1
|
Romero G, Martin B, Gabris B, Salama G. Relaxin suppresses atrial fibrillation, reverses fibrosis and reduces inflammation in aged hearts. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 227:116407. [PMID: 38969298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Healthy aging results in cardiac structural and electrical remodeling that increase susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases. Relaxin has shown broad cardioprotective effects including anti-fibrotic, anti-arrhythmic and anti-inflammatory outcomes in multiple models. This paper focuses on the cardioprotective effects of Relaxin in a rat model of aging. Sustained atrial or ventricular fibrillation are readily induced in the hearts of aged but not young control animals. Treatment with Relaxin suppressed this arrhythmogenic response by increasing conduction velocity, decreasing fibrosis and promoting substantial cardiac remodeling. Relaxin treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of: Nav1.5, Cx43, βcatenin and Wnt1 in rat hearts. In isolated cardiomyocytes, Relaxin increased Nav1.5 expression. These effects were mimicked by CHIR 99021, a pharmacological activator of canonical Wnt signaling, but blocked by the canonical Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf1. Relaxin prevented TGF-β-dependent differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts while increasing the expression of Wnt1; the effects of Relaxin on cardiac fibroblast differentiation were blocked by Dickkopf1. RNASeq studies demonstrated reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in the expression of α- and β-globin in Relaxin-treated aged males. Relaxin reduces arrhythmogenicity in the hearts of aged rats by reduction of fibrosis and increased conduction velocity. These changes are accompanied by substantial remodeling of the cardiac tissue and appear to be mediated by increased canonical Wnt signaling. Relaxin also exerts significant anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects in the hearts of aged rodents. The mechanisms by which Relaxin increases the expression of Wnt ligands, promotes Wnt signaling and reprograms gene expression remain to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Romero
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Brian Martin
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Beth Gabris
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guy Salama
- Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Devasia AG, Shanmugham M, Ramasamy A, Bellanger S, Parry LJ, Leo CH. Therapeutic potential of relaxin or relaxin mimetics in managing cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 229:116507. [PMID: 39182735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with an escalating global prevalence. Despite the abundance and relative efficacies of current therapeutic approaches, they primarily focus on attaining the intended glycaemic targets, but patients ultimately still suffer from various diabetes-associated complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis. There is a need to explore innovative and effective diabetic treatment strategies that not only address the condition itself but also combat its complications. One promising option is the reproductive hormone relaxin, an endogenous ligand of the RXFP1 receptor. Relaxin is known to exert beneficial actions on the cardiovascular system through its vasoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. Nevertheless, the native relaxin peptide exhibits a short biological half-life, limiting its therapeutic potential. Recently, several relaxin mimetics and innovative delivery technologies have been developed to extend its biological half-life and efficacy. The current review provides a comprehensive landscape of the cardiovascular effects of relaxin, focusing on its potential therapeutic applications in managing complications associated with diabetes. The latest advancements in the development of relaxin mimetics and delivery methods for the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun George Devasia
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Meyammai Shanmugham
- Science, Math & Technology, Singapore University of Technology & Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore; A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Sophie Bellanger
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Laura J Parry
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chen Huei Leo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design & Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aragón-Herrera A, Feijóo-Bandín S, Vázquez-Abuín X, Anido-Varela L, Moraña-Fernández S, Bravo SB, Tarazón E, Roselló-Lletí E, Portolés M, García-Seara J, Seijas J, Rodríguez-Penas D, Bani D, Gualillo O, González-Juanatey JR, Lago F. Human recombinant relaxin-2 (serelaxin) regulates the proteome, lipidome, lipid metabolism and inflammatory profile of rat visceral adipose tissue. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116157. [PMID: 38518995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant human relaxin-2 (serelaxin) has been widely proven as a novel drug with myriad effects at different cardiovascular levels, which support its potential therapeutic efficacy in several cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Considering these effects, together with the influence of relaxin-2 on adipocyte physiology and adipokine secretion, and the connection between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) dysfunction and the development of CVD, we could hypothesize that relaxin-2 may regulate VAT metabolism. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a 2-week serelaxin treatment on the proteome and lipidome of VAT from Sprague-Dawley rats. We found that serelaxin increased 1 polyunsaturated fatty acid and 6 lysophosphatidylcholines and decreased 4 triglycerides in VAT employing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) based platforms, and that regulates 47 phosphoproteins using SWATH/MS analysis. Through RT-PCR, we found that serelaxin treatment also caused an effect on VAT lipolysis through an increase in the mRNA expression of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and a decrease in the expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), together with a reduction in the VAT expression of the fatty acid transporter cluster of differentiation 36 (Cd36). Serelaxin also caused an anti-inflammatory effect in VAT by the decrease in the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), chemerin, and its receptor. In conclusion, our results highlight the regulatory role of serelaxin in the VAT proteome and lipidome, lipolytic function, and inflammatory profile, suggesting the implication of several mechanisms supporting the potential benefit of serelaxin for the prevention of obesity and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana Aragón-Herrera
