1
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Lin Y, Cai Y, Li H, Li L, Jiang Z, Ni H. Efficiency enhancement in Aspergillus niger α-L-rhamnosidase reverse hydrolysis by using a tunnel site rational design strategy. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 180:110484. [PMID: 39079223 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
There has been ongoing interest in improving the efficiency of glycoside hydrolase for synthesizing glycoside compounds through protein engineering, given the potential applications of glycoside compounds. In this study, a strategy of modifying the substrate access tunnel was proposed to enhance the efficiency of reverse hydrolysis catalyzed by Aspergillus niger α-L-rhamnosidase. Analysis of the tunnel dynamics identified Tyr299 as a key modifiable residue in the substrate access tunnel. The location of Tyr299 was near the enzyme surface and at the outermost end of the substrate access tunnel, suggested its role in substrate recognition and throughput. Based on the properties of side chains, six mutants were designed and expressed by Pichia pastoris. Compared to WT, the reverse hydrolysis efficiencies of mutants Y299P and Y299W were increased by 21.3 % and 11.1 %, respectively. The calculation results of binding free energy showed that the binding free energy was inversely proportional to the reverse hydrolysis efficiency. Further, when binding free energy levels were comparable, the mutants with shorter side chains displayed a higher reverse hydrolysis efficiency. These results proved that substrate access tunnel modification was an effective method to improve the reverse hydrolysis efficacy of α-L-rhamnosidase and also provided new insights for modifying other glycoside hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Lin
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuchen Cai
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Han Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen 361021, China
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2
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Dai J, Zhang Y, Gao T, Lin Y, Tang Y, Jiang Z, Zhu Y, Li L, Ni H. A comparative study of two α-L-rhamnosidases with high sequence identity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134174. [PMID: 39084418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The GH78 α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus tubingensis (AT-Rha) was proved to be a new clade of Aspergillus α-L-rhamnosidases in the previous study. A putative α-L-rhamnosidase from A. kawachii IFO 4308 (AK-Rha) has 92 % identity in amino acid sequence with AT-Rha. In this study, AK-Rha was expressed in P. pastoris and characterized. Similar to AT-rRha, the recombinant AK-Rha (AK-rRha) showed a narrow substrate specificity to naringin. Interestingly, the enzyme activity of AK-rRha was 0.816 U/mg toward naringin, significantly lower than 125.142 U/mg of AT-rRha. Their large differences in catalytic efficiency was mainly due to their differences in kcat values between AK-rRha (0.67 s-1) and AT-rRha (4.89 × 104 s-1). The molecular dynamics simulation exhibited that the overall conformation of AK-Rha was rigid and that of AT-Rha was flexible; the Loop Y-L located above the catalytic domain formed different steric hindrances to naringin, and interacted with the flavonoid matrices at different strengths. The polar solvation energy analysis implied that the glycosidic bond was more easily hydrolysed in AT-Rha. The comparative study verified that the main feature of AK-Rha and AT-Rha represented Aspergillus α-L-rhamnosidase was the narrow substrate specificity toward naringin, and provided an insight of the relationships between their catalytic abilities and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Dai
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yichun Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ting Gao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yanling Lin
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yiling Tang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen 361102, China
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3
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Zhang F, Wang X, Pan L, Wang Z, Zheng J. Homologous expression of Aspergillus niger α-L-rhamnosidase and its application in enzymatic debittering of Ougan juice. Biotechnol Lett 2024:10.1007/s10529-024-03531-x. [PMID: 39235649 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The α-L-rhamnosidase (rha1) gene was homologously expressed in Aspergillus niger strains CCTCC 206047 and CCTCC 206047ΔpyrG, using hygromycin B and auxotrophic as selection markers. The engineered A. niger strains RHA001-1 and RHA003-1 were screened, yielding α-L-rhamnosidase activities of 20.81 ± 0.56 U/mL and 15.35 ± 0.87 U/mL, respectively. The copy numbers of the rha1 gene in strains RHA001-1 and RHA003-1 were found to be 18 and 14, respectively. Correlation analysis between copy number and enzyme activity in the A. niger strains revealed that α-L-rhamnosidase activity increased with the copy number of the rha1 gene. Recombinant α-L-rhamnosidase was utilized for the enzymatic debittering of Ougan juice, and its process conditions were optimized. Furthermore, the primary bitter substance neohesperidin (2.22 g/L) in Ougan juice was converted into hesperetin 7-O-glucoside (1.47 g/L) and hesperidin (0.143 g/L). This study presents a novel approach for the production of food-grade α-L-rhamnosidase and establishes a technical foundation for its application in the beverage industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Lixia Pan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Jianyong Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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4
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Ban Y, Yang H, Jiang J, Wang C, Lv B, Feng Y. A α-L-rhamnosidase from Echinacea purpurea endophyte Simplicillium sinense EFF1 and its application in production of Calceorioside B. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132090. [PMID: 38705322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Calceorioside B, a multifunctional phenylethanol glycosides (PhGs) derivative, exhibits a variety of notable properties, such as antithrombotic, anti-tumorigenic, anti-neocoronavirus, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, the large-scale production of calceorioside B is routinely restricted by its existence as an intermediary compound derived from plants, and still unachieved through excellent and activity chemical synthesis. Here, a total of 51 fungal endophytes were isolated from four PhGs-producing plants, and endophyte Simplicillium sinense EFF1 from Echinacea purpurea was identified with the ability to de-rhamnosing isoacteoside to generate calceorioside B. According to the RNA-transcription of EFF1 under the various substrates, a key gene CL1206.Contig2 that undertakes the hydrolysis function was screened out and charactered by heterologous expression. The sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree construction and substrate specificity analysis revealed that CL1206 was a novel α-L-rhamnosidase that belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase family 78 (GH78). The optimum catalytic conditions for CL1206 were at pH 6.5 and 55 °C. Finally, the enzyme-catalyzed approach to produce calceorioside B from 50 % crude isoacteoside extract was explored and optimized, with the maximum conversion rate reaching 69.42 % and the average producing rate reaching 0.37 g-1.L-1.h-1, which offered a great biocatalyst for potential industrial calceorioside B production. This is the first case for microorganism and rhamnosidase to show the hydrolysis ability to caffeic acid-modified PhGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Ban
