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Huang X, Chen X, Xian Y, Jiang F. Anti-virus activity and mechanisms of natural polysaccharides from medicinal herbs. Carbohydr Res 2024; 542:109205. [PMID: 38981321 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
There has been a sudden increase in viral diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causing significant harm to human and animal well-being, as well as economic development. Medicinal herbs, with a history of thousands of years in clinical use, contain versatile polysaccharides as one of their primary compounds. This review offers an overview of the antiviral effects of polysaccharides from medicinal herbs on viruses in humans, poultry, swine and aquaculture in recent years. The mechanism of these antiviral polysaccharides, involved in hindering various stages of the viral life cycle thereby blocking virus infection, is summarized. The review also explores other underlying mechanisms of antiviral effects, such as enhancing the immune response, regulating inflammatory reactions, balancing gut flora, reducing oxidative stress, and suppressing apoptosis through various corresponding signaling pathways. The structure-function relationships discussed in this article also aid in understanding the antiviral mechanism of natural polysaccharides, indicating the need for more in-depth research and analysis. Natural polysaccharides from medicinal herbs have emerged as valuable resources in the fight against viral infections, exhibiting high effectiveness. This review emphasizes the promising role of polysaccharides from medicinal herbs as potential candidates for blocking viral infections in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Huang
- Faculty of Modern Agriculture, Yibin Vocational & Technical College, Sichuan, 644100, China
| | - Xingyin Chen
- Faculty of Modern Agriculture, Yibin Vocational & Technical College, Sichuan, 644100, China
| | - Yuanhua Xian
- Faculty of Modern Agriculture, Yibin Vocational & Technical College, Sichuan, 644100, China
| | - Faming Jiang
- Faculty of Modern Agriculture, Yibin Vocational & Technical College, Sichuan, 644100, China.
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2
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Li K, Liu B, Wang X, Xiao G. Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Branched Fructooligosaccharides ABW90-1 and ABW50-1 from Achyranthes bidentata with Potent Antiosteoporosis Activities. Org Lett 2024; 26:1468-1471. [PMID: 38329784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The branched fructooligosaccharides ABW90-1 and ABW50-1 from Achyranthes bidentata with potent antiosteoporosis activities have been synthesized for the first time. The synthetic approach highlights the following features: (1) 6-O-picoloyl-directed β-d-fructofuranosylation via a hydrogen-bond-mediated aglycone delivery strategy for the highly stereoselective constructions of β-(2 → 6)-d-fructofuranosidic linkages and β-(2 → 1)-d-fructofuranosidic linkages in the internal positions under the reaction conditions (DBDMH, -20 °C, CH2Cl2) and (2) the reaction conditions (DBDMH, -78 °C to -35 °C, toluene) for highly stereoselective formations of β-(2 → 1)-d-fructofuranosidic linkages in the terminal positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xiufang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650214, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
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3
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Štěpánková K, Ozaltin K, Gorejová R, Doudová H, Bergerová ED, Maskalová I, Stupavská M, Sťahel P, Trunec D, Pelková J, Mozetič M, Lehocky M. Sulfation of furcellaran and its effect on hemocompatibility in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128840. [PMID: 38103479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, furcellaran (FUR) obtained from Furcellaria lumbricalis was firstly employed for sulfation via various methods, including SO3-pyridine (SO3∙Py) complex in different aprotic solvents, chlorosulfonic acid and sulfuric acid with a "coupling" reagent N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Structural characterization through FT-IR, GPC, XPS and elemental analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of 6-O-sulfated FUR derivates characterized by varying degrees of sulfation (DS) ranging from 0.15 to 0.91 and molecular weight (Mw) spanning from12.5 kDa to 2.7 kDa. In vitro clotting assays, partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT), and prothrombin time (PT) underscored the essential role of sulfate esters in conferring anticoagulant activity whereas FUR prepared via chlorosulfonic acid with DS of 0.91 reached 311.4 s in aPPT showing almost 4-fold higher anticoagulant activity than native FUR at the concentration 2 mg/mL. MTT test showed all tested samples decreased cell viability in a dose dependent manner while all of them are non-cytotoxic up to the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. Furthermore, sulfated derivates deposited onto polyethylene terephthalate surface presented substantial decrease in platelet adhesion, as well as absence of the most activated platelet stages. These findings support the pivotal role of O-6 FUR sulfates in enhancing hemocompatibility and provide valuable insights for a comparative assessment of effective sulfating approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Štěpánková
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic.
| | - Kadir Ozaltin
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Gorejová
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in KoŠice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 KoŠice, Slovakia.
| | - Hana Doudová
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Domincová Bergerová
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Maskalová
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Monika Stupavská
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Sťahel
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - David Trunec
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Pelková
- Department of Hematology, Tomas Bata Regional Hospital, Havlickovo Nabrezi 2916, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic; Faculty of Humanities, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Stefanikova 5670, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic.
| | - Miran Mozetič
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marian Lehocky
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic.
