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Samsing F, Sullivan R, Truong H, Rombenso A, Sangster CR, Bannister J, Longshaw M, Becker JA. Replacement of fishmeal with a microbial single-cell protein induced enteropathy and poor growth outcomes in barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fry. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13985. [PMID: 38923541 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Fish meal (FM) replacement is essential for the sustainable expansion of aquaculture. This study focussed on the feasibility of replacing FM with a single-cell protein (SCP) derived from methanotrophic bacteria (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) in barramundi fry (Lates calcarifer). Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with 0%, 6.4% and 12.9% inclusion of the SCP, replacing FM by 0%, 25% and 50%. Barramundi fry (initial body weight 2.5 ± 0.1 g) were fed experimental diets for 21 days to assess growth performance, gut microbiome composition and gut histopathology. Our findings revealed that both levels of SCP inclusion induced detrimental effects in barramundi fry, including impaired growth and reduced survival compared with the control group (66.7% and 71.7% survival in diets replacing FM with SCP by 25% and 50%, respectively; p < .05). Both dietary treatments presented mild necrotizing enteritis with subepithelial oedema and accumulation of PAS positive, diastase resistant droplets within hepatocytes (ceroid hepatopathy) and pancreatic atrophy. Microbiome analysis revealed a marked shift in the gut microbial community with the expansion of potential opportunistic bacteria in the genus Aeromonas. Reduced overall performance in the highest inclusion level (50% SCP) was primarily associated with reduced feed intake, likely related to palatability issues, albeit pathological changes observed in gut and liver may also play a role. Our study highlights the importance of meticulous optimization of SCP inclusion levels in aquafeed formulations, and the need for species and life-stage specific assessments to ensure the health and welfare of fish in sustainable aquaculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Samsing
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roisin Sullivan
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ha Truong
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock & Aquaculture Program, Bribie Island, Queensland, Australia
| | - Artur Rombenso
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock & Aquaculture Program, Bribie Island, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cheryl R Sangster
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services (VPDS), Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jo Bannister
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Joy A Becker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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Yin Z, Zhang J, Qin J, Guo L, Guo Q, Kang W, Ma C, Chen L. Anti-inflammatory properties of polysaccharides from edible fungi on health-promotion: a review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1447677. [PMID: 39130633 PMCID: PMC11310034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1447677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Edible fungus polysaccharides have garnered significant attention from scholars due to their safety and potential anti-inflammatory activity. However, comprehensive summaries of their anti-inflammatory properties are still rare. This paper provides a detailed overview of the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of these polysaccharides, as well as their impact on inflammation-related diseases. Additionally, the relationship between their structure and anti-inflammatory activity is discussed. It is believed that this review will greatly enhance the understanding of the application of edible fungus polysaccharides in anti-inflammatory treatments, thereby significantly promoting the development and utilization of edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yin
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, China
- National R and D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Qin
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Guo
- National R and D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qingfeng Guo
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Kang
- National R and D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Changyang Ma
- National R and D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Function Food Engineering Technology Research Center, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, China
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Tan L, Fan C, Wang D, Li X, Wang M, Zhuo Z, Li S, Ding Y, Yang Z, Cheng J. The Effects of Lentinan on the Hematological and Immune Indices of Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1314. [PMID: 38731317 PMCID: PMC11083140 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of lentinan (LNT) on hematological parameters, immune indices, and metabolite levels in dairy cows. We randomly assigned forty Holstein cows to four treatment groups. The treatments consisted of 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/d of LNT. Compared with the control group, the addition of 10 g/d of LNT decreased the content of ALT and IL-8 but simultaneously increased the content of IL-4 in the cows' serum. Supplementation with 10 g/d of LNT decreased the levels of lymphocyte, RDW, ALT, AST, TC, IL-2, and IL-8, but, concurrently, in-creased the levels of granulocytes and IL-4 in their serum. In addition, supplementation with 15 g/d of LNT decreased the levels of RDW, TC, IL-2, and IL-8, but, at the same time, increased the levels of IL-4 and IgM in their serum. For the metabolomic analysis, cows fed with 0 and 10 g/d of LNT were selected. The results showed that 10 metabolites, including reduced nicotinamide riboside and trehalose, were upregulated in the 10 g/d group. These differential metabolites were enriched in tyrosine metabolism and trehalose degradation and altered two metabolic pathways of ubiquinone and other terpene quinone biosynthesis, as well as starch and sucrose metabolism. These findings provide evidence that LNT could be used to reduce the risk of inflammation in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.T.); (C.F.); (X.L.); (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.D.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Caiyun Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.T.); (C.F.); (X.L.); (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.D.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Dian Wang
- Inner Mongolia Youran Dairy Group Limited, Hohhot 010010, China;
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.T.); (C.F.); (X.L.); (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.D.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.T.); (C.F.); (X.L.); (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.D.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhao Zhuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.T.); (C.F.); (X.L.); (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.D.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Shuaihong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.T.); (C.F.); (X.L.); (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.D.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Yuhang Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.T.); (C.F.); (X.L.); (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.D.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zixi Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.T.); (C.F.); (X.L.); (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.D.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Jianbo Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.T.); (C.F.); (X.L.); (M.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.D.); (Z.Y.)
