Production, structure, and bioactivity of polysaccharide isolated from Tremella fuciformis XY

Cuttlefish ink-derived melanin nanoparticle-embedded tremella fuciformis polysaccharide hydrogels for the treatment of MRSA-infected diabetic wounds

Diabetic wounds arise great attention as they are difficult to heal and easily suffer from serious bacterial infection. However, the overuse of antibiotics increases the resistance of bacteria and makes common drugs ineffective. Here, we developed a photothermal hydrogel (TFP/NP) composed of tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPs) and cuttlefish ink-derived melanin nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs can produce reliable photothermal effects under near-infrared laser (NIR) irradiation and help to remove the bacteria in the wounds, while TFPs were able to form hydrogel frameworks which possessed anti-inflammatory effects and could be applied to promote wound healing. The TFP/NP hydrogels produced stable thermal effects under NIR irradiation and could continuously kill bacteria. The experiment on a full-layer skin wound sMRSA activity and could improve the healing efficiency. The wounds of the mice could be repaired within 14 days after reasonable treatment. In addition, the hydrogels play significant roles in promoting collagen deposition, anti-inflammation, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation during the therapeutic process. This research provides a simple and effective method for the therapy of bacterial infection wounds through the synergistic effect of TFPs and NPs.

Structural characterization of a novel polysaccharide from Tremella fuciformis and its interaction with gut microbiota

BACKGROUND

Because of their diverse biological activities, polysaccharides derived from Tremella fuciformis have received growing attention. This study aimed to investigate the structural characterization of a purified polysaccharide (designated as PTP-3a) derived from T. fuciformis and explore its interaction with gut microbiota in vitro.

RESULTS

The findings revealed that PTP-3a had a molecular weight of 1.22 × 103 kDa and consisted of fucose, glucose, xylose, mannose and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 0.271:0.016:0.275:0.400:0.038. The primary linkage types identified in PTP-3a were 1,3-linked-manp, 1,4-linked-xylp and 1,2,3-linked-fucp, with corresponding ratios of 0.215:0.161:0.15. In addition, PTP-3a demonstrated notable thermal stability and exhibited a triple-helical structure. Moreover, following in vitro fermentation for 48 h, PTP-3a was efficiently utilized, resulting in a reduction in carbohydrate levels, the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and pH adjustment. Furthermore, during in vitro fecal microbial fermentation, PTP-3a decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes while increasing the proportions of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, resulting in a significantly reduced Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Additionally, PTP-3a stimulated the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Parabacteroides merdae, Gordonibacter pamelaeae, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum and Parabacteroides distasonis. Importantly, a strong correlation was observed between the production of SCFAs and specific microorganisms.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggested that PTP-3a has potential as a prebiotic for modulating the gut microbiota. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of tremella polysaccharides on the quality of collagen jelly: insight into the improvement of the gel properties and the antioxidant activity of yak skin gelatin

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of tremella polysaccharides on the gel properties and antioxidant activity of yak skin gelatin with a view to improving the quality of collagen jellies. The preparation of composite gels were performed by yak skin gelatin (66.7 mg mL-1) and tremella polysaccharides with different concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 mg mL-1), and finally the collagen jelly was prepared by composite gel (yak skin gelatin: 66.7 mg mL-1; tremella polysaccharides:6 mg mL-1) with the best performance.

RESULTS

Tremella polysaccharides not only improved the hardness, springiness, gel strength, water holding capacity and melting temperature of yak skin gelatin, but also enhanced the composite gel's scavenging activity against ABTS radicals, DPPH radicals, O2 and OH radicals. The filling of tremella polysaccharides into the gelatin network increased the number of crosslinking sites inside the gel, which resulted in the gel network structure becoming dense and orderly. The gel particles became finer and more uniform, and the thermal stability was improved. Furthermore, the sensory score of commercially available gelatin jelly decreased more rapidly during storage compared to the composite gel jelly.

