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Li Y, Duan Q, Yue S, Alee M, Liu H. Enhancing mechanical and water barrier properties of starch film using chia mucilage. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133288. [PMID: 38908643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Biodegradable packaging materials are increasingly being investigated due to rising concerns about food safety and environmental conservation. This study examines the incorporation of chia mucilage (CM) into starch-based films using the casting method, aiming to understand its effects on the structure and functionality of the films. CM, an anionic heteropolysaccharide, is hypothesized to enhance the mechanical and barrier properties of the films through polymer interactions and hydrogen bonding. Our findings confirm that CM incorporation results in films with uniformly smooth surfaces, indicating high compatibility and homogeneity within the starch matrix. Notably, CM improves film transparency and crystallinity. Mechanical assessments show a remarkable elevation in tensile strength, soaring from 5.21 MPa to 12.38 MPa, while elongation at break decreases from 61.73 % to 31.42 %, indicating a trade-off between strength and flexibility. Additionally, water solubility decreases from 57.97 % to 41.40 %, and water vapor permeability is reduced by 30 % with CM loading. These results highlight the role of CM in facilitating the formation of a dense, interconnected polymeric network within the starch matrix. Given the soluble dietary fiber nature of CM, the CS/CM (corn starch/chia mucilage) blended films are expected to be safe for food packaging and applicable as edible films with health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qingfei Duan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuke Yue
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mahafooj Alee
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Knowledge City, Guangzhou 510663, China.
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Knowledge City, Guangzhou 510663, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Trongnit J, Mayakun J, Kaewtatip K. The effect of agar from the seaweed Gracilaria fisheri on properties of biodegradable starch foam. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132952. [PMID: 38848830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
This work focuses on the potential of agar from the seaweed Gracilaria fisheri to modify the properties of starch foam. The effects of different ratios of glycerol and agar on the properties of starch foams were investigated. All formulations used in this study produced easy-to-handle, smooth, single-use foam trays with no visible cracks. The addition of agar slightly affected the off-white color of the foam but red and yellow color values significantly decreased with increments of agar content. As the agar content was increased, the foam became less dense. A foam produced at a glycerol:agar ratio of 3:7 exhibited the highest values of flexural stress at maximum load (3.23 MPa), modulus (194.46 MPa) and hardness (97.50), and the highest temperature at maximum weight loss (Tmax) (337 °C). Therefore, starch foam modified with agar from Gracilaria fisheri showed suitable physical, mechanical and thermal properties for food packaging, and could possibly be used in the place of expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Trongnit
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Mayakun
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kaewta Kaewtatip
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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3
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Balasubramanian B, Raja K, Vignesh Kumar V, Ganeshan P. Characterization study of Holoptelea integrifolia tree bark fibres reinforced epoxy composites. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1197-1206. [PMID: 36318867 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2137505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study characterised the composite plate fabricated by epoxy matrix reinforced with alkaline-treated Holoptelea integrifolia tree bark fibre. Tensile and flexural test results clearly show that the mechanical characteristics of pure resin improve in direct proportion to the fibre up to 40%. However, impact test results show that 30% fibre mass ratio composite showed higher mechanical properties. The H. integrifolia fibre composites (HIFC) specimens were also characterised by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC) analysis. FESEM results show that the bonding between fibre and matrix was excellent. EDAX reveals the elemental proportion of HIFC. O-H, C- H, C-O-C, moisture content and aromatic structure are evident by FTIR spectroscopy. Thermal analysis reveals that the composites degrade rapidly when exposed above 210 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Balasubramanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chettinad College of Engineering and Technology, Karur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Raja
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College of Engineering, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India
| | - V Vignesh Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, St. Joseph College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P Ganeshan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
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4
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Sudhakar MP, Maurya R, Mehariya S, Karthikeyan OP, Dharani G, Arunkumar K, Pereda SV, Hernández-González MC, Buschmann AH, Pugazhendhi A. Feasibility of bioplastic production using micro- and macroalgae- A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117465. [PMID: 37879387 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Plastic disposal and their degraded products in the environment are global concern due to its adverse effects and persistence in nature. To overcome plastic pollution and its impacts on environment, a sustainable bioplastic production using renewable feedstock's, such as algae, are envisioned. In this review, the production of polymer precursors such as polylactic acid, polyhydroxybutyrates, polyhydroxyalkanoates, agar, carrageenan and alginate from microalgae and macroalgae through direct conversion and fermentation routes are summarized and discussed. The direct conversion of algal biopolymers without any bioprocess (whole algal biomass used emphasizing zero waste discharge concept) favours economic feasibility. Whereas indirect method uses conversion of algal polymers to monomers after pretreatment followed by bioplastic precursor production by fermentation are emphasized. This review paper also outlines the current state of technological developments in the field of algae-based bioplastic, both in industry and in research, and highlights the creation of novel solutions for green bioplastic production employing algal polymers. Finally, the cost economics of the bioplastic production using algal biopolymers are clearly mentioned with future directions of next level bioplastic production. In this review study, the cost estimation was given at laboratory level bioplastic production using casting methods. Further development of bioplastics at pilot scale level may give clear economic feasibility of production at industry. Here, in this review, we emphasized the overview of algal biopolymers for different bioplastic product development and its economic value and also current industries involved in bioplastic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthiyal Prabakaran Sudhakar
- Marine Biopolymers & Advanced Bioactive Materials Research Lab, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India; Marine Biotechnology Division, Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rahulkumar Maurya
- Coastal Algae Cultivation, Microbial Biofuels & Biochemicals, Advanced Biofuels Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, Navi Mumbai, 400 708, India
| | | | - Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | - Gopal Dharani
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kulanthiyesu Arunkumar
- Microalgae Group-Phycoscience Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671 320, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| | - Sandra V Pereda
- Centro i-mar, CeBiB and Núcleo Milenio MASH, Universidad de Los Lagos, 5480000, Puerto Montt, Región de Los Lagos, Chile
| | - María C Hernández-González
- Centro i-mar, CeBiB and Núcleo Milenio MASH, Universidad de Los Lagos, 5480000, Puerto Montt, Región de Los Lagos, Chile
| | - Alejandro H Buschmann
- Centro i-mar, CeBiB and Núcleo Milenio MASH, Universidad de Los Lagos, 5480000, Puerto Montt, Región de Los Lagos, Chile
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Xie D, Zhang R, Zhang C, Yang S, Xu Z, Song Y. A novel, robust mechanical strength, and naturally degradable double crosslinking starch-based bioplastics for practical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126959. [PMID: 37739289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of petroleum-based plastics has caused severe environmental pollution, which has attracted great research interest in the development of low-cost, renewable, and degradable starch-based bioplastics. However, developing starch-based bioplastics with robust mechanical strength, excellent water resistance, and thermal resistance remains a great challenge. In this study, we presented a simple and efficient method for preparing high-performance novel starch-based bioplastics with chemical and physical double crosslinking network structures filled with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxy-oxidized cellulose nanofibers and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Compared with pure starch-based bioplastics, the tensile strength of the novel robust strength starch-based bioplastics increased by 431.2 %. The novel starch-based bioplastics exhibited excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength up to 24.54 MPa), water resistance, thermal resistance, and biodegradability. In addition, the novel starch-based bioplastics could be reused, crushed, dissolved, and re-poured after use. After recycling, the novel starch-based bioplastics could be discarded in the soil to achieve complete degradation within six weeks. Owing to these characteristics, the novel starch-based bioplastics are good alternatives used to replace traditional petroleum-based plastics and have great development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Xie
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, PR China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, PR China
| | - Siwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, PR China
| | - Zesheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, PR China
| | - Yongming Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, PR China.
