Genistein inhibits TNF-α-induced endothelial inflammation through the protein kinase pathway A and improves vascular inflammation in C57BL/6 mice

BIO 300 Attenuates Whole Blood Transcriptome Changes in Mice Exposed to Total-Body Radiation

Development of radiation medical countermeasures under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Animal Rule requires the capability to translate an effective animal-to-human drug dose. One method of human dose translation is using a biomarker and determining drug doses that modulate the biomarker to the desired level. BIO 300 Oral Powder (BIO 300) is a prophylactic radiation medical countermeasure that is currently being developed following the Animal Rule. The present study aimed to identify biomarkers that can be used for human dose conversion by conducting transcriptomics of whole blood collected from BIO 300-treated CD2F1 mice in the presence and absence of total-body irradiation (TBI). Unirradiated mice were treated with vehicle or 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg BIO 300, and irradiated mice were treated with 200 mg/kg or BIO 300 or vehicle prior to TBI. Whole-blood samples were collected after the last dose of the drug and after irradiation. RNA sequencing demonstrated 100 and 200 mg/kg of BIO 300 doses caused significantly more differential gene expression at 48 h after drug dose compared to 50 mg/kg of BIO 300 (7648, 7680, and 55 significantly differently expressed genes, respectively). Interestingly, following TBI, there were no significantly differentially expressed genes between vehicle- and BIO 300-treated mice. Despite the lack of significant changes in gene expression, the transcriptomic profiles in both groups indicated differential changes in signaling pathways. Pathway analysis of the transcriptome profile from vehicle-treated/TBI mice revealed that many inflammatory signaling pathways were activated in these animals. Signaling pathways enriched in BIO 300-treated/TBI mice were involved in cellular stress and immune response and were predicted to be inhibited. In all, four signaling pathways of interest were identified that were differentially enriched in irradiated animals treated with BIO 300: pathogen-induced cytokine storm signaling, S100 family signaling, pulmonary fibrosis idiopathic signaling, and wound-healing signaling. These pathways should be explored to identify potential biomarkers of BIO 300 that can be used for human dose translation.

Genistein: A promising phytoconstituent with reference to its bioactivities

Genistein, a potent phytoconstituent, has garnered significant attention for its diverse bioactivities, making it a subject of extensive research and exploration. This review delves into the multifaceted properties of genistein, encompassing its antioxidant and anticancer potential. Its ability to modulate various cellular pathways and interact with diverse molecular targets has positioned it as a promising candidate in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. This review provides a comprehensive examination of Genistein, covering its chemical properties, methods of isolation, synthesis, therapeutic attributes with regard to cancer management, and the proposed mechanisms of action as put forth by researchers.

Actinidia arguta Extract Containing Myo-Inositol Suppresses TNF-α-Induced VCAM-1 Expression and Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells via Inhibition of the PTEN/Akt/GSK-3β and NF-κB Signaling Pathways

The primary inflammatory process in atherosclerosis, a major contributor to cardiovascular disease, begins with monocyte adhering to vascular endothelial cells. Actinidia arguta (kiwiberry) is an edible fruit that contains various bioactive components. While A. arguta extract (AAE) has been recognized for its anti-inflammatory characteristics, its specific inhibitory effect on early atherogenic events has not been clarified. We used tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for an in vitro model. AAE effectively hindered the attachment of THP-1 monocytes and reduced the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in HUVECs. Transcriptome analysis revealed that AAE treatment upregulated phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), subsequently inhibiting phosphorylation of AKT and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in HUVECs. AAE further hindered phosphorylation of AKT downstream of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, leading to suppression of target gene expression. Oral administration of AAE suppressed TNF-α-stimulated VCAM-1 expression, monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine expression in C57BL/6 mouse aortas. Myo-inositol, identified as the major compound in AAE, played a key role in suppressing THP-1 monocyte adhesion in HUVECs. These findings suggest that AAE could serve as a nutraceutical for preventing atherosclerosis by inhibiting its initial pathogenesis.

Electrospun drug-loaded scaffolds for nervous system repair

Nervous system injuries, encompassing peripheral nerve injury (PNI), spinal cord injury (SCI), and traumatic brain injury (TBI), present significant challenges to patients' wellbeing. Traditional treatment approaches have limitations in addressing the complexity of neural tissue regeneration and require innovative solutions. Among emerging strategies, implantable materials, particularly electrospun drug-loaded scaffolds, have gained attention for their potential to simultaneously provide structural support and controlled release of therapeutic agents. This review provides a thorough exploration of recent developments in the design and application of electrospun drug-loaded scaffolds for nervous system repair. The electrospinning process offers precise control over scaffold characteristics, including mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and topography, crucial for creating a conducive environment for neural tissue regeneration. The large surface area of the resulting fibrous networks enhances biomolecule attachment, influencing cellular behaviors such as adhesion, proliferation, and migration. Polymeric electrospun materials demonstrate versatility in accommodating a spectrum of therapeutics, from small molecules to proteins. This enables tailored interventions to accelerate neuroregeneration and mitigate inflammation at the injury site. A critical aspect of this review is the examination of the interplay between structural properties and pharmacological effects, emphasizing the importance of optimizing both aspects for enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Drawing upon the latest advancements in the field, we discuss the promising outcomes of preclinical studies using electrospun drug-loaded scaffolds for nervous system repair, as well as future perspectives and considerations for their design and implementation. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.

Oleanolic acid rescues critical features of umbilical vein endothelial cells permanently affected by hyperglycemia

Skin wound healing is a physiological process that involves several cell types. Among them, endothelial cells are required for inflammation resolution and neo-angiogenesis, both necessary for tissue restoration after injury. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (C-HUVECs) are derived from the umbilical cord. When women develop gestational diabetes, chronic exposure to hyperglycemia induces epigenetic modifications in these cells (GD-HUVECs), leading to a permanent pro-inflammatory phenotype and impaired angiogenesis in contrast to control cells. Oleanolic acid (OA) is a bioactive triterpenoid known for its epithelial cell migration promotion stimulation and higher tensile strength of wounds. However, the potentially anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic properties of OA are still under investigation. We tested OA on C- and GD-HUVECs under inflammatory conditions induced by low levels of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Reduced expression of adhesion molecules VCAM1, ICAM1, and SELE was obtained in OA-pre-treated C- and GD-HUVECs. Additionally, protein VCAM1 levels were also decreased by OA. Coherently, monocyte adhesion assays showed that a lower number of monocytes adhered to GD-HUVEC endothelium under OA pre-treatment when compared to untreated ones. It is noteworthy that OA improved angiogenesis parameters in both phenotypes, being especially remarkable in the case of GD-HUVECs, since OA strongly rescued their poor tube formation behavior. Moreover, endothelial cell migration was improved in C- and GD-HUVECs in scratch assays, an effect that was further confirmed by focal adhesion (FA) remodeling, revealed by paxillin staining on immunocytochemistry assays. Altogether, these results suggest that OA could be an emergent wound healing agent due to its capacity to rescue endothelial malfunction caused by hyperglycemia.

