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Pisani F, Pisani V, Arcangeli F, Harding A, Singhrao SK. Treponema denticola Has the Potential to Cause Neurodegeneration in the Midbrain via the Periodontal Route of Infection-Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6049. [PMID: 37297653 PMCID: PMC10252855 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the most common example of dementia. The neuropathological features of AD are the abnormal deposition of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles with hyperphosphorylated tau protein. It is recognized that AD starts in the frontal cerebral cortex, and then it progresses to the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampus, and the rest of the brain. However, some studies on animals suggest that AD could also progress in the reverse order starting from the midbrain and then spreading to the frontal cortex. Spirochetes are neurotrophic: From a peripheral route of infection, they can reach the brain via the midbrain. Their direct and indirect effect via the interaction of their virulence factors and the microglia potentially leads to the host peripheral nerve, the midbrain (especially the locus coeruleus), and cortical damage. On this basis, this review aims to discuss the hypothesis of the ability of Treponema denticola to damage the peripheral axons in the periodontal ligament, to evade the complemental pathway and microglial immune response, to determine the cytoskeletal impairment and therefore causing the axonal transport disruption, an altered mitochondrial migration and the consequent neuronal apoptosis. Further insights about the central neurodegeneration mechanism and Treponema denticola's resistance to the immune response when aggregated in biofilm and its quorum sensing are suggested as a pathogenetic model for the advanced stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Pisani
- Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Valerio Pisani
- IRCCS, “Santa Lucia” Foundation, Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Via Ardeatina, 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Arcangeli
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale ASLRM1, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Geriatric Department, Advanced Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Via Emilio Morosini, 30, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Harding
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Simarjit Kaur Singhrao
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
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[Effect of dexamethasone on the expression of Dynein heavy chain and Dynactin in the cytoplasm of fetal rat cerebral cortical neurons cultured in vitro]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2021; 23. [PMID: 34130788 PMCID: PMC8213999 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2103151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on the expression of Dynein heavy chain (DHC) and Dynactin in the cytoplasm of fetal rat cerebral cortical neurons cultured in vitro. METHODS Primary cerebral cortical neurons of fetal rats were cultured in vitro and were used to establish a cellular model of DEX intervention. According to the final concentration of DEX, the neurons were divided into three groups:control (without DEX), 0.1 μmol/L DEX, and 1.0 μmol/L DEX. On days 1, 3, and 7 after intervention, the quantitative PCR was used to observe the effect of DEX on the mRNA expression of DHC and Dynactin. The Western blot was used to observe the effect of DEX on the protein expression of DHC and Dynactin. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the mRNA expression levels of DHC and Dynactin among the three groups at all time points (P > 0.05). On day 7 after DEX intervention, the protein expression of DHC in the 1.0 μmol/L DEX group gradually increased and reached the peak over time, which was significantly higher than that in the control and 0.1 μmol/L DEX groups (P < 0.05). The control and 0.1 μmol/L DEX groups had a significant increase in the protein expression of Dynactin from day 1 to days 3 and 7 after DEX intervention (P < 0.05). The control group had a significant increase in the protein expression of Dynactin from day 3 to day 7 after intervention (P < 0.05), while the 0.1 μmol/L DEX group had a significant reduction in the protein expression of Dynactin from day 3 to day 7 after intervention (P < 0.05). On days 3 and 7 after DEX intervention, the 0.1 μmol/L DEX and 1.0 μmol/L DEX groups had a significantly lower protein expression level of Dynactin in the cerebral cortical neurons than the control group (P < 0.05). On day 7 after DEX intervention, the 1.0 μmol/L DEX group had a significantly lower protein expression level of Dynactin than the 0.1 μmol/L DEX group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS DEX affects the protein expression of DHC and Dynactin in the fetal rat cerebral cortical neurons cultured in vitro, possibly in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.
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Andrés-Benito P, Povedano M, Torres P, Portero-Otín M, Ferrer I. Altered Dynein Axonemal Assembly Factor 1 Expression in C-Boutons in Bulbar and Spinal Cord Motor-Neurons in Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 78:416-425. [PMID: 30939186 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyneins are major components of microtubules. Dynein assembly is modulated by a heterogeneous group of dynein axonemal assembly factors (DNAAFs). The present study analyzes dynein axonemal assembly factor 1 (DNAAF1) and leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 50 (LRRC50), the corresponding encoded protein, in lower motor neurons in spinal cord of sALS postmortem samples and hSOD1-G93A transgenic mice compared with controls. DNAAF1 mRNA is significantly reduced in the anterior horn in sALS, and LRRC50 immunoreactivity is significantly reduced in C-boutons of the remaining motor neurons of the anterior horn, dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve, and hypoglossal nuclei at terminal stages of ALS. LRRC50 immunoreactivity has a perinuclear distribution in motor neurons in sALS thus suggesting a disorder of transport. The number of LRRC50-/S1R-immunoreactive structures is also significantly decreased in hSOD1-G93A transgenic mice at the age of 90 days (preclinical stages), and the number of motor neurons with LRRC50-immunoreactive structures is significantly reduced in animals aged 150 days (clinical stages). These observations suggest cholinergic denervation of motor neurons as a pathogenic factor in motor neuron disease. LRRC50 protein levels were not detected in human CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Andrés-Benito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Institute Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Povedano
- Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Pascual Torres
- Departament Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Departament Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Institute Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Tian WT, Liu LH, Zhou HY, Zhang C, Zhan FX, Zhu ZY, Chen SD, Luan XH, Cao L. New phenotype of DCTN1-related spectrum: early-onset dHMN plus congenital foot deformity. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:200-209. [PMID: 32023010 PMCID: PMC7034498 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and genetic features of two patients with different phenotypes due to various Dynactin 1 (DCTN1) gene mutations and further explore the phenotype-genotype relationship. METHODS Patient 1 is a 23-year-old man with congenital foot deformity and life-long distal muscle weakness and atrophy. Patient 2 is a 48-year-old woman with adult-onset progressive weakness, lower limbs atrophy, and pyramid bundle signs. Electrophysiology test showed normal nerve conduction velocity of both patients and neurogenic changes in needle electromyography. Open sural nerve biopsy for Patient 1 showed slight loss of myelinated nerve fibers. Both patients were performed with whole-exome sequencing followed by functional study of identified variants. RESULTS Two mutations in DCTN1 gene were identified in Patient 1 (c.626dupC) and Patient 2 (c.3823C>T), respectively. In vitro, the wild type mostly located in cytoplasm and colocalized with α-tubulin. However, c.626dupC tended to be trapped into nuclear and the c.3823C>T formed cytoplasmic aggregates, both losing colocalization with α-tubulin. Western blotting showed a truncated mutant with less molecular weight of c.626dupC was expressed. INTERPRETATION We identify two novel DCTN1 mutations causing different phenotypes: (1) early-onset distal hereditary motor neuropathy plus congenital foot malformation and (2) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, respectively. We provide the initial evidence that foot developmental deficiency probably arises from subcellular localizing abnormality of Dynactin 1, revealing DCTN1-related spectrum is still expanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wo-Tu Tian