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Jia Z, Chen L, Gu D, Li X, Wen T, Li W. Lentinan-loaded GelMA hydrogel accelerates diabetic wound healing through enhanced angiogenesis and immune microenvironment modulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130716. [PMID: 38458275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic wound healing is a substantial clinical challenge, characterized by delayed angiogenesis and unresolved inflammation. Lentinan, a polysaccharide extracted from shiitake mushrooms, has the potential to regulate both macrophage polarization and angiogenesis, though this aspect remains inadequately explored. To facilitate lentinan's clinical utility, we have developed a GelMA hydrogel encapsulated with lentinan (10 μM), offering a controlled release mechanism for sustained lentinan delivery at the wound site. Application of the lentinan-encapsulated delivery system topically significantly expedites wound closure compared to control groups. Furthermore, histological examination demonstrates enhanced neovascularization and reduced inflammation in lentinan-treated wounds, as evidenced by increased M2 macrophage infiltration. Moreover, our results indicated that lentinan-induced AMPK activation promotes DAF16 expression, enhancing the resistance of macrophages and HUVECs to oxidative stress in high-glucose environments, thereby promoting M2 macrophage polarization and angiogenesis. All these findings underscore lentinan's capacity to modulate macrophage polarization and angiogenesis via the AMPK/DAF16 pathway, ultimately facilitating the healing of diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 101100, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Dongqiang Gu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xingxuan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 101100, China
| | - Tianlin Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 101100, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
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Zhang Y, Tang W, Zheng Z, Nie G, Zhan Y, Mu X, Liu Y, Wang K. Metabolic degradation of polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes by Kupffer cells via the Dectin-1/Syk signaling pathway. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 317:121108. [PMID: 37364942 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
It had been shown that lentinan (LNT) was mainly distributed in the liver after intravenous administration. The study aimed to investigate the integrated metabolic processes and mechanisms of LNT in the liver, as these have not been thoroughly explored. In current work, 5-([4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl] amino) fluorescein and cyanine 7 were used to label LNT for tracking its metabolic behavior and mechanisms. Near-infrared imaging demonstrated that LNT was captured mainly by the liver. Kupffer cell (KC) depletion reduced LNT liver localization and degradation in BALB/c mice. Moreover, experiments with Dectin-1 siRNA and Dectin-1/Syk signaling pathway inhibitors showed that LNT was mainly taken up by KCs via the Dectin-1/Syk pathway and promoted lysosomal maturation in KCs via this same pathway, which in turn promoted LNT degradation. These empirical findings offer novel insights into the metabolism of LNT in vivo and in vitro, which will facilitate the further application of LNT and other β-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Ziming Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Nie
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430019 Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxue Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Mu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nature Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China.