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Raj VA, Sankar K, Narayanasamy P, Moorthy IG, Sivakumar N, Rajaram SK, Karuppiah P, Shaik MR, Alwarthan A, Oh TH, Shaik B. Development and Characterization of Bio-Based Composite Films for Food Packing Applications Using Boiled Rice Water and Pistacia vera Shells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3456. [PMID: 37631514 PMCID: PMC10457870 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Customer demand for natural packaging materials in the food industry has increased. Biocomposite films developed using boiled rice water could be an eco-friendly and cost-effective packaging product in the future. This study reports the development of bio-based films using waste materials, such as boiled rice water (matrix) and Pistacia vera shells (reinforcement material), using an adapted solution casting method. Several film combinations were developed using various concentrations of plasticizing agent (sorbitol), thickening agent (oil and agar), and stabilizing agents (Arabic gum, corn starch, and Pistacia vera shell powder). Various packaging properties of the film were analyzed and examined to select the best bio-based film for food packaging applications. The film fabricated with Pistacia vera shell powder in the biocomposite film exhibited a reduced water solubility, swelling index, and moisture content, as compared to polyethene packaging material, whereas the biocomposite film exhibited poor antimicrobial properties, high vapor transmission rate, and high biodegradability rate. The packaging properties and characterization of the film indicated that the boiled rice water film with Pistacia vera shell powder was suitable for packaging material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinnarasi A. Raj
- Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K. Vellakulam, Virudhunagar 625701, Tamil Nadu, India; (V.A.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Karthikumar Sankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K. Vellakulam, Virudhunagar 625701, Tamil Nadu, India; (V.A.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Pandiarajan Narayanasamy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K. Vellakulam, Virudhunagar 625701, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Innasi Ganesh Moorthy
- School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Natesan Sivakumar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Shyam Kumar Rajaram
- Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K. Vellakulam, Virudhunagar 625701, Tamil Nadu, India; (V.A.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Ponmurugan Karuppiah
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Rafi Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman Alwarthan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Tae Hwan Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Baji Shaik
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
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Kamaruddin ZH, Jumaidin R, Kamaruddin ZH, Asyraf MRM, Razman MR, Khan T. Effect of Cymbopogan citratus Fibre on Physical and Impact Properties of Thermoplastic Cassava Starch/Palm Wax Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102364. [PMID: 37242939 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cymbopogan citratus fibre (CCF) is an agricultural waste plant derived from a natural cellulosic source of fibre that can be used in various bio-material applications. This paper beneficially prepared thermoplastic cassava starch/palm wax blends incorporated with Cymbopogan citratus fibre (TCPS/PW/CCF) bio-composites at different CCF concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 wt%. In contrast, palm wax loading remained constant at 5 wt% concentration using the hot moulding compression method. TCPS/PW/CCF bio-composites were characterised in the present paper via their physical and impact properties. The addition of CCF significantly improved impact strength by 50.65% until 50 wt% CCF loading. Furthermore, it was observed that the inclusion of CCF resulted in a little decrement in biocomposite solubility compared to neat TPCS/PW biocomposite from 28.68% to 16.76%. Water absorption showed higher water resistance in the composites incorporating 60 wt.% fibre loading. The TPCS/PW/CCF biocomposites with different fibre contents had 11.04-5.65% moisture content, which was lower than the control biocomposite. The thickness of all samples decreased gradually with increasing fibre content. Overall, these findings provide evidence that CCF waste can be utilised as a high-quality filler in biocomposites due to its diverse characteristics, including improving the properties of biocomposites and strengthening their structural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zatil Hafila Kamaruddin
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
- German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ridhwan Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
| | | | - Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tabrej Khan
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
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Gómez-López RA, Montilla-Buitrago CE, Villada-Castillo HS, Sáenz-Galindo A, Avalos-Belmontes F, Serna-Cock L. Co-Plasticization of Starch with Glycerol and Isosorbide: Effect on Retrogradation in Thermo-Plastic Cassava Starch Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092104. [PMID: 37177247 PMCID: PMC10181081 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) has emerged as an essential alternative to produce environmentally friendly packaging; however, retrogradation is a disadvantage that affects its shelf life. This study analyzed the co-plasticizing effect of isosorbide on the mechanical, thermal, physicochemical, and microstructural properties and the retrogradation of films obtained by blown film extrusion from thermoplasticized starch with mixtures of glycerol and isosorbide in different ratios (3:0, 2:1, 1:2, and 0:3, respectively). The results showed that the higher concentration of isosorbide significantly increased the tensile strength; however, it reduced the elongation. Retrogradation modeled using the Avrami equation showed that the presence of isosorbide reduced the retrogradation rate (k) and modified the recrystallization mechanism (n). The relative crystallinity in the plasticized TPS films was reduced to 89%, and the adsorption significantly decreased. Isosorbide was very important in reducing the retrogradation of TPS. The best performance was obtained with the 2:1 ratio of glycerol/isosorbide due to the synergistic effect between the plasticizers. The results would allow tuning the properties of TPS films by combining glycerol/isosorbide in different ratios, which enables the design of materials tailored to potential application requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy A Gómez-López
- Grupo de Investigación Ciencia y Tecnología de Biomoléculas de Interés Agroindustrial, (CYTBIA), Departamento de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad del Cauca, Cauca 190017, Colombia
| | - Camilo E Montilla-Buitrago
- Grupo de Investigación Ciencia y Tecnología de Biomoléculas de Interés Agroindustrial, (CYTBIA), Departamento de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad del Cauca, Cauca 190017, Colombia
| | - Héctor S Villada-Castillo
- Grupo de Investigación Ciencia y Tecnología de Biomoléculas de Interés Agroindustrial, (CYTBIA), Departamento de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad del Cauca, Cauca 190017, Colombia
| | - Aidé Sáenz-Galindo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza y José Cárdenas Valdés, Colonia República, Saltillo 25280, México
| | - Felipe Avalos-Belmontes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza y José Cárdenas Valdés, Colonia República, Saltillo 25280, México
| | - Liliana Serna-Cock
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Administración, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira, Palmira 763533, Colombia
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Hazrol M, Sapuan S, Ilyas R, Zainudin E, Zuhri M, Abdul N. Effect of corn husk fibre loading on thermal and biodegradable properties of kenaf/cornhusk fibre reinforced corn starch-based hybrid composites. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15153. [PMID: 37095902 PMCID: PMC10121401 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper documents the thermal and biodegradation behaviour of kenaf/cornhusk fiber reinforced corn starch-based hybrid composites film (CS/K-CH) produced by solution casting method. To develop both components as biodegradable hybrid composite, this research used corn starch as matrix, kenaf fiber and cornhusk fibre as a filler. Changes in physical structure and weight from the soil burial test were measured using Mettler Toledo digital balance ME. Films produced from physically blended corn starch reinforced kenaf biocomposites films (CS/K) biocomposite film had faster biodegradation and lost 96.18% of weight within 10 days compared with corn starch hybrid composites that only lost 83.82% of total weight. It was observed that the control film, CS/K biocomposite film was completely degraded after 10 days, meanwhile it took 12 days for hybrid composite films to be fully degrade. The thermal properties such as TGA and DTG were also measured. Addition of corn husk fiber significantly improve the film's thermal properties. Glass transition temperatures of corn starch hybrid films were significantly lowered when cornhusk compositions were increased from 0.2% wt to 0.8% wt. Importantly, the current work has demonstrated that hybrid films made of corn starch can be a suitable biodegradable material for substitute synthetic plastic.