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongwang Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jixuan Jiang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chengbin Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yongjun Feng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Makabe K, Ishida N, Kanezaki N, Shiono Y, Koseki T. Aspergillus oryzae α-l-rhamnosidase: Crystal structure and insight into the substrate specificity. Proteins 2024; 92:236-245. [PMID: 37818702 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The subsequent biochemical and structural investigations of the purified recombinant α-l-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Pichia pastoris, designated as rAoRhaA, were performed. The specific activity of the rAoRhaA wild-type was higher toward hesperidin and narirutin, where the l-rhamnose residue was α-1,6-linked to β-d-glucoside, than toward neohesperidin and naringin with an α-1,2-linkage to β-d-glucoside. However, no activity was detected toward quercitrin, myricitrin, and epimedin C. rAoRhaA kinetic analysis indicated that Km values for neohesperidin, naringin, and rutin were lower compared to those for hesperidin and narirutin. kcat values for hesperidin and narirutin were higher than those for neohesperidin, naringin, and rutin. High catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ) toward hesperidin and narirutin was a result of a considerably high kcat value, while Km values for hesperidin and narirutin were higher than those for naringin, neohesperidin, and rutin. The crystal structure of rAoRhaA revealed that the catalytic domain was represented by an (α/α)6 -barrel with the active site located in a deep cleft and two β-sheet domains were also present in the N- and C-terminal sites of the catalytic domain. Additionally, five asparagine-attached N-acetylglucosamine molecules were observed. The catalytic residues of AoRhaA were suggested to be Asp254 and Glu524, and their catalytic roles were confirmed by mutational studies of D254N and E524Q variants, which lost their activity completely. Notably, three aspartic acids (Asp117, Asp249, and Asp261) located at the catalytic pocket were replaced with asparagine. D117N variant showed reduced activity. D249N and D261N variants activities drastically decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Makabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishida
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Nanako Kanezaki
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiono
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Koseki
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
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Chen Y, Wang L, Guo Y, Zhang M, Xie H, Xia G, Xu L, Yang H, Shen Y. Preparation of isoquercitrin and rhamnose from readily accessible rutin by a highly specific recombinant α- L-rhamnosidase ( r-Rha1). Nat Prod Res 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38230560 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2303600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Isoquercitrin has superior in vivo bioactivities with respect to its primary glycoside rutin. Its conventional preparation was ineffective, with large chemical consumption and many by-products. Rhamnose, a high value-added monosaccharide, is usually separated from acid hydrolytes of rutin. This study aimed to establish a novel enzymatic hydrolysis-based approach for their preparation. α-L-rhamnosidase was expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 and applied to enzymolysis of rutin. Then, one-factor-at-a-time optimisation of hydrolysis conditions was performed. Two compounds were produced in 0.02 M HAc-NaAc buffer (pH4.50) containing α-L-rhamnosidase/rutin (1:4, w/w) at 60 °C. Consequently, 20.0 g/L rutin was completely hydrolysed in 2 hrs, and isoquercitrin was obtained after purification by HPD-100 resin. Additionally, rhamnose was enriched by decolorisation and crystallisation. MD simulation analysis suggested that rutin was catalysed on the hydrophobic surface of r-Rha1 with van-der-Waals force being main driving force. This strategy is an efficient approach for preparation of isoquercitrin and rhamnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuao Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mingjing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haicheng Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guohua Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuping Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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7
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Zhang S, Lu C, Cao S, Li Q, Wu G, Zhao L. Efficient production of icariin and baohuoside I from Epimedium Folium flavonoids by fungal α-L-rhamnosidase hydrolysing regioselectively the terminal rhamnose of epimedin C. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:107. [PMID: 37386510 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Industrial application of icariin and baohuoside I has been hindered by the short supply to a great extent. In this work, a novel GH78 α-L-rhamnosidase AmRha catalyzed the bioconversion of low-value epimedin C in crude Epimedium Folium flavonoids (EFs) to icariin and baohuoside I was developed. Firstly, the high-level expression of AmRha in Komagataella phaffii GS115 attained an enzyme activity of 571.04 U/mL. The purified recombinant AmRha could hydrolyze α-1,2-rhamnoside bond between two rhamnoses (α-Rha(2 → 1)α-Rha) in epimedin C to produce icariin with a molar conversion rate of 92.3%, in vitro. Furtherly, the biotransformation of epimedin C to icariin by the recombinant Komagataella phaffii GS115 cells was also investigated, which elevated the EFs concentration by fivefold. In addition, biotransformation of epimedins A-C and icariin in the raw EFs to baohuoside I was fulfilled by a collaboration of AmRha and β-glucosidase/β-xylosidase Dth3. The results obtained here provide a new insight into the preparation of high-value products icariin and baohuoside I from cheap raw EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Changning Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Shiping Cao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Qi Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Guangwei Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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8
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Pan L, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Wang Z, Zheng J. α-L-rhamnosidase: production, properties, and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:191. [PMID: 37160824 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
α-L-rhamnosidase [EC 3.2.1.40] belongs to glycoside hydrolase (GH) families (GH13, GH78, and GH106 families) in the carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) database, which specifically hydrolyzes the non-reducing end of α-L-rhamnose. Αccording to the sites of catalytic hydrolysis, α-L-rhamnosidase can be divided into α-1, 2-rhamnosidase, α-1, 3-rhamnosidase, α-1, 4-rhamnosidase and α-1, 6-rhamnosidase. α-L-rhamnosidase is an important enzyme for various biotechnological applications, especially in food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries. α-L-rhamnosidase has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animals, plants, and microorganisms, and its microbial source includes a variety of bacteria, molds and yeasts (such as Lactobacillus sp., Aspergillus sp., Pichia angusta and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In recent years, a series of advances have been achieved in various aspects of α-validates the above-described-rhamnosidase research. A number of α-L-rhamnosidases have been successfully recombinant expressed in prokaryotic systems as well as eukaryotic systems which involve Pichia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger, and the catalytic properties of the recombinant enzymes have been improved by enzyme modification techniques. In this review, the sources and production methods, general and catalytic properties and biotechnological applications of α-L-rhamnosidase in different fields are summarized and discussed, concluding with the directions for further in-depth research on α-L-rhamnosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Pan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Yu B, Luo S, Ding Y, Gong Z, Nie T. Insights into glycosidic bond specificity of an engineered selective α-L-rhamnosidase N12-Rha via activity assays and molecular modelling. AMB Express 2022; 12:143. [DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractαL-rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40) has been widely used in food processing and pharmaceutical preparation. The recombinant α-L-rhamnosidase N12-Rha from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528 had significantly higher catalytic activity on α-1,6 glycosidic bond than α-1,2 glycosidic bond, and had no activity on α-1,3 glycosidic bond. The activities of hydrolyzed hesperidin and naringin were 7240 U/mL and 945 U/mL, respectively, which are 10.63 times that of native α-L-rhamnosidase. The activity could maintain more than 80% at pH 3–6 and 40–60℃. Quantum chemistry calculations showed that charge difference of the C-O atoms of the α-1,2, α-1,3 and α-1,6 bonds indicated that α-1,6 bond is most easily broken and α-1,3 bond is the most stable. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the key residue Trp359 that may affect substrate specificity and the main catalytic sites of N12-Rha are located in the (α/α)6-barrel domain.