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4
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Niu C, Liu Y, Yang Y, Wang R, Li T. Advances in sulfonated modification and bioactivity of polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126400. [PMID: 37611689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides, as biological macromolecules, are widely found in plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria and exhibit various biological activities. However, many natural polysaccharides exhibit low or non-existent biological activities because of their high molecular weights and poor water solubility, limiting their application in many fields. Sulfonation is one of the most effective chemical modification methods to improve physicochemical properties and biological activities of natural polysaccharides or even impart natural polysaccharides with new biological activities. Therefore, sulfonated polysaccharides have attracted increasing attention because of their antioxidant, anticoagulant, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties. This paper reviews the recent advances in the sulfonation of polysaccharides, including preparation, characterization, and biological activities of sulfonated polysaccharides, and provides a theoretical basis for wide applications of sulfonated polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Niu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Ruolin Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
| | - Tiantian Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Flexible Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
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5
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Quan W, Zhao X, Zhao C, Duan H, Ding G. Characterization of 35 Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) half-sib families from two provinces based on metabolite properties. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1107597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant metabolism is an important functional trait, and its metabolites have physiological and ecological functions to adapt to the growth environment. However, the physiological and ecological functions of metabolites from different provinces of the same plant species are still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether metabolites from different provinces of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) have the corresponding metabolic traits. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry technique and metabonomic analysis methods were used to characterize 35 Masson pine half-sib families from two provinces. A total of 116 metabolites were putatively identified in 35 families of Masson pine, among which the average content of organic acids was the highest, followed by saccharides and alcohols, and phosphoric acids. Comparative analysis of metabolite groups showed that organic acids, amines, and others were significantly different between the Masson pine families from Guangxi and Guizhou provinces. Six differential metabolites were found between the provinces from Guizhou and Guangxi, namely caffeic acid, L-ascorbic acid, gentiobiose, xylitol, d-pinitol, and β-sitosterol. The most significantly enriched pathways among differentially expressed metabolites between the two provinces were steroid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions. Overall, the results showed that Masson pine half-sib families from different geographical provinces have different metabolite profiles and their metabolites are affected by geographical provenance and growth environment adaptability. This study revealed that the breeding of Masson pine families from different provinces changed the metabolite profiles, providing a reference for the multipurpose breeding of Masson pine.
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WANG YY, LI JY, YAO CL, ZHANG JQ, YU Y, YAO S, GAO M, WU SF, WEI WL, BI QR, GUO DA. Deep chemical identification of phytoecdysteroids in Achyranthes bidentata Blume by UHPLC coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry and targeted isolation. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:551-560. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bello-Morales R, Andreu S, Ruiz-Carpio V, Ripa I, López-Guerrero JA. Extracellular Polymeric Substances: Still Promising Antivirals. Viruses 2022; 14:1337. [PMID: 35746808 PMCID: PMC9227104 DOI: 10.3390/v14061337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides and other polyanions have been promising candidates in antiviral research for decades. These substances gained attention as antivirals when they demonstrated a high inhibitory effect in vitro against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other enveloped viruses. However, that initial interest was followed by wide skepticism when in vivo assays refuted the initial results. In this paper we review the use of sulfated polysaccharides, and other polyanions, in antiviral therapy, focusing on extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). We maintain that, in spite of those early difficulties, the use of polyanions and, specifically, the use of EPSs, in antiviral therapy should be reconsidered. We base our claim in several points. First, early studies showed that the main disadvantage of sulfated polysaccharides and polyanions is their low bioavailability, but this difficulty can be overcome by the use of adequate administration strategies, such as nebulization of aerosols to gain access to respiratory airways. Second, several sulfated polysaccharides and EPSs have demonstrated to be non-toxic in animals. Finally, these macromolecules are non-specific and therefore they might be used against different variants or even different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bello-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Edificio de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (V.R.-C.); (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabina Andreu
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Edificio de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (V.R.-C.); (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Ruiz-Carpio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Edificio de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (V.R.-C.); (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
| | - Inés Ripa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Edificio de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (V.R.-C.); (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Edificio de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (V.R.-C.); (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Ashrafi S, Rahman M, Ahmed P, Alam S, Hossain MA. Prospective Asian plants with corroborated antiviral potentials: Position standing in recent years. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 11:47. [PMID: 35402627 PMCID: PMC8980796 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases are extremely widespread infections caused by viruses. Amongst numerous other illnesses, viral infections have challenged human existence severely. Over the history of mankind, new viruses have emerged and presented us with new tests. The range of viral infections varies from familiar infectious diseases such as the common cold, flu, and warts to severe ailments such as AIDS, Ebola, and COVID-19. The world has been racing to find an effective cure for the newly evolving viruses. Toxic effects, non-selectivity, drug resistance, and high price are the most common complications of conventional treatment procedures. Nature is a marvelous source of phytoconstituents with incredible varieties of biological activities. By tradition, medicinal plants have been utilized for the treatment of countless infectious diseases worldwide, some of which contain a broad spectrum of activities. Modern drug discovery and development techniques offer highly efficient separation techniques, inauguration of vector-based schemes where the original infectious virus is cloned to the non-infectious one for antiviral screening targets. The objective of the review was to gather available data on 20 both cultivated and native plants of Asia giving antiviral activities and provide comprehensive information on the phytochemical analysis of the plants and potential antiviral compounds isolated from these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Ashrafi
- Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Mamunur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, East West University, Aftabnagar, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Pollob Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Ashulia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Safaet Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205 Bangladesh
| | - Md Abid Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Ashulia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Arokiarajan MS, Thirunavukkarasu R, Joseph J, Ekaterina O, Aruni W. Advance research in biomedical applications on marine sulfated polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:870-881. [PMID: 34843816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Marine ecosystem associated organisms are an affluent source of bioactive compounds. Polysaccharides with unique structural and practical entities have gained special studies interest inside the current biomedical zone. Polysaccharides are the main components of marine algae, plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms. In recent times research on seaweed is more persistent for extraction of natural bioactive "Sulfated polysaccharides" (SPs). The considerable amount of SP exists in the algae in the form of fucans, fucoidans, carrageenans, ulvan, etc. Major function of SPs is to act as a defensive lattice towards the infective organism. All SPs possess the high potential and possess a broad range of therapeutic applications as antitumor, immunomodulatory, vaccine adjuvant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antimicrobial, antilipemic, therapy of regenerative medicine, also in drug delivery and tissue engineering application. This review aims to discuss the biomedicine applications of sulfated polysaccharides from marine seaweeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Shamya Arokiarajan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 119, India
| | - Rajasekar Thirunavukkarasu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 119, India.