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Hua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jurong Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Jurong People's Hospital, Jurong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Xia Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Hua Luan
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Dutta R, Sarkar SR. Role of Dynein and Dynactin (DCTN-1) in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.33805/2641-8991.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology and concept of degeneration in central nervous system is very complex and overwhelming at times. There is a complex mechanism which exists among different molecules in the cytoplasm of cell bodies of neurons, antegrade and retrograde axonal transport of cargoes and accumulation of certain substances and proteins which can influence the excitatory neurotransmitter like glutamate initiating the process of neurodegeneration. Neurons have extensive processes and communication between those processes and the cell body is crucial to neuronal function, viability and survival over time with progression of age. Researchers believe neurons are uniquely dependent on microtubule-based cargo transport. There is enough evidence to support that deficits in retrograde axonal transport contribute to pathogenesis in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Cytoplasmic dynein and its regulation by Dynactin (DCTN1) is the major molecular motor cargo involved in autophagy, mitosis and neuronal cell survival. Mutation in dynactin gene located in 2p13.1,is indeed studied very extensively and is considered to be involved directly or indirectly to various conditions like Perry syndrome, familial and sporadic Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Hereditary spastic paraplegia, Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA-5), Huntingtons disease, Alzheimers disease, Charcot marie tooth disease, Hereditary motor neuropathy 7B, prion disease, parkinsons disease, malformation of cortical development, polymicrogyria to name a few with exception of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
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Mice with an autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2O disease mutation in both dynein alleles display severe moto-sensory phenotypes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11979. [PMID: 31427617 PMCID: PMC6700207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common peripheral neuromuscular disorder worldwide. The axonal degeneration in CMT causes distal muscle weakness and atrophy, resulting in gait problems and difficulties with basic motor coordination skills. A mutation in the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (DHC) gene was discovered to cause an autosomal dominant form of the disease designated Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2O disease (CMT2O) in 2011. The mutation is a single amino acid change of histidine into arginine at amino acid 306 (H306R) in DHC. We previously generated a knock-in mouse carrying the corresponding CMT2O mutation (H304R) and examined the heterozygous H304R/+offspring in a variety of motor skills and histological assays. Here we report the initial characterization of the homozygous H304R/R mouse, which is the first homozygous mutant DHC mouse to survive past the neonatal stage. We show that H304R/R mice have significantly more severe disease symptoms than the heterozygous H304R/+mice. The H304R/R mice have significant defects in motor skills, including grip strength, motor coordination, and gait and also related defects in neuromuscular junction architecture. Furthermore, the mice have defects in sensation, another aspect of CMT disease. Our results show that the H304R/+ and H304R/R mice will be important models for studying the onset and progression of both heterozygous and homozygous CMT disease alleles.
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Abraham Z, Hawley E, Hayosh D, Webster-Wood VA, Akkus O. Kinesin and Dynein Mechanics: Measurement Methods and Research Applications. J Biomech Eng 2019; 140:2654261. [PMID: 28901373 DOI: 10.1115/1.4037886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Motor proteins play critical roles in the normal function of cells and proper development of organisms. Among motor proteins, failings in the normal function of two types of proteins, kinesin and dynein, have been shown to lead many pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. As such, it is critical to researchers to understand the underlying mechanics and behaviors of these proteins, not only to shed light on how failures may lead to disease, but also to guide research toward novel treatment and nano-engineering solutions. To this end, many experimental techniques have been developed to measure the force and motility capabilities of these proteins. This review will (a) discuss such techniques, specifically microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical trapping, and magnetic tweezers, and (b) the resulting nanomechanical properties of motor protein functions such as stalling force, velocity, and dependence on adenosine triphosophate (ATP) concentrations will be comparatively discussed. Additionally, this review will highlight the clinical importance of these proteins. Furthermore, as the understanding of the structure and function of motor proteins improves, novel applications are emerging in the field. Specifically, researchers have begun to modify the structure of existing proteins, thereby engineering novel elements to alter and improve native motor protein function, or even allow the motor proteins to perform entirely new tasks as parts of nanomachines. Kinesin and dynein are vital elements for the proper function of cells. While many exciting experiments have shed light on their function, mechanics, and applications, additional research is needed to completely understand their behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Abraham
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Emma Hawley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Daniel Hayosh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Victoria A Webster-Wood
- Mem. ASME Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 e-mail:
| | - Ozan Akkus
- Mem. ASME Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Mishima T, Fujioka S, Tsuboi Y. Perry disease: recent advances and perspectives. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1625766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoshio Tsuboi
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Early-Ethanol Exposure Induced Region-Specific Changes in Metabolic Proteins in the Rat Brain: A Proteomics Study. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:277-288. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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ATG5 overexpression is neuroprotective and attenuates cytoskeletal and vesicle-trafficking alterations in axotomized motoneurons. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:626. [PMID: 29799519 PMCID: PMC5967323 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Injured neurons should engage endogenous mechanisms of self-protection to limit neurodegeneration. Enhancing efficacy of these mechanisms or correcting dysfunctional pathways may be a successful strategy for inducing neuroprotection. Spinal motoneurons retrogradely degenerate after proximal axotomy due to mechanical detachment (avulsion) of the nerve roots, and this limits recovery of nervous system function in patients after this type of trauma. In a previously reported proteomic analysis, we demonstrated that autophagy is a key endogenous mechanism that may allow motoneuron survival and regeneration after distal axotomy and suture of the nerve. Herein, we show that autophagy flux is dysfunctional or blocked in degenerated motoneurons after root avulsion. We also found that there were abnormalities in anterograde/retrograde motor proteins, key secretory pathway factors, and lysosome function. Further, LAMP1 protein was missorted and underglycosylated as well as the proton pump v-ATPase. In vitro modeling revealed how sequential disruptions in these systems likely lead to neurodegeneration. In vivo, we observed that cytoskeletal alterations, induced by a single injection of nocodazole, were sufficient to promote neurodegeneration of avulsed motoneurons. Besides, only pre-treatment with rapamycin, but not post-treatment, neuroprotected after nerve root avulsion. In agreement, overexpressing ATG5 in injured motoneurons led to neuroprotection and attenuation of cytoskeletal and trafficking-related abnormalities. These discoveries serve as proof of concept for autophagy-target therapy to halting the progression of neurodegenerative processes.