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Liu F, Wei B, Cheng L, Zhao Y, Liu X, Yuan Q, Liang H. Co-Immobilizing Two Glycosidases Based on Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates to Enhance Enzymatic Properties for Achieving High Titer Icaritin Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11631-11642. [PMID: 36044714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Icaritin is a rare and high-value isopentane flavonoid compound with remarkable activities. Increasing yields while reducing cost has been a great challenge in icaritin production. Herein, we first reported a high titer icaritin biosynthesis strategy from epimedin C through co-immobilizing α-l-rhamnosidase (Rha1) and β-glucosidase (Glu4) using cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). The created CLEAs exhibited excellent performances in terms of catalytic activity, thermal stability, pH stability, and reusability. Notably, Rha1-CLEAs (Ki: 1 M) and Glu4-CLEAs (Ki: 0.1 M) were more tolerant to sugars (glucose or rhamnose) than free enzymes (0.1 M for Rha1 and 0.007 M for Glu4) by immobilization, achieving the highest icaritin productivity under the highest substrate concentration ever reported. Finally, about 34.24 g/L icaritin could be obtained from 100 g/L epimedin C within 8 h, indicating the great potential for industrialization. This study also provides a promising strategy for the low-cost production of other high-value aglycone compounds by solving poor stability and sugar inhibition of glycosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Bin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Leiyu Cheng
- Zhejiang NHU Company Ltd., Xinchang County 312500, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
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11
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Wang C, Xia N, Zhu S, Chen L, Chen L, Wang Z. Green synthesis of Hesperitin dihydrochalcone glucoside by immobilized α-l-rhamnosidase biocatalysis based on Fe3O4/MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Borzova N, Gudzenko O, Varbanets L. α-L-rhamnosidase from Penicillium tardum and Its Application for Biotransformation of Citrus Rhamnosides. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4915-4929. [PMID: 35670906 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic deramnosylation of flavonoids is a convenient tool for improving the quality of citrus juices. α-L-rhamnosidase with a specific activity of 33.1 units/mg was isolated and characterized from the culture liquid of Penicillium tardum. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 95 kDa according to the data of gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and gel electrophoresis in SDS-PAGE. The pH optimum of the enzyme activity was 5.0, and the thermo optimum was 60 °C. Enzyme showed high stability in the temperature range of 45-50 and at 60-70 °C. It retained 80 to 50% of the initial activity for 90 min. The half-life of α-L-rhamnosidase at 70 °C increased twofold in the presence of 20-40% glycerol and 2.3-fold in the presence of 4 M sorbitol. The enzyme was completely inhibited in the presence of 10-3 M Ag+ and Cd2+ and approximately by 90% in the presence of Fe2+, Fe3+, and Al3+ ions. More than 60%, the enzyme activity was inhibited by Hg2+, Co2+, and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide methiodide. Activating effect of Ca2+ ions was also noted. Km and Vmax for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and naringin were 0.7 mM and 38.3 µM/min/mg and 1.34 mM and 43.7 µM/min/mg, respectively. Penicillium tardum α-L-rhamnosidase hydrolyzed naringin, neohesperidin, hesperidin, rutin, and narirutin at high rate, which allowed us to consider it as an effective tool for transformation of bioflavonoids in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Borzova
- Department of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 154 Zabolotny st, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine.
| | - Olena Gudzenko
- Department of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 154 Zabolotny st, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmila Varbanets
- Department of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 154 Zabolotny st, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
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13
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Xie J, Zhao J, Zhang N, Xu H, Yang J, Ye J, Jiang J. Efficient Production of Isoquercitin, Icariin and Icariside II by A Novel Thermostable α-l-Rhamnosidase PodoRha from Paenibacillus odorifer with High α-1, 6- / α-1, 2- Glycoside Specificity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 158:110039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Sun J, Li W, Liao H, Li L, Ni H, Chen F, Li Q. Adding sorbitol improves the thermostability of α-l-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus niger and increases the conversion of hesperidin. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e14055. [PMID: 34967461 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we found the addition of sorbitol could improve the thermostability of α-l-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus niger. When α-l-rhamnosidase with sorbitol was heat-treated at 60°C, 65°C, and 70°C, the half-life t1/2 increased by 28-, 18-, and 9-fold, respectively. Inactivation thermodynamic analysis showed that both Ea and ΔG≠ of α-l-rhamnosidase increased. Through the response surface methodology (RSM) analysis, the higher hesperidin conversion (63.26%) by α-l-rhamnosidase was attained with 0.7 M sorbitol at 60°C and pH 4.5 for 10 min. Furthermore, hesperidin could be completely hydrolyzed after 10 hr of reaction. Overall, the results indicated that the addition of sorbitol improved the thermostability of α-l-rhamnosidase and increased the enzymatic conversion of hesperidin to hesperetin-7-O-glucoside (HMG). It also provided a simple and efficient way to increase enzymatic conversion of other valuable flavonoid monomers due to the broad substrate specificities of α-l-rhamnosidase from A. niger. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Hesperetin-7-O-glucoside (HMG), a derhamnosylation product of hesperidin, is considered as a synthetic precursor for novel and efficient sweeteners and is important in food, functional food, and nutraceutical industries. Compared to chemical hydrolysis methods, the enzymatic conversion of hesperidin is milder and has the advantages of high specificity. Adding sorbitol can improve the thermostability of α-l-rhamnosidase and increase the enzyme efficacy against hesperidin. This study gave more evidence that adding sorbitol could improve the thermostability of enzymes and provide a better choice for improving biotransformation potency of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Sun
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui Liao
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
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15
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Li Q, Ge L, Zheng D, Zhang X, Zhao L. Screening and characterization of a GH78 α-l-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus terreus and its application in the bioconversion of icariin to icaritin with recombinant β-glucosidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 153:109940. [PMID: 34781207 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a GH78 α-L-rhamnosidase AtRha from Aspergillus terreus CCF3059 was screened and expressed in Pichia pastoris KM71H. The maximum enzyme activity of AtRha was 1000 U/mL after 12 days. AtRha was most active at 65 °C and pH 6.5, displaying excellent thermal stability and pH stability. The kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, kcat and kcat/Km values for pNPR were 0.481 mM, 659 μmol/min·mg, 1065 s-1 and 2214 s-1mM-1, respectively. AtRha could be inhibited by Fe2+, Hg2+ and Cu2+. Moreover, it displayed good tolerance to organic reagents with 52.6% activity in 15%(w/v) methanol. AtRha can hydrolyze icariin containing the α-1 rhamnoside linkage. Furthermore, AtRha and β-glucosidase TthBg3 showed excellent selectivity to cleave the rhamnose at the 3rd position and the glucosyl at the C-7 group of icariin, which established an effective and green method to produce the more pharmacological active icaritin. In addition, the optimal enzyme addition schemes and the reaction conditions were screened and optimized. After a two-stage transformation under optimized conditions, 0.5 g/L of icariin was transformed into 0.25 g/L of icaritin, with a corresponding molar conversion rate of 91.2%. Our findings provide a new, specific and cost-effective method for the production of icaritin in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lin Ge