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6
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Chu T, Shang J, Jian H, Song C, Yang R, Bao D, Tan Q, Tang L. Potential Role of Lysine Acetylation and Autophagy in Brown Film Formation and Postripening of Lentinula edodes Mycelium. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0282322. [PMID: 37347174 PMCID: PMC10434168 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02823-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentinula edodes is one of the most widely cultivated edible mushrooms in the world. When cultivated in sawdust, the surface mycelium of L. edodes needs a long postripening stage wherein it forms a brown film (BF) by secreting and accumulating pigments. BF formation is critical for the high quality and yield of fruiting bodies. Protein lysine acetylation (KAC) is an important post-translational modification that regulates growth and development. Previous studies have shown that deacetylase levels are significantly increased during BF formation in the postripening stage of L. edodes. The aim of this study was to assess the role of protein acetylation during BF formation. To this end, we compared the acetylome of L. edodes mycelia before and after BF formation using anti-acetyl antibody-based label-free quantitative proteomics. We identified 5,613 acetylation sites in 1,991 proteins, and quantitative information was available for 4,848 of these sites in 1,815 proteins. Comparative acetylome analysis showed that the modification of 699 sites increased and that of 562 sites decreased during BF formation. Bioinformatics analysis of the differentially acetylated proteins showed significant enrichment in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and proteasome pathways. Furthermore, functional assays showed that BF formation is associated with significant changes in the activities of proteasome, citrate synthase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase. Consistent with this hypothesis, the lysine deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin (TSA) delayed autophagy and BF formation in L. edodes. Taken together, KAC and autophagy play important roles in the mycelial BF formation and postripening stage of L. edodes. IMPORTANCE Mycelial BF formation and postripening of L. edodes affects the quality and quantity of its edible fruiting bodies. In this study, we explored the role of protein KAC in this biological process, with the aim of optimizing the cultivation and yield of L. edodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chu
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjun Shang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huahua Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Song
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiheng Yang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Bao
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Tan
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Tang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Agboola JO, Rocha SDC, Mensah DD, Hansen JØ, Øyås O, Lapeña D, Mydland LT, Arntzen MØ, Horn SJ, Øverland M. Effect of yeast species and processing on intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed soybean meal-based diets in seawater. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:21. [PMID: 37016467 PMCID: PMC10074822 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeasts are gaining attention as alternative ingredients in aquafeeds. However, the impact of yeast inclusion on modulation of intestinal microbiota of fish fed plant-based ingredients is limited. Thus, the present study investigates the effects of yeast and processing on composition, diversity and predicted metabolic capacity of gut microbiota of Atlantic salmon smolt fed soybean meal (SBM)-based diet. Two yeasts, Cyberlindnera jadinii (CJ) and Wickerhamomyces anomalus (WA), were produced in-house and processed by direct heat-inactivation with spray-drying (ICJ and IWA) or autolyzed at 50 °C for 16 h, followed by spray-drying (ACJ and AWA). In a 42-day feeding experiment, fish were fed one of six diets: a fishmeal (FM)-based diet, a challenging diet with 30% SBM and four other diets containing 30% SBM and 10% of each of the four yeast products (i.e., ICJ, ACJ, IWA and AWA). Microbial profiling of digesta samples was conducted using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the predicted metabolic capacities of gut microbiota were determined using genome-scale metabolic models. RESULTS The microbial composition and predicted metabolic capacity of gut microbiota differed between fish fed FM diet and those fed SBM diet. The digesta of fish fed SBM diet was dominated by members of lactic acid bacteria, which was similar to microbial composition in the digesta of fish fed the inactivated yeasts (ICJ and IWA diets). Inclusion of autolyzed yeasts (ACJ and AWA diets) reduced the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in fish. The gut microbiota of fish fed ACJ diet was dominated by the genus Pediococcus and showed a predicted increase in mucin O-glycan degradation compared with the other diets. The gut microbiota of fish fed AWA diet was highly dominated by the family Bacillaceae. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that dietary inclusion of FM and SBM differentially modulate the composition and predicted metabolic capacity of gut microbiota of fish. The inclusion of inactivated yeasts did not alter the modulation caused by SBM-based diet. Fish fed ACJ diet increased relative abundance of Pediococcus, and mucin O-glycan degradation pathway compared with the other diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeleel O Agboola
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Sérgio D C Rocha
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Dominic D Mensah
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Jon Ø Hansen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Ove Øyås
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - David Lapeña
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Liv T Mydland
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway.
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Zhao J, Hu Y, Qian C, Hussain M, Liu S, Zhang A, He R, Sun P. The Interaction between Mushroom Polysaccharides and Gut Microbiota and Their Effect on Human Health: A Review. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010122. [PMID: 36671814 PMCID: PMC9856211 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mushroom polysaccharides are a kind of biological macromolecule extracted from the fruiting body, mycelium or fermentation liquid of edible fungi. In recent years, the research on mushroom polysaccharides for alleviating metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancers and other symptoms by changing the intestinal microenvironment has been increasing. Mushroom polysaccharides could promote human health by regulating gut microbiota, increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, improving intestinal mucosal barrier, regulating lipid metabolism and activating specific signaling pathways. Notably, these biological activities are closely related to the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and type of the glycosidic bond of mushroom polysaccharide. This review aims to summarize the latest studies: (1) Regulatory effects of mushroom polysaccharides on gut microbiota; (2) The effect of mushroom polysaccharide structure on gut microbiota; (3) Metabolism of mushroom polysaccharides by gut microbiota; and (4) Effects of mushroom polysaccharides on gut microbe-mediated diseases. It provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the mechanism of mushroom polysaccharides for regulating gut microbiota and gives a reference for developing and utilizing mushroom polysaccharides as promising prebiotics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yixin Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chao Qian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Muhammad Hussain
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shizhu Liu
- Zhejiang Fangge Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qingyuan 323800, China
| | - Anqiang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Rongjun He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Zhejiang Fangge Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qingyuan 323800, China
- Bioactives and Functional Foods Research Center, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Peilong Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Zhejiang Fangge Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qingyuan 323800, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (P.S.)