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Kato Y, Miyakawa T, Tanokura M. Overview of the mechanism of cytoskeletal motors based on structure. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:571-581. [PMID: 29235081 PMCID: PMC5899727 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, a wealth of structural and functional knowledge has been obtained for the three major cytoskeletal motor proteins, myosin, kinesin and dynein, which we review here. The cytoskeletal motor proteins myosin and kinesin are structurally similar in the core architecture of their motor domains and have similar force-producing mechanisms that are coupled with the chemical cycles of ATP binding, hydrolysis, Pi release and subsequent ADP release. The force is generated through conformational changes in the motor domain during Pi release and ATP binding in myosin and kinesin, respectively, and then converted into the rotation of the lever arm or neck linker (referred to as a power stroke) through the common structural pathways. On the other hand, the dynein cytoskeletal motor is an AAA+ protein and has a different structure and power stroke mechanism from those of myosins and kinesins. The linker protruding from the AAA+ ring of dynein swings according to the ATPase states, which, presumably, generates force to carry cargos within a cell. The communication mechanism between the track-binding and ATPase domains of dynein is unique because the two helices that presumably slide with respect to each other work as coordinators for these domains. Details of the mechanism underlying the power stroke and interdomain communication were revealed through recent progress in the structural studies of myosin, kinesin and dynein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kato
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Laboratory of Basic Science on Healthy Longevity, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Laboratory of Basic Science on Healthy Longevity, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yu J, Lai C, Shim H, Xie C, Sun L, Long CX, Ding J, Li Y, Cai H. Genetic ablation of dynactin p150 Glued in postnatal neurons causes preferential degeneration of spinal motor neurons in aged mice. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:10. [PMID: 29490687 PMCID: PMC5831668 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynactin p150Glued, the largest subunit of the dynactin macromolecular complex, binds to both microtubules and tubulin dimers through the N-terminal cytoskeleton-associated protein and glycine-rich (CAP-Gly) and basic domains, and serves as an anti-catastrophe factor in stabilizing microtubules in neurons. P150Glued also initiates dynein-mediated axonal retrograde transport. Multiple missense mutations at the CAP-Gly domain of p150Glued are associated with motor neuron diseases and other neurodegenerative disorders, further supporting the importance of microtubule domains (MTBDs) in p150Glued functions. However, most functional studies were performed in vitro. Whether p150Glued is required for neuronal function and survival in vivo is unknown. METHODS Using Cre-loxP genetic manipulation, we first generated a line of p150Glued knock-in mice by inserting two LoxP sites flanking the MTBD-coding exons 2 to 4 of p150Glued-encoding Dctn1 gene (Dctn1LoxP/), and then crossbred the resulting Dctn1LoxP/ mice with Thy1-Cre mice to generate the bigenic p150Glued (Dctn1LoxP/LoxP; Thy1-Cre) conditional knockout (cKO) mice for the downstream motor behavioral and neuropathological studies. RESULTS P150Glued expression was completely abolished in Cre-expressing postnatal neurons, including corticospinal motor neurons (CSMNs) and spinal motor neurons (SMNs), while the MTBD-truncated forms remained. P150Glued ablation did not affect the formation of dynein/dynactin complex in neurons. The p150Glued cKO mice did not show any obvious developmental phenotypes, but exhibited impairments in motor coordination and rearing after 12 months of age. Around 20% loss of SMNs was found in the lumbar spinal cord of 18-month-old cKO mice, in company with increased gliosis, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disintegration and muscle atrophy. By contrast, no obvious degeneration of CSMNs, striatal neurons, midbrain dopaminergic neurons, cerebellar granule cells or Purkinje cells was observed. Abnormal accumulation of acetylated α-tubulin, and autophagosome/lysosome proteins was found in the SMNs of aged cKO mice. Additionally, the total and cell surface levels of glutamate receptors were also substantially elevated in the p150Glued-depleted spinal neurons, in correlation with increased vulnerability to excitotoxicity. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings demonstrate that p150Glued is particularly required to maintain the function and survival of SMNs during aging. P150Glued may exert its protective function through regulating the transportation of autophagosomes, lysosomes, and postsynaptic glutamate receptors in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu
- Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100095, People's Republic of China
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
| | - Chen Lai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
- Present address: Symptom Management Branch, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hoon Shim
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10467, USA
| | - Chengsong Xie
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
| | - Cai-Xia Long
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Computational Biology Core, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yan Li
- NINDS Protein/Peptide Sequencing Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA.
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Angular measurements of the dynein ring reveal a stepping mechanism dependent on a flexible stalk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4564-E4573. [PMID: 28533393 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620149114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The force-generating mechanism of dynein differs from the force-generating mechanisms of other cytoskeletal motors. To examine the structural dynamics of dynein's stepping mechanism in real time, we used polarized total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy with nanometer accuracy localization to track the orientation and position of single motors. By measuring the polarized emission of individual quantum nanorods coupled to the dynein ring, we determined the angular position of the ring and found that it rotates relative to the microtubule (MT) while walking. Surprisingly, the observed rotations were small, averaging only 8.3°, and were only weakly correlated with steps. Measurements at two independent labeling positions on opposite sides of the ring showed similar small rotations. Our results are inconsistent with a classic power-stroke mechanism, and instead support a flexible stalk model in which interhead strain rotates the rings through bending and hinging of the stalk. Mechanical compliances of the stalk and hinge determined based on a 3.3-μs molecular dynamics simulation account for the degree of ring rotation observed experimentally. Together, these observations demonstrate that the stepping mechanism of dynein is fundamentally different from the stepping mechanisms of other well-studied MT motors, because it is characterized by constant small-scale fluctuations of a large but flexible structure fully consistent with the variable stepping pattern observed as dynein moves along the MT.
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A novel de novo mutation in DYNC1H1 gene underlying malformation of cortical development and cataract. Meta Gene 2016; 9:124-7. [PMID: 27331017 PMCID: PMC4908276 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in DYNC1H1, the gene encoding the largest cytoplasmic dynein, have been associated with a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we describe a child in whom a novel de novo likely pathogenic variant in the motor domain of DYCN1H1 was identified through whole exome sequencing. The affected child presented with severe neurological symptoms and more extensive cortical malformations compared to previously reported cases with mutations in this gene, including diffuse pachygyria-lissencephaly and bilateral symmetric subcortical gray matter heterotopia. A more distinct aspect of the phenotype in this child is the presence of cataract in infancy. So far, only acquired bilateral cataract in adulthood has been described in this disorder in a patient with a much milder neurological phenotype. These findings could extend the phenotype associated with defective DYNC1H1 and suggest a possible important role in human ocular development. WES identified a novel variant in DYNC1H1 most likely to cause malformation of cortical development and cataract in a child from UAE. Untolerated amino acid substitutions in highly conserved residues should not be ignored even if the variant arose de novo in the patient. WES is an efficient tool in identifying disease causing genes.
