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Zhang J, Mohd Said F, Daud NFS, Jing Z. Present status and application prospects of green chitin nanowhiskers: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134235. [PMID: 39079565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Petrochemical resources are non-renewable, which has impeded the development of synthetic polymers. The poor degradability of synthetic polymers poses substantial environmental pressure. Additionally, the high cost of synthetic biopolymers with excellent degradation performance limits their widespread application. Thus, it is crucial to seek green, sustainable, low-cost polymers as alternatives to petrochemical-based synthetic polymers and synthetic biopolymers. Chitin is a natural and renewable biopolymer discovered in crustacean shells, insect exoskeletons, and fungal cell walls. Chitin chains consist of crystalline and amorphous regions. Note that various treatments can be employed to remove the amorphous region, enhancing the crystallinity of chitin. Chitin nanowhiskers are a high crystallinity nanoscale chitin product with a high aspect ratio, a large surface area, adjustable surface morphology, and biocompatibility. They discover widespread applications in biomedicine, environmental treatment, food packaging, and biomaterials. Various methods can be utilized for preparing chitin nanowhiskers, including chemical, ionic liquids, deacetylation, and mechanical methods. However, developing an environmentally friendly preparation process remains a big challenge for expanding their applications in different materials and large-scale production. This article comprehensively analyzes chitin nanowhiskers' preparation strategies and their drawbacks. It also highlights the extensive application in different materials and various fields, besides the potential for commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanni Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Farhan Mohd Said
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Fathin Shamirah Daud
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Zhanxin Jing
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088 Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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2
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Cheng T, Chai K, Liang K, Ji Y. Evaluating the strategies to improve strength and water-resistance of chitin nanofibril assembled structures: Molecule-bridging, heat-treatment and deacidifying. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:135683. [PMID: 39349330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
Chitin nanofibril (ChiNF) is a promising building block used to fabricate chitin fibers, films or gels via self-assembly from its aqueous suspension. Although mechanical strengthening of its assembled structures has made great advances, the unsatisfactory water-resistance is still a crucial obstacle to practical application and even rarely referred to. Herein, ChiNF was prepared via deacetylation-ultrasonication treatment and the strategies of molecule-bridging, heat-treatment and deacidifying that aiming to improve the strength and water-resistance of its assembled films were evaluated. Molecule-bridging, including tannic acid (TA) or/and chitosan (CS), improved the mechanical properties to some extent, but had no obvious positive effects on water-resistance; heat-treatment was a useful route to enhance both strength and water-resistance; interestingly, deacidifying was more efficient than heat-treatment with respect to improving strength and water-resistance, implying the presence of acid was the major reason for deteriorating assembled structures. Combining molecule-bridging, deacidifying and heat-treatment produced a strong ChiNF-TA/CS cast film with excellent water-resistance. Different from the commonly-used approach of vacuum filtration, these strategies are very suitable for large-scale production of the ChiNF-based self-supported films or coatings via solution casting. Furthermore, the reverse dialysis deacidification simultaneously produced highly concentrated suspensions suitable for dry-spinning, and thus strong chitin macrofibers were successfully fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Kaiyan Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Kai Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Yali Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
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3
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Hao LT, Kim S, Lee M, Park SB, Koo JM, Jeon H, Park J, Oh DX. Next-generation all-organic composites: A sustainable successor to organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132129. [PMID: 38718994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