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Soroko-Dubrovina M, Górniak W, Zielińska P, Górniak A, Čebulj-Kadunc N, Korczyński M. Evaluation of Shiitake Mushroom ( Lentinula edodes) Supplementation on the Blood Parameters of Young Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223212. [PMID: 36428438 PMCID: PMC9686513 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) supplementation on the hematology and biochemical blood parameters of young Thoroughbred racehorses. The study was conducted with 20 horses divided into two groups: the supplemented and the control group. The supplemented group was given 30 g of L. edodes daily for four months. One blood sample was collected four times from each horse at four-week intervals. The hematology analysis in the supplemented group showed a higher level of monocytes at day 56 when compared to the control group (p = 0.000986). Biochemical analysis showed that alkaline phosphatase is most sensitive to shiitake mushroom supplementation, with statistically significant lower levels in supplemented group compared to the control group on all individual days of blood sampling. It was also found that supplementation had an effect on the decrease of glucose levels on days 28 (p = 0.009109) and 56 y (p = 0.025749), on reduction aspartate aminotransferase level on day 56 (p = 0.017258) and a decrease of lactic acid on day 28 of sampling (p = 0.037636). Cholesterol levels decreased consistently in all individual days of blood sampling. Further studies are needed to show the influence of supplementation with shiitake mushroom in larger groups of horses over a longer period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soroko-Dubrovina
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Wanda Górniak
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Mechanical Faculty, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Na Grobli 13, 50-421 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Zielińska
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Górniak
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Mechanical Faculty, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Na Grobli 13, 50-421 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nina Čebulj-Kadunc
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mariusz Korczyński
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
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10
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Lentinan improves intestinal inflammation and gut dysbiosis in antibiotics-induced mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19609. [PMID: 36380080 PMCID: PMC9666428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis is already a global problem after antibiotic overuse. This study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of lentinan and the mechanism of recovery of intestinal inflammation on broad-spectrum antibiotic-driven gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. Gut microbiota was elucidated by the Illumina MiSeq platform. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to investigate short-chain fatty acid content. Colon histology, expression of tight-junction associated proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were evaluated. The results showed that the gut microbiota of diversity and richness were reduced and various taxonomic levels of the gut microbiota were perturbed after antibiotics gavage. The abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes shifted to Proteobacteria and increased the relative abundance of harmful microbiota (Parabacteroides and Klebsiella) post-antibiotics, whereas lentinan administration reversed the dysbiosis and increased beneficial microbiota, including S24-7, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus and Allobaculum. The concentrations of propionic acid and butyric acid were significantly increased by treatment with lentinan. And lentinan improved colon tissue morphology and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines via altering NF-κB signaling pathway in antibiotic-driven gut microbial dysbiosis mice. Taken together, the results proved that lentinan can be used as a prebiotic and the result provided a theoretical basis for improving the clinical treatment of broad-spectrum antibiotics side effects.
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11
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Detection of indigenous gut bacteria related to red chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) in murine caecum and human faecal cultures. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10239-10250. [PMID: 36068389 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum; RP) is a popular spice containing the active compound capsaicin. Indigenous gut bacteria and metabolism can affect host health. The functions of capsaicin, including the regulation of metabolic health and anti-oxidant properties, may be correlated with the gut microbiota. METHODS To identify indigenous gut bacteria that are responsive to RP, Institute of Cancer Research mice fed a diet with no fibre or with 5% (w/w) RP for 14 days. Additionally, human stool samples collected from four healthy volunteers were incubated without (control) or with 2% (w/v) RP at 37 °C for 24 h. Microbiota in murine caecal samples and human faecal cultures were analysed using 16S rRNA (V4) amplicon sequencing. RESULTS Compared with the microbiota in mice fed no-fibre diets, Lachnospiraceae spp.-, Muribaculaceae spp.-, and Phacaeicola vulgatus-like bacteria were defined as murine RP-responsive indigenous gut bacteria (RP-RIB). In the human faecal cultures, acetate and propionate levels were higher in RP cultures than in the control cultures. Subdoligranulum spp.-, Blautia spp.-, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii-, P. vulgatus-, and Prevotella copri-like bacteria were defined as human RP-RIB. Compared with control culture Fe-reducing power was increased in the culture with RP. CONCLUSION RP increases the amount of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and beneficial gut bacteria in mouse and human faecal cultures. Overall, RP could have a positive effect on the host by altering the gut microbiota.