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10
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Homthawornchoo W, Hakimi NFSM, Romruen O, Rawdkuen S. Dragon Fruit Peel Extract Enriched-Biocomposite Wrapping Film: Characterization and Application on Coconut Milk Candy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020404. [PMID: 36679292 PMCID: PMC9863164 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based film is an eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based packaging film. The effects of biocomposite wrapping film enhanced with dragon fruit peel extract (0, 2% w/v, respectively) and currently used commercial packaging film (polypropylene; PP) on coconut milk caramels during storage (30 °C, 75% RH, nine days) were studied. Both 0% and 2% DPE-enriched biocomposite films were thicker and had higher water vapor permeability and solubility than the PP film but poorer mechanical characteristics. In addition, the 2% film possessed antioxidants and antioxidant ability. A FESEM micrograph revealed the rough surface and porous path of the biocomposite films. Over the storage time, the moisture content, water activity, and springiness of the coconut milk caramel candy wrapped in the PP and all DPE-enriched biocomposite films were not significantly altered. However, the lipid oxidation as the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and hardness of all coconut caramels were significantly (p < 0.05) increased during storage. Furthermore, the hardness of coconut candy covered in the control (0% DPE) biocomposite film was more pronounced on day nine of storage. However, the changes in quality characteristics of the coconut candy wrapped in each film type need to be better established. The investigating factors influencing the quality deterioration of coconut milk candy should be further identified to mitigate their effects and extend the shelf-life of the coconut candy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantida Homthawornchoo
- Innovative Food Packaging and Biomaterials Unit, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Food Science and Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (S.R.); Tel.: +66-5391-6751 (W.H.); +66-5391-6739 (S.R.)
| | - Nur Fairuza Syahira Mohamad Hakimi
- Food Science and Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Food Sciences and Technology Program, School of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 45100, Malaysia
| | - Orapan Romruen
- Food Science and Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Saroat Rawdkuen
- Innovative Food Packaging and Biomaterials Unit, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Food Science and Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.H.); (S.R.); Tel.: +66-5391-6751 (W.H.); +66-5391-6739 (S.R.)
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11
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Nafis ZAS, Nuzaimah M, Kudus SIA, Yusuf Y, Ilyas RA, Knight VF, Norrrahim MNF. Effect of Wood Dust Fibre Treatments Reinforcement on the Properties of Recycled Polypropylene Composite (r-WoPPC) Filament for Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:479. [PMID: 36676215 PMCID: PMC9863263 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of wood dust fibre treatment on the property of wood dust reinforced recycled polypropylene composite (r-WoPPC) filament was investigated. The wood dust fibre was treated using alkali, silane, and NaOH-silane. The treated wood fibre was incorporated with r-PP using a twin-screw extruder to produce filament. The silane treatment on wood dust fibre enhances interfacial bonding between wood fibre and recycled PP; hence, a filament has the highest wire pull strength, which is 35.2% higher compared to untreated and alkaline-treated wood dust filament. It is because silanol in silane forms a siloxane bond that acts as a coupling agent that improves interfacial bonding between wood dust fibre and recycled PP. The SEM micrograph of the fracture structure reveals that treated silane has strong interfacial bonding between wood dust fibre and recycled PP, having minimal void, gap, and good fibre adhesion. The water absorption test results indicate that filament with treated wood dust absorbs less water than filament with untreated wood because the treatment minimizes the gap between wood fibres and recycled PP. The FTIR analysis identified the presence of silane on the wood dust surface for silane-treated wood dust. The DSC studies suggest that the temperature range 167-170 °C be used in the extrusion machine to produce r-WoPPC filament. As a result, r-WoPPc filaments containing silane-treated wood dust have better mechanical properties and have a greater potential for usage in FDM applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. A. S. Nafis
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - M. Nuzaimah
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - S. I. Abdul Kudus
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Y. Yusuf
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - V. F. Knight
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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12
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Sivakumar AA, Sankarapandian S, Avudaiappan S, Flores EIS. Mechanical Behaviour and Impact of Various Fibres Embedded with Eggshell Powder Epoxy Resin Biocomposite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:9044. [PMID: 36556849 PMCID: PMC9783446 DOI: 10.3390/ma15249044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural fiber composites are becoming an alternate material to synthetic fiber composites, and the use of eggshell bio-filler has been explored in polymer composites as environmental protection. Jute, coir, and sisal fibers were utilized in this research to make composites out of natural fibers. Polymer composites were made using epoxy resin with different amounts of eggshell powder (ESP) as fillers (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of weight). The mechanical and biodegradability properties of the synthesized composites were investigated. The testing results showed that composites with an optimum percentage of 6% ESP as filler improved mechanical characteristics significantly in all three fiber composites. Among the three fibers, coir fiber with 6% ESP added showed a substantial increase in tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness strength properties by 34.64%, 48.50%, 33.33%, and 35.03%, respectively. In addition, the percentage weight loss of coir fiber composites at 9 weeks is noteworthy in terms of biodegradability testing. As a result, epoxy composites containing eggshell fillers could be employed in applications requiring better tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sankarasabapathi Sankarapandian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi 630003, India
| | - Siva Avudaiappan
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - Erick I. Saavedra Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170201, Chile
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13
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Thajai N, Rachtanapun P, Thanakkasaranee S, Chaiyaso T, Phimolsiripol Y, Leksawasdi N, Sommano SR, Sringarm K, Chaiwarit T, Ruksiriwanich W, Jantrawut P, Kodsangma A, Ross S, Worajittiphon P, Punyodom W, Jantanasakulwong K. Antimicrobial thermoplastic starch reactive blend with chlorhexidine gluconate and epoxy resin. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Che Hamzah NH, Khairuddin N, Muhamad II, Hassan MA, Ngaini Z, Sarbini SR. Characterisation and Colour Response of Smart Sago Starch-Based Packaging Films Incorporated with Brassica oleracea Anthocyanin. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:913. [PMID: 36295672 PMCID: PMC9607244 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To meet the need for food products to be safe and fresh, smart food packaging that can monitor and give information about the quality of packaged food has been developed. In this study, pH-sensitive films with sago starch and various anthocyanin concentrations of Brassica oleracea also known as red cabbage anthocyanin (RCA) at 8, 10, 12, and 14% (w/v) were manufactured using the solvent casting process. Investigation of the physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics of the films was performed and analysed. The response of these materials against pH changes was evaluated with buffers of different pH. When the films were exposed to a series of pH buffers (pH 3, 5, 9, 11, and 13), the RCA-associated films displayed a spectacular colour response. In addition, the ability of the starch matrix to overcome the leaching and release of anthocyanins was investigated. Higher concentrations of RCA can maintain the colour difference of films after being immersed in a series of buffer solutions ranging from acidic to basic conditions. Other than that, incorporating RCA extracts into the starch formulation increased the thickness whereas the water content, swelling degree, tensile strength, and elongation at break decreased as compared to films without RCA. The immobilisation of anthocyanin into the film was confirmed by the FTIR measurements. The surface patterns of films were heterogeneous and irregular due to the presence of RCA extract aggregates, which increased as the extract concentration enhanced. However, this would not affect the properties of films. An increase in thermal stability was noted for the anthocyanin-containing films at the final stage of degradation in TGA analysis. It is concluded that RCA and sago starch formulation has great potential to be explored for food packaging purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Husna Che Hamzah
- Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Humanities, Management, and Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Malaysia
| | - Nozieana Khairuddin
- Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Humanities, Management, and Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Malaysia
| | - Ida Idayu Muhamad
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ali Hassan
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Science Biomolecule, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Zainab Ngaini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Razid Sarbini
