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Yuan H, Guo C, Liu L, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Yin T, He H, Gou J, Pan B, Tang X. Progress and prospects of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers for oral delivery of proteins/peptides. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 312:120838. [PMID: 37059563 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The oral route has long been recognized as the most preferred route for drug delivery as it offers high patient compliance and requires minimal expertise. Unlike small molecule drugs, the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract and low permeability across the intestinal epithelium make oral delivery extremely ineffective for macromolecules. Accordingly, delivery systems that are rationally constructed with suitable materials to overcome barriers to oral delivery are exceptionally promising. Among the most ideal materials are polysaccharides. Depending on the interaction between polysaccharides and proteins, the thermodynamic loading and release of proteins in the aqueous phase can be realized. Specific polysaccharides (dextran, chitosan, alginate, cellulose, etc.) endow systems with functional properties, including muco-adhesiveness, pH-responsiveness, and prevention of enzymatic degradation. Furthermore, multiple groups in polysaccharides can be modified, which gives them a variety of properties and enables them to suit specific needs. This review provides an overview of different types of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers based on different kinds of interaction forces and the influencing factors in the construction of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers. Strategies of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers to improve the bioavailability of orally administered proteins/peptides were described. Additionally, current restrictions and future trends of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers for oral delivery of proteins/peptides were also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Linxuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bochen Pan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China.
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Beckinghausen M, Spakowitz AJ. Interplay of Polymer Structure, Solvent Ordering, and Charge Fluctuations in Polyelectrolyte Solution Thermodynamics. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Beckinghausen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Andrew J. Spakowitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
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3
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Hydrogels and biohydrogels: investigation of origin of production, production methods, and application. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04580-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Encapsulation of phenolic compounds through the complex coacervation technique for the enrichment of diet chewable candies. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Dahan WM, Mohammad F, Ezzat AO, Atta AM, Al-Tilasi HH, Al-Lohedan HA. Enhanced Delivery of Insulin through Acrylamide-Modified Chitosan Containing Smart Carrier System. Gels 2022; 8:701. [PMID: 36354609 PMCID: PMC9689140 DOI: 10.3390/gels8110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study develops on insulin-release studies from the chitosan-amide-modified stimuli-responsive polymers formed from various fatty acids including stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. This is the continuation of an earlier reported study that investigates the insulin-release profiles of chitosan-modified fatty acid amides (without stimuli responsive polymers). Following the synthesis and characterization of many different fatty acid amides with a varying amount of unsaturation, the insulin drug loading and release effects were compared among N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm), a thermo-responsive polymer, and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), a pH-responsive polymer-modified hydrogel that is expected to enhance environmental response and the controllability of release. Finally, drug release effects were studied to investigate the drug release mechanisms with the help of five different pharmacokinetic models including the zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, Korsmeyers-Peppas, and Hixson models. The results indicate that the Higuchi and Hixson models are valid in terms of the operation of the NIPAm and AMPS matrices during the delivery of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hamad A. Al-Lohedan
- Surfactants Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Anthocyanin Encapsulated Nanoparticles as a Pulmonary Delivery System. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1422929. [PMID: 36124088 PMCID: PMC9482540 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1422929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are known for their therapeutic efficacy for many human diseases, including cancer. After ingestion, anthocyanins degrade due to oxidation and enzymatic breakdown, resulting in reduced therapeutic efficacy. Direct delivery to target tissues and entrapment of anthocyanins increases their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. The objective of the present study was to develop a direct delivery system of anthocyanins into pulmonary tissues via encapsulated nanocarriers. A cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G)-rich anthocyanin extract was prepared from well-ripened haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berries (HB) and encapsulated in three different polymeric nanocarrier systems: polyethylene glycol-poly(lactide-co-glycolide), maltodextrin, and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). The anthocyanin encapsulation efficiency was significantly higher in CMC (10%) than in the other two polymers. The cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effect of HB anthocyanin-encapsulated CMC (HB-CMC, 4 μg of C3G equivalent anthocyanin in 2 mg/mL nanoparticle) and anthocyanin-free CMC (E-CMC, 2 mg/mL) were tested for cytotoxicity using human normal lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The CMC nanoparticles were not cytotoxic for BEAS-2B cells. The HB-CMC nanoparticles reduced carcinogen-induced oxidative stress in BEAS-2B cells and restored the expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes. The HB-CMC nanoparticles also reduced carcinogen-induced DNA single-strand breaks and alkaline-labile sites but not the double-strand breaks. The E-CMC, HB-CMC (28 μg C3G equivalent/mouse/day for six days), or the same dose of free HB anthocyanin was administered to A/JCr mice through a nose-only passive inhalation device. C3G and its metabolites, cyanidin, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-O-glucuronide, were detected by UPLC/ESI/Q-TOF-MS in the lungs of mice after one hour of exposure. Therefore, the CMC could be a promising noncytotoxic candidate to encapsulate HB anthocyanin. Direct delivery of anthocyanin to lung tissues enhances tissue retention, slows phase 2 metabolism, and improves therapeutic efficacy.