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12
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Cui H, Zhang C, Zhang C, Cai Z, Chen L, Chen Z, Zhao K, Qiao S, Wang Y, Meng L, Dong S, Liu J, Guo Z. Anti-Influenza Effect and Mechanisms of Lentinan in an ICR Mouse Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:892864. [PMID: 35669119 PMCID: PMC9163413 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.892864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is a serious threat to global human health and public health security. There is an urgent need to develop new anti-influenza drugs. Lentinan (LNT) has attracted increasing attention in recent years. As potential protective agent, LNT has been shown to have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. However, there has been no further research into the anti-influenza action of lentinan in vivo, and the mechanism is still not fully understood. In this study, the anti-influenza effect and mechanism of Lentinan were studied in the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mouse model. The results showed that Lentinan had a high degree of protection in mice against infection with influenza A virus, delayed the emergence of clinical manifestations, improved the survival rate of mice, significantly prolonged the middle survival days, attenuated the weight loss, and reduced the lung coefficient of mice. It alleviated the pathological damage of mice infected with the influenza virus and improved blood indices. Lentinan treatment considerably inhibited inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6) levels in the serum and lung and improved IFN-γ cytokine levels, which reduced cytokine storms caused by influenza virus infection. The underlying mechanisms of action involved Lentinan inhibiting the inflammatory response by regulating the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway. This study provides a foundation for the clinical application of Lentinan, and provides new insight into the development of novel immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cui
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chunmao Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuming Cai
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ligong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhaoliang Chen
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sina Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lijia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shishan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Shishan Dong, ; Juxiang Liu, ; Zhendong Guo,
| | - Juxiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Shishan Dong, ; Juxiang Liu, ; Zhendong Guo,
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Shishan Dong, ; Juxiang Liu, ; Zhendong Guo,
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13
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Mohammadi G, Karimi AA, Hafezieh M, Dawood MAO, Abo-Al-Ela HG. Pistachio hull polysaccharide protects Nile tilapia against LPS-induced excessive inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, possibly via TLR2 and Nrf2 signaling pathways. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:276-284. [PMID: 34968712 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrates found in living organisms, which have several physiological functions. In the present study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed diets containing three levels (0%, 0.2%, and 0.6%) of Pistacia vera hull polysaccharide (PHP) for 45 days and then injected with PBS or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Before the LPS challenge, Nile tilapia fed 0.2% and 0.6% PHP showed significantly increased mean final weight and weight gain compared to those received 0% PHP. The specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in the treatment fed 0.6% PHP compared to the remaining groups. After LPS challenge, the activities of liver antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase exhibited the highest values in the 0.6% PHP group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly augmented in the model (fed 0% PHP diet and injected with LPS) and 0.2% PHP groups compared to the control. However, MDA showed decreased levels in the 0.6% PHP group. LPS induced higher mRNA and/or protein levels of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (Myd88), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and interferon γ (IFN-γ) in Nile tilapia liver. However, PHP administration significantly upregulated the expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10), nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), SOD, and CAT, but markedly suppressed TLR2, NF-κB, Myd88, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and/or production in the liver. The findings of the current study indicated that PHP has positive effects on growth performance, immune gene-related expression, and antioxidative activities. We can conclude that PHP can attenuate LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in vivo, possibly via induction of Nrf2 and blockade of TLR2/Myd88/NF-κB pathways in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Mohammadi
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas, Iran; Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Karimi
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hafezieh
- Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Haitham G Abo-Al-Ela
- Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez, 43518, Egypt.