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Biomedicine, Suzhou Chien-Shiung Institute of Technology, 1 Jiang Xiong Road, Taicang 215411, China
| | - Daiyi Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
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16
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Peng C, Li R, Ni H, Li LJ, Li QB. The effects of α‐L‐rhamnosidase, β‐D‐glucosidase, and their combination on the quality of orange juice. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen China
| | - Li Jun Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen China
| | - Qing Biao Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
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17
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Li L, Li W, Gong J, Xu Y, Wu Z, Jiang Z, Cheng YS, Li Q, Ni H. An effective computational-screening strategy for simultaneously improving both catalytic activity and thermostability of α-l-rhamnosidase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3409-3419. [PMID: 33742693 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic efficiency and thermostability are the two most important characteristics of enzymes. However, it is always tough to improve both catalytic efficiency and thermostability of enzymes simultaneously. In the present study, a computational strategy with double-screening steps was proposed to simultaneously improve both catalysis efficiency and thermostability of enzymes; and a fungal α-l-rhamnosidase was used to validate the strategy. As the result, by molecular docking and sequence alignment analysis within the binding pocket, seven mutant candidates were predicted with better catalytic efficiency. By energy variety analysis, A355N, S356Y, and D525N among the seven mutant candidates were predicted with better thermostability. The expression and characterization results showed the mutant D525N had significant improvements in both enzyme activity and thermostability. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the mutations located within the 5 Å range of the catalytic domain, which could improve root mean squared deviation, electrostatic, Van der Waal interaction, and polar salvation values, and formed water bridge between the substrate and the enzyme. The study indicated that the computational strategy based on the binding energy, conservation degree and mutation energy analyses was effective to develop enzymes with better catalysis and thermostability, providing practical approach for developing industrial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianye Gong
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Tan Kah Kee College, Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Zheyu Wu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi-Sheng Cheng
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
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18
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Wang D, Zheng P, Chen P, Wu D. Immobilization of alpha-L-rhamnosidase on a magnetic metal-organic framework to effectively improve its reusability in the hydrolysis of rutin. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 323:124611. [PMID: 33418354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
α-L-Rhamnosidase (Rha) is a biotechnologically important enzyme that degrades biomass containing natural rhamnoside. Herein, the recombinant Rha was successfully immobilized on magnetic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and used to hydrolyze rutin. Magnetic MOFs were constructed by binding Cu2+ and PABA to the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with a polydopamine film through coordinate covalent bonds, and the enzyme was attached to the MOFs using the cross-linking agents EDC/NHS. The immobilized enzyme Rha@MOF reached an activity of 25.09 U/g with a lower apparent Km value compared with the free enzyme. The conversion rate of 20 g/L rutin was 91.42%, corresponding to an isoquercitrin productivity of 12.78 g/L/h. Rha@MOF also exhibited significantly improved reusability; the conversion rate was still 73.55% after 30 cycles at 60 °C. These results indicated that the magnetic MOF-immobilized enzyme was a feasible biocatalyst for the conversion of flavonoids with low aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pu Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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19
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Tautau FAP, Izumi M, Matsunaga E, Higuchi Y, Takegawa K. Microbial α-L-Rhamnosidases of Glycosyl Hydrolase Families GH78 and GH106 Have Broad Substrate Specificities toward α-L-Rhamnosyl- and α-L-Mannosyl-Linkages. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2020; 67:87-93. [PMID: 34354534 PMCID: PMC8132073 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2020_0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-L-Rhamnosidases (α-L-Rha-ases, EC 3.2.1.40) are glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) that hydrolyze a terminal α-linked L-rhamnose residue from a wide spectrum of substrates such as heteropolysaccharides, glycosylated proteins, and natural flavonoids. As a result, they are considered catalysts of interest for various biotechnological applications. α-L-rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose) is structurally similar to the rare sugar α-L-mannose. Here we have examined whether microbial α-L-Rha-ases possess α-L-mannosidase activity by synthesizing the substrate 4-nitrophenyl α-L-mannopyranoside. Four α-L-Rha-ases from GH78 and GH106 families were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli cells. All four enzymes exhibited both α-L-rhamnosyl-hydrolyzing activity and weak α-L-mannosyl-hydrolyzing activity. SpRhaM, a GH106 family α-L-Rha-ase from Sphingomonas paucimobilis FP2001, was found to have relatively higher α-L-mannosidase activity as compared with three GH78 α-L-Rha-ases. The α-L-mannosidase activity of SpRhaM showed pH dependence, with highest activity observed at pH 7.0. In summary, we have shown that α-L-Rha-ases also have α-L-mannosidase activity. Our findings will be useful in the identification and structural determination of α-L-mannose-containing polysaccharides from natural sources for use in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minoru Izumi
- 2 Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University
| | - Emiko Matsunaga
- 1 Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - Yujiro Higuchi
- 1 Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - Kaoru Takegawa
- 1 Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
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20
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Zhang F, You S, Huang T, Wang JZ, Zhu LL, Wang B, Ye WS, Herman RA, Luo H, Wang J. Dual promoter strategy enhances co-expression of α-L-rhamnosidase and enhanced fluorescent protein for whole-cell catalysis and bioresource valorization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137865. [PMID: 32192973 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing circular economy is the only way to improve the efficiency of resource utilization. Whole-cell catalysis is an effective method to recycle enzymes, improve catalytic efficiency, and reduce production costs. The enzyme, α-L-rhamnosidase has considerable application prospects in the field of biocatalysis as it can hydrolyze a variety of α-L rhamnoses. In the present study, the genes for α-L-rhamnosidase (rhaB1) and enhanced fluorescent protein (EGFP) were co-expressed using a bi-promoter expression vector pRSFDuet1 and their enzymatic properties were evaluated. To our knowledge, this study has established an effective rhamnosidase-fluorescent indicator and whole-cell catalytic system for the first time. Moreover, we analyzed the change in the activity of the crude rhaB1-EGFP as well as its whole-cell during the biocatalysis process using fluorescence intensity. Recombinant rhaB1-EGFP as a product which contains rhaB1 and EGFP showed higher thermal stability, pH stability, and conversion efficiency than rhaB1, and its optimum temperature for rutin catalysis was ideal for industrial applications. Moreover, under the optimal conditions of a rutin concentration of 0.05 g/L, pH of 6.0, temperature of 40 °C, a yield of 92.5% was obtained. Furthermore, we demonstrated the relationship between the fluorescence intensity and enzyme activity. This study established a highly efficient whole-cell catalytic system whose activity can be evaluated by fluorescence intensity, providing a reference for enzyme recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Shuai You