| | - Jerrine Joseph
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 119, India
| | - Obluchinskaya Ekaterina
- Biochemistry and Technology of Hydrobionts, Murmansk marine biological institute of KSC, RAS, Russia
| | - Wilson Aruni
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 119, India
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YAN YY, WANG Q, SUN LH, ZHANG XF. Extraction, preparation, and carboxymethyl of polysaccharide from Lotus root. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.17822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Ray B, Ali I, Jana S, Mukherjee S, Pal S, Ray S, Schütz M, Marschall M. Antiviral Strategies Using Natural Source-Derived Sulfated Polysaccharides in the Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Major Human Pathogenic Viruses. Viruses 2021; 14:35. [PMID: 35062238 PMCID: PMC8781365 DOI: 10.3390/v14010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a mere fraction of the huge variety of human pathogenic viruses can be targeted by the currently available spectrum of antiviral drugs. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has highlighted the urgent need for molecules that can be deployed quickly to treat novel, developing or re-emerging viral infections. Sulfated polysaccharides are found on the surfaces of both the susceptible host cells and the majority of human viruses, and thus can play an important role during viral infection. Such polysaccharides widely occurring in natural sources, specifically those converted into sulfated varieties, have already proved to possess a high level and sometimes also broad-spectrum antiviral activity. This antiviral potency can be determined through multifold molecular pathways, which in many cases have low profiles of cytotoxicity. Consequently, several new polysaccharide-derived drugs are currently being investigated in clinical settings. We reviewed the present status of research on sulfated polysaccharide-based antiviral agents, their structural characteristics, structure-activity relationships, and the potential of clinical application. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of sulfated polysaccharides involved in viral infection or in antiviral activity, respectively, are discussed, together with a focus on the emerging methodology contributing to polysaccharide-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimalendu Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Subrata Jana
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Shuvam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Saikat Pal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Sayani Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India; (I.A.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Martin Schütz
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Lu W, Yang Z, Chen J, Wang D, Zhang Y. Recent advances in antiviral activities and potential mechanisms of sulfated polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 272:118526. [PMID: 34420760 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides derived from plants, fungi and animals are well known as ideal functional products with multiple biological activities and few side effects. Among them, natural occurring sulfated polysaccharides and those from synthetic origin are increasingly causing more attention worldwide, as they have been proved to possess broad-spectrum antiviral activities. The focus of this review is on analyzing the current state of knowledge about the origin of sulfated polysaccharides, more importantly, the potential connection between the structure and their antiviral mechanisms. Sulfated polysaccharide may interfere with a few steps in the virus life cycle (i.e. adsorption, invasion, transcription and replication) and/or improve the host antiviral immune response. Moreover, their antiviral activity was affected by degree of substitution, substitution position, molecular weight, and spatial conformation. This review may provide approach for the development of novel and potent therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Lu
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710003, China.
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - Di Wang
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710003, China
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13
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Chaisuwan W, Phimolsiripol Y, Chaiyaso T, Techapun C, Leksawasdi N, Jantanasakulwong K, Rachtanapun P, Wangtueai S, Sommano SR, You S, Regenstein JM, Barba FJ, Seesuriyachan P. The Antiviral Activity of Bacterial, Fungal, and Algal Polysaccharides as Bioactive Ingredients: Potential Uses for Enhancing Immune Systems and Preventing Viruses. Front Nutr 2021; 8:772033. [PMID: 34805253 PMCID: PMC8602887 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.772033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections may cause serious human diseases. For instance, the recent appearance of the novel virus, SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19, has spread globally and is a serious public health concern. The consumption of healthy, proper, functional, and nutrient-rich foods has an important role in enhancing an individual's immune system and preventing viral infections. Several polysaccharides from natural sources such as algae, bacteria, and fungi have been considered as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration. They are safe, low-toxicity, biodegradable, and have biological activities. In this review, the bioactive polysaccharides derived from various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and algae were evaluated. Antiviral mechanisms of these polysaccharides were discussed. Finally, the potential use of microbial and algal polysaccharides as an antiviral and immune boosting strategy was addressed. The microbial polysaccharides exhibited several bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. Some microbes are able to produce sulfated polysaccharides, which are well-known to exert a board spectrum of biological activities, especially antiviral properties. Microbial polysaccharide can inhibit various viruses using different mechanisms. Furthermore, these microbial polysaccharides are also able to modulate immune responses to prevent and/or inhibit virus infections. There are many molecular factors influencing their bioactivities, e.g., functional groups, conformations, compositions, and molecular weight. At this stage of development, microbial polysaccharides will be used as adjuvants, nutrient supplements, and for drug delivery to prevent several virus infections, especially SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worraprat Chaisuwan
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Chaiyaso
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Charin Techapun
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sutee Wangtueai
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- College of Maritime Studies and Management, Chiang Mai University, Samut Sakhon, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory (BAC), Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Joe M. Regenstein
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Phisit Seesuriyachan
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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14
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Liu HB, Li B, Guo LW, Pan LM, Zhu HX, Tang ZS, Xing WH, Cai YY, Duan JA, Wang M, Xu SN, Tao XB. Current and Future Use of Membrane Technology in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Industry. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2021.1995875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Bo Li
- Jiangsu Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Wei Guo
- Jiangsu Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Mei Pan
- Jiangsu Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua-Xu Zhu
- Jiangsu Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Shu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Wei-Hong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Special Separation Membrane, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cai
- Nanjing Industrial Technology Research Institute of Membranes Co, Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Pharmacy Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Si-Ning Xu
- Pharmacy Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xing-Bao Tao
- College ofPharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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15
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Zhang Z, Huang X, Li S, Luo K. Determining the Structure and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Sulfated Polysaccharides from
Cardamine hupingshanensis. STARCH-STARKE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zimu Zhang
- College of Biology and Science Technology Hubei min Zu University Enshi 445000 China
| | - Xiufang Huang
- College of Biology and Science Technology Hubei min Zu University Enshi 445000 China
| | - Shichan Li
- College of Biology and Science Technology Hubei min Zu University Enshi 445000 China
| | - Kai Luo
- College of Biology and Science Technology Hubei min Zu University Enshi 445000 China
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16