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15
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Alonso A, Greenlee M, Matts J, Kline J, Davis KJ, Miller RK. Emerging roles of sumoylation in the regulation of actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and septins. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:305-39. [PMID: 26033929 PMCID: PMC5049490 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sumoylation is a powerful regulatory system that controls many of the critical processes in the cell, including DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, nuclear transport, and DNA replication. Recently, new functions for SUMO have begun to emerge. SUMO is covalently attached to components of each of the four major cytoskeletal networks, including microtubule-associated proteins, septins, and intermediate filaments, in addition to nuclear actin and actin-regulatory proteins. However, knowledge of the mechanisms by which this signal transduction system controls the cytoskeleton is still in its infancy. One story that is beginning to unfold is that SUMO may regulate the microtubule motor protein dynein by modification of its adaptor Lis1. In other instances, cytoskeletal elements can both bind to SUMO non-covalently and also be conjugated by it. The molecular mechanisms for many of these new functions are not yet clear, but are under active investigation. One emerging model links the function of MAP sumoylation to protein degradation through SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases, also known as STUbL enzymes. Other possible functions for cytoskeletal sumoylation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Alonso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Matt Greenlee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Jessica Matts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Jake Kline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Kayla J. Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
| | - Rita K. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahoma
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16
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Structure of the Microtubule-Binding Domain of Flagellar Dynein. Structure 2014; 22:1628-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Parveen Z, Bibi Z, Bibi N, Neesen J, Rashid S. Disruption of murine Tcte3-3 induces tissue specific apoptosis via co-expression of Anxa5 and Pebp1. Comput Biol Chem 2014; 53PB:214-225. [PMID: 25462330 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death or apoptosis plays a vital physiological role in the development and homeostasis. Any discrepancy in apoptosis may trigger testicular and neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer. Tcte3 (T-complex testis expressed 3) is an accessory component of axonemal and cytoplasmic dynein which expresses predominantly in meiotic and postmeiotic germ cells. It plays an essential role during spermatogenesis; however, to explore its diverse and complex functioning in male germ cell apoptosis, requires further prosecution. Here, 2D-gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and qRT-PCR analyses were performed to elucidate the differential expression of genes, in both wild-type and homozygous Tcte3-3 mice. We observed an increased expression of Tcte3 in homozygotes as compared to wild-type testes. Perpetually, an increased expression of Anxa5 and Pebp1, while a lower expression of Rsph1 was detected in Tcte3-3-/- mice. We propose that over-expression of Pebp1 and Anxa5 in Tcte3-3-/- testes might be due to increased apoptosis. To evaluate this possibility, testes specific microarray data set extracted from NCBI gene ontology omnibus (GEO) was used to cluster the possible co-expression partners of Tcte3. Further functional coherence of compiled candidate genes was monitored computationally by studying the common TFBS overlapped at the regulatory regions. Differential expression of Tcte3-3 and its involvement in apoptosis may provide a basis for the investigation of transcriptional specificities of other Tcte3 paralogs (Tcte3-1 and Tcte3-2). A complete understanding of controlling factors which have implications in regulating tissue-specific Tcte3 expression would provide additional insights into the gene control events. The collective knowledge may prove useful for the development of novel therapeutic regimen and would open new avenues in defining selective roles of Tcte3 in germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahida Parveen
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zohra Bibi
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nousheen Bibi
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Juergen Neesen
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sajid Rashid
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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18
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondrial dynamics describes the continuous change in the position, size, and shape of mitochondria within cells. The morphological and functional complexity of neurons, the remarkable length of their processes, and the rapid changes in metabolic requirements arising from their intrinsic excitability render these cells particularly dependent on effective mitochondrial function and positioning. The rules that govern these changes and their functional significance are not fully understood, yet the dysfunction of mitochondrial dynamics has been implicated as a pathogenetic factor in a number of diseases, including disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems. RECENT ADVANCES In recent years, a number of mutations of genes encoding proteins that play important roles in mitochondrial dynamics and function have been discovered in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, a hereditary peripheral neuropathy. These findings have directly linked mitochondrial pathology to the pathology of peripheral nerve and have identified certain aspects of mitochondrial dynamics as potential early events in the pathogenesis of CMT. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction has now been implicated in the pathogenesis of noninherited neuropathies, including diabetic and inflammatory neuropathies. CRITICAL ISSUES The role of mitochondria in peripheral nerve diseases has been mostly examined in vitro, and less so in animal models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This review examines available evidence for the role of mitochondrial dynamics in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathies, their relevance in human diseases, and future challenges for research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Sajic
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology , Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Lipid droplets purified from Drosophila embryos as an endogenous handle for precise motor transport measurements. Biophys J 2014; 105:1182-91. [PMID: 24010661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular motor proteins are responsible for long-range transport of vesicles and organelles. Recent works have elucidated the richness of the transport complex, with multiple teams of similar and dissimilar motors and their cofactors attached to individual cargoes. The interaction among these different proteins, and with the microtubules along which they translocate, results in the intricate patterns of cargo transport observed in cells. High-precision and high-bandwidth measurements are required to capture the dynamics of these interactions, yet the crowdedness in the cell necessitates performing such measurements in vitro. Here, we show that endogenous cargoes, lipid droplets purified from Drosophila embryos, can be used to perform high-precision and high-bandwidth optical trapping experiments to study motor regulation in vitro. Purified droplets have constituents of the endogenous transport complex attached to them and exhibit long-range motility. A novel method to determine the quality of the droplets for high-resolution measurements in an optical trap showed that they compare well with plastic beads in terms of roundness, homogeneity, position sensitivity, and trapping stiffness. Using high-resolution and high-bandwidth position measurements, we demonstrate that we can follow the series of binding and unbinding events that lead to the onset of active transport.
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20
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Farahtaj F, Zandi F, Khalaj V, Biglari P, Fayaz A, Vaziri B. Proteomics analysis of human brain tissue infected by street rabies virus. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6443-50. [PMID: 24057270 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to extend the knowledge of rabies pathogenesis, a two-dimensional electrophoresis/mass spectrometry based postmortem comparative proteomics analysis was carried out on human brain samples. Alteration in expression profile of several proteins was detected. Proteins related to cytoskeleton, metabolism, proteasome and immune regulatory systems showed the most changes in expression levels. Among these groups, the cytoskeleton related proteins (dynein light chain, β-centractin, tubulin alpha-1C chain and destrin) and metabolism associated proteins (fatty acid-binding protein, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, glutamine synthetase and alpha enolase) were the main altered proteins. These alterations may be considered as an evidence of disturbances in neuronal key processes including axonal transport, synaptic activity, signaling and metabolic pathways in rabies virus infected human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firouzeh Farahtaj
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Jia Y, Fong KW, Choi YK, See SS, Qi RZ. Dynamic recruitment of CDK5RAP2 to centrosomes requires its association with dynein. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68523. [PMID: 23874654 PMCID: PMC3714271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK5RAP2 is a centrosomal protein known to be involved in the regulation of the γ-tubulin ring complex and thus the organization of microtubule arrays. However, the mechanism by which CDK5RAP2 is itself recruited to centrosomes is poorly understood. We report here that CDK5RAP2 displays highly dynamic attachment to centrosomes in a microtubule-dependent manner. CDK5RAP2 associates with the retrograde transporter dynein-dynactin and contains a sequence motif that binds to dynein light chain 8. Significantly, disruption of cellular dynein-dynactin function reduces the centrosomal level of CDK5RAP2. These results reveal a key role of the dynein-dynactin complex in the dynamic recruitment of CDK5RAP2 to centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jia
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Wing Fong
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuk-Kwan Choi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu-San See