CONCLUSION

The gel properties and antioxidant activity of yak skin gelatin were improved by adding tremella polysaccharides, and then the quality and storage properties of the jelly were improved, which also provided technical reference for the development of functional gel food. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Interplay between traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides and gut microbiota: The elusive "polysaccharides-bond-bacteria-enzyme" equation

Polysaccharides are one of the most important components of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and have been extensively studied for their immunomodulatory properties. The functions and effects of TCM polysaccharides are closely related to the gut microbiota, making the study of their interaction a hot topic in the field of TCM metabolism. This review follows two main inquiries: first, how the gut microbiota breaks down TCM polysaccharides to produce bioactive metabolites; and second, how TCM polysaccharides reshape the gut microbiota as a carbon source. Understanding the interaction mechanism involves a challenging equation of the structural association of TCM polysaccharides with the metabolic activities of the microbiota. This review has meticulously searched, partially organized literature spanning the past decade, that delves into the interaction mechanism between TCM polysaccharides and gut microbiota. It also gives an overview of the complex factors of the elusive "polysaccharides-bond-bacteria-enzyme" equation: the complexity of polysaccharide structures, the diversity of glycosidic bond types, the communal nature of metabolizing microbiota, the enzymes involved in functional degradation by microbiota, and the hierarchical roles of polysaccharide utilization locus and gram-positive PULs. Finally, this review aims to facilitate discussion among peers in the field of TCM microbiota and offers prospects for research in related fields, paving the way for pharmacological studies on TCM polysaccharides and gut microbiota therapeutics, and providing a reference point for further clinical research.

Liquefaction pathway of corn stalk cellulose in the presence of polyhydric alcohols under acid catalysis

In this paper, the experiment of cellulose from corn stalk using 1, 2-propylene glycol (PG) and diethylene glycol (DEG) liquefaction catalyzed by phosphoric acid at atmosphere pressure was carried out. The effect of reaction time on the structural changes of cellulose in the liquefaction process of polyhydric alcohols was investigated, aiming at understanding the mechanism of cellulose liquefaction reaction under the action of acid catalyzed polyhydric alcohols. It was found that the liquefaction yield increased first and then decreased with the extension of reaction time, and reached the highest at 150 min (99.34 %). In the phase of increasing liquefaction yield, cellulose was degraded and translated into glucose, which was then converted into plenty of glycosides with PG/DEG. These glycosides were further converted into low molecular weight (LMW) substances such as hydrocarbons, acids, alcohols, esters, ketones, and ethers. At this time, the biofuel contained 70 %-85 % compounds with carbon number less than 25 and 5 %-10 % compounds with carbon number more than 25. As the prolongation of reaction time (after 150 min), quantities of unstable free radicals formed by cellulose degradation could combine with each other or with hydrogen atoms provided by PG/DEG to produce relatively stable macromolecular substances. That is, the polydispersity (Mw/Mn, abbreviated Р= 1.28) of the generated biofuel at this stage no longer decreased. However, liquefaction residue produced at 240 min had changed essentially, which was completely different from the liquefaction residue produced in the early stage of liquefaction. In conclusion, this paper revealed the partial reaction process of cellulose by studying the structural changes in the liquefaction process of polyhydric alcohols, which laid a theoretical foundation for exploring the liquefaction mechanism of cellulose.

A typical acidic extracellular polysaccharide alludes to algae-bacteria-collaboration in microalgal-bacterial symbiosis

Microalgal-bacterial symbioses are prevalent in aquatic ecosystems and play a pivotal role in carbon sequestration, significantly contributing to global carbon cycling. The understanding of the contribution of exopolysaccharides (EPSs), a crucial carbon-based component, to the structural integrity of microalgal-bacterial symbioses remains insufficiently elucidated. To address this gap, our study aims to enhance our comprehension of the composition and primary structure of EPSs within a specific type of granular microalgal-bacterial symbiosis named microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS). Our investigation reveals that the acidic EPSs characteristic of this symbiosis have molecular weights ranging from several hundred thousand to over one million Daltons, including components like glucopyranose, galactopyranose, mannose, and rhamnose. Our elucidation of the backbone linkage of a representative exopolysaccharide revealed a →3)-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ glycosidic linkage. This linear structure closely resembles bacterial xanthan, while the branched chain structure bears similarities to algal EPSs. Our findings highlight the collaborative synthesis of acidic EPSs by both microalgae and bacteria, emphasizing their joint contribution in the production of macromolecules within microalgal-bacterial symbiosis. This collaborative synthesis underscores the intricate molecular interactions contributing to the stability and function of these symbiotic relationships.

