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Giuriato D, Catucci G, Correddu D, Nardo GD, Gilardi G. CYP116B5-SOX: An artificial peroxygenase for drug metabolites production and bioremediation. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300664. [PMID: 38719620 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
CYP116B5 is a class VII P450 in which the heme domain is linked to a FMN and 2Fe2S-binding reductase. Our laboratory has proved that the CYP116B5 heme domain (CYP116B5-hd) is capable of catalyzing the oxidation of substrates using H2O2. Recently, the Molecular Lego approach was applied to join the heme domain of CYP116B5 to sarcosine oxidase (SOX), which provides H2O2 in-situ by the sarcosine oxidation. In this work, the chimeric self-sufficient fusion enzyme CYP116B5-SOX was heterologously expressed, purified, and characterized for its functionality by absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments revealed a TM of 48.4 ± 0.04 and 58.3 ± 0.02°C and a enthalpy value of 175,500 ± 1850 and 120,500 ± 1350 cal mol-1 for the CYP116B5 and SOX domains respectively. The fusion enzyme showed an outstanding chemical stability in presence of up to 200 mM sarcosine or 5 mM H2O2 (4.4 ± 0.8 and 11.0 ± 2.6% heme leakage respectively). Thanks to the in-situ H2O2 generation, an improved kcat/KM for the p-nitrophenol conversion was observed (kcat of 20.1 ± 0.6 min-1 and KM of 0.23 ± 0.03 mM), corresponding to 4 times the kcat/KM of the CYP116B5-hd. The aim of this work is the development of an engineered biocatalyst to be exploited in bioremediation. In order to tackle this challenge, an E. coli strain expressing CYP116B5-SOX was employed to exploit this biocatalyst for the oxidation of the wastewater contaminating-drug tamoxifen. Data show a 12-fold increase in tamoxifen N-oxide production-herein detected for the first time as CYP116B5 metabolite-compared to the direct H2O2 supply, equal to the 25% of the total drug conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Giuriato
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Danilo Correddu
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Gasteazoro F, Catucci G, Barbieri L, De Angelis M, Dalla Costa A, Sadeghi SJ, Gilardi G, Valetti F. Cascade reactions with two non-physiological partners for NAD(P)H regeneration via renewable hydrogen. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300567. [PMID: 38581100 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
An attractive application of hydrogenases, combined with the availability of cheap and renewable hydrogen (i.e., from solar and wind powered electrolysis or from recycled wastes), is the production of high-value electron-rich intermediates such as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides. Here, the capability of a very robust and oxygen-resilient [FeFe]-hydrogenase (CbA5H) from Clostridium beijerinckii SM10, previously identified in our group, combined with a reductase (BMR) from Bacillus megaterium (now reclassified as Priestia megaterium) was tested. The system shows a good stability and it was demonstrated to reach up to 28 ± 2 nmol NADPH regenerated s-1 mg of hydrogenase-1 (i.e., 1.68 ± 0.12 U mg-1, TOF: 126 ± 9 min-1) and 0.46 ± 0.04 nmol NADH regenerated s-1 mg of hydrogenase-1 (i.e., 0.028 ± 0.002 U mg-1, TOF: 2.1 ± 0.2 min-1), meaning up to 74 mg of NADPH and 1.23 mg of NADH produced per hour by a system involving 1 mg of CbA5H. The TOF is comparable with similar systems based on hydrogen as regenerating molecule for NADPH, but the system is first of its kind as for the [FeFe]-hydrogenase and the non-physiological partners used. As a proof of concept a cascade reaction involving CbA5H, BMR and a mutant BVMO from Acinetobacter radioresistens able to oxidize indole is presented. The data show how the cascade can be exploited for indigo production and multiple reaction cycles can be sustained using the regenerated NADPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gasteazoro
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CICATA Unidad Morelos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico D. F., Mexico
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lisa Barbieri
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Melissa De Angelis
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Valetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Maksymiuk KM, Szudzik M, Samborowska E, Chabowski D, Konop M, Ufnal M. Mice, rats, and guinea pigs differ in FMOs expression and tissue concentration of TMAO, a gut bacteria-derived biomarker of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297474. [PMID: 38266015 PMCID: PMC10807837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased plasma trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is observed in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, originating from the gut microbiota product, trimethylamine (TMA), via flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs)-dependent oxidation. Numerous studies have investigated the association between plasma TMAO and various pathologies, yet limited