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De Marchi JGB, Cé R, Onzi G, Alves ACS, Santarém N, Cordeiro da Silva A, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS, Ribeiro AJ. IgG functionalized polymeric nanoparticles for oral insulin administration. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121829. [PMID: 35580686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The oral route is the best way to administer a drug; however, fitting peptide drugs in this route is a major challenge. In insulin cases, less than 0.5% of the administered dose achieves systemic circulation. Oral delivery by nanoparticles can increase insulin permeability across the intestinal epithelium while maintaining its structure and activity until release in the gut. This system can be improved to increase permeability across intestinal cells through active delivery. This study aimed to improve a nanoparticle formulation by promoting functionalization of its surface with immunoglobulin G to increase its absorption by intestinal epithelium. The characterization of formulations showed an adequate size and a good entrapment efficiency. Functionalized nanoparticles led to a desirable increase in insulin release time. Differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy and paper chromatography proved the interactions of nanoparticle components. With immunoglobulin G, the nanoparticle size was slightly increased, which did not show aggregate formation. The developed functionalized nanoparticle formulation proved to be adequate to carry insulin and potentially increase its internalization by epithelial gut cells, being a promising alternative to the existing formulations for orally administered low-absorption peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G B De Marchi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Farmácia, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R Cé
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 90650-001, Brazil
| | - G Onzi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - A C S Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 90650-001, Brazil
| | - N Santarém
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Cordeiro da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i(3)S, IBMC, Rua Alfredo Allen, Porto, Portugal
| | - A R Pohlmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 90650-001, Brazil
| | - S S Guterres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - A J Ribeiro
- Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de Farmácia, Coimbra, Portugal; i(3)S, IBMC, Rua Alfredo Allen, Porto, Portugal.
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Influence of Amidation on the Release Profiles of Insulin Drug from Chitosan-Based Matrices. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the comparative analysis of insulin drug release from pure chitosan (CS) and its crosslinked amide derivatives. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of fatty acid derivatives on the release profiles of insulin drug from CS-based matrices. In order to form cross-linked CS-based amide derivatives, the CS biopolymer was reacted with four different fatty acids with varying amount of unsaturation, including stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), and linolenic acid (LLA), and then subjected to cross-linking. Following this, the pure CS and cross-linked CS amide derivatives were loaded with insulin drug and were characterized thoroughly by making use of various instrumental techniques such as FTIR, UV–Vis, TGA, HRTEM, DLS, PDI, and zeta potential studies. In addition, the insulin release profiles were studied and compared between pure CS and CS amides at two different pHs, 7.4 and 1.2. Finally, the insulin drug release data was investigated with five different pharmacokinetic models (zero, first, Higuchi, Kersmeyer–Peppas, and Hixson models). From the analysis, the cross-linked CS amides was found to be superior to pure CS, and within the amide derivatives, the one with a high amount of unsaturation, LLA-derived CS biopolymer, was shown to be better for the release of insulin drug by means of the diffusion and dissolution pathways.
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9
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Biocompatible poly(galacturonic acid) micro/nanogels with controllable degradation via tunable chemical crosslinking. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 201:351-363. [PMID: 34998881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, one-pot labor-less preparation of two different polygalacturonic acid (PGA) micro/nanogel formulations, PGA-1 and PGA-2, by respectively crosslinking the PGA chains with divinyl sulfone (DVS) and trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TMPGDE) were reported. Various crosslinker ratios, 2.5, 10, 50, and 100% were used for both crosslinkers to demonstrate the tunability of their degradation properties. The PGA micro/nanogels were found spherical-shaped porous particles in 0.5-5.0 μm size range by SEM. The hydrolytic degradation and stability of PGA micro/nanogels in pH 1.0, 7.4, and 9.0 buffer solutions can be controlled by changing the degree of crosslinking. Accordingly, 32 ± 8% and 36 ± 2% weight losses were attained for PGA-1-10% and PGA-2-10% micro/nanogels at pH 1, respectively, and 46 ± 6%, and 68 ± 6% degradations were determined at pH 7.4 within 4 weeks. However, no degradation was observed for both PGA-based micro/nanogel formulations prepared at 25% and 100% crosslinker ratios at all pH conditions. All PGA-based micro/nanogels were totally degraded within 7-10 days at pH 9.0. In the presence of pectinase and amyloglucosidase enzymes, all formulations of PGA micro/nanogels showed more than 80% degradation within 12 h. Furthermore, both PGA formulations showed no significant cytotoxicity against L929 fibroblast cells with 90% and above cell viability up to 250 mg/mL concentrations.