Cu-Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide-based tumor microenvironment-responsive injectable gels for cuproptosis-based synergistic osteosarcoma therapy

Cuproptosis affects osteosarcoma locally, and the exploitation of cuproptosis-related biomaterials for osteosarcoma treatment is still in its infancy. We designed and synthesized a novel injectable gel of Cu ion-coordinated Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFP-Cu) for antiosteosarcoma therapy. This material has antitumor effects, the ability to stimulate immunity and promote bone formation, and a controlled Cu2+ release profile in smart response to tumor microenvironment stimulation. TFP-Cu can selectively inhibit the proliferation of K7M2 tumor cells by arresting the cell cycle and promoting cell apoptosis and cuproptosis. TFP-Cu also promoted the M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells and regulated the immune microenvironment. These effects increased osteogenic gene and protein expression in MC3T3-E1 cells. TFP-Cu could significantly limit tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and improving the activation of anti-CD8 T cell-mediated immune responses. Therefore, TFP-Cu could be a potential candidate for treating osteosarcoma and bioactive drug carrier for further cancer-related applications.

Natural polysaccharides regulate intestinal microbiota for inhibiting colorectal cancer

The gastrointestinal tract is an important part of the human immune system. The gut microbiome, which constitutes a major component of the gastrointestinal tract, plays a crucial role in maintaining normal physiological functions and influences the development, diagnosis, and immunotherapy of colorectal cancer (CRC). Natural polysaccharides can be extracted from animals, plants, and traditional Chinese medicines. They serve as an essential energy source for the gut microbiome, promoting probiotic proliferation and regulating the intestinal microecological balance. Moreover, polysaccharides exhibit anti-tumor effects due to their immune regulatory functions and low toxicity. This review focuses on discussing these anti-tumor effects in CRC, along with improving gut microbiome dysbiosis and regulating the tumor immune microenvironment, providing evidence for effective therapeutic strategies against CRC.

In vitro digestion properties of Laiyang pear residue polysaccharides and it counteracts DSS-induced gut injury in mice via modulating gut inflammation, gut microbiota and intestinal barrier

The aim of this study was to explore the dynamic changes in the physicochemical properties of Laiyang pear residue polysaccharide (LPP) during in vitro digestion, as well as its protective effect on the intestines. Monosaccharide composition and molecular weight analysis showed that there was no significant change in LPP during the oral digestion stage. However, during the gastric and intestinal digestion stages, the glycosidic bonds of LPP were broken, leading to the dissociation of large molecular aggregates and a significant increase in reducing sugar content (CR) accompanied by a decrease in molecular weight. In addition, LPP exerted the intestinal protective ability via inhibiting gut inflammation, improving intestinal barrier, and regulating intestinal flora in DSS-induced mice. Specifically, LPP mitigated DSS-induced intestinal pathological damage of mice via enhancing intestinal barrier integrity and upregulating expressions of TJ proteins, and suppressed inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling axis. Furthermore, LPP decreased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and altered the diversity and the composition of gut microbiota in DSS-induced mice. Therefore, LPP had the potential to be a functional food that improved gut microbiota environment to enhance health and prevent diseases, such as a prebiotic.

Production of Lipopeptides from Bacillus velezensis BVQ121 and Their Application in Chitosan Antibacterial Coating

The extracellular substance of Bacillus has antibacterial effects inhibiting multiple foodborne pathogens and plays important roles in food production. This study found one Bacillus velezensis BVQ121 strain producing antibacterial lipopeptides (BVAL). After optimization of the fermentation conditions, the BVAL yield was the highest at 1.316 ± 0.03 g/L in reality with the initial pH 6.0, temperature 31 °C, and shaker speed 238 rpm when the optimal nitrogen and carbon sources were used in Landy medium for fermentation. The antibacterial components were identified as iturin, surfactin, and fengycin by HPLC and MALDI-TOF-MS. The MIC was at 2 mg/mL and MBC was at 5 mg/mL. The 6% weight ratio of nanocellulose dosage in chitosan solution could improve the tensile length and strength of the film, and the antibacterial performance was enhanced by the addition of BVAL. The addition of BVAL had no effect on the color and ductility of the film and improved its antibacterial effect. The shelf life of pigeon eggs can be extended by more than 10 days to resist bacterial infections after coating with the chitosan-nanocellulose-BVAL film solution.