Soy Protein Containing Isoflavones Improves Facial Signs of Photoaging and Skin Hydration in Postmenopausal Women: Results of a Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial

Preliminary findings from multiple studies indicate that dietary intake of soy-derived isoflavones exert beneficial effects on the skin including defense against oxidant damage, stimulation of collagen synthesis, and increased hydration. This study aims to investigate how oral supplementation of a soy protein isolate with added isoflavones (SPII) affects components of photoaging such as facial wrinkles and dyspigmentation, and skin biophysical measures such as skin hydration and sebum excretion in postmenopausal women. This 6-month prospective, randomized double-blind controlled study was conducted on 44 postmenopausal women with Fitzpatrick skin types I, II, and III who were randomized to receive either casein protein or SPII. A high-resolution facial photography system was used to measure wrinkle severity and pigmentation at 0, 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Skin biophysical measurements included skin hydration and sebum production. The average wrinkle severity was decreased in the SPII intervention group at week 16 and week 24 by 5.9% and 7.1%, respectively, compared to the baseline. Compared to the casein group, average wrinkle severity was significantly decreased at week 16 (p < 0.05) and week 24 (p < 0.0001). Facial pigment intensity was decreased by -2.5% (p < 0.05) at week 24, whereas there was no significant change in the casein group. Compared to baseline, skin hydration in the SPII group was significantly increased by 39% and 68% on the left and right cheeks (p < 0.05), respectively, at 24 weeks. There were no significant differences in sebum production. Dietary soy protein supplementation with isoflavones may improve skin photoaging, including wrinkles and dyspigmentation, and increase skin hydration in postmenopausal women with Fitzpatrick skin types I, II, and III.

Diet quality and prodromal Parkinson's disease probability in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder

INTRODUCTION

It is reported that a diet that lowers oxidative stress reduces the prodromal Parkinson's disease (pPD) probability as well as the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we evaluated whether the diet quality of patients with isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) were associated with the pPD probability score, PD risk markers, or prodromal markers.

METHODS

Polysomnography (PSG)-confirmed iRBD patients from the Neurology Department at Seoul National University Hospital were enrolled. We calculated the pPD probability using the "Web-based Medical Calculator for Prodromal Risk in Parkinsonism" Diet quality was assessed using the Recommended Food Score (RFS).

RESULTS

We enrolled 101 patients with iRBD. The mean RFS score of patients with iRBD was 28.23 ± 9.29, which did not differ from the general population. Among patients with iRBD, the probability of pPD did not differ between the high and low RFS groups. In patients aged <70 years, although total RFS was not correlated with pPD probability (p = 0.529, Spearman rank correlation), legume consumption was negatively correlated with pPD probability (p = 0.032): furthermore, legume consumption was significantly higher in patients with fewer prodromal markers (p = 0.016).

CONCLUSION

Diet quality assessed by RFS did not differ between the general population and patients with iRBD in Korea. Further studies are needed to confirm these protective effects of legume consumption on iRBD, which may have strong implications for the prevention and management of PD.

Oxidative stress, hormones, and effects of natural antioxidants on intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by intestinal inflammation. The etiology of IBD is multifactorial and results from a complex interplay between mucosal immunity, environmental factors, and host genetics. Future therapeutics for GI disorders, including IBD, that are driven by oxidative stress require a greater understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the GI tract, oxidative stressors include infections and pro-inflammatory responses, which boost ROS generation by promoting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) represent two important signaling pathways in intestinal immune cells that regulate numerous physiological processes, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Natural antioxidant compounds exhibit ROS scavenging and increase antioxidant defense capacity to inhibit pro-oxidative enzymes, which may be useful in IBD treatment. In this review, we discuss various polyphenolic substances (such as resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, green tea flavonoids, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, luteolin, xanthohumol, genistein, alpinetin, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, silymarin), phenolic compounds including thymol, alkaloids such as berberine, storage polysaccharides such as tamarind xyloglucan, and other phytochemicals represented by isothiocyanate sulforaphane and food/spices (such as ginger, flaxseed oil), as well as antioxidant hormones like melatonin that target cellular signaling pathways to reduce intestinal inflammation occurring with IBD.

Innovative Wound Healing Hydrogel Containing Chicken Feather Keratin and Soy Isoflavone Genistein: In Vivo Studies

The current study was performed to isolate keratin from chicken feathers with an intention to develop a keratin-genistein wound-healing hydrogel, along with its in vivo analysis. Pre-formulation aspects were analysed by using FTIR; SEM; HPTLC, while gel was characterized for gel strength, viscosity, spreadability, drug content, etc. Additionally, an in vivo study along with biochemical factors against pro-inflammatory factors and histopathological studies were conducted to determine possible wound-healing and anti-inflammatory effects. Pre-formulation studies revealed the presence of amide bonds with region of dense fibrous keratin and an internal porous network in extracted keratin, which corresponds with standard keratin. Evaluation of optimised keratin-genistein hydrogel indicated the development of neutral, non-sticky hydrogel which spread evenly on the skin. In vivo studies in rats indicate higher degrees of wound-healing in combined hydrogel (94.65%) for a duration of 14 days as compared to an individual hydrogel formulation with the development of the epidermis and excessive proliferation of fibrous connective tissue indicating wound repair. Furthermore, the hydrogel inhibited the overexpression of IL-6 gene along with other pro-inflammatory factors, indicating its anti-inflammatory effects. In order to find out the possibility of closure of wounds and anti-inflammatory properties of the novel product, an in vivo investigation into the healing of wounds in laboratory animals was carried out through biochemical (ELISA and qRT-PCR) analyses against inflammatory markers (IL-2, IL-6, IL-1, IL-10, and COX-2) and histopathological (liver, skin, and the kidneys) investigations. Based on the results, we conclude that keratin-genistein hydrogel is a promising therapeutic molecule for the management of wound repair.

Crosstalk between phytochemicals and inflammatory signaling pathways

Novel bioactive constituents from natural sources are actively being investigated. The phytochemicals in these phenolic compounds are believed to have a variety of beneficial effects on human health. Several phenolic compounds have been found in plants. The antioxidant potential of phenols has been discussed in numerous studies along with their anti-inflammatory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine, inducible cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide synthase. Through current study, an attempt is made to outline and highlight a wide variety of inflammation-associated signaling pathways that have been modified by several natural compounds. These signaling pathways include nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-кB), activator protein (AP)-1, protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factors, tyrosine phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In light of the influence of natural substances on signaling pathways, their impact on the production of inflammatory mediator is highlighted in this review.

The Potential Role of Connexins in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Connexins (Cx) are members of a protein family which enable extracellular and intercellular communication through hemichannels and gap junctions (GJ), respectively. Cx take part in transporting important cell-cell messengers such as 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), among others. Therefore, they play a significant role in regulating cell homeostasis, proliferation, and differentiation. Alterations in Cx distribution, degradation, and post-translational modifications have been correlated with cancers, as well as cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Depending on the isoform, Cx have been shown either to promote or suppress the development of atherosclerosis, a progressive inflammatory disease affecting large and medium-sized arteries. Cx might contribute to the progression of the disease by enhancing endothelial dysfunction, monocyte recruitment, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activation, or by inhibiting VSMC autophagy. Inhibition or modulation of the expression of specific isoforms could suppress atherosclerotic plaque formation and diminish pro-inflammatory conditions. A better understanding of the complexity of atherosclerosis pathophysiology linked with Cx could result in developing novel therapeutic strategies. This review aims to present the role of Cx in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and discusses whether they can become novel therapeutic targets.

The Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Five Vegetal Extracts with Hepatoprotective Potential

Oxidative stress is among the major triggers for many important human functional disorders, which often lead to various metabolic or tissue diseases. The aim of the study is to obtain five standardized vegetal extracts (Cynarae extractum-CE, Rosmarini extractum-RE, Taraxaci extractum-TE, Cichorii extractum-CHE, and Agrimoniae extractum-AE) that contain active principles with an essential role in protecting liver cells against free radicals and quantify their antioxidant actions. The compounds of therapeutic interest from the analyzed extracts were identified and quantified using the UHPLC-HRMS/MS technique. Thus, the resulting identified compounds were 28 compounds in CE, 48 compounds in RE, 39 compounds in TE, 43 compounds in CHE, and 31 compounds in AE. These compounds belong to the class of flavonoids, isoflavones, phenolic acids and dicarboxylic acids, depsides, diterpenes, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, proanthocyanidins, or coumarin derivatives. From the major polyphenolic compounds quantified in all the extracts analyzed by UHPLC-HRMS/MS, considerable amounts have been found for chlorogenic acid (619.8 µg/g extract for TE-2032.4 µg/g extract for AE), rutoside (105.1 µg/g extract for RE-1724.7 µg/g extract for AE), kaempferol (243 µg/g extract for CHE-2028.4 µg/g extract for CE), and for naringenin (383 µg/g extract for CHE-1375.8 µg/g extract for AE). The quantitative chemical analysis showed the highest content of total phenolic acids for AE (24.1528 ± 1.1936 g chlorogenic acid/100 g dry extract), the highest concentration of flavones for RE (6.0847 ± 0.3025 g rutoside/100 g dry extract), and the richest extract in total polyphenols with 31.7017 ± 1.2211 g tannic acid equivalent/100 g dry extract for AE. Several methods (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) have been used to determine the in vitro total antioxidant activity of the extracts to evaluate their free radical scavenging ability, influenced by the identified compounds. As a result, the correlation between the content of the polyphenolic compounds and the antioxidant effect of the extracts has been demonstrated. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing the antiradical capacity within the study groups. Although all the analyzed extracts showed good IC50 values, which may explain their antihepatotoxic effects, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained for Agrimoniae extractum (IC50ABTS = 0.0147 mg/mL) and the lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for Cynarae extractum (IC50ABTS = 0.1588 mg/mL). Furthermore, the hepatoprotective potential was evaluated in silico by predicting the interactions between the determined phytochemicals and key molecular targets relevant to liver disease pathophysiology. Finally, the evaluation of the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of the studied extracts validates their use as adjuvants in phytotherapy, as they reduce oxidative stress and toxin accumulation and thus exert a hepatoprotective effect at the cellular level.

Cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist genistein attenuates marijuana-induced vascular inflammation

Epidemiological studies reveal that marijuana increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, little is known about the mechanism. Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC), the psychoactive component of marijuana, binds to cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1/CNR1) in the vasculature and is implicated in CVD. A UK Biobank analysis found that cannabis was an risk factor for CVD. We found that marijuana smoking activated inflammatory cytokines implicated in CVD. In silico virtual screening identified genistein, a soybean isoflavone, as a putative CB1 antagonist. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells were used to model Δ⁹-THC-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via NF-κB signaling. Knockdown of the CB1 receptor with siRNA, CRISPR interference, and genistein attenuated the effects of Δ⁹-THC. In mice, genistein blocked Δ⁹-THC-induced endothelial dysfunction in wire myograph, reduced atherosclerotic plaque, and had minimal penetration of the central nervous system. Genistein is a CB1 antagonist that attenuates Δ⁹-THC-induced atherosclerosis.

The multimodal action of genistein in Alzheimer's and other age-related diseases

Genistein is a phytoestrogen that, due to its structural similarity with estrogen, can both mimic and antagonize estrogen effects. Early analysis proved that at high concentrations, genistein inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation, thereby suggesting an anticancer activity. Since then, many discoveries have identified the genistein mechanism of action, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, as well as angiogenesis, and metastasis inhibition. In this review, we aim to discuss the multimodal action of genistein as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloid β, and autophagy promoter, which could be responsible for the genistein beneficial effect on Alzheimer's. Furthermore, we pinpoint the main signal transduction pathways that are known to be modulated by genistein. Genistein has thus several beneficial effects in several diseases, many of them associated with age, such as the above mentioned Alzheimer disease. Indeed, the beneficial effects of genistein for health promotion depend on each multimodality. In the context of geroscience, genistein has promising beneficial effects due to its multimodal action to treat age associated-diseases.

Parkinson's Disease: Is there a Role for Dietary and Herbal Supplements?

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterised by degeneration of the neurons of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway of the brain. The pharmacological cornerstone of PD management is mainly the use of dopamine precursors, dopamine receptor agonists, and agents that inhibit the biochemical degradation of dopamine. While these drugs initially provide relief to the symptoms and improve the quality of life of the patients, progression of the underlying pathological processes, such as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation (which have been strongly associated with PD and other neurodegenerative disorders), eventually reduce their benefits, making further benefits achievable, only at high doses due to which the magnitude and frequency of side-effects are amplified. Also, while it is becoming obvious that mainstream pharmacological agents may not always provide the much-needed answer, the question remains what succour can nature provide through dietary supplements, nutraceuticals and herbal remedies? This narrative review examines current literature for evidence of the possible roles (if any) of nutraceuticals, dietary supplements and herbal remedies in the prevention or management of PD by examining how these compounds could modulate key factors and pathways that are crucial to the pathogenesis and/or progression of PD. The likely limitations of this approach and its possible future roles in PD prevention and management are also considered.

Polyphenols: Potential anti-inflammatory agents for treatment of metabolic disorders

Ample evidence highlights the potential benefits of polyphenols in health status especially in obesity-related metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Mechanistically, due to the key role of "Metainflammation" in the pathomechanism of metabolic disorders, recently much focus has been placed on the properties of polyphenols in obesity-related morbidities. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of polyphenols, including genistein, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, and silymarin in inflammatory responses pertinent to metabolic disorders and discusses the implications of this evidence for future directions. This review provides evidence that the aforementioned polyphenols benefit health status in metabolic disorders via direct and indirect regulation of a variety of target proteins involved in inflammatory signaling pathways. However, due to limitations of the in vitro and in vivo studies and also the lack of long-term human clinical trials studies, further high-quality investigations are required to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the polyphenols for the prevention and management of metabolic disorders.

Natural Compound Resveratrol Attenuates TNF-Alpha-Induced Vascular Dysfunction in Mice and Human Endothelial Cells: The Involvement of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Resveratrol, a natural compound in grapes and red wine, has drawn attention due to potential cardiovascular-related health benefits. However, its effect on vascular inflammation at physiologically achievable concentrations is largely unknown. In this study, resveratrol in concentrations as low as 1 μm suppressed TNF-α-induced monocyte adhesion to human EA.hy926 endothelial cells (ECs), a key event in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. Low concentrations of resveratrol (0.25–2 μm) also significantly attenuated TNF-α-stimulated mRNA expressions of MCP-1/CCL2 and ICAM-1, which are vital mediators of EC-monocyte adhesion molecules and cytokines for cardiovascular plaque formation. Additionally, resveratrol diminished TNF-α-induced IκB-α degradation and subsequent nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in ECs. In the animal study, resveratrol supplementation in diet significantly diminished TNF-α-induced increases in circulating levels of adhesion molecules and cytokines, monocyte adhesion to mouse aortic ECs, F4/80-positive macrophages and VCAM-1 expression in mice aortas and restored the disruption in aortic elastin fiber caused by TNF-α treatment. The animal study also confirmed that resveratrol blocks the activation of NF-κB In Vivo. In conclusion, resveratrol at physiologically achievable concentrations displayed protective effects against TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial inflammation in vitro and In Vivo. The ability of resveratrol in reducing inflammation may be associated with its role as a down-regulator of the NF-κB pathway.