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10
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Maleki H, Khoshnevisan K, Sajjadi-Jazi SM, Baharifar H, Doostan M, Khoshnevisan N, Sharifi F. Nanofiber-based systems intended for diabetes. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:317. [PMID: 34641920 PMCID: PMC8513238 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic mellitus (DM) is the most communal metabolic disease resulting from a defect in insulin secretion, causing hyperglycemia by promoting the progressive destruction of pancreatic β cells. This autoimmune disease causes many severe disorders leading to organ failure, lower extremity amputations, and ultimately death. Modern delivery systems e.g., nanofiber (NF)-based systems fabricated by natural and synthetic or both materials to deliver therapeutics agents and cells, could be the harbinger of a new era to obviate DM complications. Such delivery systems can effectively deliver macromolecules (insulin) and small molecules. Besides, NF scaffolds can provide an ideal microenvironment to cell therapy for pancreatic β cell transplantation and pancreatic tissue engineering. Numerous studies indicated the potential usage of therapeutics/cells-incorporated NF mats to proliferate/regenerate/remodeling the structural and functional properties of diabetic skin ulcers. Thus, we intended to discuss the aforementioned features of the NF system for DM complications in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Maleki
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- Research and Development Team, Evolution Wound Dressing (EWD) Startup Co., Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kamyar Khoshnevisan
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Research and Development Team, Evolution Wound Dressing (EWD) Startup Co., Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sayed Mahmoud Sajjadi-Jazi
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
- Research and Development Team, Evolution Wound Dressing (EWD) Startup Co., Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Baharifar
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Applied Biophotonics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, 1477893855, Tehran, Iran
- Research and Development Team, Evolution Wound Dressing (EWD) Startup Co., Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Doostan
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nazanin Khoshnevisan
- Research and Development Team, Evolution Wound Dressing (EWD) Startup Co., Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Sharifi
- Research and Development Team, Evolution Wound Dressing (EWD) Startup Co., Tehran, Iran
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Chen Y, Song H, Huang K, Guan X. Novel porous starch/alginate hydrogels for controlled insulin release with dual response to pH and amylase. Food Funct 2021; 12:9165-9177. [PMID: 34606530 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01411k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An important principle in the development of oral insulin is to protect insulin from the harsh conditions of the stomach and release it in a controlled manner in the intestine. In the present study, novel insulin-loaded porous starch-alginate hydrogel systems (In-S-Alg) including In-MS-Alg (prepared with porous maize starch), In-WS-Alg (porous waxy maize starch), and In-RS-Alg (porous rice starch) were successfully developed. As a representative, In-MS-Alg was further coated with gelatinized-retrograded high amylose maize starch (HA) films with different thicknesses to prepare In-MS-HA/Alg hydrogel beads for improving the functionality of controlled release of insulin under the action of α-amylase. The In-S-Alg and In-MS-HA/Alg hydrogel beads were evaluated in terms of structural and morphological properties, encapsulation effect on insulin as well as its release behavior. The results show that insulin was distributed in the pores and cavities of porous starch granules. In In-MS-HA/Alg hydrogel beads, insulin was increasingly blocked inside porous starch with the increased thickness of the HA film. Encapsulation efficiency of insulin in all In-S-Alg and In-MS-HA/Alg hydrogel beads was >80%. Amazingly, both the hydrogel beads successfully achieved the goal of triggered release upon pH changes and α-amylase addition. Most of the insulin (about 90%) was retained in the simulated gastric fluid; while the release rate of insulin in the simulated intestinal fluid increased gradually, and was further accelerated in the presence of α-amylase. Furthermore, for the In-MS-HA/Alg hydrogel beads, the insulin release rate can be gradually reduced by increasing the thickness of the HA film, which provided the possibility to match the rate of increase of the blood glucose level after the intake of food with different glycemic indices. Therefore, the novel hydrogel prepared in this study may be a promising and safe delivery carrier for oral insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Chen
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Hongdong Song
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China. .,National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China. .,National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China. .,National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, Shanghai 200093, China
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Cazorla-Luna R, Martín-Illana A, Notario-Pérez F, Ruiz-Caro R, Veiga MD. Naturally Occurring Polyelectrolytes and Their Use for the Development of Complex-Based Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2241. [PMID: 34301004 PMCID: PMC8309414 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers have several advantages for the development of drug delivery systems, since they are biocompatible, biodegradable and easy to obtain from renewable resources. However, their most notable advantage may be their ability to adhere to biological tissues. Many of these biopolymers have ionized forms, known as polyelectrolytes. When combined, polyelectrolytes with opposite charges spontaneously form polyelectrolyte complexes or multilayers, which have great functional versatility. Although only one natural polycation-chitosan has been widely explored until now, it has been combined with many natural polyanions such as pectin, alginate and xanthan gum, among others. These polyelectrolyte complexes have been used to develop multiple mucoadhesive dosage forms such as hydrogels, tablets, microparticles, and films, which have demonstrated extraordinary potential to administer drugs by the ocular, nasal, buccal, oral, and vaginal routes, improving both local and systemic treatments. The advantages observed for these formulations include the increased bioavailability or residence time of the formulation in the administration zone, and the avoidance of invasive administration routes, leading to greater therapeutic compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - María-Dolores Veiga
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-L.); (A.M.-I.); (F.N.-P.); (R.R.-C.)