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Ting Huang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Jin-Zheng Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Wang-Sheng Ye
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Richard Ansah Herman
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Heng Luo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China.
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21
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Enhancement in affinity of Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528 α-L-rhamnosidase (r-Rha1) by semiconservative site-directed mutagenesis of (α/α)6 catalytic domain. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:845-854. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Terry B, Ha J, De Lise F, Mensitieri F, Izzo V, Sazinsky MH. The crystal structure and insight into the substrate specificity of the α-L rhamnosidase RHA-P from Novosphingobium sp. PP1Y. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 679:108189. [PMID: 31726038 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoid natural products are well known for their beneficial antimicrobial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties, however, some of these natural products often are rhamnosylated, which severely limits their bioavailability. The lack of endogenous rhamnosidases in the human GI tract not only prevents many of these glycosylated compounds from being of value in functional foods but also limits the modification of natural product libraries being tested for drug discovery. RHA-P is a catalytically efficient, thermostable α-l-rhamnosidase from the marine bacterium Novosphingobium sp. PP1Y that selectively hydrolyzes α-1,6 and α-1,2 glycosidic linkages between a terminal rhamnose and a flavonoid moiety. This work reports the 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of RHA-P, which is an essential step forward in the characterization of RHA-P as a potential catalyst to increase the bioavailability of rhamnosylated natural compounds. The structure shows highly conserved rhamnose- and calcium-binding residues in a shallow active site that is housed in the (β/α)8 domain. In comparison to BT0986 (pdbID: 5MQN), the only known structure of an RHA-P homolog, the morphology, electrostatic potentials and amino acid composition of the substrate binding pocket are significantly different, offering insight into the substrate preference of RHA-P for glycosylated aryl compounds such as hesperidin, naringin, rutin, and quercitrin, over polysaccharides, which are preferred by BT0986. These preferences were further explored by using in silico docking, the results of which are consistent with the known kinetic data for RHA-P acting on different rhamnosylated flavonoids. Due to its promiscuity, relative thermostability compared to other known rhamnosidases, and catalytic efficiency even in significant concentrations of organic solvents, RHA-P continues to show potential for biocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Terry
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, 645 N. College Ave Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Joseph Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, 645 N. College Ave Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Federica De Lise
- Department of Biology of the University Federico II, via Cinthia 4, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Mensitieri
- Department of Biology of the University Federico II, via Cinthia 4, Naples, Italy
| | - Viviana Izzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry of the University of Salerno, via Salvador Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | - Matthew H Sazinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, 645 N. College Ave Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.
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23
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Li LJ, Liu XQ, Du XP, Wu L, Jiang ZD, Ni H, Li QB, Chen F. Preparation of isoquercitrin by biotransformation of rutin using α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528 and HSCCC purification. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 50:1-9. [PMID: 31441715 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1655763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Isoquercitrin is a flavonoid with important applications in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. However, a low yield and high production cost hinders the industrial preparation of isoquercitrin. In the present study, isoquercitrin was prepared by biotransformation of rutin using α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528 combined with high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) purification. As a result, the optimum transformation pH, temperature, and time were pH 4.0, 60 °C, and 60 min, respectively. The Km and Vmax were 0.36 mM and 0.460 mmol/min, respectively. For isoquercitrin production, the optimal rutin concentration and transformation time were approximately 1000 mg/L and 60 min. The rutin transformation rate reached 96.44%. The isoquercitrin was purified to a purity of 97.83% using one-step purification with HSCCC. The isoquercitrin was identified using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The comprehensive results indicated that the biotransformation procedure using the α-L-rhamnosidase from A. niger JMU-TS528 combined with HSCCC was a simple and effective process to prepare isoquercitrin, which might facilitate the production of isoquercitrin for industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jun Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao Qing Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xi Ping Du
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Ling Wu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Ze Dong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Qing Biao Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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24
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Marine Fungi: Biotechnological Perspectives from Deep-Hypersaline Anoxic Basins. DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11070113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) are one of the most hostile environments on Earth. Even though DHABs have hypersaline conditions, anoxia and high hydrostatic pressure, they host incredible microbial biodiversity. Among eukaryotes inhabiting these systems, recent studies demonstrated that fungi are a quantitatively relevant component. Here, fungi can benefit from the accumulation of large amounts of organic material. Marine fungi are also known to produce bioactive molecules. In particular, halophilic and halotolerant fungi are a reservoir of enzymes and secondary metabolites with valuable applications in industrial, pharmaceutical, and environmental biotechnology. Here we report that among the fungal taxa identified from the Mediterranean and Red Sea DHABs, halotolerant halophilic species belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium can be used or screened for enzymes and bioactive molecules. Fungi living in DHABs can extend our knowledge about the limits of life, and the discovery of new species and molecules from these environments can have high biotechnological potential.