Molecular Mechanism of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Perilla Seed Oil and Rosmarinic Acid Rich Fraction Extracted from Perilla Seed Meal on TNF-α Induced A549 Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells

Industrially, after the removal of oil from perilla seeds (PS) by screw-type compression, the large quantities of residual perilla seed meal (PSM) becomes non-valuable waste. Therefore, to increase the health value and price of PS and PSM, we focused on the biological effects of perilla seed oil (PSO) and rosmarinic acid-rich fraction (RA-RF) extracted from PSM for their role in preventing oxidative stress and inflammation caused by TNF-α exposure in an A549 lung adenocarcinoma culture model. The A549 cells were pretreated with PSO or RA-RF and followed by TNF-α treatment. We found that PSO and RA-RF were not toxic to TNF-α-induced A549 cells. Both extracts significantly decreased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this cell line. The mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and COX-2 were significantly decreased by the treatment of PSO and RA-RF. The Western blot indicated that the expression of MnSOD, FOXO1, and NF-κB and phosphorylation of JNK were also significantly diminished by PSO and RA-RF treatment. The results demonstrated that PSO and RA-RF act as antioxidants to scavenge TNF-α induced ROS levels, resulting in decreased the expression of MnSOD, FOXO1, NF-κB and JNK signaling pathway in a human lung cell culture exposed to TNF-α.

Metformin in combination with genistein ameliorates skeletal muscle inflammation in high-fat diet fed c57BL/6 mice

Although the beneficial effects of metformin (MET) and genistein in ameliorating inflammation have been elucidated, their combined impacts on skeletal muscle inflammation have not been clearly understood. This study aimed to examine the possible preventive effect of MET in combination with genistein on skeletal muscle inflammation in high-fat diet (HFD) fed C57BL/6 mice. Fifty C57BL/6 male mice were fed on an HFD for 10 weeks. The mice were categorized into five groups, control, HFD, HFD + MET (0.23%), HFD + genistein (0.2%), and HFD + MET + genistein for 12 weeks. The results showed that treatment with MET and genistein, either alone or in combination, led to reduced weight gain, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, HOMA-IR levels, and Area Under the Curves (AUCs) in ipGTT. MET in combination with genistein demonstrated a decreasing effect on macrophages infiltration rate compared to genistein and MET groups alone. The expression of iNOS was reduced, whereas the expression of M2 macrophage markers was increased in combined treatment of MET and genistein. Furthermore, MET in combination with genistein reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, and IL-6 and increased the expression of IL-10 in comparison with genistein and MET groups alone. Plasma and skeletal muscle triglycerides and intra-myocellular lipid deposition were reversed by treatment with MET and genistein, alone or in combination. These results imply that the combination therapy of MET and genistein may have therapeutic potential for decreasing obesity-induced skeletal muscle inflammation in the HFD-fed model.

MiR-302a Limits Vascular Inflammation by Suppressing Nuclear Factor-κ B Pathway in Endothelial Cells

The inflammatory response of endothelial cells accelerates various vascular diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in diverse cellular processes during inflammation. In the present study, we found that miR-302a is an effective suppressor of vascular inflammation in endothelial cells. It was revealed that miR-302a exhibited a lower level in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse model and in patients with vascular inflammatory disease. Genetic haploinsufficiency of miR-302 aggravated the LPS-induced vascular inflammatory response in mice, and overexpression of miR-302a attenuated vascular inflammation in mice. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-302a inhibited the synthesis and secretion of adhesion factors in endothelial cells, and suppressed the adhesion of monocytes to endothelium. In the study of molecular mechanism, we found that miR-302a relieved vascular inflammation mainly by regulating the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway in endothelial cells. The results showed that interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase4 (IRAK4) and zinc finger protein 91 (ZFP91) were the binding targets of miR-302a. MiR-302a prevented the nuclear translocation of NF-κB by inhibiting phosphorylation of IκB kinase complex β (IKKβ) and inhibitors of κBα (IκBα) via targeting IRAK4. In addition, miR-302a downregulated the expression of NF-κB by directly binding with ZFP91. These findings indicate that miR-302a negatively regulates inflammatory responses in the endothelium via the NF-κB pathway and it may be a novel target for relieving vascular inflammation.

Intraperitoneal injection of genistein affects the distribution and metabolism of cholesterol in female yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco

Genistein is an abundant phytoestrogen in soybean. This study aimed to determine the effects of genistein on cholesterol distribution and metabolism in female yellow catfish. Three hundred fish (49.2 ± 1.4 g) were randomly divided into five treatments and received intraperitoneal injections as follows: (1) blank, no injection; (2) control, vehicle only; (3) E2, 17β-estradiol at 10 μg·g^-1 body weight; (4) low genistein doses, genistein at 10 μg·g^-1 body weight; (5) high genistein doses, genistein at 100 μg·g^-1 body weight. Both high and low genistein doses significantly reduced (p < 0.05) serum TC and LDL-C 24 h after injection. Moreover, the high genistein doses significantly reduced (p < 0.05) serum HDL-C. Both high and low doses of genistein significantly increased (p < 0.05) hepatic TC. Only high genistein doses significantly increased (p < 0.05) ovary TC. In the liver, both high and low genistein doses significantly increased (p < 0.05) protein and mRNA expression of ldlr. Meanwhile, high genistein doses significantly decreased (p < 0.05) mRNA expression of hmgcr. In ovary tissue, high genistein doses significantly decreased (p < 0.05) mRNA expression of cyp11a1. These results suggested that genistein affected the cholesterol distribution in female yellow catfish. Both high and low doses of genistein reduced cholesterol content in blood and increased its content in the liver by increasing the uptake of blood cholesterol. Meanwhile, high genistein doses may inhibit hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Additionally, high genistein doses could increase cholesterol transfer from serum into the ovary and disturb cholesterol conversion to pregnenolone.

Carbon Nanodots Inhibit Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein-Induced Injury and Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells Through Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species

Oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) is a known biomarker of inflammation and atherosclerosis, a leading cause of death worldwide. As a new class of nanomaterials, carbon nanodots (CNDs) are widely used in bioimaging, diagnostics, and drug delivery. However, there is no current report on how these CNDs affect the cardiovascular system, particularly their potential in mediating endothelial inflammatory dysfunction. This study examined effects of CNDs on Ox-LDL-mediated endothelial dysfunction. CNDs significantly inhibited Ox-LDL-mediated adhesion of monocytes to human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1), in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). CNDs significantly inhibited Ox-LDL-mediated adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells, which is an essential step in the development of atherosclerosis. Further, CNDs significantly inhibited OxLDL-induced expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a vital cytokine on monocyte adhesion to the endothelial cells. These results demonstrate CNDs possess anti-inflammatory properties. CNDs also protect cells against Ox-LDL-induced cytotoxicity. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy studies demonstrated direct reactive oxygen species-scavenging by CNDs. This result indicates that the anti-inflammatory properties of CNDs are most likely due to their direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Animal studies involving mice did not show any morphological or physical changes between the CNDs and control groups. Our study provides evidence of potential of CNDs in reducing Ox-LDL-mediated inflammation and cytotoxicity in HMEC-1.