Efficient conversion of cane molasses into Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides with enhanced bioactivity through repeated batch culture

Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFPS) is a natural mushroom mucopolysaccharide widely used in health foods, medical care, cosmetic and surgical materials. In this study, we developed an efficient strategy for the repeated batch production of highly bioactive TFPS from the agro-industrial residue cane molasses. Cane molasses contained 39.92 % sucrose (w/w), 6.36 % fructose and 3.53 % glucose, all of which could be utilized by T. fuciformis spores, whereas, the TFPS production efficiency only reached 0.74 g/L/d. Corn cobs proved to be the best immobilized carrier that could tightly absorb spores and significantly shorten the fermentation lag period. The average yield of TFPS in eight repeated batch culture was 5.52 g/L with a production efficiency of 2.04 g/L/d. The average fermentation cycle after optimization was reduced by 61.61 % compared with the initial conditions. Compared to glucose as a carbon source, cane molasses significantly increased the proportion of low-molecular-weight TFPS (TFPS-2) in total polysaccharides from 3.54 % to 17.25 % (w/w). Moreover, TFPS-2 exhibited potent antioxidant capacity against four free radicals (O2-, ABTS+, OH, and DPPH). In conclusion, this study lays the foundation for the efficient conversion of cane molasses and production of TFPS with high bioactivity.

Structural Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis on Monosodium Urate-Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages

The structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPs) were investigated. The study showed that TFPs were mainly composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, and fucose. TFPs significantly inhibited monosodium urate (MSU)-induced inflammation of RAW264.7 cells, as well as the secretion levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 cytokines. The concentrations of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species in RAW264.7 macrophages were reduced, but superoxide dismutase activity was increased. RNA-Seq technology was applied to explore the mechanisms of TFPs ameliorating MSU-induced inflammation of RAW264.7 macrophages. Results revealed that TFPs significantly reduce MSU-stimulated inflammatory damage in RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting signaling pathways like the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway and erythroblastic oncogene B (ErbB) signaling pathway. This study provides a foundation for TFPs to be developed as novel anti-inflammatory drugs.

Shiitake polysaccharides acted as a non-competitive inhibitor to α-glucosidase and inhibited glucose transport of digested starch from Caco-2 cells monolayer

The inhibition mechanism of shitake mushroom polysaccharides (Lentinula edodes polysaccharides, LEP) against α-glucosidase was studied by enzyme kinetic assay, fluorescence quenching and molecular docking. The effect of LEP on glucose transport of digested starch was investigated via an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 transwell model. LEP exhibited a stronger inhibiting effect (IC50 = 0.66 mg/mL) than acarbose and presented a non-competitive inhibition mechanism. The interaction between LEP and α-glucosidase primarily involved electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. Molecular docking modelling showed that the four structures of LEP were bound to the allosteric tunnel or adjacent pocket of α-glucosidase via electrostatic force and hydrogen bonds. The (1 → 6)-linkages in LEP structures favoured its binding affinity to the α-glucosidase. The α-glucosidase inhibiting activity of LEP was also found to emanate from the reduction in glucose transport of digested starch as deducted from the in vitro digestion/Caco-2 transwell data. The release of glucose from digested starch cooked with LEP was significantly reduced (33.7%) compared to the digested starch without LEP. The findings from the current study suggest that LEP could be a promising ingredient to inhibit α-glucosidase activity as well as control the level of postprandial blood glucose when incorporated into starchy foods.

Preparation of low molecular weight polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis by ultrasonic-assisted H2O2-Vc method: Structural characteristics, in vivo antioxidant activity and stress resistance

Different methods were used to degrade Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFP) and prepare low molecular weight polysaccharides of Tremella fuciformis (TFLP) to improve their bioavailability. It was found that the TFLP prepared by ultrasonic-assisted H2O2-Vc method showed the highest level of antioxidant activity and stress resistance in C. elegans. The structural characteristics, in vivo antioxidant and stress resistance of TFLP-1 were evaluated after isolation and purification of TFLP, it was found that TFLP-1 was an acid polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 75770 Da, which mainly composed of mannose. Meanwhile, it could regulate the antioxidant activity and stress resistance in C. elegans by upregulating the transcription of fat-5, fat-7, acs-2, glp-1, hsf-1, hsp-1, mtl-1, nhr-49, skn-1 and sod-3 mRNA. The improvement effects were closely related to the significant regulation of galactose metabolism, alpha linolenic acid metabolism, and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis metabolic pathways. These results provided insights into the high value application of Tremella fuciformis in the food industry and the development of antioxidant related functional foods.