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14
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Jiao L, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Feng Z, Gu P, Huang Y, Liu J, Wu Y, Wang D. Lentinan PLGA-stabilized pickering emulsion for the enhanced vaccination. Int J Pharm 2022; 611:121348. [PMID: 34871714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lentinan (LNT), a β-1,3-linked-d-glucan with β-1,6 glucose branches, is the main bioactive component extracted from Lentinus edodes. As a carbohydrate polymer, it has attracted increasingly attention because of immune enhancement effect. Pickering emulsion has been widely used in biomedicine due to its great stability, high loading capacity, and appreciable biocompatibility. The aim of this study is to construct an adjuvant delivery system (LNTPP/OVA) (Lentinan PLGA-stabilized Pickering emulsion loading OVA antigen) which can enhance the immune activity of LNT and can together deliver model protein antigen ovalbumin (OVA) into the organism. The characterization of the LNTPP/OVA was demonstrated that the size of LNTPP/OVA was around 1050.68 nm and was stable to store at least 28 days. Pickering emulsion was spherical shape like the raspberry with the high antigen load rate at around 82.53%. Moreover, the adjuvant effect of LNTPP/OVA formulation was detected. Compared with LNT/OVA formulation, our experimental results showed that LNTPP/OVA could promote the uptake of the OVA-antigen by macrophages in vitro. In vivo experiments, LNTPP/OVA facilitated the activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses carrying a Th1 and Th2 immune responses. Therefore, LNTPP/OVA formulation have the latent capacity as a vaccine transmission system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jiao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenguang Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zian Feng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Pengfei Gu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yee Huang
- Institue of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Deyun Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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15
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Lentinan Attenuates Damage of the Small Intestinal Mucosa, Liver, and Lung in Mice with Gut-Origin Sepsis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:2052757. [PMID: 34790828 PMCID: PMC8592742 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2052757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed at exploring the effects of lentinan on small intestinal mucosa as well as lung and liver injury in mice with gut-origin sepsis. Cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) were used to construct a mouse model of gut-origin sepsis. The mice were randomly divided into six groups: sham operation group (sham), gut-origin sepsis model group (CLP), ulinastatin-positive drug control group (UTI), lentinan low concentration group (LTN-L, 5 mg/kg), lentinan medium concentration group (LTN-M, 10 mg/kg), and lentinan high concentration group (LTN-H, 20 mg/kg). H&E staining was used to detect the pathological damage of the small intestine, liver, and lung. The serum of mice in each group was collected to detect the expression changes of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress biomarkers, and liver function indexes. In vitro assessment of bacterial translocation was achieved through inoculated culture media. Western blot and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of molecules related to the NF-κB signaling pathway in the small intestine tissues of mice. The results showed that compared with the CLP group, the injury degree of the small intestine, liver, and lung in mice with gut-origin sepsis was improved with the increase of lentinan concentration. In addition, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and HMGB1 were decreased with the increase of lentinan concentration, but the expression of IL-10 was increased. Lentinan could also reduce the expression of oxidative stress injury indexes and liver function indexes and inhibit bacterial translocation to liver and lung tissues. Further mechanism investigation revealed that lentinan downregulated the expression of the NF-κB signaling pathway molecules (NF-κB, TLR4, and Bax) and upregulated the expression of occludin and Bcl-2. In conclusion, lentinan inhibits the activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway, thus attenuating injuries of small intestinal mucosa and liver and lung in mice with gut-origin sepsis and reducing the inflammatory response in the process of sepsis.
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16
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Yin H, Xue G, Dai A, Wu H. Protective Effects of Lentinan Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mastitis in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:755768. [PMID: 34630124 PMCID: PMC8497700 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.755768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a worldwide production disease in dairy cows, which mainly affects milk yield, causing huge economic losses to dairy farmers. Lentinan is a kind of polysaccharide extracted from Lentinus edodes, which has no toxicity and possesses various pharmacological activities including antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory function of lentinan on LPS-stimulated mastitis was carried out, and the mechanism involved was explored. In vivo, lentinan greatly reduced LPS-stimulated pathological injury, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and the proinflammatory factor production (TNF-α and IL-1β) in mice. Further study was performed to determine the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway during LPS stimulation. These results suggested that LPS-induced activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was suppressed by lentinan administration. In vitro, we observed that the mouse mammary epithelial cell (mMEC) viability was not affected by lentinan treatment. As expected, LPS increased the TNF-α and IL-1β protein secretion and the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway that was inhibited by lentinan administration in a dose-dependent manner in mMECs. Conclusively, lentinan exerts the anti-inflammatory function in LPS-stimulated mastitis via inhibiting the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, the results of our study also gave an insight that lentinan may serve as a potential treatment for mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yin
- College of Life Sciences of Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Guanhong Xue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ailing Dai