The effect of soy protein containing soy isoflavones on serum concentration of cell adhesion molecules: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Soy protein in combination with soy isoflavones might reduce the serum concentration of inflammatory mediators. In this study, we attempted to summarize the effect of soy protein combined with soy isoflavones on circulating E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in adults.

METHODS

Clinicaltrials.gov, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Scopus were searched for English articles with no time limit regarding publication up to December 2020. Thereafter, the mean changes from baseline and their standard deviations (SDs) for both intervention and comparison groups were used to calculate the effect size. We used DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model if the heterogeneity test was statistically significant. Cochran's Q test and I-squared statistic were also used to calculate the statistical heterogeneity of the intervention effects.

RESULTS

Eight articles were found as eligible for this study. The treatment duration was between 6 and 24 weeks. Soy isoflavones dose was in a range of 30-112 mg/day and soy protein dose was in a range of 11.25-52 g/day. Overall, taking soy protein supplements containing soy isoflavones was not associated with changes in cell adhesion molecules, E-selectin, ICAM-1, or VCAM-1 (WMD = 0.65, 95 % CI: -2.58, 3.89; p = 0.692; WMD = 2.68, 95 % CI: -0.98, 6.34; p = 0.151; WMD = 2.66, 95 % CI: -6.28, 11.61; p = 0.559, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The combination of soy protein and soy isoflavones was not significantly associated with changes in levels of E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. However, we need more studies with a large sample size and more participants with different age categories in this regard.

Isoflavone biomarkers are inversely associated with atherosclerosis progression in adults: a prospective study

BACKGROUND

Many studies have examined associations between dietary isoflavones and atherosclerosis, but few used objective biomarkers.

OBJECTIVES

We examined the associations of isoflavone biomarkers (primary analyses) and equol production (secondary analyses) with the progression of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), and whether inflammation, systolic blood pressure (SBP), blood lipids, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) mediated these associations, in Chinese adults.

METHODS

This 8.8-y prospective study included 2572 subjects (40-75 y old) from the GNHS (Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study; 2008-2019). The concentrations of daidzein, genistein, and equol were assayed by an HPLC-tandem MS in serum (n = 2572) at baseline and in urine (n = 2220) at 3-y intervals. The cIMT of the common carotid artery (CCA) and bifurcation segment were measured by B-mode ultrasound every 3 y, and the progressions of cIMT ( ∆cIMT) were estimated using the regression method.

RESULTS

Multivariable linear mixed-effects models (LMEMs) and ANCOVA revealed that subjects with higher serum isoflavones tended to have lower increases of CCA-cIMT. The mean ± SEM differences in 8.8-y ∆CCA-cIMT between extreme tertiles of serum isoflavones were -17.1 ± 8.4, -20.6 ± 8.3, and -23.3 ± 10.4 μm for daidzein, total isoflavone, and equol (P-trends < 0.05), respectively. LMEMs showed that the estimated yearly changes (95% CIs) (μm/y) in CCA-IMT were -2.0 (-3.8, -0.3), -1.9 (-3.6, -0.1), and -2.1 (-3.8, -0.3) in the highest (compared with the lowest) tertile of daidzein, genistein, and total isoflavones, respectively (P-interaction < 0.05). Path analyses indicated that the serum equol-atherosclerosis association was mediated by increased SHBG and decreased SBP. Similar beneficial associations were observed in the secondary analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum isoflavones and equol exposure were associated with reduced cIMT progression, mediated by SHBG and SBP.

Flavonoids and cellular stress: a complex interplay affecting human health

Flavonoid consumption has beneficial effects on human health, however, clinical evidence remains often inconclusive due to high interindividual variability. Although this high interindividual variability has been consistently observed in flavonoid research, the potential underlying reasons are still poorly studied. Especially the knowledge on the impact of health status on flavonoid responsiveness is limited and merits more investigation. Here, we aim to highlight the bidirectional interplay between flavonoids and cellular stress. First, the state-of-the-art concerning inflammatory stress and mitochondrial dysfunction is reviewed and a comprehensive overview of recent in vitro studies investigating the impact of flavonoids on cellular stress, induced by tumor necrosis factor α, lipopolysaccharide and mitochondrial stressors, is given. Second, we critically discuss the influence of cellular stress on flavonoid uptake, accumulation, metabolism and cell responses, which has, to our knowledge, never been extensively reviewed before. Next, we advocate the innovative insight that stratification of the general population based on health status can reveal subpopulations that benefit more from flavonoid consumption. Finally, suggestions are given for the development of future cell models that simulate the physiological micro-environment, including interindividual variability, since more mechanistic research is needed to establish scientific-based personalized food recommendations for specific subpopulations.

Molecular Changes Underlying Genistein Treatment of Wound Healing: A Review

Estrogen deprivation is one of the major factors responsible for many age-related processes including poor wound healing in postmenopausal women. However, the reported side-effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) have precluded broad clinical administration. Therefore, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been developed to overcome the detrimental side effects of ERT on breast and/or uterine tissues. The use of natural products isolated from plants (e.g., soy) may represent a promising source of biologically active compounds (e.g., genistein) as efficient alternatives to conventional treatment. Genistein as natural SERM has the unique ability to selectively act as agonist or antagonist in a tissue-specific manner, i.e., it improves skin repair and simultaneously exerts anti-cancer and chemopreventive properties. Hence, we present here a wound healing phases-based review of the most studied naturally occurring SERM.

Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Soybean and Soy-Derived Compounds

Environmental factors, particularly diet, are considered central to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. In particular, the Westernization of diet, characterized by high intake of animal protein, saturated fat, and refined carbohydrates, has been shown to contribute to the development and progression of IBD. During the last decade, soybean, as well as soy-derived bioactive compounds (e.g., isoflavones, phytosterols, Bowman-Birk inhibitors) have been increasingly investigated because of their anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of IBD. Herein we provide a scoping review of the most studied disease mechanisms associated with disease induction and progression in IBD rodent models after feeding of either the whole food or a bioactive present in soybean.

Germinated black soybean fermented with Lactobacillus pentosus SC65 alleviates DNFB-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity in C57BL/6N mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Rhynchosia nulubilis (black soybean) has many applications in oriental medicine. It is traditionally used to treat disease related with high blood pressure, diabetes, inflammation, and osteoporosis. Furthermore, fermented soybean foods have traditionally been used for immunity enhancement in East Asia. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of germinated R. nulubilis (GR) against delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) are not fully understood.