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sandra Feijóo-Bandín
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xocas Vázquez-Abuín
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Anido-Varela
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Moraña-Fernández
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Cardiology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana B Bravo
- Proteomics Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Estefanía Tarazón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Roselló-Lletí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Portolés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier García-Seara
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Arrhytmia Unit, Cardiology Department, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing and Medicine, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Seijas
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiology Department Clinical Trial Unit, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Penas
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Cardiology Department Clinical Trial Unit, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniele Bani
- Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ramón González-Juanatey
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing and Medicine, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Cardiology Department, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, IDIS, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan S, Guo D, Liang X, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Xie D. Relaxin in fibrotic ligament diseases: Its regulatory role and mechanism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1131481. [PMID: 37123405 PMCID: PMC10134402 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1131481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic ligament diseases (FLDs) are diseases caused by the pathological accumulation of periarticular fibrotic tissue, leading to functional disability around joint and poor life quality. Relaxin (RLX) has been reported to be involved in the development of fibrotic lung and liver diseases. Previous studies have shown that RLX can block pro-fibrotic process by reducing the excess extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and accelerating collagen degradation in vitro and in vivo. Recent studies have shown that RLX can attenuate connective tissue fibrosis by suppressing TGF-β/Smads signaling pathways to inhibit the activation of myofibroblasts. However, the specific roles and mechanisms of RLX in FLDs remain unclear. Therefore, in this review, we confirmed the protective effect of RLX in FLDs and summarized its mechanism including cells, key cytokines and signaling pathways involved. In this article, we outline the potential therapeutic role of RLX and look forward to the application of RLX in the clinical translation of FLDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhi Liang
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luhui Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Good Clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Denghui Xie, ; Qun Zhang,
| | - Denghui Xie
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Denghui Xie, ; Qun Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Increased in vivo perpetuation of whole-heart ventricular arrhythmia in heterozygous Na +/Ca 2+ exchanger knockout mice. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2022; 44:101168. [PMID: 36620202 PMCID: PMC9816773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2022.101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aims Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) upregulation in cardiac diseases like heart failure promotes as an independent proarrhythmic factor early and delayed afterdepolarizations (EADs/DADs) on the single cell level. Consequently, NCX inhibition protects against EADs and DADs in isolated cardiomyocytes. We here investigate, whether these promising cellular in vitro findings likewise apply to an in vivo setup. Methods/Results Programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS) and isoproterenol were applied to a murine heterozygous NCX-knockout model (KO) to investigate ventricular arrhythmia initiation and perpetuation compared to wild-type (WT). KO displayed a reduced susceptibility towards isoproterenol-induced premature ventricular complexes. During PVS, initiation of single or double ectopic beats was similar between KO and WT. But strikingly, perpetuation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) was significantly increased in KO (animals with VT - KO: 82 %; WT: 47 %; p = 0.0122 / median number of VTs - KO: 4.5 (1.0, 6.25); WT: 0.0 (0.0, 4.0); p = 0.0039). The median VT duration was prolonged in KO (in s; KO: 0.38 (0.19, 0.96); WT: 0.0 (0.0, 0.60); p = 0.0239). The ventricular refractory period (VRP) was shortened in KO (in ms; KO: 15.1 ± 0.7; WT: 18.7 ± 0.7; p = 0.0013). Conclusions Not the initiation, but the perpetuation of provoked whole-heart in vivo ventricular arrhythmia was increased in KO. As a potential mechanism, we found a significantly reduced VRP, which may promote perpetuation of reentrant ventricular arrhythmia. On a translational perspective, the antiarrhythmic concept of therapeutic NCX inhibition seems to be ambivalent by protecting from initiating afterdepolarizations but favoring arrhythmia perpetuation in vivo at least in a murine model.