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu 97008, Malaysia
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15
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Jumaidin R, Abdul Rahman AH, Sapuan SM, Rushdan AI. Effect of sugarcane bagasse on thermal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic cassava starch/beeswax composites. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The demand for biodegradable material has been an important issue, especially in food packaging applications. Among many biodegradable materials, starch biopolymer has been recognised as a completely biodegradable material that can be produced from various plants. It is one of the richest resources that are renewable, biodegradable, and available at low cost. However, starch biopolymers are often associated with poor mechanical properties. Hence, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the mechanical and thermal characteristics of sugarcane bagasse fibre (SBF) reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS), which was prior modified with beeswax (BW). It was found that the mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact strength have improved significantly with the incorporation of SBF loading into the TPCS/BW matrix. The highest tensile strength (12.2 MPa) and modulus (2222.6 MPa) were exhibit by sample with 20 wt% SBF loading and further increment of fibre led to decrease in the strength of the materials. The thermal properties showed that higher SBF loading resulted in improved thermal stability of the material, i.e., higher glass transition and melting temperature than the polymer matrix. Overall, SBF has shown good potential as a reinforcing material which is able to improve the functional characteristics of TPCS/BW as a new potential biodegradable material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhwan Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka , Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal , Melaka , Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang 43400 , Malaysia
| | - Amirul Hazim Abdul Rahman
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka , Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal , Melaka , Malaysia
| | - Salit Mohd Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composite Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang 43400 , Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Ilyas Rushdan
- Sustainable Waste Management Research Group (SWAM), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , 81310 UTM Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , 81310 UTM Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
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16
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Asyraf MRM, Syamsir A, Supian ABM, Usman F, Ilyas RA, Nurazzi NM, Norrrahim MNF, Razman MR, Zakaria SZS, Sharma S, Itam Z, Rashid MZA. Sugar Palm Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Influence of Chemical Treatments on Its Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3852. [PMID: 35683149 PMCID: PMC9181418 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the era of globalisation, decreasing synthetic resources, especially petroleum, have encouraged global communities to apply biomass waste as a substitute material for green technology development. The development of plastic products from lignocellulosic fibre-reinforced composites has been a hot topic among material scientists and engineers due to their abundance, sustainable in nature, and less toxic towards health. For the Malaysian scenario, sugar palm is a plant found in the wild and locally planted in certain areas in Malaysia and Indonesia. Generally, sugar palm can be harvested for traditional foods, fruits, starch sugar (gula kabung), and alcohol, whereas sugar palm fibre (SPF) is used in conventional products (brushes and brooms). Various researchers are working on the characterisation of fibre and its composites for engineering and packaging products. The main drawback of SPF is its hydrophilic behaviour, which leads to high moisture uptake and inhibits a good bond between the fibre and the matrix. Thus, a solution for this problem is by implementing chemical treatments on the fibre. From the literature review, no comprehensive review paper has been published on the influence of chemical treatment on the mechanical behaviour of SPF-reinforced polymer composites. Thus, the present review examines recent studies on the mechanical properties of sugar palm lignocellulosic fibres with various chemical treatments to evaluate their potential in structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Agusril Syamsir
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
| | - Abu Bakar Mohd Supian
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
| | - Fathoni Usman
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Norizan Mohd Nurazzi
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria
- Research Centre for Environmental, Economic and Social Sustainability (KASES), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144603, India
| | - Zarina Itam
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohamad Zakir Abd Rashid
- TNB Grid Division, Grid Solution Expertise (GSE), Bangunan Dua Sentral No. 8, Jalan Tun Sambanthan, Kuala Lumpur 50470, Malaysia;
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17
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A Review on the Effect of Fabric Reinforcement on Strength Enhancement of Natural Fiber Composites. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093025. [PMID: 35591358 PMCID: PMC9103548 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of reinforcements on the strength of natural fiber composites. Recent advancements in natural fiber composites have minimized the usage of man-made fibers, especially in the field of structural applications such as aircraft stiffeners and rotor blades. However, large variations in the strength and modulus of natural fiber degrade the properties of the composites and lower the safety level of the structures under dynamic load. Without compromising the safety of the composite structure, it is significant to enrich the strength and modulus of natural fiber reinforcement for real-time applications. The strength and durability of natural fiber can be enriched by reinforcing natural fiber. The reinforcement effect on natural fiber in their woven, braided, and knit forms enhances their structural properties. It improves the properties of natural fiber composites related to reinforcement with short and random-orientation fibers. The article also reviews the effect of the hybridization of natural fiber with cellulosic fiber, synthetic fiber, and intra-ply hybridization on its mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and free vibration characteristics, which are important for predicting the life and performance of natural fiber composites for weight-sensitive applications under dynamic load.
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18
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Processing, Characterization of Furcraea foetida (FF) Fiber and Investigation of Physical/Mechanical Properties of FF/Epoxy Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071476. [PMID: 35406353 PMCID: PMC9003038 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent days the rising concern over environmental pollution with excessive use of synthetic materials has led to various eco-friendly innovations. Due to the organic nature, abundance and higher strength, natural fibers are gaining a lot of interest among researchers and are also extensively used by various industries to produce ecological products. Natural fibers are widely used in the composite industry as an alternative to synthetic fibers for numerous applications and new sources of fiber are continuously being explored. In this study, a fiber extracted from the Furcraea foetida (FF) plant is characterized for its feasibility as a reinforcement to fabricate polymer composite. The results show that the fiber has a density of 0.903 ± 0.07 g/cm3, tensile strength (σt) of 170.47 ± 24.71 MPa and the fiber is thermally stable up to 250 °C. The chemical functional groups and elements present in the FF fiber are evaluated by conducting Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The addition of FF fibers in epoxy reduced the density (13.44%) and hardness (10.9%) of the FF/Epoxy (FF/E) composite. However, the void content (Vc < 8%) and water absorption (WA: < 6%) rate increased in the composite. The FF/E composite with 30% volume of FF fibers showed maximum σt (32.14 ± 5.54 MPa) and flexural strength (σf: 80.23 ± 11.3 MPa).
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19
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Bamboo-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset and Thermoplastic Polymer Composites: A Review of Properties, Fabrication, and Potential Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071387. [PMID: 35406261 PMCID: PMC9003382 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural-fiber-reinforced composites, especially bamboo, are an alternative material to compete with conventional materials. Their environmentally friendly, renewable, low-cost, low-density, non-toxic, and fully biodegradable properties are concerning for researchers because of their advantages over synthetic polymers. This comprehensive review presents the results of work on bamboo fiber composites with special reference to bamboo types, thermoplastic and thermoset polymers matrices, hybrid composites, and their applications. In addition, several studies prove that these properties are very good and efficient in various applications. However, in the development of composite technology, bamboo fiber has certain constraints, especially in moisture conditions. Moisture is one of the factors that reduces the potential of bamboo fiber and makes it a critical issue in the manufacturing industry. Therefore, various efforts have been made to ensure that these properties are not affected by moisture by treating the surface fibers using chemical treatments.