AIM OF STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis (GR) fermented with the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus pentosus SC65 (GR-SC65) isolated from pickled burdock.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We investigated the effects of GR-SC65 (300 mg/kg/day) on ear thickness and immune cell infiltration in DNFB-induced DTH in mice. We used dexamethasone (3 mg/kg) as a reference drug. Changes in infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NK cells were examined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, we investigated cytokine and chemokine production related to DTH using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We also investigated DTH-related cytokine production using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

RESULTS

Two lactic acid bacterial strains (Lactobacillus pentosus SC65 and Pediococcus pentosaceus ON81A) were selected for fermenting GR due to their high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity. The total polyphenol contents (TPCs) in GR-SC65 and GR-ON81A were higher than that in unfermented GR (∗∗∗P < 0.001 vs. GR). Content of daidzein, glycitein, and genistein, the deglycosylated form of isoflavonoids, was higher in GR-SC65 than in unfermented GR. The ethanol extracts of GR-SC65 exerted a stronger anti-inflammatory activity than GR by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. GR-SC65 reduced 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced ear swelling and hyperplasia as well as vascular permeability. Fewer infiltrated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were observed in the ear tissue of the GR-SC65-treated mice than those of the unfermented GR-treated mice. Furthermore, fewer infiltrated NK cells were observed in the GR-SC65 treated mice, than in the GR-treated mice. GR-SC65 significantly diminished the levels of CCL5 and COX-2 mRNAs and increased the level of IL-10 mRNA.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that GR-SC65 can be used as a health supplement or a prophylactic against delayed-type hypersensitive inflammatory disease.

Soy Isoflavones Inhibit Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Prevent Cardiovascular Disease

Soybeans are among the most popular foods worldwide, and intake of soy-containing foods has been associated with many health benefits in part because of it structure similar to estrogen. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that soy consumption improves serum profiles of hypercholesterolemic patients. Several studies have also indicated an inverse relationship between the consumption of soy isoflavones and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Soy is a rich dietary source of isoflavones. The main soy isoflavones are daidzein and genistein; equol, another isoflavone and a major intestinal bacterial metabolite of daidzein, is generated by enterobacterial effects. Many isoflavones have antioxidative effects and anti-inflammatory actions, as well as induce nitric oxide production to maintain a healthy endothelium and prevent endothelial cell dysfunction. These effects may limit the development of atherosclerosis and CVD and restore healthy endothelial function in altered endothelia. Although the evidence supporting the benefits of soy isoflavones in CVD prevention continues to increase, the association between soy isoflavones and disease is not fully understood. This review summarized recent progress in identifying the preventive mechanisms of action of dietary soybean isoflavones on vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, it describes the beneficial roles that these isoflavones may have on endothelial dysfunction-related atherosclerosis.

Protective effect of genistein in a rat model of ischemic acute kidney injury

BACKGROUND

This study determined the possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant renal protective effect of genistein, a soy isoflavone, against kidney damage and functional disorders following renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in male rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The animals were dedicated to five groups (n = 7 per group): Sham, Sham + Geni (genistein, 15 mg/kg in 1 ml 1% DMSO, i.p.), Sham + DMSO (1 ml 1% DMSO, i.p.), I/R (bilateral renal ischemia for 45 min followed by 24 h reperfusion), I/R + Geni (genistein, 15 mg/kg). 24-h urine samples, blood and tissue samples of the kidney were collected at the end of 24 h reperfusion period.

RESULTS

Compared to sham, sham + Geni and sham + DMSO groups, IR injury (IRI) ended in kidney dysfunction (decreased creatinine clearance, and increased fractional excretion of sodium), increased levels of malondialdehyde, decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, gluthatione peroxidase, and catalase), increased gene expression levels of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), as well as histological damages in kidney tissue. Genistein administration decreased all the changes. Therefore, genistein apparently protects the kidney against IRI by mitigating both oxidative stress and inflammation. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of genistein probably exert important roles in improving functional disorders and offer renal protection against IRI.

Arctium lappa root extract containing L-arginine prevents TNF-α-induced early atherosclerosis in vitro and in vivo

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the aorta and is a major cause of cardiovascular disease. Arctium lappa root is a plant widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and Arctium lappa root extract (ALE) has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory capacity and to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction. Thus, we hypothesized that ALE would inhibit the early atherosclerotic stage. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of ALE on early arteriosclerosis and its mechanisms of action. ALE suppressed TNF-α-induced monocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium by suppressing NF-κB signaling in HUVECs. In an acute mouse model of atherosclerosis, ALE suppressed TNF-α-induced monocyte infiltration of the vascular endothelium and the expression of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in the mouse aorta. Moreover, inulin-type fructan and amino acids, especially L-aspartate and L-arginine (60.27 and 42.17 mg/g, respectively) were detected by NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, and HPLC analysis as the main components of ALE. Notably, L-arginine suppressed TNF-α-induced monocyte adhesion to HUVECs. Therefore, these results suggest that ALE may be a functional food for the suppression or prevention of early stages of atherosclerosis.

Effects of the soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, on male rats' skin

Introduction

Genistein and daidzein are typical soy isoflavones with known estrogenic properties to provide protection against skin ageing in postmenopausal women and female rats. However their effect on male skin was very rarely studied.

Aim

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of a mixture of genistein and daidzein on male rats’ skin.

Material and methods

Male rats were administered this mixture in a dose of 2 or 20 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day for 5 days weekly mixed with regular rat chow, from prenatal life until sexual maturity. The female and male rats of the control group received regular rat chow. The skin epidermis thickness, number of fibroblasts in the dermis and diameter of collagen fibers in the dermis were measured using morphometric assay. The isoflavone effects on activities of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxides, and glutathione concentration in the skin were measured with commercially available kits.

Results

The thickness of the skin epidermis and collagen fibers in the dermis and amount of elastic fibers were significantly greater in the isoflavone-treated groups. Isoflavones significantly decreased catalase activity in the skin homogenates and at a higher dose inhibited lipid peroxides formation.

Conclusions

Our results provide further support for the contribution of isoflavones to defence mechanisms against oxidative stress in the skin and suggest that genistein and daidzein supplementation may provide protection against skin ageing in males.

MicroRNA-29a-3p Reduces TNFα-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction by Targeting Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1

miR-29a-3p has been shown to be associated with cardiovascular diseases; however, the effect of miR-29a-3p on endothelial dysfunction is unclear. This study aimed to reveal the effects and mechanisms of miR-29a-3p on endothelial dysfunction. The levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin were determined by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining to reveal the degree of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-induced endothelial dysfunction. A luciferase activity assay and cell transfection with a miR-29a-3p mimic or an inhibitor were used to reveal the underlying mechanisms of miR-29a-3p action. Furthermore, the effects of miR-29a-3p on endothelial dysfunction were assessed in C57BL/6 mice injected with TNFα and/or a miR-29a-3p agomir. The results showed that the expression of TNFα-induced adhesion molecules in vascular endothelial cells (EA.hy926 cells, human aortic endothelial cells [HAECs], and primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells [pHUVECs]) and smooth muscle cells (human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells [HUVSMCs]) was significantly decreased following transfection with miR-29a-3p. This effect was reversed by cotransfection with a miR-29a-3p inhibitor. As a key target of miR-29a-3p, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 mediated the effect of miR-29a-3p. Moreover, miR-29a-3p decreased the plasma levels of TNFα-induced VCAM-1 (32.62%), ICAM-1 (38.22%), and E-selectin (39.32%) in vivo. These data indicate that miR-29a-3p plays a protective role in TNFα-induced endothelial dysfunction, suggesting that miR-29a-3p is a novel target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.