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Zhao Y, Tian N, Wang H, Yan H. Chemically Sulfated Polysaccharides from Agaricus blazei Murill: Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-HIV Activity. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100338. [PMID: 34296822 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIDS, caused by HIV-1, is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new drugs with more potent bioactivities, less toxicity and higher tolerability for controlling the viral load, particularly by using the raw materials that are widely available. Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM), known in China as jisongrong, is of great importance as a food source and as a health-promoting supplement for immunomodulation. The polysaccharides of AbM exhibit various biological activities, such as regulating cellular immunity and providing anti-oxidative, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory effects. At present, to our knowledge, no report has explored the chemically sulfated and anti-HIV-1 activity of AbM polysaccharides. Herein, the sulfated AbM polysaccharides with different sulfur contents were prepared by the chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method. The characteristics of sulfated derivatives were established by the determination of the sulfur content, the relative molecular weight, and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The anti-HIV activities of the sulfated AbM polysaccharides were evaluated by CCK-8 and the single-cycle pseudovirus infection (TZM-bl) assay. The sulfated AbM polysaccharides had strong antiviral properties, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations approached that of the positive control, azidothymidine. Sulfated modification of AbM polysaccharides can increase their anti-HIV pharmacological activity, which makes them promising alternative candidates as bioactive macromolecules for biomedical applications in HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhao
- Beijing Tide Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing Economic Technological Development Area (BDA), No. 8 East Rongjing Street, Beijing, 100176, P. R. China
| | - Nana Tian
- Beijing Tide Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing Economic Technological Development Area (BDA), No. 8 East Rongjing Street, Beijing, 100176, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Beijing Tide Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing Economic Technological Development Area (BDA), No. 8 East Rongjing Street, Beijing, 100176, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
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17
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Singh RS, Singh A, Kaur H, Batra G, Sarma P, Kaur H, Bhattacharyya A, Sharma AR, Kumar S, Upadhyay S, Tiwari V, Avti P, Prakash A, Medhi B. Promising traditional Indian medicinal plants for the management of novel Coronavirus disease: A systematic review. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4456-4484. [PMID: 34132429 PMCID: PMC8441711 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Indian medical practices (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and homeopathy) are a vast reservoir of knowledge about medicinal plants. The promising pharmacological properties of these plants have paved the way for developing therapy against novel Coronavirus (CoV) infection. The current review will summarize published works of literature on the effects of traditional Indian medicinal plants against acute respiratory infection (COVID‐19, SARS, Influenza, and Respiratory syncytial virus infection) and registered clinical trials of traditional Indian herbal medicines in COVID‐19. The current study aims to comprehensively evaluate the data of traditional Indian medicinal plants to warrant their use in COVID‐19 management. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched along with different clinical trial databases. A total of 22 relevant traditional Indian medicinal plants (35 relevant studies) were included in the current study having potential antiviral properties against virus‐induced respiratory illness along with promising immunomodulatory and thrombolytic properties. Further, 36 randomized and nonrandomized registered clinical trials were also included that were aimed at evaluating the efficacy of herbal plants or their formulations in COVID‐19 management. The antiviral, immunomodulatory, and thrombolytic activities of the traditional Indian medicinal plants laid down a strong rationale for their use in developing therapies against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The study identified some important potential traditional Indian medicinal herbs such as Ocimum tenuiflorum, Tinospora cordifolia, Achyranthes bidentata, Cinnamomum cassia, Cydonia oblonga, Embelin ribes, Justicia adhatoda, Momordica charantia, Withania somnifera, Zingiber officinale, Camphor, and Kabusura kudineer, which could be used in therapeutic strategies against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Soloman Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harpinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gitika Batra
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anusuya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector-32, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Raj Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sujata Upadhyay
- Department of Physilogy, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University Campus, Varanasi, India
| | - Pramod Avti
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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18
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Simsek M, Asiyanbi-Hammed TT, Rasaq N, Hammed AM. Progress in Bioactive Polysaccharide-Derivatives: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1935998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miray Simsek
- Department of Plant Sciences, North High School, Fargo ND and North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | | | - Nurudeen Rasaq
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Ademola Monsur Hammed
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
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19
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Wang D, Liu Y, Zhao W. The Adjuvant Effects on Vaccine and the Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Polysaccharides From Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:655570. [PMID: 33869288 PMCID: PMC8047473 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.655570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is still the most successful strategy to prevent and control the spread of infectious diseases by generating an adequate protective immune response. However, vaccines composed of antigens alone can only stimulate weak immunogenicity to prevent infection in many cases. Adjuvant can enhance the immunogenicity of the antigens. Therefore, adjuvant is urgently needed to strengthen the immune response of the vaccines. An ideal adjuvant should be safe, cheap, biodegradable and biologically inert. In addition to having a long shelf life, it can also promote cellular and humoral immune responses. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has many different ingredients, such as glycosides, polysaccharides, acids, terpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and so on. TCM polysaccharides are one of the main types of biologically active substances. They have a large range of pharmacological activities, especially immunomodulatory. TCM polysaccharides can regulate the immune system of animals by binding to multiple receptors on the surface of immune cells and activating different signal pathways. This review focuses on a comprehensive summary of the most recent developments in vaccine adjuvant effects of polysaccharides from many important TCM, such as Artemisia rupestris L., Cistanche deserticola, Pinus massoniana, Chuanminshen violaceum, Astragalus, Ganoderma lucidum, Codonopsis pilosula, Lycium barbarum, Angelica, Epimedium, and Achyranthes bidentata. Moreover, this review also introduces their immunomodulatory effects and the molecular mechanisms of action on animal bodies, which showed that TCM polysaccharides can activate macrophages, the signal pathway of T/B lymphocytes, regulate the signal pathway of natural killer cells, activate the complement system, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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20
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Wang C, He Y, Tang X, Li N. Sulfation, structural analysis, and anticoagulant bioactivity of ginger polysaccharides. J Food Sci 2020; 85:2427-2434. [PMID: 32686122 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, ginger polysaccharide (GP), ginger polysaccharide 1 (GP1), and ginger polysaccharide 2 (GP2) from ginger were firstly modified by sulfation. Fourier transform infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra investigation of sulfated ginger polysaccharide (SGP), sulfated ginger polysaccharide 1 (SGP1), and sulfated ginger polysaccharide 2 (SGP2) revealed that the sulfation successfully occurred with the characteristic absorption peak of polysaccharide. Congo red experiment showed that triple helical structure existed in SGP and SGP1, but random coils existed in SGP2. SGP, SGP1, and SGP2 all showed a rough and rugged surface with plenty of small pores. The blood clotting time of SGP2 or SGP at 2 mg/mL in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) assay was 41.42 or 38.01 s, respectively, which were approximately 1.33- and 1.22-fold longer than that of the physiological saline. Compared to the saline control group, prothrombin time (PT) was increased by 1.22-fold with the addition of GP at 2 mg/mL. However, no clotting inhibition phenomenon was observed in thrombin time test even at the concentrations that APTT and PT were obviously prolonged. It indicated that GP2, SGP2, and SGP inhibited the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, but GP inhibited both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation. Hence, ginger polysaccharides might be used as anticoagulants and therapeutic reagents for thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, PR China