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13
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Shoaib MH, Sikandar M, Ahmed FR, Ali FR, Qazi F, Yousuf RI, Irshad A, Jabeen S, Ahmed K. Applications of Polysaccharides in Controlled Release Drug Delivery System. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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14
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The role of sodium alginate and gellan gum in the design of new drug delivery systems intended for antibiofilm activity of morin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1944-1958. [PMID: 32791274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of controlled drug delivery systems represents an alternative and promising strategy for the use of antimicrobials in the oral cavity. Microparticles, films and oral tablets based on alginate and gellan gum were developed also as a strategy to overcome the low aqueous solubility of morin. The systems were characterized in terms of morphological characteristics, mucoadhesion and in vitro drug release. Antibiofilm activity was analyzed for acidogenicity, microbial viability and the composition of the extracellular matrix of single-species biofilms. Scanning Electron Microscopy demonstrated that the microparticles were spherical, rough and compact. The film and the tablet presented smooth and continuous surface and in the inner of the tablet was porous. These systems were more mucoadhesive compared to the microparticles. The in vitro morin release profiles in artificial saliva demonstrated that the microparticles controlled the release better (39.6%), followed by the film (41.1%) and the tablet (91.4%) after 20 h of testing. The morin released from the systems reduced the acidogenicity, microbial viability, concentration of insoluble extracellular polysaccharides and dry weight of biofilms, when compared to the control group. The findings of this study showed that the morin has antibiofilm activity against cariogenic microorganisms.
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Liu J, Leng P, Liu Y. Oral drug delivery with nanoparticles into the gastrointestinal mucosa. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:86-96. [PMID: 32749731 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The oral route of protein and peptide drugs has been a popular method of drug delivery in recent years, although it is often a challenge to achieve effective drug release and minimize the barrier functions of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal mucosa can capture and remove harmful substances; similarly, it can limit the absorption of drugs. Many drugs are effectively captured by the mucus and rapidly removed, making it difficult to control the release of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. The use of drug carrier systems can overcome the mucosal barrier and significantly improve bioavailability. Nanoparticle drug carriers can protect the drug from degradation, transporting it to a predetermined location in the gastrointestinal tract to achieve more efficient and sustained drug delivery. It is becoming clearer that the characteristics of nanoparticles, such as particle size, charge, and hydrophobicity, are related to permeability of the mucosal barrier. This review focuses on the latest research progress of nanoparticles to penetrate the mucosal barrier, including the delivery methods of nanoparticles on the surface of gastrointestinal mucosa, and aims to summarize how successful oral nanoparticle delivery systems can overcome this biological barrier in the human body. In addition, the in vitro model based on gastrointestinal mucus is an important tool for drug research and development. Here, we discuss different types of drug delivery systems and their advantages and disadvantages in design and potential applications. Similarly, we reviewed and summarized various methods for evaluating oral nanoparticles in in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Ping Leng
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
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Freitas AAR, Ribeiro AJ, Santos AC, Veiga F, Nunes LCC, Silva DA, Soares-Sobrinho JL, Silva-Filho EC. Sterculia striata gum as a potential oral delivery system for protein drugs. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1683-1692. [PMID: 32750476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides have been investigated as vehicles for oral insulin administration. Because of their non-toxic, renewable, low cost and readily available properties, gums find multiple applications in the pharmaceutical industry. This work aimed to develop a Sterculia striata gum-based formulation associated with additional biopolymers (dextran sulfate, chitosan, and albumin), a crosslinking agent (calcium chloride) and stabilizing agents (polyethylene glycol and poloxamer 188), to increase the oral bioavailability of proteins. Insulin was used as a model drug and the methods used to prepare the formulation were based on ionotropic pregelation followed by electrolytic complexation of oppositely charged biopolymers under controlled pH conditions. The developed formulation was characterized to validate its efficacy, by the determination of its average particle size (622 nm), the insulin encapsulation efficiency (70%), stability in storage for 30 days, and the in vitro mucoadhesion strength (92.46 mN). Additionally, the developed formulation preserved about 64% of initial insulin dose in a simulated gastric medium. This study proposed, for the first time, a Sterculia striata gum-based insulin delivery system with potential for the oral administration of protein drugs, being considered a valid alternative for efficient delivery of those drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra A R Freitas
- Postgraduate Program of Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Portugal
| | - Ana Claudia Santos
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Portugal
| | - Livio C C Nunes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Durcilene A Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José L Soares-Sobrinho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Edson C Silva-Filho
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