knowledge exists regarding tissue concentrations of TMAO, TMAO precursors, and interspecies variability. METHODS Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was employed to evaluate tissue concentrations of TMAO and its precursors in adult male mice, rats, and guinea pigs. FMO mRNA and protein levels were assessed through PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Plasma TMAO levels were similar among the studied species. However, significant differences in tissue concentrations of TMAO were observed between mice, rats, and guinea pigs. The rat renal medulla exhibited the highest TMAO concentration, while the lowest was found in the mouse liver. Mice demonstrated significantly higher plasma TMA concentrations compared to rats and guinea pigs, with the highest TMA concentration found in the mouse renal medulla and the lowest in the rat lungs. FMO5 exhibited the highest expression in mouse liver, while FMO3 was highly expressed in rats. Guinea pigs displayed low expression of FMOs in this tissue. CONCLUSION Despite similar plasma TMAO levels, mice, rats, and guinea pigs exhibited significant differences in tissue concentrations of TMA, TMAO, and FMO expression. These interspecies variations should be considered in the design and interpretation of experimental studies. Furthermore, these findings may suggest a diverse importance of the TMAO pathway in the physiology of the evaluated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia M. Maksymiuk
- Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Szudzik
- Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Mass spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Chabowski
- Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Konop
- Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Laboratory of the Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Schiavon A, Saba L, Catucci G, Petiti J, Puglisi S, Borin C, Reimondo G, Gilardi G, Giachino C, Terzolo M, Lo Iacono M. Albumin/Mitotane Interaction Affects Drug Activity in Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells: Smoke and Mirrors on Mitotane Effect with Possible Implications for Patients' Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16701. [PMID: 38069023 PMCID: PMC10706292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitotane is the only drug approved for the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Although it has been used for many years, its mechanism of action remains elusive. H295R cells are, in ACC, an essential tool to evaluate drug mechanisms, although they often lead to conflicting results. METHODS Using different in vitro biomolecular technologies and biochemical/biophysical experiments, we evaluated how the presence of "confounding factors" in culture media and patient sera could reduce the pharmacological effect of mitotane and its metabolites. RESULTS We discovered that albumin, the most abundant protein in the blood, was able to bind mitotane. This interaction altered the effect of the drug by blocking its biological activity. This blocking effect was independent of the albumin source or methodology used and altered the assessment of drug sensitivity of the cell lines. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we have for the first time demonstrated that albumin does not only act as an inert drug carrier when mitotane or its metabolites are present. Indeed, our experiments clearly indicated that both albumin and human serum were able to suppress the pharmacological effect of mitotane in vitro. These experiments could represent a first step towards the individualization of mitotane treatment in this rare tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Schiavon
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (A.S.); (L.S.); (S.P.); (C.B.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Laura Saba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (A.S.); (L.S.); (S.P.); (C.B.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (G.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Jessica Petiti
- Division of Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Sciences, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), 10135 Turin, Italy;
| | - Soraya Puglisi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (A.S.); (L.S.); (S.P.); (C.B.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Chiara Borin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (A.S.); (L.S.); (S.P.); (C.B.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Giuseppe Reimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (A.S.); (L.S.); (S.P.); (C.B.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; (G.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Claudia Giachino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (A.S.); (L.S.); (S.P.); (C.B.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Massimo Terzolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (A.S.); (L.S.); (S.P.); (C.B.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Marco Lo Iacono
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (A.S.); (L.S.); (S.P.); (C.B.); (G.R.); (C.G.); (M.T.)