| | - Yaoxuan He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, PR China
| | - Xiaozhen Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, PR China
| | - Ningyang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, 271018, PR China
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21
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Sulfated modification, characterization, and potential bioactivities of polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Russula virescens. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:1438-1447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Yu Y, Cui R, Wang X, Yang H, Li H. Preparation of multifunctional poly(l-lactic acid) film using heparin-mimetic polysaccharide multilayers: Hemocompatibility, cytotoxicity, antibacterial and drug loading/releasing properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:14-26. [PMID: 32220642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) has been the most commonly used polymer for making bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS). Despite owning remarkable properties, BVS made from PLLA are facing higher rates of early thrombosis compared with permanent metallic scaffolds. To solve this issue, we modified the PLLA film surface with heparin-mimetic polysaccharide multilayers consisting of sulfated Chinese yam polysaccharide (SCYP) and chitosan (CS) through layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly. The surface chemical compositions, morphologies and growth manner of SCYP/CS multilayers were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy. The relevant hemocompatibility results showed that multilayer-modified PLLA could effectively resist protein adsorption, suppress the platelet adhesion, prolong clotting time, prevent contact and complement activation as well as reduce hemolysis rate. Moreover, the multilayer-modified PLLA exhibited non-cytotoxicity, good antibacterial ability against E. coli and S. aureus, and drug loading/sustained releasing behavior. Overall, the multifunctional PLLA film with integrated properties of hemocompatibility, non-cytotoxicity, antibacterial and drug loading/releasing behavior could be successfully achieved by deposition of SCYP/CS multilayers, which will have potential application in blood-contacting biomedical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rongqi Cui
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Hui Li
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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23
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Three novel chromanones with biological activities from the endophytic fungus Phomopsis CGMCC No. 5416. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 73:194-199. [PMID: 31873196 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Three undescribed chromanones (1-3) and two known chromanones (4 and 5) were isolated from the culture of endophytic fungus Phomopsis CGMCC No. 5416 from the stems of Achyranthes bidentata. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 showed inhibitory activities against HIV-1 with IC50 values of 20.4 and 32.5 μg ml-1, respectively. Compounds 1-3 displayed moderate cytotoxicity with CC50 values of 36.5-79.3 μg ml-1 against A549, MDA-MB-231, and PANC-1 cell lines. Moreover, compound 3 can induce the early apoptosis of PANC-1 cancer cells with the apoptosis rate of 10.52%.
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24
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Dong H, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. Antiviral effect of 25-hydroxycholesterol against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vitro. Antivir Ther 2019; 23:395-404. [PMID: 29561734 DOI: 10.3851/imp3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that causes economically huge losses to the pig industry worldwide. Current control of PRRSV infection remains inadequate although various means have been implemented. Thus, investigating novel antiviral therapeutics to combat PRRSV infection is essential. In the present study, the antiviral effect in vitro of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) against PRRSV was investigated. METHODS Cell viability assay was performed to examine the impact of 25HC on the cell viability. Indirect immunofluorescence assay and virus titration were utilized to evaluate the levels of PRRSV growth. Viral attachment assay, penetration assay and release assay were conducted to investigate the antiviral mechanism of 25HC against PRRSV. Real-time RT-PCR assay was used to analyse the effect of 25HC on the genome synthesis of PRRSV. RESULTS We demonstrated that the growth of PRRSV was significantly inhibited in 25HC-pretreated cells and PRRSV-infected cells by 25HC. Moreover, 25HC could impair the attachment and entry of PRRSV in vitro, but not affect viral genome synthesis and virion release. CONCLUSIONS Our findings clearly indicate that 25HC can exert antiviral effect against PRRSV infection in vitro, suggesting that 25HC might be a novel potential agent to control PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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25
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Zaynab M, Fatima M, Sharif Y, Zafar MH, Ali H, Khan KA. Role of primary metabolites in plant defense against pathogens. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103728. [PMID: 31499183 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plants under natural environment facing various pathogens, tend to produce defense to maintain their fitness and minimize pathogenic damage. Plant-pathogens interaction is gaining more importance by researches as, their means of the fight are primary metabolites. The ultimate result of either means of defense is pathogenesis or resistance. Plant defense mechanisms can be grouped either into inducible and constitutive defense or chemical, structural and morphological defense. Majority of defense mechanisms have a passive role, i.e. only defensive against pathogens, but a few are very active. Plant primary metabolites are catching interest in their immunity role. Deep information of molecular mechanisms involved during the plant-pathogen system is need of the day for future disease control. This review will highlight the role of primary metabolites and their mechanism of action in plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Zaynab
- College of Life Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
| | - Mahpara Fatima
- College of Crop Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Yasir Sharif
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Muhammad Hammad Zafar
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Habib Ali
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Depalpur Campus, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
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Liu Z, Dong L, Jia K, Zhan H, Zhang Z, Shah NP, Tao X, Wei H. Sulfonation of Lactobacillus plantarum WLPL04 exopolysaccharide amplifies its antioxidant activities in vitro and in a Caco-2 cell model. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5922-5932. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
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Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of (E)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (DiNap), a Natural Product Analog, on the Replication of Type 2 PRRSV In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050887. [PMID: 30832429 PMCID: PMC6429065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DiNap [(E)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one], an analog of a natural product (the chalcone flavokawain), was synthesized and characterized in this study. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the most challenging threat to the swine industry worldwide. Currently, commercially available vaccines are ineffective for controlling porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pigs. Therefore, a pharmacological intervention may represent an alternative control measure for PRRSV infection. Hence, the present study evaluated the effects of DiNap on the replication of VR2332 (a prototype strain of type 2 PRRSV). Initially, in vitro antiviral assays against VR2332 were performed in MARC-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Following this, a pilot study was conducted in a pig model to demonstrate the effects of DiNap following VR2332 infection. DiNap inhibited VR2332 replication in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, and viral growth was completely suppressed at concentrations ≥0.06 mM, without significant cytotoxicity. Consistent with these findings, in the pig study, DiNap also reduced viral loads in the serum and lungs and enhanced the weight gain of pigs following VR2332 infection, as indicated by comparison of the DiNap-treated groups to the untreated control (NC) group. In addition, DiNap-treated pigs had fewer gross and microscopic lesions in their lungs than NC pigs. Notably, virus transmission was also delayed by approximately 1 week in uninfected contact pigs within the same group after treatment with DiNap. Taken together, these results suggest that DiNap has potential anti-PRRSV activity and could be useful as a prophylactic or post-exposure treatment drug to control PRRSV infection in pigs.