- College of Life Sciences of Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Haichong Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Extraction, purification, bioactivities and prospect of lentinan: A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Li Q, Chen J, Liu J, Yu H, Zhang L, Song C, Li Y, Jiang N, Tan Q, Shang X, Gu Y. De novo Sequencing and Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Provide First Insights Into Polysaccharide Biosynthesis During Fruiting Body Development of Lentinula edodes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:627099. [PMID: 34326817 PMCID: PMC8313990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.627099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides separated from Lentinula edodes are well known for their medicinal properties. However, the precise molecular mechanisms of polysaccharide biosynthesis in L. edodes remain unclear. In this study, the fruiting bodies of L. edodes in four developmental stages with significant differences in polysaccharide yield were collected, and the characteristics of polysaccharides were studied. De novo sequencing and comparative transcriptomic analysis were performed by using high-throughput Illumina RNA-sequencing. KS1P30, KS2P30, KS3P30, and KS4P30 were obtained from the four developmental stages, respectively, by hot water extraction and 30% ethanol precipitation. These four polysaccharides had good immune activity in vitro; all of them were β-glucopyranose with a high molecular weight. Glucose was the main monosaccharide component of these polysaccharides. High-quality clean reads (57.88, 53.17, 53.28, and 47.56 million for different growth stages) and mapping ratios ranging from 84.75 to 90.11% were obtained. In total, 11,493 (96.56%) unigenes and 18,924 (97.46%) transcripts were successfully annotated in five public databases. The biosynthetic pathway and related genes of LEFP30 were mined. The molecular mechanism of LEFP30 yield change in the different developmental stages was predicted. The results provide some insights into the possible mechanisms involved in the biosynthetic pathway of this kind of polysaccharide in L. edodes fruiting bodies. They also indicate that candidate genes can be used as important resources for biotechnology and molecular breeding to regulate L. edodes fruiting body polysaccharide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Shang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfu Gu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Wu T, Wang J, Zhang Y, Shao Y, Li X, Guo Y, Dong W, Wang L, Chen F, Han X. Lentinan protects against pancreatic β-cell failure in chronic ethanol consumption-induced diabetic mice via enhancing β-cell antioxidant capacity. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6161-6173. [PMID: 33837638 PMCID: PMC8256364 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic ethanol consumption is a well-established independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, increasing studies have confirmed that excessive heavy ethanol exerts direct harmful effect on pancreatic β-cell mass and function, which may be a mechanism of pancreatic β-cell failure in T2DM. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Lentinan (LNT), an active ingredient purified from the bodies of Lentinus edodes, on pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction caused by ethanol and the possible mechanisms implicated. Functional studies reveal that LNT attenuates chronic ethanol consumption-induced impaired glucose metabolism in vivo. In addition, LNT ameliorates chronic ethanol consumption-induced β-cell dysfunction, which is characterized by reduced insulin synthesis, defected insulin secretion and increased cell apoptosis. Furthermore, mechanistic assays suggest that LNT enhances β-cell antioxidant capacity and ameliorates ethanol-induced oxidative stress by activating Nrf-2 antioxidant pathway. Our results demonstrated that LNT prevents ethanol-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis, and therefore may be a potential pharmacological agent for preventing pancreatic β-cell failure associated with T2DM and stress-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yixue Shao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xirui Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuqing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Institute of StomatologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Institute of StomatologyNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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20
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Shang Q, Liu S, Liu H, Mahfuz S, Piao X. Impact of sugar beet pulp and wheat bran on serum biochemical profile, inflammatory responses and gut microbiota in sows during late gestation and lactation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:54. [PMID: 33879267 PMCID: PMC8059298 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sows are frequently subjected to various stresses during late gestation and lactation, which trigger inflammatory response and metabolic disorders. Dietary fiber can influence animal health by modulating gut microbiota and their by-products, with the effects depending upon the source of the dietary fiber. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of different fiber sources on body condition, serum biochemical parameters, inflammatory responses and fecal microbiota in sows from late gestation to lactation. Methods Forty-five multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace; 3–6 parity) were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments from d 85 of gestation to the end of lactation (d 21 post-farrowing): a control diet (CON, a corn-soybean meal diet), a sugar beet pulp diet (SBP, 20% SBP during gestation and 10% SBP during lactation), and a wheat bran diet (WB, 30% WB during gestation and 15% WB during lactation). Results Compared with CON, supplementation of SBP decreased (P < 0.05) lactation BW loss, reduced (P < 0.05) serum concentration of total cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and increased (P < 0.05) fecal water content on d 110 of gestation and d 21 of lactation, while supplementation of WB reduced (P < 0.05) serum concentration of total cholesterol on d 110 of gestation, increased (P < 0.05) fecal water content and decreased (P < 0.05) serum interleukin-6 concentration on d 110 of gestation and d 21 of lactation. In addition, sows fed SBP had lower (P < 0.01) abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and Terrisporobacter than those fed CON, but had greater (P < 0.05) abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 than those fed the other two diets on d 110 of gestation. On d 21 of lactation, supplementation of SBP decreased (P < 0.05) the abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus, but enriched (P < 0.05) the abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002, Prevotellaceae_UCG_001 and unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae compared with WB. Compared with CON, sows fed SBP had greater (P < 0.05) fecal concentrations of acetate, butyrate and total SCFAs during gestation and lactation, while sows fed WB only had greater (P < 0.05) fecal concentration of butyrate during lactation. Conclusions Supplementation of dietary fiber during late gestation and lactation could improve sow metabolism and gut health, and SBP was more effective than WB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hansuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shad Mahfuz