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5
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Giuriato D, Correddu D, Catucci G, Di Nardo G, Bolchi C, Pallavicini M, Gilardi G. Design of a H 2 O 2 -generating P450 SPα fusion protein for high yield fatty acid conversion. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4501. [PMID: 36334042 PMCID: PMC9679977 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomonas paucimobilis' P450SPα (CYP152B1) is a good candidate as industrial biocatalyst. This enzyme is able to use hydrogen peroxide as unique cofactor to catalyze the fatty acids conversion to α-hydroxy fatty acids, thus avoiding the use of expensive electron-donor(s) and redox partner(s). Nevertheless, the toxicity of exogenous H2 O2 toward proteins and cells often results in the failure of the reaction scale-up when it is directly added as co-substrate. In order to bypass this problem, we designed a H2 O2 self-producing enzyme by fusing the P450SPα to the monomeric sarcosine oxidase (MSOX), as H2 O2 donor system, in a unique polypeptide chain, obtaining the P450SPα -polyG-MSOX fusion protein. The purified P450SPα -polyG-MSOX protein displayed high purity (A417 /A280 = 0.6) and H2 O2 -tolerance (kdecay = 0.0021 ± 0.000055 min-1 ; ΔA417 = 0.018 ± 0.001) as well as good thermal stability (Tm : 59.3 ± 0.3°C and 63.2 ± 0.02°C for P450SPα and MSOX domains, respectively). The data show how the catalytic interplay between the two domains can be finely regulated by using 500 mM sarcosine as sacrificial substrate to generate H2 O2 . Indeed, the fusion protein resulted in a high conversion yield toward fat waste biomass-representative fatty acids, that is, lauric acid (TON = 6,800 compared to the isolated P450SPα TON = 2,307); myristic acid (TON = 6,750); and palmitic acid (TON = 1,962).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Giuriato
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Danilo Correddu
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Cristiano Bolchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Marco Pallavicini
- Dipartimento di Scienze FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
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Ernst S, Mährlein A, Ritzmann NH, Drees SL, Fetzner S. A comparative study of
N
‐hydroxylating flavoprotein monooxygenases reveals differences in kinetics and cofactor binding. FEBS J 2022; 289:5637-5655. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Münster Germany
| | - Almuth Mährlein
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Münster Germany
| | - Niklas H. Ritzmann
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Münster Germany
| | - Steffen L. Drees
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Münster Germany
| | - Susanne Fetzner
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Münster Germany
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Massey W, Osborn LJ, Banerjee R, Horak A, Fung KK, Orabi D, Chan ER, Sangwan N, Wang Z, Brown JM. Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) Is Critical for Dioxin-Induced Reorganization of the Gut Microbiome and Host Insulin Sensitivity. Metabolites 2022; 12:364. [PMID: 35448550 PMCID: PMC9029240 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to some environmental pollutants can have potent endocrine-disrupting effects, thereby promoting hormone imbalance and cardiometabolic diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes, and cardiorenal diseases. Recent evidence also suggests that many environmental pollutants can reorganize the gut microbiome to potentially impact these diverse human diseases. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is among the most potent endocrine-disrupting dioxin pollutants, yet our understanding of how TCDD impacts the gut microbiome and systemic metabolism is incompletely understood. Here, we show that TCDD exposure in mice profoundly stimulates the hepatic expression of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (Fmo3), which is a hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme that is also responsible for the production of the gut microbiome-associated metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Interestingly, an enzymatic product of FMO3 (TMAO) has been associated with the same cardiometabolic diseases that these environmental pollutants promote. Therefore, here, we examined TCDD-induced alterations in the gut microbiome, host liver transcriptome, and glucose tolerance in Fmo3+/+ and Fmo3-/- mice. Our results show that Fmo3 is a critical component of the transcriptional response to TCDD, impacting the gut microbiome, host liver transcriptome, and systemic glucose tolerance. Collectively, this work uncovers a previously underappreciated role for Fmo3 in integrating diet-pollutant-microbe-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Massey
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lucas J. Osborn
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rakhee Banerjee
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Anthony Horak
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kevin K. Fung
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Danny Orabi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - E. Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Naseer Sangwan
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Microbial Sequencing & Analytics Core Facility, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (W.M.); (L.J.O.); (R.B.); (A.H.); (K.K.F.); (D.O.); (Z.W.)