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25
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Liao H, Gong JY, Yang Y, Jiang ZD, Zhu YB, Li LJ, Ni H, Li QB. Enhancement of the thermostability of Aspergillus niger α-l-rhamnosidase based on PoPMuSiC algorithm. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12945. [PMID: 31368575 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
α-l-Rhamnosidase is a biotechnologically important enzyme in food industry and in the preparation of drugs and drug precursors. To expand the functionality of our previously cloned α-l-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528, 14 mutants were constructed based on the changes of the folding free energy (ΔΔG), predicted by the PoPMuSiC algorithm. Among them, six single-site mutants displayed higher thermal stability than wild type (WT). The combinational mutant K573V-E631F displayed even higher thermostability than six single-site mutants. The spectra analyses displayed that the WT and K573V-E631F had almost similar secondary and tertiary structure profiles. The simulated protein structure-based interaction analysis and molecular dynamics calculation were further implemented to assess the conformational preferences of the K573V-E631F. The improved thermostability of mutant K573V-E631F may be attributed to the introduction of new cation-π and hydrophobic interactions, and the overall improvement of the enzyme conformation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The stability of enzymes, particularly with regards to thermal stability remains a critical issue in industrial biotechnology and industrial processing generally tends to higher ambient temperature to inhibit microbial growth. Most of the α-l-rhamnosidases are usually active at temperature from 30 to 60°C, which are apt to denature at temperatures over 60°C. To expand the functionality of our previously cloned α-l-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528, we used protein engineering methods to increase the thermal stability of the α-l-rhamnosidase. Practically, conducting reactions at high temperatures enhances the solubility of substrates and products, increases the reaction rate thus reducing the reaction time, and inhibits the growth of contaminating microorganisms. Thus, the improvement on the thermostability of α-l-rhamnosidase on the one hand can increase enzyme efficacy; on the other hand, the high ambient temperature would enhance the solubility of natural substrates of α-l-rhamnosidase, such as naringin, rutin, and hesperidin, which are poorly dissolved in water at room temperature. Protein thermal resistance is an important issue beyond its obvious industrial importance. The current study also helps in the structure-function relationship study of α-l-rhamnosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian-Ye Gong
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ze-Dong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan-Bing Zhu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li-Jun Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China.,Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
| | - Qing-Biao Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
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26
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Wang D, Zheng P, Chen P. Production of a Recombinant α-l-Rhamnosidase from Aspergillus niger CCTCC M 2018240 in Pichia pastoris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:1020-1037. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Li L, Gong J, Wang S, Li G, Gao T, Jiang Z, Cheng YS, Ni H, Li Q. Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a New Clade of Aspergillus α-L-Rhamnosidase Suitable for Citrus Juice Processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2926-2935. [PMID: 30789260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
α-L-Rhamnosidase is a glycoside hydrolase capable of removing naringin from citrus juice. However, α-L-rhamnosidases always have broad substrate spectra, causing negative effects on citrus juice. In this study, a α-L-rhamnosidase-expressing fungal strain, JMU-TS529, was identified, and its α-L-rhamnosidase was characterized. As a result, JMU-TS529 was identified as Aspergillus tubingensis via morphological and molecular characteristics. The predicted protein sequence shared an amino acid identity of less than 30% with previously characterized α-L-rhamnosidases. The optimal pH and temperature were 4.0 and 50-60 °C, respectively. Most importantly, the α-L-rhamnosidase showed a strong ability to hydrolyze naringin but scarcely acted on other substrates. Furthermore, the enzyme could efficiently remove naringin from pomelo juice without changing its attractive aroma. These results indicate that the present enzyme represents a new clade of Aspergillus α-L-rhamnosidase that is desirable for debittering citrus juice, providing a better alternative for improving the quality of citrus juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Jianye Gong
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Song Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Guiling Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Ting Gao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Yi-Sheng Cheng
- Department of Life Science , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Institute of Plant Biology , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , Fujian Province 361021 , China
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28
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Wu T, Pei J, Ge L, Wang Z, Ding G, Xiao W, Zhao L. Characterization of a α-l-rhamnosidase from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron with high catalytic efficiency of epimedin C. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:461-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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29
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Pachl P, Škerlová J, Šimčíková D, Kotik M, Křenková A, Mader P, Brynda J, Kapešová J, Křen V, Otwinowski Z, Řezáčová P. Crystal structure of native α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus terreus. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 74:1078-1084. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318013049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
α-L-Rhamnosidases cleave terminal nonreducing α-L-rhamnosyl residues from many natural rhamnoglycosides. This makes them catalysts of interest for various biotechnological applications. The X-ray structure of the GH78 family α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus terreus has been determined at 1.38 Å resolution using the sulfur single-wavelength anomalous dispersion phasing method. The protein was isolated from its natural source in the native glycosylated form, and the active site contained a glucose molecule, probably from the growth medium. In addition to its catalytic domain, the α-L-rhamnosidase from A. terreus contains four accessory domains of unknown function. The structural data suggest that two of these accessory domains, E and F, might play a role in stabilizing the aglycon portion of the bound substrate.