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Chen Y, Yang H, Chen Y, Song M, Liu B, Song J, Liu X, Li H. Full-length transcriptome sequencing and identification of immune-related genes in the critically endangered Hucho bleekeri. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103934. [PMID: 33242569 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hucho bleekeri is a glacial relict and critically endangered fish restricted to the Yangtze River drainage in China. The lack of basic genomic information and immune characteristics will hinder the way toward protecting this species. In the present study, we conducted the first transcriptome analysis of H. bleekeri using the combination of SMRT and Illumina sequencing technology. Transcriptome sequencing generated a total of 93,330 non-redundant full-length unigenes with a mean length of 3072 bp. A total of 92,472 (99.08%) unigenes were annotated in at least one of the Nr protein, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, KOG, GO, Nt and Pfam databases. KEGG analysis showed that a total of 7240 unigenes belonging to 28 immune pathways were annotated to the immune system category. Meanwhile, differentially expressed genes between mucosa-associated tissues (skin, gill and hindgut) and systemic-immune tissues (spleen, head kidney and liver) were obtained. Importantly, genes participating in diverse immune signalling pathways and their expression profiles in H. bleekeri were discussed. In addition, a large number of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were obtained in the H. bleekeri transcriptome. The present study will provide basic genomic information for H. bleekeri and for further research on analysing the characteristics of both the innate and adaptive immune systems of this critically endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyu Chen
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Huanchao Yang
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Mingjiang Song
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Ya'an Fishery Development Center, Ya'an, 625000, China
| | - Jingguo Song
- Sichuan Zumuzu River Basin Hydropower Development Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610094, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Sichuan Zumuzu River Basin Hydropower Development Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610094, China
| | - Hua Li
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China.
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The Impact of Mushroom Polysaccharides on Gut Microbiota and Its Beneficial Effects to Host: A Review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bi S, Zhang J, Qu Y, Zhou B, He X, Ni J. Yeast cell wall product enhanced intestinal IgA response and changed cecum microflora species after oral vaccination in chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6576-6585. [PMID: 33248573 PMCID: PMC7705035 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was designed to explore the effect of a commercial yeast cell wall product (YP) on chicken intestinal IgA response and cecum microbiome after oral vaccination. Chickens were fed with YP during the experiments and orally immunized with live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine at 2 wk of age. Then, the animals were sacrificed, and samples were collected to measure the indicators of hemagglutination inhibition (HI), IgA response, IgA + cells, and cecum microbiome populations. The results showed that supplement of YP significantly enhanced serum NDV HI titer, intestinal NDV-specific secretory IgA, and intestinal IgA + cells. The sequencing results revealed that obviously increased relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae and decreased population of Bacteroidaceae in cecum were found in YP group. In summary, YP supplementation in diet enhanced intestinal IgA response to NDV vaccination by oral route and modulated the cecum microbiota to the advantage of the host in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Y Qu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - B Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - X He
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - J Ni
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, PR China.
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Liu C, Cheung PCK. Structure and Immunomodulatory Activity of Microparticulate Mushroom Sclerotial β-Glucan Prepared from Polyporus rhinocerus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9070-9078. [PMID: 31343168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an immunologically active novel microparticulate mushroom β-glucan (PRA-1p) was prepared using an alkali-soluble glucan PRA-1 by an emulsification and cross-linking method. PRA-1 was a hyperbranched (1→3),(1→6)-β-d-glucan with a degree of branching of 0.89, isolated from the sclerotia of Polyporus rhinocerus. PRA-1 had a rod-like conformation, while PRA-1p exhibited a monodisperse and homogeneous spherical conformation with a diameter ranging from 0.3 to 2.0 μm in water. PRA-1p significantly induced nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production as well as morphological changes of murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) and upregulated their phagocytic activity. Furthermore, PRA-1p treatment markedly enhanced the secretion of cytokines, including cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine 27, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Activation of RAW 264.7 cells triggered by PRA-1p was associated with activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor κB, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and protein kinase B. This work suggests that novel PRA-1p derived from the mushroom sclerotia of P. rhinocerus has potential application as an immunostimulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Standards and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , People's Republic of China
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Peter C K Cheung
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
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