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20
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Mansingh BB, Binoj JS, Anbazhagan VN, Abu Hassan S, Goh KL, Siengchin S, Sanjay MR, Jaafar M, Liu Y. Characterization of
Cocos nucifera
L. peduncle fiber reinforced polymer composites for lightweight sustainable applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Selvi Binoj
- Micromachining Research Centre, Mechanical Engineering Mohan Babu School of Engineering and Technology, Mohan Babu University (MBU) Tirupati India
| | | | - Shukur Abu Hassan
- Department of Applied Mechanics & Design Centre for Composites, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Kheng Lim Goh
- Mechanical Design and Manufacturing Engineering Newcastle University in Singapore Singapore City Singapore
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering The Sirindhorn International Thai‐German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB) Bangkok Thailand
| | - Mavinkere Rangappa Sanjay
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering The Sirindhorn International Thai‐German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB) Bangkok Thailand
| | - Mariatti Jaafar
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
| | - Yucheng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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21
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Biocomposite of Cassava Starch-Cymbopogan Citratus Fibre: Mechanical, Thermal and Biodegradation Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030514. [PMID: 35160505 PMCID: PMC8838383 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing environmental awareness and concern have shifted the focus of research and development towards biodegradable materials development. In the current study, Cymbopogan citratus fibre (CCF) were incorporated into thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) with various content of CCF (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 wt.%) via compression moulding. The determination of fundamental characteristics of TPCS/CCF biopolymer composites was conducted to assess their potential as biodegradable reinforcements. Characterization of the samples was conducted via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as mechanical, moisture absorption, and soil burial testings. The findings showed that the improved tensile and flexural features of the TPCS composites with CCF incorporation, with 50 wt.% CCF content yielded the maximum modulus and strength. The thermal properties of the biocomposite demonstrated that CCF addition improved the material’s thermal stability, as shown by a higher-onset decomposition temperature and ash content. Meanwhile, the CCF incorporation into TPCS slowed down the biodegradation of the composites. In term of morphological, homogeneous fibres and matrix dispersion with excellent adhesion was observed in morphological analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which is crucial for the enhancement of the mechanical performance of biocomposites.
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22
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Tarique J, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Ilyas RA, Khalina A. Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Performances of Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) Fiber Reinforced Arrowroot Starch Biopolymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030388. [PMID: 35160378 PMCID: PMC8838641 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This research is driven by stringent environmental legislation requiring the consumption and use of environmentally friendly materials. In this context, this paper is concerned with the development and characterization of thermoplastic arrowroot starch (TPAS) based biocomposite films by incorporating arrowroot fiber (AF) (0–10%) into a glycerol plasticized matrix by using the solution casting method. Developed TPAS/AF composite films were investigated, such as physical, morphological (FESEM), tensile, and tear strength characteristics. The tensile and tear strengths of TPAS/AF composites were increased significantly from 4.77 to 15.22 MPa and 0.87 to 1.28 MPa, respectively, as compared to the control TPAS films, which were 2.42 MPa and 0.83 MPa, respectively, while elongation was significantly decreased from 25.57 to 6.21% compared to control TPAS film, which was 46.62%. The findings revealed that after the fiber was reinforced, the mechanical properties were enhanced, and the optimum filler content was 10%. Regardless of fiber loadings, the results of water absorption testing revealed that the composite films immersed in seawater and rainwater absorbed more water than distilled water. Overall, the results of this research focus on providing information on biopolymer composite film and revealing the great potential it has for the food packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Tarique
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (J.T.); (S.M.S.)
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (J.T.); (S.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-13-7792580
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (J.T.); (S.M.S.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknology Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknology Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - A. Khalina
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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23
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Hafila KZ, Jumaidin R, Ilyas RA, Selamat MZ, Yusof FAM. Effect of palm wax on the mechanical, thermal, and moisture absorption properties of thermoplastic cassava starch composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:851-860. [PMID: 34838853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch is a potentially sustainable and biodegradable material. However, it possesses some limitations in terms of mechanical performance and high moisture sensitivity. In this current work, the characteristics of thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) containing palm wax at various loading were evaluated. TPCS was prepared via hot pressing by varying the ratios of palm wax (2.5, 5, 10, and 15 wt%). Next, characterization via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mechanical, water solubility, thickness swelling and moisture absorption tests, were conducted on the samples. The findings showed that incorporating starch-based thermoplastics with palm wax has remarkably improved mechanical characteristics of the thermoplastic blends. Besides, the morphology of the samples demonstrated irregular and rougher cleavage fracture after palm wax addition. FT-IR indicated the existence of intermolecular interaction between TPCS and palm wax with the intermolecular hydrogen bonds that existed between them. The thermal stability of TPCS has improved with rising palm wax content. The incorporation of 15 wt% palm wax resulted in the lowest moisture absorption value among the samples. Overall, the developed TPCS/palm wax with improved mechanical and moisture resistance characteristics has the potential to be used as biodegradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Z Hafila
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia; German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah Taman Universiti, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia.
| | - R A Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M Z Selamat
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Fahmi Asyadi Md Yusof
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Taboh Naning, Alor Gajah, Melaka 78000, Malaysia
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24
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Kachaanun P, Numnuam A, Mayakun J, Kaewtatip K. Utilization of brown alga (
Sargassum plagiophyllum
) as an efficient reinforcement material for application in wheat gluten biocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Punyawee Kachaanun
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand
| | - Apon Numnuam
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Mayakun
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand
- Molecular Evolution and Computational Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Science Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand
| | - Kaewta Kaewtatip
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand
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25
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Asyraf MRM, Ishak MR, Norrrahim MNF, Nurazzi NM, Shazleen SS, Ilyas RA, Rafidah M, Razman MR. Recent advances of thermal properties of sugar palm lignocellulosic fibre reinforced polymer composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1587-1599. [PMID: 34740691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biocomposites are materials that are easy to manufacture and environmentally friendly. Sugar palm fibre (SPF) is considered to be an emerging reinforcement candidate that could provide improved mechanical stiffness and strength to the biocomposites. Numerous studies have been recently conducted on sugar palm biocomposites to evaluate their physical, mechanical and thermal properties in various conditions. Sugar palm biocomposites are currently limited to the applications of traditional household products despite their good thermal stability as a prospective substitute candidate for synthetic fibres. Thus, thermal analysis methods such as TGA and DTG are functioned to determine the thermal properties of single fibre sugar palm composites (SPCs) in thermoset and thermoplastic matrix as well as hybrid SPCs. The biocomposites showed a remarkable change considering thermal stability by varying the individual fibre compositions and surface treatments and adding fillers and coupling agents. However, literature that summarises the thermal properties of sugar palm biocomposites is unavailable. Particularly, this comprehensive review paper aims to guide all composite engineers, designers, manufacturers and users on the selection of suitable biopolymers for sugar palm biocomposites for thermal applications, such as heat shields and engine components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R M Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M R Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Aerospace Malaysia Research Centre (AMRC), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M N F Norrrahim
- Research Center for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N M Nurazzi
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S S Shazleen
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R A Ilyas
- Sustainable Waste Management Research Group (SWAM), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M Rafidah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M R Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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26
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Rong L, Shen M, Wen H, Ren Y, Xiao W, Xie J. Preparation and characterization of hyacinth bean starch film incorporated with TiO 2 nanoparticles and Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:151-158. [PMID: 34481850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyacinth bean starch (HBS) was used to prepare nanocomposite films with the reinforcement agent of nanotitanium oxide (TiO2-N) and Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide (MCP). The effects of TiO2-N and MCP on the moisture combination, rheological properties of film-forming solutions (FFS) and physiochemical properties of films were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that HBS, TiO2-N and MCP had good compatibility, while no novel absorption peak in FTIR spectra, and characteristic peaks of TiO2-N were found in XRD patterns of composite films. Contact angle of HBS/TiO2-N/M3 film increased from 65.6° to 90.9°, which illustrated that TiO2-N and MCP effectively enhanced hydrophobicity of films. TiO2-N and MCP positively affected anti-UV light ability of HBS films by resisting most of invisible light. Furthermore, stable and compact network structures were formed by the synergistic effect of TiO2-N and MCP, thereby elongation to break was increased from 17.123% to 28.603% significantly, and heat resistance was enhanced clearly. This study prepared a nanocomposite HBS-based films based TiO2-N and MCP, which had guiding significance for development of functional films and combination of polysaccharides and metallic oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Huiliang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Yanming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wenhao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330200, China.