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert Z. Qi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Morfini GA, Bosco DA, Brown H, Gatto R, Kaminska A, Song Y, Molla L, Baker L, Marangoni MN, Berth S, Tavassoli E, Bagnato C, Tiwari A, Hayward LJ, Pigino GF, Watterson DM, Huang CF, Banker G, Brown RH, Brady ST. Inhibition of fast axonal transport by pathogenic SOD1 involves activation of p38 MAP kinase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65235. [PMID: 23776455 PMCID: PMC3680447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dying-back degeneration of motor neuron axons represents an established feature of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) associated with superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutations, but axon-autonomous effects of pathogenic SOD1 remained undefined. Characteristics of motor neurons affected in FALS include abnormal kinase activation, aberrant neurofilament phosphorylation, and fast axonal transport (FAT) deficits, but functional relationships among these pathogenic events were unclear. Experiments in isolated squid axoplasm reveal that FALS-related SOD1 mutant polypeptides inhibit FAT through a mechanism involving a p38 mitogen activated protein kinase pathway. Mutant SOD1 activated neuronal p38 in mouse spinal cord, neuroblastoma cells and squid axoplasm. Active p38 MAP kinase phosphorylated kinesin-1, and this phosphorylation event inhibited kinesin-1. Finally, vesicle motility assays revealed previously unrecognized, isoform-specific effects of p38 on FAT. Axon-autonomous activation of the p38 pathway represents a novel gain of toxic function for FALS-linked SOD1 proteins consistent with the dying-back pattern of neurodegeneration characteristic of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A. Morfini
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daryl A. Bosco
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hannah Brown
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo Gatto
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka Kaminska
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuyu Song
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Linda Molla
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa Baker
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. Natalia Marangoni
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Berth
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ehsan Tavassoli
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carolina Bagnato
- Department of Natural Sciences and Engineering. National University of Rio Negro, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J. Hayward
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gustavo F. Pigino
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - D. Martin Watterson
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery and Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IIllinois, United States of America
| | - Chun-Fang Huang
- The Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gary Banker
- The Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott T. Brady
- Depart of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
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23
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Wiggins LM, Kuta A, Stevens JC, Fisher EMC, von Bartheld CS. A novel phenotype for the dynein heavy chain mutation Loa: altered dendritic morphology, organelle density, and reduced numbers of trigeminal motoneurons. J Comp Neurol 2013; 520:2757-73. [PMID: 22684941 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynein, the retrograde motor protein, is essential for the transport of cargo along axons and proximal dendrites in neurons. The dynein heavy chain mutation Loa has been reported to cause degeneration of spinal motor neurons, as well as defects of spinal sensory proprioceptive neurons, but cranial nerve nuclei have received little attention. Here, we examined the number and morphology of neurons in cranial nerve nuclei of young, adult, and aged heterozygous Loa mice, with a focus on the trigeminal, facial, and trochlear motor nuclei, as well as the proprioceptive mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. By using stereological counting techniques, we report a slowly progressive and significant reduction, to 75% of wild-type controls, in the number of large trigeminal motoneurons, whereas normal numbers were found for sensory mesencephalic trigeminal, facial, and trochlear motoneurons. The morphology of many surviving large trigeminal motoneurons was substantially altered, in particular the size and length of perpendicularly extending primary dendrites, but not those of facial or trochlear motoneurons. At the ultrastructural level, proximal dendrites of large trigeminal motoneurons, but not other neurons, were significantly depleted in organelle content such as polyribosomes and showed abnormal (vesiculated) mitochondria. These data indicate primary defects in trigeminal α-motoneurons more than γ-motoneurons. Our findings expand the Loa heterozygote phenotype in two important ways: we reveal dendritic in addition to axonal defects or abnormalities, and we identify the Loa mutation as a mouse model for mixed motor-sensory loss when the entire neuraxis is considered, rather than a model primarily for sensory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa M Wiggins
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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24
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Epidermal growth factor stimulates extracellular-signal regulated kinase phosphorylation of a novel site on cytoplasmic Dynein intermediate chain 2. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3595-620. [PMID: 23434660 PMCID: PMC3588060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling is required for a multitude of physiological and patho-physiological processes. However, the identities of the proteins that ERK phosphorylates to elicit these responses are incompletely known. Using an affinity purification methodology of general utility, here we identify cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain 2 (DYNC1I-2, IC-2) as a novel substrate for ERK following epidermal growth factor receptor stimulation of fibroblasts. IC-2 is a subunit of cytoplasmic dynein, a minus-end directed motor protein necessary for transport of diverse cargos along microtubules. Emerging data support the hypothesis that post-translational modification regulates dynein but the signaling mechanisms used are currently unknown. We find that ERK phosphorylates IC-2 on a novel, highly conserved Serine residue proximal to the binding site for the p150Glued subunit of the cargo adapter dynactin. Surprisingly, neither constitutive phosphorylation nor a phosphomimetic substitution of this Serine influences binding of p150Glued to IC-2. These data suggest that ERK phosphorylation of IC-2 regulates dynein function through mechanisms other than its interaction with dynactin.
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25
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Fargier G, Favard C, Parmeggiani A, Sahuquet A, Mérezègue F, Morel A, Denis M, Molinari N, Mangeat PH, Coopman PJ, Montcourrier P. Centrosomal targeting of Syk kinase is controlled by its catalytic activity and depends on microtubules and the dynein motor. FASEB J 2012; 27:109-22. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-202465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fargier
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire (CRBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5237Universités Montpellier 1 and Montpellier 2MontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée 2007 Ligue Nationale contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Cyril Favard
- Centre d'Etudes d'Agents Pathogénes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS), CNRS UMR 5236Universités Montpellier 1 and Montpellier 2MontpellierFrance
| | - Andrea Parmeggiani
- CNRS, UMR 5235, Biological Physics and System BiologyUniversité Montpellier 2MontpellierFrance
| | - Alain Sahuquet
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire (CRBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5237Universités Montpellier 1 and Montpellier 2MontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée 2007 Ligue Nationale contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Fabrice Mérezègue
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire (CRBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5237Universités Montpellier 1 and Montpellier 2MontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée 2007 Ligue Nationale contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Anne Morel
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire (CRBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5237Universités Montpellier 1 and Montpellier 2MontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée 2007 Ligue Nationale contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Marie Denis
- Laboratoire de Biostatistique, d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Unité Pédagogique MédicaleInstitut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Université Montpellier 1MontpellierFrance
| | - Nicolas Molinari
- Laboratoire de Biostatistique, d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Unité Pédagogique MédicaleInstitut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Université Montpellier 1MontpellierFrance
| | - Paul H. Mangeat
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire (CRBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5237Universités Montpellier 1 and Montpellier 2MontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée 2007 Ligue Nationale contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Peter J. Coopman
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire (CRBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5237Universités Montpellier 1 and Montpellier 2MontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée 2007 Ligue Nationale contre le CancerParisFrance
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U896Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer (CRLC) Val d'AurelleUniversité Montpellier 1MontpellierFrance
| | - Philippe Montcourrier
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire (CRBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5237Universités Montpellier 1 and Montpellier 2MontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée 2007 Ligue Nationale contre le CancerParisFrance
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U896Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer (CRLC) Val d'AurelleUniversité Montpellier 1MontpellierFrance
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26
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Tubulin-binding cofactor B is a direct interaction partner of the dynactin subunit p150(Glued). Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:13-26. [PMID: 22777741 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The dynactin p150(Glued) subunit, encoded by the gene DCTN1, is part of the dynein-dynactin motor protein complex responsible for retrograde axonal transport in motor neurons. The p150 subunit is a candidate gene for neurodegenerative diseases, in particular motor neuron and extrapyramidal diseases. Tubulin-binding cofactors are believed to be involved in tubulin biogenesis and degradation and therefore to contribute to microtubule functional diversity and regulation. A yeast-two-hybrid screen for putative interacting proteins of dynactin p150(Glued) has revealed tubulin-folding cofactor B (TBCB). We analyzed the interaction of these proteins and investigated the impact of this complex on the microtubule network in cell lines and primary hippocampal neurons in vitro. We especially concentrated on neuronal morphology and synaptogenesis. Overexpression of both proteins or depletion of TBCB alone does not alter the microtubule network and/or neuronal morphology. The demonstration of the interaction of the transport molecule dynactin and the tubulin-regulating factor TBCB is thought to have an impact on several cellular mechanisms. TBCB expression levels have been found to have only a subtle influence on the microtubule network and neuronal morphology. However, overexpression of TBCB leads to the decreased localization of p150 to the microtubule network that might result in a functional modulation of this protein complex.
