestin. Offspring from rats fed the LP diet had significantly less nestin/CD34-positive cells and reduced expression of nestin mRNA. Within islets, there was an associated decrease in cell proliferation and in cells immunopositive for pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1. Nestin-positive cell number within islets correlated positively with the percent area of beta-cells. Supplementation of pregnant and lactating rats with taurine reversed the deficits in mean islet area and nestin-positive cells caused by the LP diet within the islets of the offspring. Nutritional programming of postnatal beta-cell mass may involve an altered abundance of cells expressing nestin and/or CD34, which may limit endocrine cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Joanette
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2
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