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30
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Slámová K, Kapešová J, Valentová K. "Sweet Flavonoids": Glycosidase-Catalyzed Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2126. [PMID: 30037103 PMCID: PMC6073497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural flavonoids, especially in their glycosylated forms, are the most abundant phenolic compounds found in plants, fruit, and vegetables. They exhibit a large variety of beneficial physiological effects, which makes them generally interesting in a broad spectrum of scientific areas. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the modifications of the glycosidic parts of various flavonoids employing glycosidases, covering both selective trimming of the sugar moieties and glycosylation of flavonoid aglycones by natural and mutant glycosidases. Glycosylation of flavonoids strongly enhances their water solubility and thus increases their bioavailability. Antioxidant and most biological activities are usually less pronounced in glycosides, but some specific bioactivities are enhanced. The presence of l-rhamnose (6-deoxy-α-l-mannopyranose) in rhamnosides, rutinosides (rutin, hesperidin) and neohesperidosides (naringin) plays an important role in properties of flavonoid glycosides, which can be considered as "pro-drugs". The natural hydrolytic activity of glycosidases is widely employed in biotechnological deglycosylation processes producing respective aglycones or partially deglycosylated flavonoids. Moreover, deglycosylation is quite commonly used in the food industry aiming at the improvement of sensoric properties of beverages such as debittering of citrus juices or enhancement of wine aromas. Therefore, natural and mutant glycosidases are excellent tools for modifications of flavonoid glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Kapešová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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31
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Antón-Millán N, García-Tojal J, Marty-Roda M, Garroni S, Cuesta-López S, Tamayo-Ramos JA. Influence of Three Commercial Graphene Derivatives on the Catalytic Properties of a Lactobacillus plantarum α-l-Rhamnosidase When Used as Immobilization Matrices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:18170-18182. [PMID: 29732878 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The modification of carbon nanomaterials with biological molecules paves the way toward their use in biomedical and biotechnological applications, such as next-generation biocatalytic processes, development of biosensors, implantable electronic devices, or drug delivery. In this study, different commercial graphene derivatives, namely, monolayer graphene oxide (GO), graphene oxide nanocolloids (GOCs), and polycarboxylate-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (GNs), were compared as biomolecule carrier matrices. Detailed spectroscopic analyses showed that GO and GOC were similar in composition and functional group content and very different from GN, whereas divergent morphological characteristics were observed for each nanomaterial through microscopy analyses. The commercial α-l-rhamnosidase RhaB1 from the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum, selected as a model biomolecule for its relevant role in the pharma and food industries, was directly immobilized on the different materials. The binding efficiency and biochemical properties of RhaB1-GO, RhaB1-GOC, and RhaB1-GN composites were analyzed. RhaB1-GO and RhaB1-GOC showed high binding efficiency, whereas the enzyme loading on GN, not tested in previous enzyme immobilization studies, was low. The enzyme showed contrasting changes when immobilized on the different material supports. The effect of pH on the activity of the three RhaB1-immobilized versions was similar to that observed for the free enzyme, whereas the activity-temperature profiles and the response to the presence of inhibitors varied significantly between the RhaB1 versions. In addition, the apparent Km for the immobilized and soluble enzymes did not change. Finally, the free RhaB1 and the immobilized enzyme in GOC showed the best storage and reutilization stability, keeping most of their initial activity after 8 weeks of storage at 4 °C and 10 reutilization cycles, respectively. This study shows, for the first time, that distinct commercial graphene derivatives can influence differently the catalytic properties of an enzyme during its immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Antón-Millán
- Advanced Materials, Nuclear Technology and Applied Bio/Nanotechnology , Consolidated Research Unit UIC-154, University of Burgos , Hospital del Rey s/n, 09001 Burgos , Castilla y León, Spain
| | | | - Marta Marty-Roda
- Advanced Materials, Nuclear Technology and Applied Bio/Nanotechnology , Consolidated Research Unit UIC-154, University of Burgos , Hospital del Rey s/n, 09001 Burgos , Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Sebastiano Garroni
- Advanced Materials, Nuclear Technology and Applied Bio/Nanotechnology , Consolidated Research Unit UIC-154, University of Burgos , Hospital del Rey s/n, 09001 Burgos , Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Santiago Cuesta-López
- Advanced Materials, Nuclear Technology and Applied Bio/Nanotechnology , Consolidated Research Unit UIC-154, University of Burgos , Hospital del Rey s/n, 09001 Burgos , Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos
- Advanced Materials, Nuclear Technology and Applied Bio/Nanotechnology , Consolidated Research Unit UIC-154, University of Burgos , Hospital del Rey s/n, 09001 Burgos , Castilla y León, Spain
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32
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Mensitieri F, De Lise F, Strazzulli A, Moracci M, Notomista E, Cafaro V, Bedini E, Sazinsky MH, Trifuoggi M, Di Donato A, Izzo V. Structural and functional insights into RHA-P, a bacterial GH106 α-L-rhamnosidase from Novosphingobium sp. PP1Y. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 648:1-11. [PMID: 29678627 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
α-L-Rhamnosidases (α-RHAs, EC 3.2.1.40) are glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) hydrolyzing terminal α-l-rhamnose residues from different substrates such as heteropolysaccharides, glycosylated proteins and natural flavonoids. Although the possibility to hydrolyze rhamnose from natural flavonoids has boosted the use of these enzymes in several biotechnological applications over the past decades, to date only few bacterial rhamnosidases have been fully characterized and only one crystal structure of a rhamnosidase of the GH106 family has been described. In our previous work, an α-l-rhamnosidase belonging to this family, named RHA-P, was isolated from the marine microorganism Novosphingobium sp. PP1Y. The initial biochemical characterization highlighted the biotechnological potential of RHA-P for bioconversion applications. In this work, further functional and structural characterization of the enzyme is provided. The recombinant protein was obtained fused to a C-terminal His-tag and, starting from the periplasmic fractions of induced recombinant cells of E. coli strain BL21(DE3), was purified through a single step purification protocol. Homology modeling of RHA-P in combination with a site directed mutagenesis analysis confirmed the function of residues D503, E506, E644, likely located at the catalytic site of RHA-P. In addition, a kinetic characterization of the enzyme on natural flavonoids such as naringin, rutin, hesperidin and quercitrin was performed. RHA-P showed activity on all flavonoids tested, with a catalytic efficiency comparable or even higher than other bacterial α-RHAs described in literature. The results confirm that RHA-P is able to hydrolyze both α-1,2 and α-1,6 glycosidic linkages, and suggest that the enzyme may locate different polyphenolic aromatic moities in the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mensitieri
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica De Lise
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Strazzulli
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Moracci
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy; Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Eugenio Notomista
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Cafaro
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy
| | - Matthew Howard Sazinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Sumner Hall, 333 N College Way, Claremont, CA, 91711, United States
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80127, Naples, Italy
| | - Viviana Izzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Via S. Allende 2, 84131, Salerno, Italy.