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Yang Y, Liu Y, Chen S, Cheong KL, Teng B. Carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin grafted carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel-based microparticles for oral insulin delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116617. [PMID: 32747257 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at utilizing polysaccharides for the development of effective hydrogel microparticles for oral insulin delivery that has a controlled, and sustained release to enhance paracellular transcellular absorption. Carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin grafted carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels (CMCD-g-CMCs) were prepared from carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin (CMCD) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) using a water-soluble carbodiimide as a crosslinker in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide. After synthesis, the hydrogel structures were determined via FT-IR and XRD analyses. The porous structure of hydrogels was confirmed by SEM observations and swelling behaviours. The insulin release behaviours were found to betriggered by pH in vitro. Results showed that insulin was successfully retained inside the hydrogels in the gastric environment and slowly released following passage to intestinal conditions. The stability of the secondary structure of insulin was studied by dichroism circular (CD) and fluorescence (FL) spectrophotometer measurement. There was no significant difference in the secondary structure between the native and released insulin. In vitro studies revealed that the hydrogel microparticles exhibited non-cytotoxicity and were transported across the Caco-2 cell monolayers mainly via the paracellular pathway. In order to examine the effectiveness of hydrogel-based sustained release microparticles in delivering insulin in vivo, we administered different insulin-loaded hydrogel microparticles to diabetic mice. In these studies, we found that the insulin-loaded hydrogel microparticles provided a significant and sustained (ranging from 6 h to 12 h) reduction in the blood glucose levels of diabetic mice compared with subcutaneous injection. Overall, these findings demonstrate that CMCD-g-CMCs may be a promising protein carrier for use in oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, PR China.
| | - Shengqin Chen
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, PR China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, PR China
| | - Bo Teng
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, PR China
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Bravo-Alfaro DA, Muñoz-Correa MO, Santos-Luna D, Toro-Vazquez JF, Cano-Sarmiento C, García-Varela R, García HS. Encapsulation of an insulin-modified phosphatidylcholine complex in a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for oral insulin delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Ibrahim YHEY, Regdon G, Hamedelniel EI, Sovány T. Review of recently used techniques and materials to improve the efficiency of orally administered proteins/peptides. Daru 2020; 28:403-416. [PMID: 31811628 PMCID: PMC7214593 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of present review is to explore and evaluate the effectiveness of recently developed methods to improve the bioavailability of orally administered biopharmaceutical drugs. METHODS A systematic search of sciencedirect, tandfonline and Google Scholar databases based on various sets of keywords was performed. All results were evaluated based on their abstracts, and irrelevant studies were neglected during further evaluation. RESULTS At present, biopharmaceuticals are used as injectable therapies as they are not absorbed adequately from the different routes of drug administration, particularly the oral one. Their insufficient absorption is attributed to their high molecular weight, degradation by proteolytic enzymes, high hydrophilicity and rigidity of the absorptive tissues. From industrial aspect incorporation of enzyme inhibitors (EIs) and permeation enhancers (PEs) and mucoadhesive polymers into conventional dosage forms may be the easiest way of formulation of orally administered macromolecular drugs, but the effectiveness of protection and absorption enhancement here is the most questionable. Conjugation may be problematic from regulatory aspect. Encapsulation into lipid-based vesicles sufficiently protects the incorporated macromolecule and improves intestinal uptake but have considerable stability issues. In contrast, polymeric nanocarriers may provide good stability but provides lower internalization efficacy in comparison with the lipid-based carriers. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the combination of the advantages of mucoadhesive polymeric and lid-based carriers in hybrid lipid/polymer nanoparticles may result in improved absorption and might represent a potential means for the oral administration of therapeutic proteins in the near future. Graphical abstract Delivery systems for oral protein daministration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif H-E Y Ibrahim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
- Pharmaceutics Department, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Géza Regdon
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Sovány
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
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Caso MF, Carotenuto F, Di Nardo P, Migliore A, Aguilera A, Lopez CM, Venanzi M, Cavalieri F, Rinaldi A. Nanoporous Microsponge Particles (NMP) of Polysaccharides as Universal Carriers for Biomolecules Delivery. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1075. [PMID: 32486448 PMCID: PMC7353405 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Different polysaccharides-namely dextran, carboxymethyl dextran, alginate, and hyaluronic acid-were compared for the synthesis of nanoporous microsponges particles (NMPs) obtained from a one-pot self-precipitation/cross-linking process. The morphologies and sizes of the NMPs were evaluated comparatively with respect to polymer-to-polymer and cross-linker solvents (water-based vs. DMSO). We found that the radial distribution of the polymer in the near-spherical NMPs was found to peak either at the core or in the corona of the particle, depending both on the specific polymer or the solvent used for the formation of NMPs. The NMP porosity and the swelling capability were evaluated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The degradation study indicated that after 10 h incubation with a reducing agent, approximately 80% of the NMPs were disassembled into soluble polysaccharide chains. The adsorption and release capacity of each type of NMP were evaluated using fluorescently labeled bovine serum albumin and lysozyme as model proteins, highlighting a release time typically much longer than the corresponding adsorption time. The dependence of the adsorption-release performance on pH was demonstrated as well. Confocal microscopy images allowed us to probe the different distribution of labeled proteins inside the NMP. The safety and non-cytotoxicity of NMPs were evaluated after incubation with fibroblast 3T3 cells and showed that all types of NMPs did not adversely affect the cell viability for concentrations up to 2.25 μg/mL and an exposure time up to 120 h. Confocal microscopy imaging revealed also the effective interaction between NMPs and fibroblast 3T3 cells. Overall, this study describes a rapid, versatile, and facile approach for preparing a universal non-toxic, nanoporous carrier for protein delivery under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felicia Carotenuto
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (P.D.N.)