Tremella Polysaccharide Has Potential to Retard Wheat Starch Gel System Retrogradation and Mechanism Research

This study investigated the effects of adding different concentrations of TP (tremella polysaccharide) on the water distribution, rheological, thermal, microstructure, and retrogradation properties of WS (wheat starch) gels. The results showed that the starch aging increased during storage, and the addition of TP reduced the rate of change of the elastic modulus of the starch gel and delayed the short-term aging of WS. In the same storage period, the hardness value of the gel decreased and the texture became softer with the increase in the mass fraction of TP. TP increased the T0 (starting temperature) of the system and decreased the enthalpy of retrogradation (ΔHr). No new groups were formed after the retrogradation of the compound system, the hydrogen bonding force increased with the increase in polysaccharide, and the relative crystallinity and the degree of ordering of the system decreased. The addition of TP increased the content of bound water and immobile water, decreased the content of free water, and increased the gel water-holding capacity, indicating that it could effectively inhibit the long-term retrogradation of WS. The findings provide new theoretical insights for the production of starch-based foods.

Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharide Induces Apoptosis of B16 Melanoma Cells via Promoting the M1 Polarization of Macrophages

Anti-tumor activity of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPS) has been widely reported, but its mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we established an in vitro co-culture system (B16 melanoma cells and RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells) to explore the potential anti-tumor mechanism of TFPS. Based on our results, TFPS exhibited no inhibition on the cell viability of B16 cells. However, significant apoptosis was observed when B16 cells were co-cultured with TFPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. We further found that mRNA levels of M1 macrophage markers including iNOS and CD80 were significantly upregulated in TFPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, while M2 macrophage markers such as Arg-1 and CD 206 remained unchanged. Besides, the migration, phagocytosis, production of inflammatory mediators (NO, IL-6 and TNF-α), and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 were markedly enhanced in TFPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways may be involved in M1 polarization of macrophages, and this hypothesis was verified by Western blot. In conclusion, our research demonstrated that TFPS induced apoptosis of melanoma cells by promoting M1 polarization of macrophages, and suggested TFPS may be applied as an immunomodulatory for cancer therapy.

Preparation and Antioxidant Activity In Vitro of Fermented Tremella fuciformis Extracellular Polysaccharides

This study was aimed at increasing the capacity of fermented Tremella fuciformis extracellular polysaccharides (TEPS) for possible functional food applications. Thus, strain varieties, fermentation parameters and purification conditions, and the in vitro antioxidant activities of purified EPS fractions were investigated. An EPS high-yield strain Tf526 was selected, and the effects of seven independent fermentation factors (time, temperature, initial pH, inoculum size, shaking speed, carbon, and nitrogen source) on the EPS yield were evaluated. By single factor optimization test, yeast extract and glucose were chosen as nitrogen sources and carbon sources, respectively, and with initial pH of 6.0, inoculum size of 8%, shaking speed of 150 rpm, and culture at 25 °C for 72 h, the optimal yield of TEPS reached 0.76 ± 0.03 mg/mL. Additionally, A-722MP resin showed the most efficient decoloration ratio compared to six other tested resins. Furthermore, optimal decoloration parameters of A-722MP resin were obtained as follows: decoloration time of 2 h, resins dosage of 2 g, and temperature of 30 °C. Decoloration ratio, deproteinization ratio, and polysaccharide retention ratio were 62.14 ± 2.3%, 81.21 ± 2.13%, and 73.42 ± 1.96%, respectively. Furthermore, the crude TEPS was extracted and four polysaccharide fractions were isolated and purified as Tf1-a, Tf1-b, Tf2, and Tf3 by the DEAE-Sepharose FF column and the Sephasryl S100 column. In general, the antioxidant activities of the Lf1-a and Lf1-b were lower compared with Vc at the concentration of 0.1 to 3 mg/mL, but the FRAP assay, DPPH scavenging activity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity analysis still revealed that Tf1-a and Tf1-b possess significant antioxidant activities in vitro. At the concentration of 3 mg/mL, the reducing power of Lf1-a and Lf1-b reached 0.86 and 0.70, the maximum DPPH radical were 54.23 ± 1.68% and 61.62 ± 2.73%, and the maximum hydroxyl radicals scavenging rates were 58.76 ± 2.58% and 45.81 ± 1.79%, respectively. Moreover, there were significant correlations (r > 0.8) among the selected concentrations and antioxidant activities of TEPS major fractions Tf1-a and Tf1-b. Therefore, it is expected that Tf1-a and Tf1-b polysaccharide fractions from fermented TEPS may serve as active ingredients in functional foods.