This Review presents an overview of all-organic nanocomposites, a sustainable alternative to organic-inorganic hybrids. All-organic nanocomposites contain nanocellulose, nanochitin, and aramid nanofibers as highly rigid reinforcing fillers. They offer superior mechanical properties and lightweight characteristics suitable for diverse applications. The Review discusses various methods for preparing the organic nanofillers, including top-down and bottom-up approaches. It highlights in situ polymerization as the preferred method for incorporating these nanomaterials into polymer matrices to achieve homogeneous filler dispersion, a crucial factor for realizing desired performance. Furthermore, the Review explores several applications of all-organic nanocomposites in diverse fields including food packaging, performance-advantaged plastics, and electronic materials. Future research directions-developing sustainable production methods, expanding biomedical applications, and enhancing resistance against heat, chemicals, and radiation of all-organic nanocomposites to permit their use in extreme environments-are explored. This Review offers insights into the potential of all-organic nanocomposites to drive sustainable growth while meeting the demand for high-performance materials across various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Tan Hao
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Semin Kim
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Lee
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bae Park
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Mo Koo
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials & Chemical Engineering, Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
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Wani AK, Akhtar N, Mir TUG, Rahayu F, Suhara C, Anjli A, Chopra C, Singh R, Prakash A, El Messaoudi N, Fernandes CD, Ferreira LFR, Rather RA, Américo-Pinheiro JHP. Eco-friendly and safe alternatives for the valorization of shrimp farming waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38960-38989. [PMID: 37249769 PMCID: PMC10227411 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The seafood industry generates waste, including shells, bones, intestines, and wastewater. The discards are nutrient-rich, containing varying concentrations of carotenoids, proteins, chitin, and other minerals. Thus, it is imperative to subject seafood waste, including shrimp waste (SW), to secondary processing and valorization for demineralization and deproteination to retrieve industrially essential compounds. Although several chemical processes are available for SW processing, most of them are inherently ecotoxic. Bioconversion of SW is cost-effective, ecofriendly, and safe. Microbial fermentation and the action of exogenous enzymes are among the significant SW bioconversion processes that transform seafood waste into valuable products. SW is a potential raw material for agrochemicals, microbial culture media, adsorbents, therapeutics, nutraceuticals, and bio-nanomaterials. This review comprehensively elucidates the valorization approaches of SW, addressing the drawbacks of chemically mediated methods for SW treatments. It is a broad overview of the applications associated with nutrient-rich SW, besides highlighting the role of major shrimp-producing countries in exploring SW to achieve safe, ecofriendly, and efficient bio-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Khurshid Wani
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Nahid Akhtar
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Tahir Ul Gani Mir
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Farida Rahayu
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Cece Suhara
- Research Center for Horticulture and Plantation, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Anjli Anjli
- HealthPlix Technologies Private Limited, Bengaluru, 560103, India
| | - Chirag Chopra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Ajit Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Noureddine El Messaoudi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, 80000, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Clara Dourado Fernandes
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University, Ave. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University, Ave. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
- Institute of Technology and Research, Ave. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Rauoof Ahmad Rather
- Division of Environmental Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar 190025, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro
- Department of Forest Science, Soils and Environment, School of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ave. Universitária, 3780, Botucatu, SP, 18610-034, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Brazil University, Street Carolina Fonseca, 584, São Paulo, SP, 08230-030, Brazil.