- Department Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Nardo
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (P.D.N.)
- Department Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alberto Migliore
- Rheumatology Department, San Pietro Hospital Fatebenefratelli, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ana Aguilera
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (A.A.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Cruz Matilde Lopez
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (A.A.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Mariano Venanzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Cavalieri
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Rinaldi
- NANOFABER srl, 00123 Rome, Italy;
- PROMAS-MATPRO Laboratory, Sustainability Department, ENEA, 00123, Rome, Italy
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Sladek S, McCartney F, Eskander M, Dunne DJ, Santos-Martinez MJ, Benetti F, Tajber L, Brayden DJ. An Enteric-Coated Polyelectrolyte Nanocomplex Delivers Insulin in Rat Intestinal Instillations when Combined with a Permeation Enhancer. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030259. [PMID: 32178442 PMCID: PMC7151133 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanocarriers is being researched to achieve oral peptide delivery. Insulin-associated anionic polyelectrolyte nanoparticle complexes (PECs) were formed that comprised hyaluronic acid and chitosan in an optimum mass mixing ratio of 5:1 (MR 5), followed by coating with a pH-dependent polymer. Free insulin was separated from PECs by size exclusion chromatography and then measured by HPLC. The association efficiency of insulin in PECs was >95% and the loading was ~83 µg/mg particles. Dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis of PECs revealed low polydispersity, a negative zeta potential range of −40 to −50 mV, and a diameter range of 95–200 nm. Dissolution studies in simulated small intestinal fluid (FaSSIF-V2) revealed that the PECs were colloidally stable. PECs that were coated with Eudragit® L-100 delayed insulin release in FaSSIF-V2 and protected insulin against pancreatin attack more than uncoated PECs. Uncoated anionic PECs interacted weakly with mucin in vitro and were non-cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells. The coated and uncoated PECs, both concentrated further by ultrafiltration, permitted dosing of 50 IU/kg in rat jejunal instillations, but they failed to reduce plasma glucose or deliver insulin to the blood. When ad-mixed with the permeation enhancer (PE), sucrose laurate (100 mM), the physicochemical parameters of coated PECs were relatively unchanged, however blood glucose was reduced by 70%. In conclusion, the use of a PE allowed for the PEC-released bioactive insulin to permeate the jejunum. This has implications for the design of orally delivered particles that can release the payload when formulated with enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Sladek
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (S.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Fiona McCartney
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (S.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Mena Eskander
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; (M.E.); (D.J.D.); (M.J.S.-M.); (L.T.)
| | - David J. Dunne
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; (M.E.); (D.J.D.); (M.J.S.-M.); (L.T.)
| | - Maria Jose Santos-Martinez
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; (M.E.); (D.J.D.); (M.J.S.-M.); (L.T.)
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Federico Benetti
- ECSIN Laboratory–Ecamricert Srl, Corso Stati Uniti 4, I-35127 Padova, Italy;
| | - Lidia Tajber
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; (M.E.); (D.J.D.); (M.J.S.-M.); (L.T.)