Collapse
Key Words
- AV, Atrioventricular
- AVNRP, AV-nodal refractory period
- Antiarrhythmic strategies
- Arrhythmia mechanisms
- CL, Cycle length
- CorrSNRP, Corrected sinus node recovery period
- DAD, Delayed afterdepolarization
- EAD, Early afterdepolarization
- EPS, Electrophysiological study
- ICa, voltage-dependent l-type Ca2+-current
- IQR, Interquartile range
- KO, Heterozygous Na+/Ca2+ exchanger knockout mouse model
- NCX, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
- Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
- PCR, Polymerase chain reaction
- PVC, Premature ventricular complex
- PVS, Programmed ventricular stimulation
- SEM, Standard error of the mean
- VRP, Ventricular refractory period
- VT, Ventricular tachycardia
- Ventricular arrhythmia
- WBP, Wenckebach periodicity
- WT, Wild-type
Collapse
|
6
|
Relaxin-2 plasma levels in atrial fibrillation are linked to inflammation and oxidative stress markers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22287. [PMID: 36566255 PMCID: PMC9789945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin-2 exerts many favourable cardiovascular effects in pathological circumstances such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure, but the mechanisms underlying its actions are not completely understood. Since inflammation and fibrosis are pivotal processes in the pathogenesis of AF, our aim was to study the relationship between relaxin-2 plasma levels in left atrium (LA) and peripheral vein with molecules implicated in fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in AF patients, and to evaluate the anti-fibrotic ability of relaxin-2 in normal human atrial cardiac fibroblasts (NHCF-A). Peripheral vein relaxin-2 plasma levels were higher than LA relaxin-2 plasma levels in men while, in women, peripheral vein relaxin-2 levels were increased compared to men. AF patients with higher levels of relaxin-2 exhibited a reduction in H2O2 plasma levels and in mRNA levels of alpha-defensin 3 (DEFA3) and IL-6 in leucocytes from LA plasma. Relaxin-2-in-vitro treatment inhibited NHCF-A migration and decreased mRNA and protein levels of the pro-fibrotic molecule transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Our results support an association between relaxin-2 and molecules involved in fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in AF patients, and reinforce an anti-fibrotic protective role of this hormone in NHCF-A; strengthening the relevance of relaxin-2 in AF physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
|
7
|
Relaxin-2 as a Potential Biomarker in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071021. [PMID: 35887517 PMCID: PMC9317583 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic hormone relaxin-2 plays a pivotal role in the physiology and pathology of the cardiovascular system. Relaxin-2 exerts relevant regulatory functions in cardiovascular tissues through the specific receptor relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) in the regulation of cardiac metabolism; the induction of vasodilatation; the reversion of fibrosis and hypertrophy; the reduction of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis; and the stimulation of angiogenesis, with inotropic and chronotropic effects as well. Recent preclinical and clinical outcomes have encouraged the potential use of relaxin-2 (or its recombinant form, known as serelaxin) as a therapeutic strategy during cardiac injury and/or in patients suffering from different cardiovascular disarrangements, especially heart failure. Furthermore, relaxin-2 has been proposed as a promising biomarker of cardiovascular health and disease. In this review, we emphasize the relevance of the endogenous hormone relaxin-2 as a useful diagnostic biomarker in different backgrounds of cardiovascular pathology, such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, aortic valve disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, which could be relevant in daily clinical practice and could contribute to comprehending the specific role of relaxin-2 in cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Samuel CS, Bennett RG. Relaxin as an anti-fibrotic treatment: Perspectives, challenges and future directions. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114884. [PMID: 34968489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis refers to the scarring and hardening of tissues, which results from a failed immune system-coordinated wound healing response to chronic organ injury and which manifests from the aberrant accumulation of various extracellular matrix components (ECM), primarily collagen. Despite being a hallmark of prolonged tissue damage and related dysfunction, and commonly associated with high morbidity and mortality, there are currently no effective cures for its regression. An emerging therapy that meets several criteria of an effective anti-fibrotic treatment, is the recombinant drug-based form of the human hormone, relaxin (also referred to as serelaxin, which is bioactive in several other species). This review outlines the broad anti-fibrotic and related organ-protective roles of relaxin, mainly from studies conducted in preclinical models of ageing and fibrotic disease, including its ability to ameliorate several aspects of fibrosis progression and maturation, from immune cell infiltration, pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokine secretion, oxidative stress, organ hypertrophy, cell apoptosis, myofibroblast differentiation and ECM production, to its ability to facilitate established ECM degradation. Studies that have compared and/or combined these therapeutic effects of relaxin with current standard of care medication have also been discussed, along with the main challenges that have hindered the translation of the anti-fibrotic efficacy of relaxin to the clinic. The review then outlines the future directions as to where scientists and several pharmaceutical companies that have recognized the therapeutic potential of relaxin are working towards, to progress its development as a treatment for human patients suffering from various fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Robert G Bennett
- Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4130, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
DeAdder NP, Gillam HJ, Wilson BC. Relaxin peptides reduce cellular damage in cultured brain slices exposed to transient oxygen–glucose deprivation: an effect mediated by nitric oxide. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of treatment with human relaxins on cell death was studied in oxygen- and glucose-deprived brain slices. In addition, involvement of nitric oxide and the relaxin receptor, RXFP3, was studied. Brain slices ( n = 12–18/group) were cultured under standard conditions for two weeks and then exposed to: ( i) an oxygenated balanced salt solution, ( ii) a deoxygenated, glucose-free balanced salt solution (OGD media), or ( iii) OGD media containing 10−7 mol/L H2 relaxin, 10−7 mol/L H2 relaxin with 50 μmol/L L-NIL, 10−7 mol/L H3 relaxin, or 10−7 mol/L H3 relaxin with 50 μmol/L L-NIL. Cell death was assessed using propidium iodide fluorescence. In a separate experiment, 10−5 mol/L R3 B1-22R (an antagonist of RXFP3) was added to both H2 and H3 relaxin treatments. H2 and H3 relaxin treatment reduced cell damage or death in OGD slices and L-NIL partially attenuated the effect of H3 relaxin. Antagonism of RXFP3 blocked the effect of H3 but not H2 relaxin. These data increase our understanding of the role of relaxin ligands and their receptors in protecting tissues throughout the body from ischemia and reperfusion injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah J. Gillam
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Adipokines and Inflammation: Focus on Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207711. [PMID: 33081064 PMCID: PMC7589803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that adipose tissue, apart from its energy storage function, acts as an endocrine organ that produces and secretes a number of bioactive substances, including hormones commonly known as adipokines. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, mainly due to a low grade of inflammation and the excessive fat accumulation produced in this state. The adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity leads to an aberrant release of adipokines, some of them with direct cardiovascular and inflammatory regulatory functions. Inflammation is a common link between obesity and cardiovascular diseases, so this review will summarise the role of the main adipokines implicated in the regulation of the inflammatory processes occurring under the scenario of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Nasser MI, Zhu S, Huang H, Zhao M, Wang B, Ping H, Geng Q, Zhu P. Macrophages: First guards in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Life Sci 2020; 250:117559. [PMID: 32198051 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is widely known that severe inflammation can lead to atherosclerosis, which can cause various downstream pathologies, including myocardial injury and viral myocarditis. To date, several strategies have been proposed to prevent and cure CVD. The use of targeting macrophages has emerged as one of the most effective therapeutic approaches. Macrophages play a crucial role in eliminating senescent and dead cells while maintaining myocardial electrical activity and repairing myocardial injury. They also contribute to tissue repair and remodeling and plaque stabilization. Targeting macrophage pathways can, therefore, be advantageous in CVD care since it can lead to decreased aggregation of mononuclear cells at the injured site in the heart. Furthermore, it inhibits the development of pro-inflammatory factors, facilitates cholesterol outflow, and reduces the lipid concentration. More in-depth studies are still needed to formulate a comprehensive classification of phenotypes for different macrophages and determine their roles in the pathogenesis of CVD. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the role of macrophages in the prevention and cure of CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I Nasser
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Shuoji Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Huanlei Huang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Huang Ping
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Qingshan Geng
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma L, Shi W, Ma X, Zou M, Chen W, Li W, Zou R, Chen X. Comprehensive analysis of differential immunocyte infiltration and the potential ceRNA networks during epicardial adipose tissue development in congenital heart disease. J Transl Med 2020; 18:111. [PMID: 32122382 PMCID: PMC7053131 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To detect the development, function and therapeutic potential of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT); analyze a related gene expression dataset, including data from neonates, infants, and children with congenital heart disease (CHD); compare the data to identify the codifferentially expressed (DE) mRNAs and lncRNAs and the corresponding miRNAs; generate a potential competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network; and assess the involvement of immunocyte infiltration in the development of the EAT. Methods Multiple algorithms for linear models for microarray data algorithms (LIMMA), CIBERSORT, gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) were used. The miRcode, miRDB, miRTarBase, and TargetScan database were used to construct the ceRNA network. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of the DE mRNAs were performed. Results Thirteen co-DE mRNAs and 47 co-DE lncRNAs were subsequently identified. The related categories included negative regulation of myoblast differentiation, regulation of ion transmembrane transport, and heart development, which were primarily identified for further pathway enrichment analysis. Additionally, the hub ceRNA network in EAT development involving MIR210HG, hsa-miR-449c-5p, and CACNA2D4 was generated and shown to target monocyte infiltration. Conclusion These findings suggest that the pathways of myoblast differentiation and ion transmembrane transport may be potential hub pathways involved in EAT development in CHD patients. In addition, the network includes monocytes, MIR210HG, and CACNA2D4, which were shown to target the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway and PPAR signaling pathway, indicating that these factors may be novel regulators and therapeutic targets in EAT development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanting Shi
- Department of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Xun Ma
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghui Zou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Weidan Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenlei Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongjun Zou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou HF, Ren K, Zhao GJ. Relaxin inhibits macrophage inflammation by repressing NLRP3. Int J Cardiol 2020; 299:254. [PMID: 31791541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Zhou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Ren
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Clauss S, Bleyer C, Schüttler D, Tomsits P, Renner S, Klymiuk N, Wakili R, Massberg S, Wolf E, Kääb S. Animal models of arrhythmia: classic electrophysiology to genetically modified large animals. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 16:457-475. [PMID: 30894679 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmias are common and contribute substantially to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The underlying pathophysiology of arrhythmias is complex and remains incompletely understood, which explains why mostly only symptomatic therapy is available. The evaluation of the complex interplay between various cell types in the heart, including cardiomyocytes from the conduction system and the working myocardium, fibroblasts and cardiac immune cells, remains a major challenge in arrhythmia research because it can be investigated only in vivo. Various animal species have been used, and several disease models have been developed to study arrhythmias. Although every species is useful and might be ideal to study a specific hypothesis, we suggest a practical trio of animal models for future use: mice for genetic investigations, mechanistic evaluations or early studies to identify potential drug targets; rabbits for studies on ion channel function, repolarization or re-entrant arrhythmias; and pigs for preclinical translational studies to validate previous findings. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of different models and currently used species for arrhythmia research, discuss their advantages and disadvantages and provide guidance for researchers who are considering performing in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Clauss
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany.
| | - Christina Bleyer
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Schüttler
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Tomsits
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Renner
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZD (German Centre for Diabetes Research), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Reza Wakili
- Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Herz- und Gefäßzentrum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Steffen Massberg
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZD (German Centre for Diabetes Research), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kääb
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Urolithin B improves cardiac function and reduces susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias in rats after myocardial infarction. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 871:172936. [PMID: 31958459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis and inflammation play critical roles in ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction (MI). Urolithin B (UB), a metabolite of ellagitannin-rich foods, has various biological activities, but its effect on ventricular remodelling after MI has not been determined. The present study evaluated whether UB inhibited ventricular structural remodelling and decreased the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias after MI. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery before randomization to receive phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or UB at doses of 2.5 mg/kg/day and 5 mg/kg/day via intraperitoneal administration or sham ligation. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography, haemodynamic detection and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels 2 weeks post-MI. Hearts were used for electrophysiological testing and molecular and histological analyses. UB (5 mg/kg/day) significantly protected against post-MI cardiac dysfunction. UB markedly reduced infarct areas and myocyte size and attenuated cardiac fibrosis and inflammation post-MI. UB decreased the incidence of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation compared to the MI group. We determined that UB inhibited the phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT3 and Smad2/3 signalling molecules. Our data suggest that UB reduces the occurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias after MI, which is likely associated with attenuation of ventricular structural remodelling via inactivation of the JAK2/STAT3 and Smad2/3 signalling pathway.