Chemical profile and antioxidant activity of bidirectional metabolites from Tremella fuciformis and Acanthopanax trifoliatus as assessed using response surface methodology

This study aimed to establish a bidirectional fermentation system using Tremella fuciformis and Acanthopanax trifoliatus to promote the transformation and utilization of the synthesized antioxidant metabolites from fermentation supernatant. The effect of fermentation conditions on the total phenolic content was investigated using response surface methodology in terms of three factors, including temperature (22–28°C), pH (6–8), and inoculum size (2–8%, v/v). The optimized fermentation parameters were: 28°C, pH 8, and an inoculum size of 2%, which led to a maximum total phenolic content of 314.79 ± 6.89 μg/mL in the fermentation supernatant after 24 h culture. The content of total flavonoids and polysaccharides reached 78.65 ± 0.82 μg/mL and 9358.08 ± 122.96 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, ABTS+, DPPH⋅, and ⋅OH clearance rates reached 95.09, 88.85, and 85.36% at 24 h under optimized conditions, respectively. The content of total phenolics, flavonoids and polysaccharides in the optimized fermentation supernatant of T. fuciformis–Acanthopanax trifoliatus increased by 0.88 ± 0.04, 0.09 ± 0.02, and 33.84 ± 1.85 times that of aqueous extracts from A. trifoliatus, respectively. Simultaneously, 0.30 ± 0.00, 0.26 ± 0.01, and 1.19 ± 0.12 times increase of antioxidant activity against ABTS+, DPPH⋅, and ⋅OH clearance rates were observed, respectively. Additionally, the metabolite composition changes caused by fermentation were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) based on untargeted metabolomics and the phytochemical profile of fermentation supernatant differentiated significantly based on unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) during fermentation from 24 to 96 h. Furthermore, a significant increase in antioxidant phenolic and flavonoid compounds, such as ellagic acid, vanillin, luteolin, kaempferol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, and (+)-gallocatechin, was observed after fermentation. Thus, these results indicated that the fermentation broth of T. fuciformis and A. trifoliatus had significant antioxidant activity, and may have potential application for health products such as functional beverages, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical raw materials.

Extraction, isolation, purification, derivatization, bioactivity, structure-activity relationship and application of polysaccharides from white jellyfungus

White jellyfungus is one of the most popular nutritional supplements. The polysaccharide (WJP) is an important active component of white jellyfungus, it not only has a variety of biological activities but also is non-toxic to humans. So, many scholars have carried out different researches on WJP. However, the lack of a detailed summary of WJP limits the scale of industrial development of WJP. Herein, the research progress of WJP in extraction, isolation, structure, derivatization and structure-activity relationship was reviewed. Different extraction methods were compared, the activity and application of WJP were summarized, and the structure-activity relationship of WJP was emphasized in order to provide effective theoretical support for improving the utilization of WJP and promoting the application of related industries. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Fabrication and characterization of core-shell gliadin/tremella polysaccharide nanoparticles for curcumin delivery: Encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical stability and bioaccessibility