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UPLC/Q-TOF-MS-based metabolomics study of the anti-osteoporosis effects of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides in ovariectomized rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:433-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sulfated modification of polysaccharides: Synthesis, characterization and bioactivities. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Islam W, Adnan M, Tayyab M, Hussain M, Islam SU. Phyto-metabolites; An Impregnable Shield against Plant Viruses. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, economically important crops are under continuous threat from plant viruses as they reproduce within the host and spread via various biological and non biological means. The problem can be minimized via application of integrated management approaches involving utilization of resistant genotypes and reducing the insect vector population. But such strategies are rarely applied in developing countries and farmers prefer to use chemicals against all type of diseases. But increasing use of pesticides is a leading cause of disaster to our ecosystem so alternative means such as phyto-metabolites should be explored for eco friendly management of plant viruses. So here we have reviewed about different phyto-metabolites that can be effectively and potentially used against various plant virus diseases. We further explained about the various primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, polysaccharides and proteins. The review highlights the recent advances in the field of phyto-metabolites utilization against plant viruses and sums up via hoping through prospects that future drugs will be safer for human beings and our ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for Plant Viruses, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Mubasher Hussain
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Saif Ul Islam
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory for Plant Viruses, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Sulfated polysaccharide from Cyclocarya paliurus enhances the immunomodulatory activity of macrophages. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:669-676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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He X, Wang X, Fang J, Chang Y, Ning N, Guo H, Huang L, Huang X. The genus Achyranthes: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 203:260-278. [PMID: 28347832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Achyranthes L. (Amaranthaceae), also known as Chaff Flower and Niuxi/, mainly includes two famous medicinal species namely A. bidentata and A. aspera. A. bidentata has been widely used as blood-activating and stasis-resolving medicine for the treatment of various diseases including amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, lumbago, gonalgia, paraplegia, edema, stranguria, headache, dizziness, odontalgia, oral ulcer, hematemesis, and epistaxis. A. aspera has been widely used to treat various diseases, including gynecological disorder, asthma, ophthalmia, odontalgia, haemorrhoids, and abdominal tumor, and has been applied to difficult labour, wound healing, insect and snake bites. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This review aims to provide systematically reorganized information on distributions, botanical characteristics, ethnopharmacology, chemical constituents, qualitative and quantitative analysis, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of Achyranthes species to support their therapeutic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant information on Achyranthes species was gathered from worldwide accepted scientific databases via electronic search (Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, ACS Publications, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, SciFinder, CNKI). Information was also obtained from International Plant Names Index, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Chinese herbal classic books, PhD and MSc dissertations, etc. RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of literatures obtained through the above- mentioned sources confirms that the ethnomedicinal uses of Achyranthes species are mainly recorded in China, India, Korea, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Philippines, etc. Phytochemical investigations revealed that the major bioactive substances of Achyranthes plants are polysaccharides, polypeptides, triterpenoid saponins, and ketosteroids. Achyranthes plants have been shown to not only act on immune system, nervous system, bone metabolism, and reproduction, but also possess a wide range of biological activities, including blood-activating, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, anti-arthritis, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, wound healing, etc. Toxicity studies indicated that A. bidentata and A. aspera seem non-toxic at the common therapeutic doses. CONCLUSIONS A. bidentata and A. aspera are very promising to be fully utilized in the development of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. There are, however, needs for further in-depth studies to confirm some ethnomedicinal uses of Achyranthes plants and to elucidate the scientific connotation of the widely documented property of conducting drug downward of A. bidentata. In addition, other widespread Achyranthes species like A. japonica and A. rubrofusca ought to be studied. Likewise, systematic comparative studies of the chemical constituents of medicinal Achyranthes plants resources with the same local name are also needed. Furthermore, not only should the investigations on the structure-activity relationship of the main bioactive compounds triterpenoid saponins and ketosteroids be carried out, but the pathways of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion ought to be clarified. Last but not least, there is also a need to evaluate the long-term chronic toxicity and acute toxicity in vivo of the main bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui He
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Jiacheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Yu Chang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Ning Ning
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Hao Guo
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Linhong Huang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Hong-Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, PR China
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Zhao L, Feng C, Wu K, Chen W, Chen Y, Hao X, Wu Y. Advances and prospects in biogenic substances against plant virus: A review. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 135:15-26. [PMID: 28043326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus diseases, known as 'plant cancer', are the second largest plant diseases after plant fungal diseases, which have caused great damage to agricultural industry. Since now, the most direct and effective method for controlling viruses is chemotherapeutics, except for screening of anti-disease species. As the occurrence and harm of plant diseases intensify, production and consumption of pesticides have increased year by year, and greatly contributed to the fertility of agriculture, but also brought a series of problems, such as the increase of drug resistance of plant pathogens and the excessive pesticide residues. In recent years, biopesticide, as characterized by environmentally safe due to low residual, safe to non-target organism due to better specificity and not as susceptible to produce drug resistance due to diverse work ways, has gained more attention than ever before and exhibited great development potential. Now much progress has been made about researches on new biogenic anti-plant-virus substances. The types of active components include proteins, polysaccharides and small molecules (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, essential oils) from plants, proteins and polysaccharides from microorganisms, polysaccharides from algae and oligochitosan from animals. This study summarized the research advance of biogenic anti-plant-virus substances in recent years and put forward their further development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaohong Feng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Kuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenbao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Chen Y, Yao F, Ming K, Wang D, Hu Y, Liu J. Polysaccharides from Traditional Chinese Medicines: Extraction, Purification, Modification, and Biological Activity. Molecules 2016; 21:E1705. [PMID: 27983593 PMCID: PMC6273901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been used to treat diseases in China for thousands of years. TCM compositions are complex, using as their various sources plants, animals, fungi, and minerals. Polysaccharides are one of the active and important ingredients of TCMs. Polysaccharides from TCMs exhibit a wide range of biological activities in terms of immunity- modifying, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-tumor properties. With their widespread biological activities, polysaccharides consistently attract scientist's interests, and the studies often concentrate on the extraction, purification, and biological activity of TCM polysaccharides. Currently, numerous studies have shown that the modification of polysaccharides can heighten or change the biological activities, which is a new angle of polysaccharide research. This review highlights the current knowledge of TCM polysaccharides, including their extraction, purification, modification, and biological activity, which will hopefully provide profound insights facilitating further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Fangke Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ke Ming
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Deyun Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yuanliang Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Han B, Gao Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Shang Z, Wang S, Pei J. Protective effect of a polysaccharide from Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae on acute liver injury in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 87:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chen Y, Wu Y, Xian L, Song M, Zeng L, Xiong W, Liu J, Sun W, Wang D, Hu Y. Effects of Bush Sophora Root polysaccharide and its sulfate on immuno-enhancing of the therapeutic DVH. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 80:217-24. [PMID: 26118485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bush Sophora Root polysaccharide (BSRPS) and its sulfate, sulfated Bush Sophora Root polysaccharide (sBSRPS), possess the antiviral activities against duck hepatitis A virus. However their antiviral mechanisms are still not clear. This paper reported their immuno-enhancing roles in the therapeutic effects for duck virus hepatitis (DVH). The effects of BSRPS and sBSRPS on stimulating lymphocyte proliferation were investigated by MTT methods. After that, ducklings were challenged with DHAV and treated with BSRPS and sBSRPS. Meanwhile, the total antibody (Ab), cytokines including interferon gamma (IFN-γ), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6 and IL-8 were determined by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay methods. The results showed that BSRPS owned a fine hepatoprotective effect with stable HGF producing ability. Sulfated modification was able to increase the proliferation rates of B and T lymphocytes and the secretions of total Ab, IFN-γ and IL-2, as comparison with those of BSRPS group. In summary, both of them exhibited immuno-enhancing effects on the therapeutic effects for DVH, and the capacity of sBSRPS was stronger than that of BSRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Luanting Xian
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Meiyun Song
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wen Xiong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Weidong Sun
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Deyun Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuanliang Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Zhao L, Hao X, Wu Y. Inhibitory effect of polysaccharide peptide (PSP) against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:474-8. [PMID: 25709019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are essential macromolecules present in all living organisms, and have many kinds of biological activities, such as anti-oxidation, hypoglycemic, enhancing immunity, anti-aging, anti-rheumatism, anti-cancer and so on. In this study, the antiviral activity of polysaccharide peptide (PSP) was tested, compared with Ningnanmycin, and firstly found it has a stronger antiviral activity by using half-leaf method and leaf disk method. Subsequently, the mechanism of antiviral activity of PSP was preliminarily studied. As a result, its antiviral effect was better than the commercial agent Ningnanmycin, despite of protective effect, curative effect and inactivation effect. On the other hand, PSP as a commercial anti-cancer drug could easily and rapidly get in large quantities by liquid fermentation, which makes the industrialized production feasible. Also PSP is less toxic, easily biodegradable and ecofriendly. All the results are suggesting that PSP has potential as a pesticide to be used for the control of plant virus in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Xingan Hao
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China.
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae possesses an antiviral activity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98434. [PMID: 24878741 PMCID: PMC4039538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are often colonized by more than one bacterial and/or viral species during respiratory tract infections. This phenomenon is known as the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are pathogens that are frequently involved in PRDC. The main objective of this project was to study the in vitro interactions between these two pathogens and the host cells in the context of mixed infections. To fulfill this objective, PRRSV permissive cell lines such as MARC-145, SJPL, and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) were used. A pre-infection with PRRSV was performed at 0.5 multiplicity of infection (MOI) followed by an infection with App at 10 MOI. Bacterial adherence and cell death were compared. Results showed that PRRSV pre-infection did not affect bacterial adherence to the cells. PRRSV and App co-infection produced an additive cytotoxicity effect. Interestingly, a pre-infection of SJPL and PAM cells with App blocked completely PRRSV infection. Incubation of SJPL and PAM cells with an App cell-free culture supernatant is also sufficient to significantly block PRRSV infection. This antiviral activity is not due to LPS but rather by small molecular weight, heat-resistant App metabolites (<1 kDa). The antiviral activity was also observed in SJPL cells infected with swine influenza virus but to a much lower extent compared to PRRSV. More importantly, the PRRSV antiviral activity of App was also seen with PAM, the cells targeted by the virus in vivo during infection in pigs. The antiviral activity might be due, at least in part, to the production of interferon γ. The use of in vitro experimental models to study viral and bacterial co-infections will lead to a better understanding of the interactions between pathogens and their host cells, and could allow the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic tools.