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27
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Suriani MJ, Ilyas RA, Zuhri MYM, Khalina A, Sultan MTH, Sapuan SM, Ruzaidi CM, Wan FN, Zulkifli F, Harussani MM, Azman MA, Radzi FSM, Sharma S. Critical Review of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites: Processing, Properties, Applications and Cost. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203514. [PMID: 34685272 PMCID: PMC8537548 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing scientific interest has occurred concerning the utilization of natural fiber-enhanced hybrid composites that incorporate one or more types of natural enhancement. Annual natural fiber production is estimated to be 1,783,965 × 103 tons/year. Extensive studies have been conducted in the domains of natural/synthetic as well as natural/natural hybrid composites. As synthetic fibers have better rigidity and strength than natural fibers, natural/synthetic hybrid composites have superior qualities via hybridization compared to natural composites in fibers. In general, natural fiber compounds have lower characteristics, limiting the use of natural composites reinforced by fiber. Significant effort was spent in enhancing the mechanical characteristics of this group of materials to increase their strengths and applications, especially via the hybridization process, by manipulating the characteristics of fiber-reinforced composite materials. Current studies concentrate on enhancing the understanding of natural fiber-matrix adhesion, enhancing processing methods, and natural fiber compatibility. The optimal and resilient conceptions have also been addressed due to the inherently more significant variabilities. Moreover, much research has tackled natural fiber reinforced hybrid composite costs. In addition, this review article aims to offer a review of the variables that lead to the mechanical and structural failure of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, as well as an overview of the details and costings of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Suriani
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (R.A.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (R.A.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.S.); (R.A.I.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - A. Khalina
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. T. H. Sultan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.K.); (M.T.H.S.)
| | - C. M. Ruzaidi
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - F. Nik Wan
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - F. Zulkifli
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (M.M.H.)
| | - M. A. Azman
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - F. S. M. Radzi
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (C.M.R.); (F.N.W.); (F.Z.); (M.A.A.); (F.S.M.R.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus-Kapurthala, Punjab 144603, India;
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28
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Development and Characterization of Cornstarch-Based Bioplastics Packaging Film Using a Combination of Different Plasticizers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203487. [PMID: 34685246 PMCID: PMC8539400 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aims to develop cornstarch (CS) based films using fructose (F), glycerol (G), and their combination (FG) as plasticizers with different ratios for food packaging applications. The findings showed that F-plasticized film had the lowest moisture content, highest crystallinity among all films, and exhibited the highest tensile strength and thermostability. In contrast, G-plasticized films showed the lowest density and water absorption with less crystallinity compared to the control and the other plasticized film. In addition, SEM results indicated that FG-plasticized films had a relatively smoother and more coherent surface among the tested films. The findings have also shown that varying the concentration of the plasticizers significantly affected the different properties of the plasticized films. Therefore, the selection of a suitable plasticizer at an appropriate concentration may significantly optimize film properties to promote the utilization of CS films for food packaging applications.
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29
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Ventura-Cruz S, Tecante A. Nanocellulose and microcrystalline cellulose from agricultural waste: Review on isolation and application as reinforcement in polymeric matrices. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Sohany M, Tawakkal ISMA, Ariffin SH, Shah NNAK, Yusof YA. Characterization of Anthocyanin Associated Purple Sweet Potato Starch and Peel-Based pH Indicator Films. Foods 2021; 10:2005. [PMID: 34574115 PMCID: PMC8465675 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In food packaging, smart indicator films based on natural resources have greatly attracted researchers to minimize the environmental issues as well as to satisfy consumer preferences for food safety. In this research, pH-sensitive films were prepared using purple-fleshed sweet potato starch (SPS) and sweet potato peel (SPP). Two categories of the film (i) SPS and (ii) SPS/SPP, were fabricated via solvent casting technique, incorporating different concentrations of commercial purple sweet potato anthocyanin (CA) at 0%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% (w/v) and the physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the films were investigated. The thickness, water solubility, and swelling degree of the films increased with the increment of CA, whereas there were no significant changes in the water content (WC) of the films. Water vapor permeability (WVP) was decreased for SPS films while statistically similar for SPS/SPP films. The addition of CA reduced the tensile strength (TS) and tensile modulus (TM) yet increased the elongation at break (EaB) of the films as compared to films without CA. The FTIR results confirmed the immobilization of anthocyanin into the film. In SEM images, roughness in the surfaces of the CA-associated films was observed. A reduction of thermal stability was found for the films with anthocyanin except for the SPS/SPP CA 2% film. Furthermore, the CA-associated films showed a remarkable color response when subjected to pH buffers (pH 1 to 12) and successfully monitored chicken freshness. The fastest color migration was observed in acidic conditions when the films were immersed into aqueous, acidic, low fat, and fatty food simulants. The findings of this work demonstrated that the developed pH indicator films have the potential to be implemented as smart packaging to monitor food freshness and quality for safe consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouluda Sohany
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.S.); (S.H.A.); (N.N.A.K.S.); (Y.A.Y.)
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Intan Syafinaz Mohamed Amin Tawakkal
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.S.); (S.H.A.); (N.N.A.K.S.); (Y.A.Y.)
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hajar Ariffin
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.S.); (S.H.A.); (N.N.A.K.S.); (Y.A.Y.)
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Nor Nadiah Abdul Karim Shah
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.S.); (S.H.A.); (N.N.A.K.S.); (Y.A.Y.)
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Yus Aniza Yusof
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.S.); (S.H.A.); (N.N.A.K.S.); (Y.A.Y.)
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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31
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Gulati K, Lal S, Kumar S, Arora S. Effect of agar and walnut ( Juglans regia.L) shell fibre addition on thermal stability, water barrier, biodegradability and mechanical properties of corn starch composites. Chem Ind 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2021.1967205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Gulati
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
- Department of Chemistry, Dyal Singh College, Karnal, India
| | - Sohan Lal
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Integrated and Honors studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Sanjiv Arora
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
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32
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Nurazzi NM, Asyraf MRM, Rayung M, Norrrahim MNF, Shazleen SS, Rani MSA, Shafi AR, Aisyah HA, Radzi MHM, Sabaruddin FA, Ilyas RA, Zainudin ES, Abdan K. Thermogravimetric Analysis Properties of Cellulosic Natural Fiber Polymer Composites: A Review on Influence of Chemical Treatments. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162710. [PMID: 34451248 PMCID: PMC8399699 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural fiber such as bamboo fiber, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber, kenaf fiber, and sugar palm fiber-reinforced polymer composites are being increasingly developed for lightweight structures with high specific strength in the automotive, marine, aerospace, and construction industries with significant economic benefits, sustainability, and environmental benefits. The plant-based natural fibers are hydrophilic, which is incompatible with hydrophobic polymer matrices. This leads to a reduction of their interfacial bonding and to the poor thermal stability performance of the resulting fiber-reinforced polymer composite. Based on the literature, the effect of chemical treatment of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites had significantly influenced the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) together with the thermal stability performance of the composite structure. In this review, the effect of chemical treatments used on cellulose natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer composites has been reviewed. From the present review, the TGA data are useful as guidance in determining the purity and composition of the composites’ structures, drying, and the ignition temperatures of materials. Knowing the stability temperatures of compounds based on their weight, changes in the temperature dependence is another factor to consider regarding the effectiveness of chemical treatments for the purpose of synergizing the chemical bonding between the natural fiber with polymer matrix or with the synthetic fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nurazzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. Rayung
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - S. S. Shazleen
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
| | - M. S. A. Rani
- School of Materials and Minerals Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - A. R. Shafi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - M. H. M. Radzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar 02100, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - F. A. Sabaruddin
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - K. Abdan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.N.); (S.S.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.H.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (H.A.A.); (F.A.S.); (E.S.Z.); (K.A.)