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33
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Li L, Liao H, Yang Y, Gong J, Liu J, Jiang Z, Zhu Y, Xiao A, Ni H. Improving the thermostability by introduction of arginines on the surface of α-L-rhamnosidase (r-Rha1) from Aspergillus niger. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:14-21. [PMID: 29355637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To improve the thermostability of α-L-rhamnosidase (r-Rha1), an enzyme previously identified from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528, multiple arginine (Arg) residues were introduced into the r-Rha1 sequence to replace several lysine (Lys) residues that located on the surface of the folded r-Rha1. Hinted by in silico analysis, five surface Lys residues (K134, K228, K406, K440, K573) were targeted to produce a list of 5 single-residue mutants and 4 multiple-residue mutants using site-directed mutagenesis. Among these mutants, a double Lys to Arg mutant, i.e. K406R/K573R, showed the best thermostability improvement. The half-life of this mutant's enzyme activity increased 3 h at 60 °C, 23 min at 65 °C, and 3.5 min at 70 °C, when compared with the wild type. The simulated protein structure based interaction analysis and molecular dynamics calculation indicate that the thermostability improvement of the mutant K406R-K573R was possibly due to the extra hydrogen bonds, the additional cation-π interactions, and the relatively compact conformation. With the enhanced thermostability, the α-L-rhamnosidase mutant, K406R-K573R, has potentially broadened the r-Rha1 applications in food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hui Liao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jianye Gong
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jianan Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Anfeng Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China.
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34
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Li LJ, Wu ZY, Yu Y, Zhang LJ, Zhu YB, Ni H, Chen F. Development and characterization of an α-l-rhamnosidase mutant with improved thermostability and a higher efficiency for debittering orange juice. Food Chem 2017; 245:1070-1078. [PMID: 29287324 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase, α-l-rhamnosidase, could remove the bitter taste of naringin from citrus juices. However, most α-l-rhamnosidases are easily deactivated at high temperatures, limiting the practice in debittering citrus juices. The V529A mutant of the α-l-rhamnosidase r-Rha1 from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528 was developed with improved thermostability using directed evolution technology and site-directed mutagenesis. The enzyme mutant had a half-live of thermal inactivation T(1/2) of 1.92 h, 25.00 min, and 2 min at 60, 65, and 70 °C, respectively. In addition, it had improved substrate affinity and better resistance to the inhibition of glucose. The improved substrate affinity was related to its lowered binding energy. Most significantly, the naringin content was reduced to below the bitter taste threshold by treatment with 75 U/mL of the mutant during the preheating process of orange juice production. The comprehensive results indicate that thermostability improvement could promote the practical value of α-l-rhamnosidase in citrus juice processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jun Li
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China
| | - Zhe Yu Wu
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China
| | - Yue Yu
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China
| | - Lu Jia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Yan Bing Zhu
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Food and Biology Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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35
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Ge L, Xie J, Wu T, Zhang S, Zhao L, Ding G, Wang Z, Xiao W. Purification and characterisation of a novel α-L-rhamnosidase exhibiting transglycosylating activity from Aspergillus oryzae. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ge
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Jingcong Xie
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Tao Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; 159 Long Pan Road Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Gang Ding
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; 58 Haichang South Road Lianyungang Jiangsu 222001 China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; 58 Haichang South Road Lianyungang Jiangsu 222001 China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; 58 Haichang South Road Lianyungang Jiangsu 222001 China
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Ishikawa M, Shiono Y, Koseki T. Biochemical characterization of Aspergillus oryzae recombinant α-l-rhamnosidase expressed in Pichia pastoris. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:630-634. [PMID: 28800907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An α-l-rhamnosidase-encoding gene from Aspergillus oryzae, which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 78, was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. SDS-PAGE of the purified recombinant α-l-rhamnosidase protein revealed smeared bands with apparent molecular mass of 90-130 kDa. After N-deglycosylation, the recombinant enzyme showed a molecular mass of 70 kDa. The enzyme exhibited optimal activity at a pH of 5.0 and a temperature of 70 °C. Specific activity of the enzyme was higher toward hesperidin than toward naringin, which consist of α-1,6 and α-1,2 linkages, respectively. The activity was also higher toward hesperidin than toward rutin, which consist of 7-O- and 3-O-glycosyl linkages of flavonoids, respectively. Kinetic analysis of the enzyme showed that the Michaelis constant (Km) was lowest toward rutin, moderate toward naringin, and higher toward p-nitrophenyl-α-l-rhamnopyranoside and hesperidin. Its high catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) toward rutin was results of its low Km value while its high catalytic efficiency toward hesperidin was results of a considerably high kcat value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Ishikawa
- Department of Food and Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiono
- Department of Food and Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Takuya Koseki
- Department of Food and Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan.
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Zhang XY, Chen J, Li XL, Yi K, Ye Y, Liu G, Wang SF, Hu HL, Zou L, Wang ZG. Dynamic changes in antioxidant activity and biochemical composition of tartary buckwheat leaves during Aspergillus niger fermentation. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Ge L, Chen A, Pei J, Zhao L, Fang X, Ding G, Wang Z, Xiao W, Tang F. Enhancing the thermostability of α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus terreus and the enzymatic conversion of rutin to isoquercitrin by adding sorbitol. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:21. [PMID: 28241810 PMCID: PMC5327507 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thermally stable α-L-rhamnosidase with cleaving terminal α-L-rhamnose activity has great potential in industrial application. Therefore, it is necessary to find a proper method to improve the thermal stability of α-L-rhamnosidase. Results In this study, addition of sorbitol has been found to increase the thermostability of α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus terreus at temperatures ranging from 65 °C to 80 °C. Half-life and activation free energy with addition of 2.0 M sorbitol at 70 °C were increased by 17.2-fold, 8.2 kJ/mol, respectively. The analyses of the results of fluorescence spectroscopy and CD have indicated that sorbitol helped to protect the tertiary and secondary structure of α-L-rhamnosidase. Moreover, the isoquercitrin yield increased from 60.01 to 96.43% with the addition of 1.5 M of sorbitol at 70 °C. Conclusion Our findings provide an effective approach for enhancing the thermostability of α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus terreus, which makes it a good candidate for industrial processes of isoquercitrin preparation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-017-0342-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ge
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Anna Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianjun Pei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China. .,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Xianying Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 58 Haichang South Road, Lianyungang, 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 58 Haichang South Road, Lianyungang, 222001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 58 Haichang South Road, Lianyungang, 222001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Feng Tang
- International centre for bamboo and rattan, 8 FuTong East Street, Beijing, 100714, China
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Xu L, Liu X, Yin Z, Liu Q, Lu L, Xiao M. Site-directed mutagenesis of α-l-rhamnosidase from Alternaria sp. L1 to enhance synthesis yield of reverse hydrolysis based on rational design. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:10385-10394. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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