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Yin C, Sun J, Guo W, Xue Y, Zhang H, Mao X. High-Yield Synthesis of Phosphatidylserine in a Well-Designed Mixed Micellar System. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:504-515. [PMID: 38060812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
A sustainable enzymatic system is essential for efficient phosphatidylserine (PS) synthesis in industrial production. Conventional biphasic systems face challenges such as excessive organic solvent usage, enzyme-intensive processes, and increased costs. This study introduces a novel approach using chitin nanofibrils (ChNFs) as an immobilization material for phospholipase D (PLD) in a mixed micellar system stabilized by the food-grade emulsifier sodium deoxycholate (SDC). The immobilized enzyme, ChNF-chiA1, was quickly prepared in a one-step process, eliminating the need for purification. By optimizing the reaction conditions, including l-Ser concentration (1.0 M), SDC concentration (10 mM), reaction time (8 h), and enzyme dosage (1.0 U), a remarkable PS yield of 96.74% was achieved in the solvent-free mixed micellar system. The catalytic efficiency of ChNF-chiA1 surpassed that of the free PLD-chiA1 biphasic system by 6.0-fold. This innovative and green biocatalytic technology offers a reusable solution for the high-value enzymatic synthesis of phospholipids, providing a promising avenue for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmei Yin
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Weilong Guo
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Yong Xue
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, 266404 Qingdao, China
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Yang F, Ye X, Zhong J, Lin Z, Wu S, Hu Y, Zheng W, Zhou W, Wei Y, Dong X. Recycling of waste crab shells into reinforced poly (lactic acid) biocomposites for 3D printing. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:122974. [PMID: 36566808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To promote natural waste resource utilization, a novel biocomposite, composed of waste crab shells and poly (lactic acid) matrix, was developed by combining chemical treatment and 3D printing. A crab shell powder (ISCSP) with an abundant porous structure and a high specific surface area was obtained by treatment with hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. Importantly, under the optimal printing parameters determined by the finite element analysis, test samples, and porous bones were successfully printed using CSP/PLA composites by a commercial fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer. The morphology, mechanical and thermal properties, antibacterial properties, and biocompatibility of the CSP/PLA composites were then assessed. Our results revealed that the tensile strength and flexural strength of the ISCSP/PLA composites reached 58.71 and 90.11 MPa, which were 28.6 % and 28.8 % higher than that of pure PLA, respectively. The glass transition and melting temperatures of the composites remained similar to those of pure PLA. Interestingly, the addition of CSP increased PLA crystallinity, which could be attributed to the nucleation effect of CSP in the system. The antibacterial activity of the PLA-1.5ESCSP composite samples against Escherichia coli (E. coli) was greater than 99 %. More importantly, the live/dead assay showed that the CSP/PLA composites possessed excellent biocompatibility. Therefore, the developed CSP/PLA biocomposites are potential feedstocks for 3D printing in bone tissue engineering and may be used as graft substitutes in reparative and reconstructive surgery. They are especially beneficial due to their superior mechanical and thermal properties, excellent antibacterial activities, and significant biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiwen Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, Research Center of Biomass 3D Printing Materials, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinliang Ye
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangzhou Vocational College of Technology & Business, Guangzhou 511442, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Institute of Dermatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China.
| | - Zhaowen Lin
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, Research Center of Biomass 3D Printing Materials, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shangjing Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, Research Center of Biomass 3D Printing Materials, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, Research Center of Biomass 3D Printing Materials, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxu Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, Research Center of Biomass 3D Printing Materials, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wuyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, Research Center of Biomass 3D Printing Materials, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yen Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Tsinghua Center for Frontier Polymer Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Xianming Dong
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, Research Center of Biomass 3D Printing Materials, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Lee S, Hao LT, Park J, Oh DX, Hwang DS. Nanochitin and Nanochitosan: Chitin Nanostructure Engineering with Multiscale Properties for Biomedical and Environmental Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203325. [PMID: 35639091 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanochitin and nanochitosan (with random-copolymer-based multiscale architectures of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine units) have recently attracted immense attention for the development of green, sustainable, and advanced functional materials. Nanochitin and nanochitosan are multiscale materials from small oligomers, rod-shaped nanocrystals, longer nanofibers, to hierarchical assemblies of nanofibers. Various physical properties of chitin and chitosan depend on their molecular- and nanostructures; translational research has utilized them for a wide range of applications (biomedical, industrial, environmental, and so on). Instead of reviewing the entire extensive literature on chitin and chitosan, here, recent developments in multiscale-dependent material properties and their applications are highlighted; immune, medical, reinforcing, adhesive, green electrochemical materials, biological scaffolds, and sustainable food packaging are discussed considering the size, shape, and assembly of chitin nanostructures. In summary, new perspectives for the development of sustainable advanced functional materials based on nanochitin and nanochitosan by understanding and engineering their multiscale properties are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Lam Tan Hao
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Hwang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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Chitin and chitin-based biomaterials: A review of advances in processing and food applications. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120142. [PMID: 36876773 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is the most abundant natural amino polysaccharide, showing various practical applications owing to its functional properties. However, there are barriers in the development due to the difficulty of chitin extraction and purification, regarding its high crystallinity and low solubility. In recent years, some novel technologies such as microbial fermentation, ionic liquid, electrochemical extraction have emerged for the green extraction of chitin from new sources. Furthermore, nanotechnology, dissolution systems and chemical modification were applied to develop a variety of chitin-based biomaterials. Remarkably, chitin was used in delivering active ingredients and developing functional foods for weight loss, lipid reduction, gastrointestinal health, and anti-aging. Moreover, the application of chitin-based materials was expanded into medicine, energy and the environment. This review outlined the emerging extraction methods and processing routes of different chitin sources and advances in applying chitin-based materials. We aimed to provide some direction for the multi-disciplinary production and application of chitin.