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Mtibe A, Motloung MP, Bandyopadhyay J, Ray SS. Synthetic Biopolymers and Their Composites: Advantages and Limitations-An Overview. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100130. [PMID: 34216411 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, polymer science and engineering research has shifted toward the development of environmentally benign polymers to reduce the impact of plastic leakage on the ecosystems. Stringent regulations and concerns regarding conventional polymers are the main driving forces for the development of renewable, biodegradable, sustainable, and environmentally benign materials. Although biopolymers can alleviate plastic-related pollution, several factors dictate the utilization of biopolymers. Herein, an overview of the potential and limitations of synthetic biopolymers and their composites in the context of environmentally benign materials for a sustainable future are presented. The synthetic biopolymer market, technical advancements for different applications, lifecycle analysis, and biodegradability are covered. The current trends, challenges, and opportunities for bioplastic recycling are also discussed. In summary, this review is expected to provide guidelines for future development related to synthetic biopolymer-based sustainable polymeric materials suitable for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asanda Mtibe
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Mpho Phillip Motloung
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jayita Bandyopadhyay
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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Jantasrirad S, Mayakun J, Numnuam A, Kaewtatip K. Effect of filler and sonication time on the performance of brown alga (Sargassum plagiophyllum) filled cassava starch biocomposites. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Processing and Characterisation of Banana Leaf Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Cassava Starch Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091420. [PMID: 33924842 PMCID: PMC8124608 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing environmental concerns have led to greater attention to the development of biodegradable materials. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of banana leaf fibre (BLF) on the thermal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS). The biocomposites were prepared by incorporating 10 to 50 wt.% BLF into the TPCS matrix. The samples were characterised for their thermal and mechanical properties. The results showed that there were significant increments in the tensile and flexural properties of the materials, with the highest strength and modulus values obtained at 40 wt.% BLF content. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of BLF had increased the thermal stability of the material, indicated by higher-onset decomposition temperature and ash content. Morphological studies through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited a homogenous distribution of fibres and matrix with good adhesion, which is crucial in improving the mechanical properties of biocomposites. This was also attributed to the strong interaction of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between TPCS and fibre, proven by the FT-IR test that observed the presence of O–H bonding in the biocomposite.
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Physical Properties of Thermoplastic Starch Derived from Natural Resources and Its Blends: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091396. [PMID: 33925897 PMCID: PMC8123420 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch composites have attracted significant attention due to the rise of environmental pollutions induced by the use of synthetic petroleum-based polymer materials. The degradation of traditional plastics requires an unusually long time, which may lead to high cost and secondary pollution. To solve these difficulties, more petroleum-based plastics should be substituted with sustainable bio-based plastics. Renewable and natural materials that are abundant in nature are potential candidates for a wide range of polymers, which can be used to replace their synthetic counterparts. This paper focuses on some aspects of biopolymers and their classes, providing a description of starch as a main component of biopolymers, composites, and potential applications of thermoplastics starch-based in packaging application. Currently, biopolymer composites blended with other components have exhibited several enhanced qualities. The same behavior is also observed when natural fibre is incorporated with biopolymers. However, it should be noted that the degree of compatibility between starch and other biopolymers extensively varies depending on the specific biopolymer. Although their efficacy is yet to reach the level of their fossil fuel counterparts, biopolymers have made a distinguishing mark, which will continue to inspire the creation of novel substances for many years to come.
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Plasticized Starch/Agar Composite Films: Processing, Morphology, Structure, Mechanical Properties and Surface Hydrophilicity. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural biopolymers, which are renewable, widely available, biodegradable, and biocompatible, have attracted huge interest in the development of biocomposite materials. Herein, formulation–property relationships for starch/agar composite films were investigated. First, rapid visco analysis was used to confirm the conditions needed for their gelation and to prepare filmogenic solutions. All the original crystalline and/or lamellar structures of starch and agar were destroyed, and films with cohesive and compact structures were formed, as shown by SEM, XRD, and SAXS. All the plasticized films were predominantly amorphous, and the polymorphs of the composite films were closer to that of the agar-only film. FTIR results suggest that the incorporation of agar restricted starch chain interaction and rearrangement. The addition of agar to starch increased both tensile strength and elongation at break, but the improvements were insignificant after the agar content was over 50 wt.%. Contact angle results indicate that compared with the other samples, the 4:6 (wt./wt.) starch/agar film was less hydrophilic. Thus, this work shows that agar dominates the structure and properties of starch/agar composites, and the best properties can be obtained with a certain starch/agar ratio. Such composite polysaccharide films with tailored mechanical properties and surface hydrophilicity could be useful in biodegradable packaging and biomedical applications (wound dressing and tissue scaffolding).
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Electrically Conducting Pullulan-Based Nanobiocomposites Using Carbon Nanotubes and TEMPO Cellulose Nanofibril. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030602. [PMID: 33670897 PMCID: PMC7997298 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid nanobiocomposite films are prepared using a solution casting by incorporating TEMPO cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into an aqueous solution of pullulan (PULL). The presence of CNT is confirmed by XRD characterization, and the prepared film shows an increased degree of crystallinity after the addition of TOCNs and CNT. The maximum degree of crystallinity value is obtained for CNT 0.5 % (59.64%). According to the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the shifts of the characteristic -OH peak of PULL occurred after the addition of TOCNs and aqueous CNT (3306.39 to 3246.90 cm−1), confirming interaction between the TOCNs, CNTs, and PULL matrix. The prepared films show enhanced material properties including higher tensile strength (65.41 MPa at low CNT content (0.5%)), water barrier properties, and reduced moisture susceptibility (5 wt.% CNT shows the lowest value (11.28%)) compared with the neat PULL film. Additionally, the prepared films are almost biodegradable within 64 days and show excellent electrical conductivity (0.001 to 0.015 S/mm for 0.5–5% CNT), which suggests a new approach to transform natural polymers into novel advanced materials for use in the fields of biosensing and electronics.
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Hazrati KZ, Sapuan SM, Zuhri MYM, Jumaidin R. Extraction and Characterization of Potential Biodegradable Materials Based on Dioscorea hispida Tubers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040584. [PMID: 33672030 PMCID: PMC7919467 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was driven by the stringent environmental legislation concerning the consumption and utilization of eco-friendly materials. Within this context, this paper aimed to examine the characteristics of starch and fibres from the Dioscorea hispida tuber plant to explore their potential as renewable materials. The extraction of the Dioscorea hispida starch and Dioscorea hispida fibres was carried out and the chemical composition, physical, thermal, morphological properties, and crystallinity were studied. The chemical composition investigations revealed that the Dioscorea hispida starch (DHS) has a low moisture t (9.45%) and starch content (37.62%) compared to cassava, corn, sugar palm, and arrowroot starches. Meanwhile, the Dioscorea hispida fibres (DHF) are significantly low in hemicellulose (4.36%), cellulose (5.63%), and lignin (2.79%) compared to cassava, corn hull and sugar palm. In this investigation the chemical, physical, morphological and thermal properties of the Dioscorea hispida fibre and Dioscorea hispida starch were examined by chemical composition investigation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), respectively. It was found that Dioscorea hispida waste is promising alternative biomass and sustainable material with excellent potential as a renewable filler material for food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Z. Hazrati
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.Z.H.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
- German Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah, Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.Z.H.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9769-1788
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.Z.H.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia;
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Liu Q, Zhai Z, Guo J, Cheng J, Zhang Y. Liquefaction of starch using solid-acid catalysts derived from spent coffee for the production of plasticized poly (vinyl alcohol) films. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 254:117427. [PMID: 33357904 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a strategy for preparing polyether polyols from corn starch, with (i) a mixture of polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerin (7:3, w/w) as the liquefying solvent and (ii) a spent-coffee-derived solid-acid catalyst (SC-SAC) (1:10, w/w, SC-SAC/starch) at 433 K for 1.5 h, under which conditions the liquefaction yield exceeded 99 %. The SC-SAC was prepared via hydrothermal carbonization at 453 K for 12 h, followed by sulfonation with H2SO4 at 343 K for 10 h. The liquefied starch product (SLP) was then used to plasticize poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films with various mixing ratios. The optimal 0.4 SLP/PVA blend film exhibited good mechanical properties (tensile strength 38.07 MPa, elongation at break 1199 %), good transparency, and excellent flexibility. The results highlight the possibility of using SLP/PVA films in the development of degradable packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiayi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yucang Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, China.