Collapse
|
16
|
Beiert T, Knappe V, Andrié RP, Schrickel JW. Response to letter on "Relaxin inhibits macrophage inflammation by repressing NLRP3" by Zhou et al. Int J Cardiol 2020; 298:118. [PMID: 31901259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Beiert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Vincent Knappe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - René P Andrié
- Department of Electrophysiology, Helios Klinikum Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany
| | - Jan W Schrickel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Relaxin mitigates microvascular damage and inflammation following cardiac ischemia-reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol 2019; 114:30. [PMID: 31218471 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular obstruction (MVO) and leakage (MVL) forms a pivotal part of microvascular damage following cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR). We tested the effect of relaxin therapy on MVO and MVL in mice following cardiac IR injury including severity of MVO and MVL, opening capillaries, infarct size, regional inflammation, cardiac function and remodelling, and permeability of cultured endothelial monolayer. Compared to vehicle group, relaxin treatment (50 μg/kg) reduced no-reflow area by 38% and the content of Evans blue as a permeability tracer by 56% in jeopardized myocardium (both P < 0.05), effects associated with increased opening capillaries. Relaxin also decreased leukocyte density, gene expression of cytokines, and mitigated IR-induced decrease in protein content of VE-cadherin and relaxin receptor. Infarct size was comparable between the two groups. At 2 weeks post-IR, relaxin treatment partially preserved cardiac contractile function and limited chamber dilatation versus untreated controls by echocardiography. Endothelial cell permeability assay demonstrated that relaxin attenuated leakage induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation, H2O2, or cytokines, action that was independent of nitric oxide but associated with the preservation of VE-cadherin. In conclusion, relaxin therapy attenuates IR-induced MVO and MVL and endothelial leakage. This protection was associated with reduced regional inflammatory responses and consequently led to alleviated adverse cardiac remodeling.
Collapse
|
18
|
Dschietzig TB. Relaxin-2 for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): Rationale for future clinical trials. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 487:54-58. [PMID: 30659842 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF), a distinct sub-entity of chronic heart failure characterized by generalized inflammatory non-compliance of the cardio-vascular system, is associated with high mortality and still an unmet medical need. Many novel and promising therapeutic approaches have failed in large studies. This review focuses on basic research, pre-clinical and clinical findings that may account for the potential benefit of relaxin-2 in HFpEF. The peptide combines short-term hemodynamic advantages, such as moderate blood pressure decline and functional endothelin-1 antagonism, with a wealth of protective effects harboring long-term benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anti-oxidative actions. These pleiotropic effects are exerted through a complex and intricate signaling cascade involving the relaxin-family peptide receptor-1, the glucocorticoid receptor, the nitric oxide system, and a cell type-dependent variety of down-stream mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bernd Dschietzig
- Relaxera Pharmazeutische Gesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, Stubenwald-Allee 8a, 64625, Bensheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ng HH, Shen M, Samuel CS, Schlossmann J, Bennett RG. Relaxin and extracellular matrix remodeling: Mechanisms and signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 487:59-65. [PMID: 30660699 PMCID: PMC7384500 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is associated with accumulation of excess fibrillar collagen, leading to tissue dysfunction. Numerous processes, including inflammation, myofibroblast activation, and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, play a role in the establishment and progression of fibrosis. Relaxin is a peptide hormone with well-known antifibrotic properties that result from its action on numerous cellular targets to reduce fibrosis. Relaxin activates multiple signal transduction pathways as a mechanism to suppress inflammation and myofibroblast activation in fibrosis. In this review, the general mechanisms underlying fibrotic diseases are described, along with the current state of knowledge regarding cellular targets of relaxin. Finally, an overview is presented summarizing the signaling pathways activated by relaxin and other relaxin family peptide receptor agonists to suppress fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Hooi Ng
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Matthew Shen
- Cardiovascular Disease Theme, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Theme, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jens Schlossmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Robert G Bennett