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In Vitro Virucidal and Virustatic Properties of the Crude Extract of Cynodon dactylon against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:947589. [PMID: 24744959 PMCID: PMC3972871 DOI: 10.1155/2014/947589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro virustatic and virucidal tests of the crude extract of Cynodon dactylon against infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a cause of major devastating pig disease, were described. Crude extract of C. dactylon was prepared for cytotoxicity on tissue-culture cells that were used to measure virustatic and virucidal activities against PRRSV. Crude extract of C. dactylon at 0.78 mg/mL showed no cytotoxicity on the cell line, and at that concentration significantly inhibited replication of PRRSV as early as 24 hours post infection (hpi). C. dactylon also inactivated PRRSV as determined by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) compared to the control experiments. In summary, the present study may be among the earliest studies to describe virustatic and virucidal activities of C. dactylon crude extract against PRRSV in vitro. Extracts of C. dactylon may be useful for PRRSV control and prevention on pig farms.
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Inhibition of replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by hemin is highly dependent on heme oxygenase-1, but independent of iron in MARC-145 cells. Antiviral Res 2014; 105:39-46. [PMID: 24583029 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Current vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) have failed to provide sustainable disease control, and development of new antiviral strategies is of great importance. The present study investigated the mechanism of the antiviral effect of hemin during PRRSV infection in MARC-145 cells. Hemin, a commercial preparation of heme, is used as an iron donor or heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) inducer, and has been shown to provide antiviral activity in many studies. In the current study, the anti-PRRSV activity of hemin was identified through suppressing PRRSV propagation. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of hemin antiviral activity was estimated to be 32μM, and the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of hemin was found to be higher than 125μM. Further study showed that the antiviral activity of hemin is independent of iron. In addition, after treatment with Protoporphyrin IX zinc (II) (ZnPP) or Sn (IV) Protoporphyrin IX dichloride (SnPP), inhibitors of HO-1, the inhibition of viral replication by hemin was partially reversed. Additionally, it was confirmed that hemin and N-acetyl cysteine were able to significantly reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MARC-145 cells infected with virus. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), however, did not produce a reduction in viral load or promote expression of HO-1. Taken together, these data indicate that the effect of hemin on the inhibition of PRRSV propagation via HO-1 induction, as well as the antiviral mechanism of HO-1, is not dependent on decreased levels of ROS. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that hemin had antiviral activity against PRRSV and may serve as a useful antiviral agent inhibiting PRRSV replication.
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Liu Y, Liu Y, Jiang H, Xu L, Cheng Y, Wang PG, Wang F. Preparation, antiangiogenic and antitumoral activities of the chemically sulfated glucan from Phellinus ribis. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:42-8. [PMID: 24721049 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two sulfated derivatives (PRP-S1 and PRP-S2) of a β-glucan from Phellinus ribis with different degrees of substitution were obtained by chlorosulfonic acid method. The derivatives could block formation of new vessels in zebrafish and inhibit the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The two sulfated derivatives had remarkably high antitumor activities in vivo (in BALB/c mice inoculated with H22 hepatocellular carcinoma) as well as in vitro (against human ovary cancer SKOV-3 cells), without producing any overt signs of general toxicity. The results of immunohistochemistry assay indicated that the derivatives significantly reduced the average number of microvessel density (MVD) and inhibited the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in tumor. Thus, these derivatives exhibit pronounced antiangiogenic and antitumoral properties. Except for cytotoxic effects on tumor cells, it is reasonable to expect that the antitumoral effects of PRP-S1 and PRP-S2 are mediated via their antiangiogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yuguo Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Tumor Hospital, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Haiqiang Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Lingchuan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yanna Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Chen Y, Xiong W, Zeng L, Wang D, Liu J, Wu Y, Hu Y. Comparison of Bush Sophora Root polysaccharide and its sulfate's anti-duck hepatitis A virus activity and mechanism. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 102:333-40. [PMID: 24507289 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to research the sulfating modification in enhancing the anti-duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) activity of Bush Sophora Root polysaccharide (BSRPS), sulfated Bush Sophora Root polysaccharide (sBSRPS) was prepared by chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method. KBr pellets method was applied to analyze their different structures. Anti-DHAV activity was studied by duck embryonic hepatocytes culture in vitro and artificial inoculation method in vivo. Direct immunofluorescence method and Real-time PCR were applied to study the antiviral mechanism of adsorption, replication and release in vitro and the dynamic change of virus content of blood in vivo. The results showed at the most effective content, sBSRPS (7.813 μg/mL) could inhibit both replication and release of DHAV in vitro, BSRPS (500 μg/mL) only inhibit replication. The relative expression of DHAV gene at the 8thh and the mortality rate of sBSRPS group were significantly reduced. These results indicated sBSRPS performed more effectively in anti-DHAV activity than BSRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wen Xiong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Deyun Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuanliang Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Sun N, Li E, Wang Z, Zhao J, Wang S, He J, Bai Y, Li H. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus via suppressing N gene expression and blocking virus-induced apoptosis. Antivir Ther 2013; 19:89-95. [PMID: 24158620 DOI: 10.3851/imp2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic loss in the swine industry. Currently, there is no effective way to prevent PRRSV infection. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS), a natural compound derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza, was shown to possess anti-PRRSV activity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of STS on PRRSV-induced cell apoptosis and PRRSV N protein expression pattern. METHODS Relative quantification real-time PCR was used to evaluate the inhibition of STS on N gene expression. Simultaneously indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and western blot were used to assess the effect on N protein expression. Apoptosis was analysed using fluorescence microscope with an annexin V-EGFP kit. The effect of STS on caspase-3 cleaving was assessed by western blot. RESULTS Our results showed that STS could inhibit viral N gene expression at both the messenger RNA stage and at the protein level in PRRSV-infected cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, STS could also rescue PRRSV-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that STS may serve as a base compound for developing more effective drugs against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
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