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Aaliya B, Sunooj KV, Lackner M. Biopolymer composites: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOBASED PLASTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24759651.2021.1881214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Aaliya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University , Puducherry, India
| | | | - Maximilian Lackner
- University of Applied Sciences FH Technikum Wien , Höchstädtplatz, Vienna, Austria
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Bahrami M, Abenojar J, Martínez MÁ. Recent Progress in Hybrid Biocomposites: Mechanical Properties, Water Absorption, and Flame Retardancy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5145. [PMID: 33203190 PMCID: PMC7696046 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based composites are reinforced polymeric materials in which one of the matrix and reinforcement components or both are from bio-based origins. The biocomposite industry has recently drawn great attention for diverse applications, from household articles to automobiles. This is owing to their low cost, biodegradability, being lightweight, availability, and environmental concerns over synthetic and nonrenewable materials derived from limited resources like fossil fuel. The focus has slowly shifted from traditional biocomposite systems, including thermoplastic polymers reinforced with natural fibers, to more advanced systems called hybrid biocomposites. Hybridization of bio-based fibers/matrices and synthetic ones offers a new strategy to overcome the shortcomings of purely natural fibers or matrices. By incorporating two or more reinforcement types into a single composite, it is possible to not only maintain the advantages of both types but also alleviate some disadvantages of one type of reinforcement by another one. This approach leads to improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of biocomposites for extensive applications. The present review article intends to provide a general overview of selecting the materials to manufacture hybrid biocomposite systems with improved strength properties, water, and burning resistance in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bahrami
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
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Novel composite foam made from starch and water hyacinth with beeswax coating for food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1382-1391. [PMID: 33038400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel composite foam was prepared from native cassava starch and water hyacinth (WH) by baking in a hot mold. The effects of WH powder content (0, 3, 5, 7 or 10 wt%, dry starch basis) on the properties of the starch foam were investigated. A starch foam formulation with 5 wt% WH powder exhibited the highest flexural stress at maximum load (3.42 MPa), the highest flexural strain (extension) at maximum load (3.52%), the highest modulus (232.00 MPa), the lowest moisture content (6.77%) and the most uniform cell size distribution (0.44 ± 0.09 mm). Moreover, mechanical properties of starch foam with 5 wt% WH powder were better than the same properties of some commercial foams. After being coated with beeswax, the starch foams retained their shape after immersion in distilled water and their water solubility was significantly reduced. Results indicated that a starch foam/5 wt% WH composite with beeswax coating was a biodegradable foam that could possibly replace commercial non-degradable foam.
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45
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Zhang H, Li Y, Cheng B, Ding C, Zhang Y. Synthesis of a starch-based sulfonic ion exchange resin and adsorption of dyestuffs to the resin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:561-572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Mechanical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Sugar Palm Nanocellulose Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch (TPS)/Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) Blend Bionanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102216. [PMID: 32992514 PMCID: PMC7600171 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, sugar palm nanocellulose fibre-reinforced thermoplastic starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend bionanocomposites were prepared using melt blending and compression moulding with different TPS concentrations (20%, 30%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) and constant sugar palm nanocellulose fibres (0.5%). The physical, mechanical, thermal, and water barrier properties were investigated. The SEM images indicated different TPS loading effects with the morphology of the blend bionanocomposites due to their immiscibility. A high content of TPS led to agglomeration, while a lower content resulted in the presence of cracks and voids. The 20% TPS loading reduced the tensile strength from 49.08 to 19.45 MPa and flexural strength from 79.60 to 35.38 MPa. The thermal stability of the blend bionanocomposites was reduced as the TPS loading increased. The thickness swelling, which corresponded to the water absorption, demonstrated an increasing trend with the increased addition of TPS loading.
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Pan X, Wu J, Zhang W, Liu J, Yang X, Liao X, Hu X, Lao F. Effects of sugar matrices on the release of key aroma compounds in fresh and high hydrostatic pressure processed Tainong mango juices. Food Chem 2020; 338:128117. [PMID: 33091985 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sugars are critical components of fruit juice. The binding of sugars and aroma compounds may affect the release of flavor in juices. In this study, the effects of sucrose, glucose, and fructose on the release of active aroma compounds in fresh and high hydrostatic pressure-processed (HPP) Tainong mango juice were evaluated. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry and odor activity values, four volatiles were identified as active aroma compounds in fresh and HPP mango juice. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry illustrated that the sugar-volatile interaction was hydrophobically-driven, with hydrogen bonding to some extent. As the concentrations of sugar were increased in the fresh juice, a significant change in the release of active volatiles occurred, while HPP juice showed stronger retention of the active volatiles. The results suggest that high hydrostatic pressure processing maintained the freshness of mango juice flavor by strengthening aroma retention within the juice matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing 100083, China; Xinghua Industrial Research Centre for Food Science and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Xinghua 225700, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA 91768 USA
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing 100083, China; Xinghua Industrial Research Centre for Food Science and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Xinghua 225700, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Lao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-thermal Processing, Beijing 100083, China; Xinghua Industrial Research Centre for Food Science and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Xinghua 225700, Jiangsu, China.
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48
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Effects of glycerol and thymol on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of corn starch films. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Hou G, Liu Y, Zhang D, Li G, Xie H, Fang Z. Approaching Theoretical Haze of Highly Transparent All-Cellulose Composite Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31998-32005. [PMID: 32543832 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A highly transparent cellulose film with a high built-in haze is emerging as a green photonic material for optoelectronics. Unfortunately, attaining its theoretical haze still remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate an all-cellulose composite film with a 90.1% transmittance and a maximal transmission haze of 95.2% close to the theoretical limit (∼100%), in which the entangled network of softwood cellulose fibers works as strong light scattering sources and regenerated cellulose (RC) with undissolved fibril bundles functions as a matrix to simultaneously improve the optical transparency and transmission haze. The underlying mechanism for the ultrahigh haze is attributed to microsized irregularities in the refractive index, arising primarily from the crystalline structure of softwood fibers, undissolved nanofibril bundles in RC, and a small number of internal cavities. Moreover, the resulting composite film presents a folding resistance of over 3500 times and good water resistance, and its application in a perovskite solar cell as an advanced light management layer is demonstrated. This work sheds light on the design of a highly transparent cellulose film with a haze approaching the theoretical limit for optoelectronics and brings us a step further toward its industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dejian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guanhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, South China University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
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50
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Asim M, Paridah MT, Chandrasekar M, Shahroze RM, Jawaid M, Nasir M, Siakeng R. Thermal stability of natural fibers and their polymer composites. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-020-00824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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