Genistein protects intervertebral discs from degeneration via Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense system: An in vitro and in vivo study

Oxidative stress has been reported to be closely associated with the development of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). IDD is one of the major causes of low back pain. Genistein (GES), one of the main isoflavones of soybean, has been shown to exert multiple biological functions on different diseases. Here, we tested the therapeutic potential of GES for IDD. In vitro experiments, we confirmed GES was nontoxic to rat nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) within the concentration of 100 μM. Furthermore, GES was able to suppress apoptosis in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-treated NPCs. In the aspect of extracellular matrix (ECM), GES not only reduced metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and a disintegrin-like and MMP thrombospondin type 1 motif 5 expression, but also increased aggrecan and type II collagen levels. Also, we found GES might rescue TBHP-induced NPCs degeneration by enhancing Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense system. Silencing Nrf2 partly abolished the protective effects of GES on apoptosis and ECM disruption in TBHP-treated NPCs. Correspondingly, GES ameliorated IDD in a rat model by preserving morphology of degenerative intervertebral discs and promoting Nrf2 expression. To sum up, our study suggests that GES exerts protective effects in NPCs against degeneration and reveals the underlying mechanism of GES on Nrf2 activation in NPCs.

Genistein protects against DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome via TGR5-cAMP signaling

NLRP3 inflammasome has been reported to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease including colitis due to its potential ability to induce IL-1β secretion. Emerging studies have demonstrated that Genistein, a major isoflavone, has potential anti-inflammatory effects in murine model colitis. However, its anti-inflammatory mechanism remains unclear. The effects of Genistein in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis via targeting NLRP3 inflammasome was investigated in this study. Also, the mechanisms of protective action of Genistein in DSS-induced colitis may relate to TGR5 signaling. Genistein treatment not only remarkably attenuated loss of body weight and shortening of colon length but also significantly reduced inflammatory cells infiltration and pro-inflammatory mediator production in serum and colon. Moreover, Genistein treatment down-regulated production of caspase-1 and IL-1β and increased intracellular cAMP level, which were similar to the treatment for INT-777, a semi-synthetic TGR5 agonist, in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-differentiated monocytic THP-1 cells and U937 cells. These protective effects of Genistein might be attributed by ubiquination of NLRP3 which was induced due to interaction of cAMP with NLRP3. Furthermore, the effects of Genistein on NLRP3 inflammasome disappeared in TGR5-silenced U937 cells. In conclusion, our study unveils that Genistein was able to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome via TGR5-cAMP signaling in macrophages. It therefore might be a potential effective drug for inflammatory bowel diseases.

A soybean-based diet modulates cadmium-induced vascular apoptosis

Cadmium (Cd) exposure has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The diet is a modifiable source of protecting or damaging factors that may affect this risk. Herein we tested the hypothesis that a soybean-based diet (SBD) protects the vascular wall of the aorta against Cd-induced pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects. To test this hypothesis, we fed male Wistar rats for 60 days with a casein-based diet (CBD) or an SBD. These animals were also exposed to tap-water without (CBD-Co/SBD-Co) or with 15(CBD-15Cd/SBD-15Cd) or 100 (CBD-100Cd/SBD-100Cd) ppm of Cd. Inflammatory parameters (mRNAs and/or proteins) were measured in thoracic aorta tissue. These included inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthases, cyclooxygenase-2, intracellular-adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell-adhesion molecule-1. As pro-apoptotic parameters, we measured Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA/protein, as well as TUNEL positive cells in the aorta tissue. Compared to CBD-Co, inflammatory and apoptosis markers increased in the aorta with the concentration of Cd in the drinking water. These effects were not observed in either SBD-15Cd or SBD-100Cd, which were similar to CBD-Co. Cd content in serum and in aortas from animals fed CBD-Co/SBD-15Cd or CBD-Co/SBD-100Cd were similar suggesting that, if any, the effect of SBD is not due to changes in Cd bioaccumulation, but due to secondary effects linked to the composition of the dietary soybean flour. Our findings are consistent with a protective effect of an SBD against Cd-induced inflammation and apoptosis in the thoracic aorta in a rat model.

Grape seed proanthocyanidin inhibits monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension via attenuating inflammation: in vivo and in vitro studies

Inflammation in pulmonary arterioles initiates and maintains pathological processes in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and inhibition of it attenuates PAH development. Grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSP) is believed to be effective in protecting vascular system via inhibiting inflammation, while its effect on pulmonary circulation remains inconclusive. In this study, we made observations in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rats and found decreases in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vessel resistance, right ventricular hypertrophy index, percentage of medial wall thickness, percentage of medial wall area, and lung weight of wet and dry tissue ratio after GSP administration in vivo. At the cellular and molecular levels, we also found several effects of GSP on MCT-induced PAH: (a) endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in lung tissue and plasma NO level were increased; (b) Ca²⁺ level in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) was decreased; (c) transcription of inflammatory factors such as myeloperoxidase, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was down-regulated in lung tissue; (d) nuclear factor-κB pathway was inhibited as IκBα was less phosphorylated; (e) TNFα-induced PASMC overproliferation could be inhibited. These results indicated a possible mechanism of GSP reversing pulmonary vascular remodeling and vascular contraction by inhibiting inflammation, and it may be useful for preventing PAH development.

The Cancer Prevention, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidation of Bioactive Phytochemicals Targeting the TLR4 Signaling Pathway

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well-known family of pattern recognition receptors that play an important role in a host immune system. TLR triggering leads to the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, driving the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Recently, an increasing number studies have shown the link between TLRs and cancer. Among them, the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway is associated with inflammatory response and cancer progression. Dietary phytochemicals are potential modulators of immunological status with various pharmacological properties including anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory. Curcumin, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 1-dehydro-10-gingerdione, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), luteolin, quercetin, resveratrol, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, xanthohumol, genistein, berberine, and sulforaphane can inhibit TLR4 activation. The aim of the present review is to describe the role of the TLR4 signaling pathway between inflammatory response and cancer progression. We further introduce bioactive phytochemicals with potential anti-inflammation and chemoprevention by inhibiting TLR activation.

A major daidzin metabolite 7,8,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone found in the plasma of soybean extract-fed rats attenuates monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion

Among many functional foods and their phytochemicals, ingestion of soybean (Glycine max) is highly correlated to reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. Validation of potential health benefits of functional foods requires information about the bioavailability and metabolism of bioactive compounds. In this context, several phase I and II metabolites of isoflavones were target-analyzed in the plasma of rats acutely supplemented with soybean embryo extract. A daidzein metabolite, 7,8,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone (7,8,4'-THI), was found to have the highest average area under curve value (574.3±112.8). Therefore, its potential prevention effect on atherosclerosis was investigated using monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion assay. Different from its precursor daidzein or daidzin, 7,8,4'-THI attenuated adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In addition, 7,8,4'-THI significantly downregulated TNF-α stimulated the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and phosphorylation of IκB kinase and IκBα involved in the initiation of atherosclerosis in HUVECs. Therefore, 7,8,4'-THI, a highly bioavailable hydroxylated isoflavone metabolite, has potential anti-atherosclerotic effect via inhibiting monocyte-endothelial adhesion.