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Martin B, Romero G, Salama G. Cardioprotective actions of relaxin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 487:45-53. [PMID: 30625345 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Relaxin is a hormone of pregnancy first discovered for its ability to induce ligament relaxation in nonpregnant guinea pig and is important for softening of the birth canal during parturition, decidualization, implantation, nipple development and increased maternal renal perfusion, glomerular filtration, and cardiac output. Subsequently, relaxin has been shown to exert multiple beneficial cardiovascular effects during pathological events such as hypertension, atrial fibrillation, heart failure and myocardial infarction, including suppression of arrhythmia and inflammation, and reversal of fibrosis. Despite extensive studies, the mechanisms underlying relaxin's effects are not well understood. Relaxin signals primarily through its G protein coupled receptor, the relaxin family peptide receptor-1, to activate multiple signaling pathways and this review summarizes our understanding of these pathways as they relate to the cardioprotective actions of relaxin, focusing on relaxin's anti-fibrotic, anti-arrhythmic and anti-inflammatory properties. Further, this review includes a brief overview of relaxin in clinical trials for heart failure and progress in the development of relaxin mimetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Martin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Guillermo Romero
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Guy Salama
- Department of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Andrié RP, Beiert T, Knappe V, Linhart M, Stöckigt F, Klein AM, Ghanem A, Lübkemeier I, Röll W, Nickenig G, Fleischmann BK, Schrickel JW. Treatment with mononuclear cell populations improves post-infarction cardiac function but does not reduce arrhythmia susceptibility. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208301. [PMID: 30763348 PMCID: PMC6375577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical and experimental data give evidence that transplantation of stem and progenitor cells in myocardial infarction could be beneficial, although the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia is the most frequent and potentially lethal complication of myocardial infarction, but the impact of mono nuclear cells on the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia is still not clear. Objective We aimed to characterize the influence of splenic mononuclear cell populations on ventricular arrhythmia after myocardial infarction. Methods We assessed electrical vulnerability in vivo in mice with left ventricular cryoinfarction 14 days after injury and intramyocardial injection of specific subpopulations of mononuclear cells (MNCs) (CD11b-positive cells, Sca-1-positive cells, early endothelial progenitor cells (eEPCs)). As positive control group we used embryonic cardiomyocytes (eCMs). Epicardial mapping was performed for analysing conduction velocities in the border zone. Left ventricular function was quantified by echocardiography and left heart catheterization. Results In vivo pacing protocols induced ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 30% of non-infarcted mice. In contrast, monomorphic or polymorphic VT could be evoked in 94% of infarcted and vehicle-injected mice (p<0.01). Only transplantation of eCMs prevented post-infarction VT and improved conduction velocities in the border zone in accordance to increased expression of connexin 43. Cryoinfarction resulted in a broad aggravation of left ventricular function. All transplanted cell types augmented left ventricular function to a similar extent. Conclusions Transplantation of different MNC populations after myocardial infarction improves left ventricular function similar to effects of eCMs. Prevention of inducible ventricular arrhythmia is only seen after transplantation of eCMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René P. Andrié
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Beiert
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vincent Knappe
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Linhart
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Alexandra M. Klein
- Institute of Physiology I, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Ghanem
- Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Indra Lübkemeier
- LIMES-Institute, Molecular Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Röll
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd K. Fleischmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The hormone relaxin has long been recognized for its involvement in maternal adaptation during pregnancy. However, discoveries during the past two decades on the mechanism of action of relaxin, its family of receptors, and newly described roles in attenuating ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, inflammation, and arrhythmias have prompted vast interest in exploring its therapeutic potential in cardiovascular disease. These observations inspired recently concluded clinical trials in patients with acute heart failure. This review discusses our current understanding of the protective signaling pathways elicited by relaxin in the heart, and highlights important new breakthroughs about relaxin signaling that may pave the way to more carefully designed future trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teja Devarakonda
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0204, USA
| | - Fadi N Salloum
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0204, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Low-dose of relaxin protects against arrhythmias and adverse left ventricle remodeling. Int J Cardiol 2018; 250:60-61. [PMID: 29169762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|