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A Review on Production and Surface Modifications of Biochar Materials via Biomass Pyrolysis Process for Supercapacitor Applications. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochar (BC) based materials are solid carbon enriched materials produced via different thermochemical techniques such as pyrolysis. However, the non-modified/non-activated BC-based materials obtained from the low-temperature pyrolysis of biomass cannot perform well in energy storage applications due to the mismatched physicochemical and electrical properties such as low surface area, poor pore features, and low density and conductivity. Therefore, to improve the surface features and structure of the BC and surface functionalities, surface modifications and activations are introduced to improve its properties to achieve enhanced electrochemical performance. The surface modifications use various activation methods to modify the surface properties of BC to achieve enhanced performance for supercapacitors in energy storage applications. This article provides a detailed review of surface modification methods and the application of modified BC to be used for the synthesis of electrodes for supercapacitors. The effect of those activation methods on physicochemical and electrical properties is critically presented. Finally, the research gap and future prospects are also elucidated.
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Bai L, Liu L, Esquivel M, Tardy BL, Huan S, Niu X, Liu S, Yang G, Fan Y, Rojas OJ. Nanochitin: Chemistry, Structure, Assembly, and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11604-11674. [PMID: 35653785 PMCID: PMC9284562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a fascinating biopolymer found in living organisms, fulfills current demands of availability, sustainability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, functionality, and renewability. A feature of chitin is its ability to structure into hierarchical assemblies, spanning the nano- and macroscales, imparting toughness and resistance (chemical, biological, among others) to multicomponent materials as well as adding adaptability, tunability, and versatility. Retaining the inherent structural characteristics of chitin and its colloidal features in dispersed media has been central to its use, considering it as a building block for the construction of emerging materials. Top-down chitin designs have been reported and differentiate from the traditional molecular-level, bottom-up synthesis and assembly for material development. Such topics are the focus of this Review, which also covers the origins and biological characteristics of chitin and their influence on the morphological and physical-chemical properties. We discuss recent achievements in the isolation, deconstruction, and fractionation of chitin nanostructures of varying axial aspects (nanofibrils and nanorods) along with methods for their modification and assembly into functional materials. We highlight the role of nanochitin in its native architecture and as a component of materials subjected to multiscale interactions, leading to highly dynamic and functional structures. We introduce the most recent advances in the applications of nanochitin-derived materials and industrialization efforts, following green manufacturing principles. Finally, we offer a critical perspective about the adoption of nanochitin in the context of advanced, sustainable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Bai
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry
of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Liang Liu
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuel and Chemicals,
College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Marianelly Esquivel
- Polymer
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia 3000, Costa Rica
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Siqi Huan
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry
of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Xun Niu
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry
of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Guihua Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of
Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuel and Chemicals,
College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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11
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Optimization of Chitin Nanofiber Preparation by Ball Milling as Filler for Composite Resin. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6070197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chitin nanofiber is a nanomaterial produced by pulverizing chitin, the main component of crab shells. Since it has excellent mechanical properties, it is expected to be used as a reinforcing material to strengthen materials. Chitin was mechanically ground in water using a ball mill to prepare nanofibers. The ball size, total ball weight, and milling time were varied, and the resulting water dispersion and the cast film were analyzed to optimize the conditions for efficient preparation. The length and width of the nanofibers were also measured by SEM and AFM observations. The size of the balls affected the level of grinding and the intensity of impact energy on the chitin. The most efficient crushing was achieved when the diameter was 1 mm. The total ball weight directly affects the milling frequency, and milling proceeds as the total weight increases. However, if too many balls occupy the container, the grinding efficiency decreases. Therefore, a total ball weight of 300 g was optimal. Regarding the milling time, the chitin becomes finer depending on the increase of that time. However, after a specific time, the shape did not change much. Therefore, a milling time of approximately 150 min was appropriate.