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Catucci G, Ciaramella A, Di Nardo G, Zhang C, Castrignanò S, Gilardi G. Molecular Lego of Human Cytochrome P450: The Key Role of Heme Domain Flexibility for the Activity of the Chimeric Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073618. [PMID: 35408976 PMCID: PMC8998974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 superfamily are heme-thiolate enzymes able to carry out monooxygenase reactions. Several studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using a soluble bacterial reductase from Bacillus megaterium, BMR, as an artificial electron transfer partner fused to the human P450 domain in a single polypeptide chain in an approach known as ‘molecular Lego’. The 3A4-BMR chimera has been deeply characterized biochemically for its activity, coupling efficiency, and flexibility by many different biophysical techniques leading to the conclusion that an extension of five glycines in the loop that connects the two domains improves all the catalytic parameters due to improved flexibility of the system. In this work, we extend the characterization of 3A4-BMR chimeras using differential scanning calorimetry to evaluate stabilizing role of BMR. We apply the ‘molecular Lego’ approach also to CYP19A1 (aromatase) and the data show that the activity of the chimeras is very low (<0.003 min−1) for all the constructs tested with a different linker loop length: ARO-BMR, ARO-BMR-3GLY, and ARO-BMR-5GLY. Nevertheless, the fusion to BMR shows a remarkable effect on thermal stability studied by differential scanning calorimetry as indicated by the increase in Tonset by 10 °C and the presence of a cooperative unfolding process driven by the BMR protein domain. Previously characterized 3A4-BMR constructs show the same behavior of ARO-BMR constructs in terms of thermal stabilization but a higher activity as a function of the loop length. A comparison of the ARO-BMR system to 3A4-BMR indicates that the design of each P450-BMR chimera should be carefully evaluated not only in terms of electron transfer, but also for the biophysical constraints that cannot always be overcome by chimerization.
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9
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Yang Z, Stemmer PM, Petriello MC. Proteomics-Based Identification of Interaction Partners of the Xenobiotic Detoxification Enzyme FMO3 Reveals Involvement in Urea Cycle. TOXICS 2022; 10:60. [PMID: 35202247 PMCID: PMC8877285 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) has been implicated in the development of cardiometabolic disease primarily due to its enzymatic product trimethylamine-N oxide (TMAO), which has recently been shown to be associated with multiple chronic diseases, including kidney and coronary artery diseases. Although TMAO may have causative roles as a pro-inflammatory mediator, the possibility for roles in metabolic disease for FMO3, irrespective of TMAO formation, does exist. We hypothesized that FMO3 may interact with other proteins known to be involved in cardiometabolic diseases and that modulating the expression of FMO3 may impact on these interaction partners. Here, we combine a co-immunoprecipitation strategy coupled to unbiased proteomic workflow to report a novel protein:protein interaction network for FMO3. We identified 51 FMO3 protein interaction partners, and through gene ontology analysis, have identified urea cycle as an enriched pathway. Using mice deficient in FMO3 on two separate backgrounds, we validated and further investigated expressional and functional associations between FMO3 and the identified urea cycle genes. FMO3-deficient mice showed hepatic overexpression of carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPS1), the rate-limiting gene of urea cycle, and increased hepatic urea levels, especially in mice of FVB (Friend leukemia virus B strain) background. Finally, overexpression of FMO3 in murine AML12 hepatocytes led to downregulation of CPS1. Although there is past literature linking TMAO to urea cycle, this is the first published work showing that FMO3 and CPS1 may directly interact, implicating a role for FMO3 in chronic kidney disease irrespective of TMAO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Z.Y.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Paul M. Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Z.Y.); (P.M.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Michael C. Petriello
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Z.Y.); (P.M.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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10
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Cheropkina H, Catucci G, Marucco A, Fenoglio I, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. Human flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 and its long-sought hydroperoxyflavin intermediate. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114763. [PMID: 34509493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Out of the five isoforms of human flavin-containing monooxygenase (hFMO), FMO1 and FMO3 are the most relevant to Phase I drug metabolism. They are involved in the oxygenation of xenobiotics including drugs and pesticides using NADPH and FAD as cofactors. Majority of the characterization of these enzymes has involved hFMO3, where intermediates of its catalytic cycle have been described. On the other hand, research efforts have so far failed in capturing the same key intermediate that is responsible for the monooxygenation activity of hFMO1. In this work we demonstrate spectrophotometrically the formation of a highly stable C4a-hydroperoxyflavin intermediate of hFMO1 upon reduction by NADPH and in the presence of O2. The measured half-life of this flavin intermediate revealed it to be stable and not fully re-oxidized even after 30 min at 15 °C in the absence of substrate, the highest stability ever observed for a human FMO. In addition, the uncoupling reactions of hFMO1 show that this enzyme is <1% uncoupled in the presence of substrate, forming small amounts of H2O2 with no observable superoxide as confirmed by EPR spin trapping experiments. This behaviour is different from hFMO3, that is shown to form both H2O2 and superoxide anion radical as a result of ∼50% uncoupling. These data are consistent with the higher stability of the hFMO1 intermediate in comparison to hFMO3. Taken together, these data demonstrate the different behaviours of these two closely related enzymes with consequences for drug metabolism as well as possible toxicity due to reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Cheropkina
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Marucco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy.
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