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27
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Egan MJ, Tan K, Reck-Peterson SL. Lis1 is an initiation factor for dynein-driven organelle transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 197:971-82. [PMID: 22711696 PMCID: PMC3384415 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The dynein-associated protein Lis1 may be a ubiquitous determinant of dynein-dependent transport required primarily at the stage of motility initiation. The molecular motor cytoplasmic dynein is responsible for most minus-end–directed, microtubule-based transport in eukaryotic cells. It is especially important in neurons, where defects in microtubule-based motility have been linked to neurological diseases. For example, lissencephaly is caused by mutations in the dynein-associated protein Lis1. In this paper, using the long, highly polarized hyphae of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, we show that three morphologically and functionally distinct dynein cargos showed transport defects in the genetic absence of Lis1/nudF, raising the possibility that Lis1 is ubiquitously used for dynein-based transport. Surprisingly, both dynein and its cargo moved at normal speeds in the absence of Lis1 but with reduced frequency. Moreover, Lis1, unlike dynein and dynactin, was absent from moving dynein cargos, further suggesting that Lis1 is not required for dynein-based cargo motility once it has commenced. Based on these observations, we propose that Lis1 has a general role in initiating dynein-driven motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Egan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Quantification of retrograde axonal transport in the rat optic nerve by fluorogold spectrometry. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38820. [PMID: 22719956 PMCID: PMC3377715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Disturbed axonal transport is an important pathogenic factor in many neurodegenerative diseases, such as glaucoma, an eye disease characterised by progressive atrophy of the optic nerve. Quantification of retrograde axonal transport in the optic nerve usually requires labour intensive histochemical techniques or expensive equipment for in vivo imaging. Here, we report on a robust alternative method using Fluorogold (FG) as tracer, which is spectrometrically quantified in retinal tissue lysate. METHODS To determine parameters reflecting the relative FG content of a sample FG was dissolved in retinal lysates at different concentrations and spectra were obtained. For validation in vivo FG was injected uni- or bilaterally into the superior colliculus (SC) of Sprague Dawley rats. The retinal lysate was analysed after 3, 5 and 7 days to determine the time course of FG accumulation in the retina (n = 15). In subsequent experiments axona transport was impaired by optic nerve crush (n = 3), laser-induced ocular hypertension (n = 5) or colchicine treatment to the SC (n = 10). RESULTS Spectrometry at 370 nm excitation revealed two emission peaks at 430 and 610 nm. We devised a formula to calculate the relative FG content (c(FG)), from the emission spectrum. c(FG) is proportional to the real FG concentration as it corrects for variations of retinal protein concentration in the lysate. After SC injection, c(FG) monotonously increases with time (p = 0.002). Optic nerve axonal damage caused a significant decrease of c(FG) (crush p = 0.029; hypertension p = 0.025; colchicine p = 0.006). Lysates are amenable to subsequent protein analysis. CONCLUSIONS Spectrometrical FG detection in retinal lysates allows for quantitative assessment of retrograde axonal transport using standard laboratory equipment. It is faster than histochemical techniques and may also complement morphological in vivo analyses.
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MacDonald JIS, Dietrich A, Gamble S, Hryciw T, Grant RI, Meakin SO. Nesca, a novel neuronal adapter protein, links the molecular motor kinesin with the pre-synaptic membrane protein, syntaxin-1, in hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 2012; 121:861-80. [PMID: 22404429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular transport in neurons plays a vital role in neuronal function and survival. Nesca is a novel protein that we previously identified and herein describe its pattern of expression, subcellular localization and protein-protein interactions both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, a large proportion of Nesca is in tight association with both actin and microtubule cytoskeletal proteins. Nesca binds to F-actin, microtubules, βIII and acetylated α-tubulin, but not neurofilaments or the actin-binding protein drebrin, in in vitro-binding assays. Nesca co-immunoprecipitates with kinesin heavy chain (KIF5B) and kinesin light-chain motors as well as with the synaptic membrane precursor protein, syntaxin-1, and is a constituent of the post-synaptic density. Moreover, in vitro-binding assays indicate that Nesca directly binds KIF5B, kinesin light-chain and syntaxin-1. In contrast, Nesca does not co-immunoprecipitate with the kinesin motors KIF1B, KIF3A nor does it bind syntaxin-4 or the synaptosome-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25) in vitro. Nesca expression in neurons is highly punctuate, co-stains with syntaxin-1, and is found in fractions containing markers of early endosomes and Golgi suggesting that it is involved in vesicular transport. Collectively, these data suggest that Nesca functions as an adapter involved in neuronal vesicular transport including vesicles containing soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors that are essential to exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I S MacDonald
- Laboratory of Neural Signaling, Molecular Brain Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Bucci C, Bakke O, Progida C. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and intracellular traffic. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:191-225. [PMID: 22465036 PMCID: PMC3514635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of genes whose primary function is the regulation of membrane traffic are increasingly being identified as the underlying causes of various important human disorders. Intriguingly, mutations in ubiquitously expressed membrane traffic genes often lead to cell type- or organ-specific disorders. This is particularly true for neuronal diseases, identifying the nervous system as the most sensitive tissue to alterations of membrane traffic. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is one of the most common inherited peripheral neuropathies. It is also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), which comprises a group of disorders specifically affecting peripheral nerves. This peripheral neuropathy, highly heterogeneous both clinically and genetically, is characterized by a slowly progressive degeneration of the muscle of the foot, lower leg, hand and forearm, accompanied by sensory loss in the toes, fingers and limbs. More than 30 genes have been identified as targets of mutations that cause CMT neuropathy. A number of these genes encode proteins directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of intracellular traffic. Indeed, the list of genes linked to CMT disease includes genes important for vesicle formation, phosphoinositide metabolism, lysosomal degradation, mitochondrial fission and fusion, and also genes encoding endosomal and cytoskeletal proteins. This review focuses on the link between intracellular transport and CMT disease, highlighting the molecular mechanisms that underlie the different forms of this peripheral neuropathy and discussing the pathophysiological impact of membrane transport genetic defects as well as possible future ways to counteract these defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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31