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Gigante V, Panariello L, Coltelli MB, Danti S, Obisesan KA, Hadrich A, Staebler A, Chierici S, Canesi I, Lazzeri A, Cinelli P. Liquid and Solid Functional Bio-Based Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3640. [PMID: 34771197 PMCID: PMC8586997 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new bio-based coating materials to be applied on cellulosic and plastic based substrates, with improved performances compared to currently available products and at the same time with improved sustainable end of life options, is a challenge of our times. Enabling cellulose or bioplastics with proper functional coatings, based on biopolymer and functional materials deriving from agro-food waste streams, will improve their performance, allowing them to effectively replace fossil products in the personal care, tableware and food packaging sectors. To achieve these challenging objectives some molecules can be used in wet or solid coating formulations, e.g., cutin as a hydrophobic water- and grease-repellent coating, polysaccharides such as chitosan-chitin as an antimicrobial coating, and proteins as a gas barrier. This review collects the available knowledge on functional coatings with a focus on the raw materials used and methods of dispersion/application. It considers, in addition, the correlation with the desired final properties of the applied coatings, thus discussing their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Ahdi Hadrich
- Biomass Valorization Platform-Materials, CELABOR s.c.r.l., 4650 Chaineux, Belgium;
| | - Andreas Staebler
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Serena Chierici
- Stazione Sperimentale per l’Industria delle Conserve Alimentari (SSICA), 43121 Parma, Italy;
| | | | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., 56017 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., 56017 Pisa, Italy;
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Otoni CG, Azeredo HMC, Mattos BD, Beaumont M, Correa DS, Rojas OJ. The Food-Materials Nexus: Next Generation Bioplastics and Advanced Materials from Agri-Food Residues. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102520. [PMID: 34510571 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The most recent strategies available for upcycling agri-food losses and waste (FLW) into functional bioplastics and advanced materials are reviewed and the valorization of food residuals are put in perspective, adding to the water-food-energy nexus. Low value or underutilized biomass, biocolloids, water-soluble biopolymers, polymerizable monomers, and nutrients are introduced as feasible building blocks for biotechnological conversion into bioplastics. The latter are demonstrated for their incorporation in multifunctional packaging, biomedical devices, sensors, actuators, and energy conversion and storage devices, contributing to the valorization efforts within the future circular bioeconomy. Strategies are introduced to effectively synthesize, deconstruct and reassemble or engineer FLW-derived monomeric, polymeric, and colloidal building blocks. Multifunctional bioplastics are introduced considering the structural, chemical, physical as well as the accessibility of FLW precursors. Processing techniques are analyzed within the fields of polymer chemistry and physics. The prospects of FLW streams and biomass surplus, considering their availability, interactions with water and thermal stability, are critically discussed in a near-future scenario that is expected to lead to next-generation bioplastics and advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio G Otoni
- Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Henriette M C Azeredo
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Dra. Sara Mesquita 2270, Fortaleza, CE, 60511-110, Brazil
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Bruno D Mattos
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
| | - Marco Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
| | - Daniel S Correa
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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15
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Kim H, Shin MS, Jeon H, Koo JM, Eom Y, Choi S, Shin G, Oh DX, Hwang SY, Park J. Highly reinforced poly(butylene succinate) nanocomposites prepared from chitosan nanowhiskers by in-situ polymerization. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:128-135. [PMID: 33476620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable aliphatic polyesters need to be tough for commodity-plastic applications, such as disposable bags. Herein, we show that chitosan nanowhiskers (CsWs) prepared from naturally abundant chitin is an effective nanofiller that reinforces the strength and toughness of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). In-situ polycondensation of an aqueous solution of processed CsWs led to a PBS nanocomposite with the highest tensile strength (77 MPa) and elongation at break (530%) reported to date for all PBS types at a minimal nanofiller content of 0.2 wt%. The observed 3.2-fold increase in toughness of the CsW/PBS composite compared to neat PBS is superior to those of composites prepared using cellulose nanocrystals, chitin nanowhiskers, and unstably dispersed CsWs in 1,4-butanediol monomer. Interestingly, CsWs efficiently overcome the disadvantages of the PBS film that easily tears. The highly polar surfaces of the CsWs strongly bind to polymer chains and promote a fibrillar and micro-void structure, thereby maximizing the chain-holding ability of the nanofiller, which resists external tensile and tear stress. This sustainable all-organic nanocomposite is a promising candidate for biodegradable disposable commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeri Kim