Comprehensive phenolic composition analysis and evaluation of Yak-Kong soybean (Glycine max) for the prevention of atherosclerosis

Yak-Kong (YK) (Glycine max), a small black soybean cultivar with a green embryo, was evaluated for functional constituents with a focus on atherosclerosis prevention. In comparison to common yellow and black soybean cultivars, YK contains significantly higher concentrations of antioxidants, particularly in its seed coat. A comprehensive phenolic composition analysis revealed that proanthocyanidins were the major phenolic group in YK. In contrast to other proanthocyanidin-rich foods, YK was rich in bioavailable proanthocyanidins (with a degree of polymerization ≤3) specifically with A-type dimers. Significant concentrations of phloridzin and coumestrol were also exclusively found in YK seed coat and the embryo, respectively. Extracts of both the proanthocyanidin-rich seed coat and isoflavonoid-rich embryo of YK attenuated adhesion of THP-1 to LPS-stimulated human umbilical vascular endothelial cells, suggesting that they are important sources of coronary heart disease-preventive phenolics. YK has promising potential for further development as a functional food source targeted at atherosclerosis prevention.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Protects against Cytokine Production as the Potential Immunosuppressive Agents in Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by dyslipidemia and mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Inflammation is a critical factor at all stages of atherosclerosis progression. Proinflammatory cytokines accelerate atherosclerosis progression, while anti-inflammatory cytokines ameliorate the disease. Accordingly, strategies to inhibit immune activation and impede immune responses towards anti-inflammatory activity are an alternative therapeutic strategy to conventional chemotherapy on cardiocerebrovascular outcomes. Since a number of Chinese medicinal plants have been used traditionally to prevent and treat atherosclerosis, it is reasonable to assume that the plants used for such disease may suppress the immune responses and the resultant inflammation. This review focuses on plants that have immunomodulatory effects on the production of inflammatory cytokine burst and are used in Chinese traditional medicine for the prevention and therapy of atherosclerosis.

Genistein improves inflammatory response and colonic function through NF-κB signal in DSS-induced colonic injury

This study aimed to investigate the protective potential of genistein in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colonic injury in vitro and in vivo models. The results showed that DSS exposure caused growth suppression, colonic injury, inflammation, and barrier dysfunction in mice. Dietary genistein alleviated DSS-caused colonic injury via reducing colonic weight, rectal bleeding, and diarrhea ratio. Meanwhile, genistein reduced colonic inflammatory response via downregulating cytokines expression and improved colonic permeability and barrier in DSS-challenged mice. In Caco-2 cells, genistein improved cell viability and cellular permeability and inhibited DSS-induced activation of TLR4/NF-κB signal. In conclusion, genistein alleviated DSS-caused colonic injury, inflammation, and gut dysfunction, which might be associated with the TLR4/NF-κB signal.

Anti-inflammatory properties of pterocarpanquinone LQB-118 in mice

Pterocarpanquinone (+/-)-LQB-118 presents antineoplastic and antiparasitic properties and also shows great inhibitory effect on TNF-α release in vitro. Here, its anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation model in C57BL/6 mice. LPS inhalation induced a marked neutrophil infiltration to the lungs which was reduced by intraperitoneal treatment with (+/-)-LQB-118 in a similar manner to that of dexamethasone and even better than that of acetylsalicylic acid. Moreover, (+/-)-LQB-118 administration resulted in decrease of NF-κB activation and KC level in lungs, with a pronounced inhibitory effect on TNF-α release, measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Trying to understand the anti-inflammatory mechanism by which (+/-)-LQB-118 acts, we performed a molecular modeling analysis, including docking to estrogen receptors α and β. Results suggested that (+/-)-LQB-118 may bind to both receptors, with a similar orientation to 17-β-estradiol. Together, these results showed that (+/-)-LQB-118 exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect, most likely by inhibiting TNF-α release and NF-κB activation, which may be related to the estrogen receptor binding.

Not lost in translation: Emerging clinical importance of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER

It has been 20years that the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) was cloned as the orphan receptor GPR30 from multiple cellular sources, including vascular endothelial cells. Here, I will provide an overview of estrogen biology and the historical background leading to the discovery of rapid vascular estrogen signaling. I will also review the recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying GPER function, its role in physiology and disease, some of the currently available GPER-targeting drugs approved for clinical use such as SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) and SERDs (selective estrogen receptor downregulators). Many of currently used drugs such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, or faslodex™/fulvestrant were discovered targeting GPER many years after they had been introduced to the clinics for entirely different purposes. This has important implications for the clinical use of these drugs and their modes of action, which I have termed 'reverse translational medicine'. In addition, environmental pollutants known as 'endocrine disruptors' have been found to bind to GPER. This article also discusses recent evidence in these areas as well as opportunities in translational clinical medicine and GPER research, including medical genetics, personalized medicine, prevention, and its theranostic use.

Methanolic Extract of Ceplukan Leaf (Physalis minima L.) Attenuates Ventricular Fibrosis through Inhibition of TNF-α in Ovariectomized Rats

The increase of heart failure prevalence on menopausal women was correlated with the decrease of estrogen level. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of ceplukan leaf (Physalis minima L.), which contains phytoestrogen physalin and withanolides, on ventricular TNF-α level and fibrosis in ovariectomized rats. Wistar rats were divided into six groups (control (-); OVX 5: 5-week ovariectomy (OVX); OVX 9: 9-week ovariectomy; treatments I, II, and III: 9-weeks OVX + 4-week ceplukan leaf's methanolic extract doses 500, 1500, and 2500 mg/kgBW, resp.). TNF-α levels were measured with ELISA. Fibrosis was counted as blue colored tissues percentage using Masson's Trichrome staining. This study showed that prolonged hypoestrogen increases ventricular fibrosis (p < 0.05). Ceplukan leaf treatment also resulted in a decrease of ventricular fibrosis and TNF-α level in dose dependent manner compared to without treatment group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the TNF-α level was normalized in 2500 mg/kgBW Physalis minima L. (p < 0.05) treatment. The reduction of fibrosis positively correlated with TNF-α level (p < 0.05, r = 0.873). Methanolic extract of ceplukan leaf decreases ventricular fibrosis through the inhibition of ventricular TNF-α level in ovariectomized rats.

Genistein ameliorated endothelial nitric oxidase synthase uncoupling by stimulating sirtuin-1 pathway in ox-LDL-injured HUVECs

Endothelial nitric oxidase synthase (eNOS) uncoupling plays a causal role in endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Genistein consumption has been associated with the prevention of atherosclerosis. However, the effect of genistein on eNOS uncoupling has not been reported. A model of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced injury on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was established to evaluate the effect of genistein on eNOS uncoupling. We investigated the effect of genistein on NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production, NOX4 expression, BH4 synthesis and oxidation, the expression of GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The results showed that genistein decreased superoxide production and NOX4 expression, enhanced the ratio of BH4/BH2, augmented the expressions of GCH1 and DHFR. Accompanied with genistein ameliorating eNOS uncoupling, genistein elevated the expression of sirtuin-1; furthermore, the effects of genistein on eNOS uncoupling were blunted with sirtuin-1 siRNA. The present study indicated that genistein ameliorated eNOS uncoupling was concerned with sirtuin-1 pathway in ox-LDL-injured HUVECs.