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Segal M, Soifer I, Petzold H, Howard J, Elbaum M, Reiner O. Ndel1-derived peptides modulate bidirectional transport of injected beads in the squid giant axon. Biol Open 2012; 1:220-31. [PMID: 23213412 PMCID: PMC3507287 DOI: 10.1242/bio.2012307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional transport is a key issue in cellular biology. It requires coordination between microtubule-associated molecular motors that work in opposing directions. The major retrograde and anterograde motors involved in bidirectional transport are cytoplasmic dynein and conventional kinesin, respectively. It is clear that failures in molecular motor activity bear severe consequences, especially in the nervous system. Neuronal migration may be impaired during brain development, and impaired molecular motor activity in the adult is one of the hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases leading to neuronal cell death. The mechanisms that regulate or coordinate kinesin and dynein activity to generate bidirectional transport of the same cargo are of utmost importance. We examined how Ndel1, a cytoplasmic dynein binding protein, may regulate non-vesicular bidirectional transport. Soluble Ndel1 protein, Ndel1-derived peptides or control proteins were mixed with fluorescent beads, injected into the squid giant axon, and the bead movements were recorded using time-lapse microscopy. Automated tracking allowed for extraction and unbiased analysis of a large data set. Beads moved in both directions with a clear bias to the anterograde direction. Velocities were distributed over a broad range and were typically slower than those associated with fast vesicle transport. Ironically, the main effect of Ndel1 and its derived peptides was an enhancement of anterograde motion. We propose that they may function primarily by inhibition of dynein-dependent resistance, which suggests that both dynein and kinesin motors may remain engaged with microtubules during bidirectional transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Segal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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Fiesel FC, Kahle PJ. TDP-43 and FUS/TLS: cellular functions and implications for neurodegeneration. FEBS J 2011; 278:3550-68. [PMID: 21777389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TDP-43 (transactive response binding protein of 43 kDa) and FUS (fused in sarcoma) comprise the neuropathological protein aggregates of distinct subtypes of the neurodegenerative diseases frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Moreover, the genes encoding TDP-43 and FUS are linked to these diseases. Both TDP-43 and FUS contain RNA binding motifs, and specific targets are being identified. Potential actions of TDP-43 and FUS include transcriptional regulation, mRNA processing and micro RNA biogenesis. These activities are probably modulated by interacting proteins in cell type specific manners as well as distinctly within the nucleus and cytosol, as both proteins shuttle between these compartments. In this minireview the specific functions of TDP-43 and FUS are described and discussed in the context of how TDP-43 and FUS may contribute to the pathogenesis of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne C Fiesel
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Riboldi G, Nizzardo M, Simone C, Falcone M, Bresolin N, Comi GP, Corti S. ALS genetic modifiers that increase survival of SOD1 mice and are suitable for therapeutic development. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:133-48. [PMID: 21816207 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a frequently fatal motor neuron disease without any cure. To find molecular therapeutic targets, several studies crossed transgenic ALS murine models with animals transgenic for some ALS target genes. We aimed to revise the new discoveries and new works in this field. We selected the 10 most promising genes, according to their capability when down-regulated or up-regulated in ALS animal models, for increasing life span and mitigating disease progression: XBP-1, NogoA and NogoB, dynein, heavy and medium neurofilament, NOX1 and NOX2, MLC-mIGF-1, NSE-VEGF, and MMP-9. Interestingly, some crucial modifier genes have been described as being involved in common pathways, the most significant of which are inflammation and cytoskeletal activities. The endoplasmic reticulum also seems to play an important role in ALS pathogenesis, as it is involved in different selected gene pathways. In addition, these genes have evident links to each other, introducing the hypothesis of a single unknown, common pathway involving all of these identified genes and others to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulietta Riboldi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Dino Ferrari Centre, University of Milan, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Banks GT, Haas MA, Line S, Shepherd HL, Alqatari M, Stewart S, Rishal I, Philpott A, Kalmar B, Kuta A, Groves M, Parkinson N, Acevedo-Arozena A, Brandner S, Bannerman D, Greensmith L, Hafezparast M, Koltzenburg M, Deacon R, Fainzilber M, Fisher EMC. Behavioral and other phenotypes in a cytoplasmic Dynein light intermediate chain 1 mutant mouse. J Neurosci 2011; 31:5483-94. [PMID: 21471385 PMCID: PMC3096546 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5244-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein complex is fundamentally important to all eukaryotic cells for transporting a variety of essential cargoes along microtubules within the cell. This complex also plays more specialized roles in neurons. The complex consists of 11 types of protein that interact with each other and with external adaptors, regulators and cargoes. Despite the importance of the cytoplasmic dynein complex, we know comparatively little of the roles of each component protein, and in mammals few mutants exist that allow us to explore the effects of defects in dynein-controlled processes in the context of the whole organism. Here we have taken a genotype-driven approach in mouse (Mus musculus) to analyze the role of one subunit, the dynein light intermediate chain 1 (Dync1li1). We find that, surprisingly, an N235Y point mutation in this protein results in altered neuronal development, as shown from in vivo studies in the developing cortex, and analyses of electrophysiological function. Moreover, mutant mice display increased anxiety, thus linking dynein functions to a behavioral phenotype in mammals for the first time. These results demonstrate the important role that dynein-controlled processes play in the correct development and function of the mammalian nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth T Banks
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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Huang X, Tong JS, Wang ZB, Yang CR, Qi ST, Guo L, Ouyang YC, Quan S, Sun QY, Qi ZQ, Huang RX, Wang HL. JNK2 participates in spindle assembly during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:197-205. [PMID: 21281539 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927610094456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) plays pivotal roles in various mitotic events, but its function in mammalian oocyte meiosis remains unknown. In this study, we found that no specific JNK2 signal was detected in germinal vesicle stage. JNK2 was associated with the spindles especially the spindle poles and cytoplasmic microtubule organizing centers at prometaphase I, metaphase I, and metaphase II stages. JNK2 became diffusely distributed and associated with the midbody at telophase I stage. Injection of myc-tagged JNK2α1 mRNA into oocytes also revealed its localization on spindle poles. The association of JNK2 with spindle poles was further confirmed by colocalization with the centrosomal proteins, γ-tubulin and Plk1. Nocodazole treatment showed that JNK2 may interact with Plk1 to regulate the spindle assembly. Then we investigated the possible function of JNK2 by JNK2 antibody microinjection and JNK specific inhibitor SP600125 treatment. These two manipulations caused abnormal spindle formation and decreased the rate of first polar body (PB1) extrusion. In addition, inhibition of JNK2 resulted in impaired localization of Plk1. Taken together, our results suggest that JNK2 plays an important role in spindle assembly and PB1 extrusion during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