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Suk Shin
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Mo Koo
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Eom
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejin Choi
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Giyoung Shin
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Zhang W, Zhao Y, Xu L, Song X, Yuan X, Sun J, Zhang J. Superfine grinding induced amorphization and increased solubility of α-chitin. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Kiliona KPS, Zhou M, Zhu Y, Lan P, Lin N. Preparation and surface modification of crab nanochitin for organogels based on thiol-ene click cross-linking. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:756-764. [PMID: 32061849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Incompatibility of chitin nanomaterials with organic solvents is challenging in the design of the desirable organogels. The long hydrocarbon chains were covalently grafted on the surface of nanochitins, with the attachment of reactive allyl groups and improved dispersion in organic solvents. The reactive thiol groups of poly (ethylene glycol) were introduced into the allyl-nanochitin suspensions to produce the organogels by the thiol-ene click reaction. Attributed to the UV-induced cross-linking between the soft segments of thiolated-PEG and the allyl-nanochitin, the stable organogels with the storage modulus higher than the loss modulus by one order of magnitude were obtained, exhibiting the significant phase transition and mechanical enhancement on the rheological behavior. The combination of crystalline allyl-nanochitin and polymeric chains played a crucial role in the construction of the micro-network, attributing to the stability and mechanical strength of the organogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulang Primo Sokiri Kiliona
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Mengqin Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yan Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ping Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, Guangxi, PR China.
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18
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Hao LT, Eom Y, Tran TH, Koo JM, Jegal J, Hwang SY, Oh DX, Park J. Rediscovery of nylon upgraded by interactive biorenewable nano-fillers. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2393-2405. [PMID: 31742304 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08091k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nanomaterials can only stiffen nylon with a significant loss of its toughness and ductility. Furthermore, they are not eco-friendly. In this study, the facile tuning of nylon's mechanical properties from stiff to tough was achieved, using cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and chitosan nanowhiskers (CSW) as biorenewable fillers. The interaction between the matrix and filler was controlled by varying the types of fillers and the employed processing methods, including in situ interfacial polymerization and post-solution blending. Particularly with CSW, the in situ-incorporated filler with a 0.4 wt% loading strengthened nylon and led to a 1.9-fold increase in its Young's modulus (2.6 GPa) and a 1.7-fold increase in its ultimate tensile strength (106 MPa), whereas the solution-blended filler with a 0.3 wt% loading toughened the polymer with a 2.1-fold increase (104 MJ m-3). Compared with inorganic nanocomposites, these interactive biofiller-nanocomposites are unrivaled in their reinforcing performance when normalized by filler content. This stiff-to-tough tuning trend is more pronounced in the CSW system than in the CNC system. Covalent polymer grafts on the amine surface of CSW enhanced interfacial interactions in the in situ method, whereas its cationic surface charges plasticized the polymer matrix in the blending method. This proteinaceous composite-mimicking all-organic nylon nanocomposite opens new possibilities in the field of reinforced engineering plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Tan Hao
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea. and Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Eom
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea. and Department of Polymer Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Thang Hong Tran
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea. and Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Mo Koo