| | - David J. Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (S.S.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1716-6013
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22
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Perry SL, McClements DJ. Recent Advances in Encapsulation, Protection, and Oral Delivery of Bioactive Proteins and Peptides using Colloidal Systems. Molecules 2020; 25:E1161. [PMID: 32150848 PMCID: PMC7179163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many areas in medicine and industry where it would be advantageous to orally deliver bioactive proteins and peptides (BPPs), including ACE inhibitors, antimicrobials, antioxidants, hormones, enzymes, and vaccines. A major challenge in this area is that many BPPs degrade during storage of the product or during passage through the human gut, thereby losing their activity. Moreover, many BPPs have undesirable taste profiles (such as bitterness or astringency), which makes them unpleasant to consume. These challenges can often be overcome by encapsulating them within colloidal particles that protect them from any adverse conditions in their environment, but then release them at the desired site-of-action, which may be inside the gut or body. This article begins with a discussion of BPP characteristics and the hurdles involved in their delivery. It then highlights the characteristics of colloidal particles that can be manipulated to create effective BPP-delivery systems, including particle composition, size, and interfacial properties. The factors impacting the functional performance of colloidal delivery systems are then highlighted, including their loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, protective properties, retention/release properties, and stability. Different kinds of colloidal delivery systems suitable for encapsulation of BPPs are then reviewed, such as microemulsions, emulsions, solid lipid particles, liposomes, and microgels. Finally, some examples of the use of colloidal delivery systems for delivery of specific BPPs are given, including hormones, enzymes, vaccines, antimicrobials, and ACE inhibitors. An emphasis is on the development of food-grade colloidal delivery systems, which could be used in functional or medical food applications. The knowledge presented should facilitate the design of more effective vehicles for the oral delivery of bioactive proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Perry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Food Science & Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Layek B, Mandal S. Natural polysaccharides for controlled delivery of oral therapeutics: a recent update. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Dragan ES, Dinu MV. Polysaccharides constructed hydrogels as vehicles for proteins and peptides. A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 225:115210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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A review of green techniques for the synthesis of size-controlled starch-based nanoparticles and their applications as nanodelivery systems. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Schneible JD, Singhal A, Lilova RL, Hall CK, Grafmüller A, Menegatti S. Tailoring the Chemical Modification of Chitosan Hydrogels to Fine-Tune the Release of a Synergistic Combination of Chemotherapeutics. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3126-3141. [PMID: 31310515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Combination chemotherapy with a defined ratio and sequence of drug release is a clinically established and effective route to treat advanced solid tumors. In this context, a growing body of literature demonstrates the potential of hydrogels constructed with chemically modified polysaccharides as depots for controlled release of chemotherapeutics. Identifying the appropriate modification in terms of physicochemical properties of the functional group and its degree of substitution (χ) to achieve the desired release profile for multiple drugs is, however, a complex multivariate problem. To address this issue, we have developed a computational toolbox that models the migration of a drug pair through a hydrated network of polysaccharide chains modified with hydrophobic moieties. In this study, we chose doxorubicin (DOX) and Gemcitabine (GEM) as model drugs, as their synergistic effect against breast cancer has been thoroughly investigated, and chitosan as the model polymer. Our model describes how the modification of chitosan chains with acetyl, butanoyl, and heptanoyl moieties at different values χ governs both the structure of the hydrogel network and drug migration through it. Our experimental data confirm the in silico predictions for both single- and dual-drug release and, most notably, the counterintuitive inversion of release vs χ that occurs when switching from a single- to a dual-drug system. Consensus between predicted and experimental data indicates that acetyl modifications (χ = 32-42%) and butanoyl modifications (χ = 19-24%) provide synergistic GEM/DOX release molar ratios (i.e., 5-10). Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential of this model in guiding the design of chemotherapeutic hydrogels to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Schneible
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Ankush Singhal
- Department of Theory and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam 14476 , Germany
| | - Radina L Lilova
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Carol K Hall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Andrea Grafmüller
- Department of Theory and Biosystems , Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam 14476 , Germany
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
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Microencapsulation of lactase by W/O/W emulsion followed by complex coacervation: Effects of enzyme source, addition of potassium and core to shell ratio on encapsulation efficiency, stability and kinetics of release. Food Res Int 2019; 121:754-764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Delgadillo Armendariz NL, Rangel Vázquez NA, Marquez Brazon E. SEMI-empirical PM6 method applied in the analysis of thermodynamics properties and molecular orbitals at different temperatures of adsorption drugs on chitosan hydrogels for type 2 diabetes. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Cikrikci S, Mert B, Oztop MH. Development of pH Sensitive Alginate/Gum Tragacanth Based Hydrogels for Oral Insulin Delivery. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11784-11796. [PMID: 30346766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Insulin entrapped alginate-gum tragacanth (ALG-GT) hydrogels at different ALG replacement ratios (100, 75, 50, 25) were prepared through an ionotropic gelation method, followed by chitosan (CH) polyelectrolyte complexation. A mild gelation process without the use of harsh chemicals was proposed to improve insulin efficiency. Retention of almost the full amount of entrapped insulin in a simulated gastric environment and sustained insulin release in simulated intestinal buffer indicated the pH sensitivity of the gels. Insulin release from hydrogels with different formulations showed significant differences ( p < 0.05). Time domain (TD) NMR relaxometry experiments also showed the differences for different formulations, and the presence of CH revealed that ALG-GT gel formulation could be used as an oral insulin carrier at optimum concentrations. The hydrogels formulated from biodegradable, biocompatible, and nontoxic natural polymers were seen as promising devices for potential oral insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Cikrikci
- Food Engineering Department , Middle East Technical University , Ankara 06800 , Turkey
| | - Behic Mert
- Food Engineering Department , Middle East Technical University , Ankara 06800 , Turkey
| | - Mecit Halil Oztop
- Food Engineering Department , Middle East Technical University , Ankara 06800 , Turkey
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Encapsulation, protection, and delivery of bioactive proteins and peptides using nanoparticle and microparticle systems: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 253:1-22. [PMID: 29478671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are many examples of bioactive proteins and peptides that would benefit from oral delivery through functional foods, supplements, or medical foods, including hormones, enzymes, antimicrobials, vaccines, and ACE inhibitors. However, many of these bioactive proteins are highly susceptible to denaturation, aggregation or hydrolysis within commercial products or inside the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Moreover, many bioactive proteins have poor absorption characteristics within the GIT. Colloidal systems, which contain nanoparticles or microparticles, can be designed to encapsulate, retain, protect, and deliver bioactive proteins. For instance, a bioactive protein may have to remain encapsulated and stable during storage and passage through the mouth and stomach, but then be released within the small intestine where it can be absorbed. This article reviews the application of food-grade colloidal systems for oral delivery of bioactive proteins, including microemulsions, emulsions, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, multiple emulsions, liposomes, and microgels. It also provides a critical assessment of the characteristics of colloidal particles that impact the effectiveness of protein delivery systems, such as particle composition, size, permeability, interfacial properties, and stability. This information should be useful for the rational design of medical foods, functional foods, and supplements for effective oral delivery of bioactive proteins.