The objectives of the present study were to synthesize gliadin/tremella polysaccharide nanoparticles (Gli/TP NPs) as well as curcumin-loaded gliadin/tremella polysaccharide nanoparticles (Cur-Gli/TP NPs) and evaluate the encapsulation efficiency (EE), physicochemical stability and bioaccessibility of Cur-Gli/TP NPs. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles depended on the mass ratio of Gli to TP and pH values. The characterization of the Gli/TP NPs indicated that the prepared nanoparticles were the most stable when the Gli/TP mass ratio was 1:1 and pH was at 4.0-7.0. Afterward, prepared Cur-Gli/TP NPs at different pH values were studied. Compared with the EE of Cur (58.2%) in Cur-Gli NPs at pH 5.0, the EE of Cur (90.6%) in Cur-Gli/TP NPs at pH 5.0 was increased by 32.4%. Besides, the Cur-Gli/TP NPs possessed excellent physical stability, photostability, thermal stability and re-dispersibility than Cur-Gli NPs. Furthermore, the bioaccessibility of Cur reached 83.5% after encapsulation of Cur into Gli/TP NPs after in vitro digestion, indicating that Cur-Gli/TP NPs could improve curcumin bioaccessibility significantly. In summary, this study demonstrates that the new food-grade Gli/TP NPs possess high encapsulation efficiency, excellent stability and prominent nutraceutical bioaccessibility. Meanwhile, it contributes to expanding the application of TP in food-grade delivery systems.

Anti-aging potency correlates with metabolites from in vitro fermentation of edible fungal polysaccharides using human fecal intestinal microflora

Aging is a natural process in which the structural integrity of an organism declines over time.

Characterization of chitin-glucan complex from Tremella fuciformis fermentation residue and evaluation of its antibacterial performance

Submerged fermentation of fungi is an efficient way to obtain extracellular polysaccharides, however, in this process, excess discarded biomass is produced. In this study, Tremella fuciformis mycelia were reused as the raw material to isolate a novel fungal chitin-glucan complex (CGC-TFM) using alkaline extraction. Characteristic analysis revealed that the CGC-TFM consisted of glucosamine/acetylglucosamine and glucose (GlcN:Glc = 26:74 mol%), indicating a reference to the β polymorphism of chitin-glucan complex, with the molecular weight and crystallinity index of 256 ± 3.0 kDa and 54.25 ± 1.04%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy analyses confirmed that the chitin portion of the CGC-TFM exhibited a typical β configuration and N-acetylation degree of 70.52 ± 2.09%. Furthermore, the CGC-TFM exhibited good thermal stability and effective Escherichia coli inhibition ability, indicating that it could be applied as a potential food packaging material.

Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides ameliorated ulcerative colitis via inhibiting inflammation and enhancing intestinal epithelial barrier function

The purpose of this paper was to explore the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanism of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFP) on ulcerative colitis (UC) based on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mice UC model and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Caco-2 cells model. The results firstly indicated that TFP can significantly alleviate the symptoms and signs of the DSS-induced mice UC model, which manifests as improvement of body weight loss, increase of colon length, decrease of colon thickness and reduction of intestinal permeability. Then, results from histopathological and electron microscope analysis further implied that TFP could dramatically reduce inflammatory cells infiltration and restore intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. In addition, the experiments of LPS-stimulated Caco-2 cells model in vitro also further confirmed that TFP could markedly inhibit the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase related genes or proteins expressions of intestinal barrier and mucus barrier. Taken together, these data suggested that TFP has a significant therapeutic effect on DSS-induced UC model, and its mechanisms are closely linked to the inhibition of inflammation and the restoration of intestinal barrier and mucus barrier function. These beneficial effects may make TFP a promising drug to be used in alleviating UC.

High-efficiency production of Tremella aurantialba polysaccharide through basidiospore fermentation

This study aims to develop a spore fermentation method instead of fruiting body extraction for the production of Tremella aurantialba polysaccharide (TAPS). The purified spore strain Tremella aurantialba NX-20 was isolated for TAPS fermentation. The fermented TAPS and the extracted TAPS had the same monosaccharide composition but higher molecular weight. The conditions for TAPS fermentation by NX-20 were optimized, which were 25 °C, pH 7, 10% initial inoculum and 5 days. To further reduce the processing steps and costs of the medium, tofu wastewater (TW) was used to replace defatted soybean meal (DSM). In a 7.5 L fermentation tank, 40 g/L glucose with 10-fold diluted TW was used as the medium. For TAPS fermentation, a maximum yield of 15.02 ± 0.40 g/L was achieved. In conclusion, this study provides a feasible strategy for the efficient preparation of TAPS through spore fermentation.