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jonggeon Jegal
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea. and Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea. and Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea. and Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Munyazesa FX, Zhang Y, Wang B, Wang C, Feng X, Mao Z, Chen Y, Sui X. Pickering emulsion process assisted construction of regenerated chitin reinforced poly (lactic acid) blends. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:10-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nguyen HL, Ju S, Hao LT, Tran TH, Cha HG, Cha YJ, Park J, Hwang SY, Yoon DK, Hwang DS, Oh DX. The Renewable and Sustainable Conversion of Chitin into a Chiral Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Sheath Nanofiber for Enantioselective Adsorption. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3236-3242. [PMID: 31081284 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Well-known hard-template methods for nitrogen (N)-doped chiral carbon nanomaterials require complicated construction and removal of the template, high-temperature pyrolysis, harsh chemical treatments, and additional N-doping processes. If naturally occurring chiral nematic chitin nanostructures [(C8 H13 NO5 )n ] in exoskeletons were wholly transformed into an N-doped carbon, this would be an efficient and sustainable method to obtain a useful chiral nanomaterial. Here, a simple, sacrificial-template-free, and environmentally mild method was developed to produce an N-doped chiral nematic carbon-sheath nanofibril hydrogel with a surface area >300 m2 g-1 and enantioselective properties from renewable chitin biomass. Calcium-saturated methanol physically exfoliated bulk chitin and produced a chiral nematic nanofibril hydrogel. Hydrothermal treatment of the chiral chitin hydrogel at 190 °C produced an N-doped chiral carbon-sheath nanofibril hydrogel without N-doping. This material preferentially adsorbed d-lactic acid over l-lactic acid and produced 16.3 % enantiomeric excess of l-lactic acid from a racemic mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang-Linh Nguyen
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbin Ju
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Lam Tan Hao
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Thang Hong Tran
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gil Cha
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Cha
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Hwang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44429, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
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Park SA, Im C, Oh DX, Hwang SY, Jegal J, Kim JH, Chang YW, Jeon H, Park J. Study on the Synthetic Characteristics of Biomass-Derived Isosorbide-Based Poly(arylene ether ketone)s for Sustainable Super Engineering Plastic. Molecules 2019; 24:E2492. [PMID: 31288408 PMCID: PMC6651539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Demand for the development of novel polymers derived from biomass that can replace petroleum resources has been increasing. In this study, biomass-derived isosorbide was used as a monomer in the polymerization of poly(arylene ether ketone)s, and its synthetic characteristics were investigated. As a phase-transfer catalyst, crown ether has increased the weight-average molecular weight of polymers over 100 kg/mol by improving the reaction efficiency of isosorbide and minimizing the effect of moisture. By controlling the experimental parameters such as halogen monomer, polymerization solvent, time, and temperature, the optimal conditions were found to be fluorine-type monomer, dimethyl sulfoxide, 24 h, and 155 °C, respectively. Biomass contents from isosorbide-based polymers were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance and accelerator mass spectroscopy. The synthesized polymer resulted in a high molecular weight that enabled the preparation of transparent polymer films by the solution casting method despite its weak thermal degradation stability compared to aromatic polysulfone. The melt injection molding process was enabled by the addition of plasticizer. The tensile properties were comparable or superior to those of commercial petrochemical specimens of similar molecular weight. Interestingly, the prepared specimens exhibited a significantly lower coefficient of thermal expansion at high temperatures over 150 °C compared to polysulfone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul-A Park
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Korea
| | - Changgyu Im
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Hwang
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jonggeon Jegal
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Kim
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Korea
| | - Young-Wook Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Korea.
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Korea.
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea.
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