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Retrograded starch/pectin coated gellan gum-microparticles for oral administration of insulin: A technological platform for protection against enzymatic degradation and improvement of intestinal permeability. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 123:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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32
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Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles carrying insulin and gallic acid for insulin oral delivery. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:353-364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nur M, Vasiljevic T. Insulin Inclusion into a Tragacanth Hydrogel: An Oral Delivery System for Insulin. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E79. [PMID: 29304023 PMCID: PMC5793577 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles or microparticles created by physical complexation between two polyelectrolytes may have a prospective use as an excipient for oral insulin administration. Natural polymers such as tragacanth, alginate, dextran, pullulan, hyaluronic acid, gelatin and chitosan can be potential candidates for this purpose. In this research, insulin particles were prepared by the inclusion of insulin into a tragacanth hydrogel. The effect of the pH and concentration relationship involving polyelectrolytes offering individual particle size and zeta potential was assessed by zetasizer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Insulin-tragacanth interactions at varying pH (3.7, 4.3, 4.6, or 6), and concentration (0.1%, 0.5%, or 1% w/w) were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and ATR Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis. Individual and smaller particles, approximately 800 nm, were acquired at pH 4.6 with 0.5% of tragacanth. The acid gelation test indicated that insulin could be entrapped in the physical hydrogel of tragacanth. DSC thermograms of insulin-tragacanth showed shifts on the same unloaded tragacanth peaks and suggested polyelectrolyte-protein interactions at a pH close to 4.3-4.6. FTIR spectra of tragacanth-insulin complexes exhibited amide absorption bands featuring in the protein spectra and revealed the creation of a new chemical substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokhamad Nur
- Advanced Food Systems Research Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia.
- Department of Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia.
| | - Todor Vasiljevic
- Advanced Food Systems Research Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia.
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Xing X, Zhao X, Ding J, Liu D, Qi G. Enteric-coated insulin microparticles delivered by lipopeptides of iturin and surfactin. Drug Deliv 2017; 25:23-34. [PMID: 29226733 PMCID: PMC6058518 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1413443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactin, a lipopeptide produced by Bacillus species, has been used for the oral delivery of insulin. In this study, another lipopeptide of iturin was tested for its ability to orally delivery insulin alone or plus surfactin. Iturin could form co-precipitate with insulin at acidic pH values. After treatment by ultrasonification, the structure of coprecipitate was destroyed that led to a significant decrease in hypoglycemic effect after oral administration. Iturin weakly binds to (Kd = 257 μM) and induce insulin structure more compact that is favorable for insulin uptake by the intestine. After being coated with Acryl-Eze by lyophilization, the coprecipitate formed the spherical enteric-coated insulin microparticles delivered by iturin with a relative oral bioavailability of 6.84% in diabetic mice. For further improving oral hypoglycemic effect, surfactin was added to form the spherical enteric-coated insulin microparticles in a formulation containing insulin, Acryl-Eze, iturin and surfactin at a ratio of 1:1:0.5: 0.5 (w/w), with an insulin encapsulation efficiency of 66.22%. The enteric-coated insulin microparticles delivered by iturin plus surfactin showed a classical profile for controlled release in the intestine with a relative bioavailability of 7.67% after oral administration, which could effectively control the postprandial blood glucose at a level about 50% of the initial one just like the subcutaneous injection. Collectively, iturin plus surfactin is more efficient for oral delivering insulin than the sole one, and the resultant enteric-coated insulin microparticles are potential for the development of oral insulin to control postprandial blood glucose in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Xing
- a College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- a College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Jia Ding
- a College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Dongming Liu
- b College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
| | - Gaofu Qi
- a College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,c Biomedical Center , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China
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