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Eschbach J, Dupuis L. Cytoplasmic dynein in neurodegeneration. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:348-63. [PMID: 21420428 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein 1 (later referred to as dynein) is the major molecular motor moving cargoes such as mitochondria, organelles and proteins towards the minus end of microtubules. Dynein is involved in multiple basic cellular functions, such as mitosis, autophagy and structure of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, but also in neuron specific functions in particular retrograde axonal transport. Dynein is regulated by a number of protein complexes, notably by dynactin. Several studies have supported indirectly the involvement of dynein in neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and motor neuron diseases. First, axonal transport disruption represents a common feature occurring in neurodegenerative diseases. Second, a number of dynein-dependent processes, including autophagy or clearance of aggregation-prone proteins, are found defective in most of these diseases. Third, a number of mutant genes in various neurodegenerative diseases are involved in the regulation of dynein transport. This includes notably mutations in the P150Glued subunit of dynactin that are found in Perry syndrome and motor neuron diseases. Interestingly, gene products that are mutant in Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease or spino-cerebellar ataxia are also involved in the regulation of dynein motor activity or of cargo binding. Despite a constellation of indirect evidence, direct links between the motor itself and neurodegeneration are few, and this might be due to the requirement of fully active dynein for development. Here, we critically review the evidence of dynein involvement in different neurodegenerative diseases and discuss potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Eschbach
- Inserm U692, Laboratoire de Signalisations Moléculaires et Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, F-67085, France
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Xiong X, Wang X, Ewanek R, Bhat P, Diantonio A, Collins CA. Protein turnover of the Wallenda/DLK kinase regulates a retrograde response to axonal injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 191:211-23. [PMID: 20921142 PMCID: PMC2953441 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201006039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative responses to axonal injury involve changes in gene expression; however, little is known about how such changes can be induced from a distant site of injury. In this study, we describe a nerve crush assay in Drosophila melanogaster to study injury signaling and regeneration mechanisms. We find that Wallenda (Wnd), a conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase homologous to dual leucine zipper kinase, functions as an upstream mediator of a cell-autonomous injury signaling cascade that involves the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase MAPK and Fos transcription factor. Wnd is physically transported in axons, and axonal transport is required for the injury signaling mechanism. Wnd is regulated by a conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase, named Highwire (Hiw) in Drosophila. Injury induces a rapid increase in Wnd protein concomitantly with a decrease in Hiw protein. In hiw mutants, injury signaling is constitutively active, and neurons initiate a faster regenerative response. Our data suggest that the regulation of Wnd protein turnover by Hiw can function as a damage surveillance mechanism for responding to axonal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Murthy K, Bhat JM, Koushika SP. In vivo imaging of retrogradely transported synaptic vesicle proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans neurons. Traffic 2010; 12:89-101. [PMID: 21029289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Axonal transport is an essential process that carries cargoes in the anterograde direction to the synapse and in the retrograde direction back to the cell body. We have developed a novel in vivo method to exclusively mark and dynamically track retrogradely moving compartments carrying specific endogenous synaptic vesicle proteins in the Caenorhabditis elegans model. Our method is based on the uptake of a fluorescently labeled anti-green fluorescent protein (GFP) antibody delivered in an animal expressing the synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin-1::GFP in neurons. We show that this method largely labels retrogradely moving compartments. Very little labeling is observed upon blocking vesicle exocytosis or if the synapse is physically separated from the cell body. The extent of labeling is also dependent on the dyenin-dynactin complex. These data support the interpretation that the labeling of synaptobrevin-1::GFP largely occurs after vesicle fusion and the major labeling likely takes place at the synapse. Further, we observe that the retrograde compartment carrying synaptobrevin contains synaptotagmin but lacks the endosomal marker RAB-5. This labeling method is very general and can be readily adapted to any transmembrane protein on synaptic vesicles with a GFP tag inside the vesicle and can also be extended to other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausalya Murthy
- Neurobiology, NCBS-TIFR, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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Deng W, Garrett C, Dombert B, Soura V, Banks G, Fisher EMC, van der Brug MP, Hafezparast M. Neurodegenerative mutation in cytoplasmic dynein alters its organization and dynein-dynactin and dynein-kinesin interactions. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39922-34. [PMID: 20889981 PMCID: PMC3000974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.178087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A single amino acid change, F580Y (Legs at odd angles (Loa), Dync1h1Loa), in the highly conserved and overlapping homodimerization, intermediate chain, and light intermediate chain binding domain of the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain can cause severe motor and sensory neuron loss in mice. The mechanism by which the Loa mutation impairs the neuron-specific functions of dynein is not understood. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration arising from this mutation, we applied a cohort of biochemical methods combined with in vivo assays to systemically study the effects of the mutation on the assembly of dynein and its interaction with dynactin. We found that the Loa mutation in the heavy chain leads to increased affinity of this subunit of cytoplasmic dynein to light intermediate and a population of intermediate chains and a suppressed association of dynactin to dynein. These data suggest that the Loa mutation drives the assembly of cytoplasmic dynein toward a complex with lower affinity to dynactin and thus impairing transport of cargos that tether to the complex via dynactin. In addition, we detected up-regulation of kinesin light chain 1 (KLC1) and its increased association with dynein but reduced microtubule-associated KLC1 in the Loa samples. We provide a model describing how up-regulation of KLC1 and its interaction with cytoplasmic dynein in Loa could play a regulatory role in restoring the retrograde and anterograde transport in the Loa neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Deng
- From School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
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Braunstein KE, Eschbach J, Ròna-Vörös K, Soylu R, Mikrouli E, Larmet Y, René F, Gonzalez De Aguilar JL, Loeffler JP, Müller HP, Bucher S, Kaulisch T, Niessen HG, Tillmanns J, Fischer K, Schwalenstöcker B, Kassubek J, Pichler B, Stiller D, Petersen A, Ludolph AC, Dupuis L. A point mutation in the dynein heavy chain gene leads to striatal atrophy and compromises neurite outgrowth of striatal neurons. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4385-98. [PMID: 20807776 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular motor dynein and its associated regulatory subunit dynactin have been implicated in several neurodegenerative conditions of the basal ganglia, such as Huntington's disease (HD) and Perry syndrome, an atypical Parkinson-like disease. This pathogenic role has been largely postulated from the existence of mutations in the dynactin subunit p150(Glued). However, dynactin is also able to act independently of dynein, and there is currently no direct evidence linking dynein to basal ganglia degeneration. To provide such evidence, we used here a mouse strain carrying a point mutation in the dynein heavy chain gene that impairs retrograde axonal transport. These mice exhibited motor and behavioural abnormalities including hindlimb clasping, early muscle weakness, incoordination and hyperactivity. In vivo brain imaging using magnetic resonance imaging showed striatal atrophy and lateral ventricle enlargement. In the striatum, altered dopamine signalling, decreased dopamine D1 and D2 receptor binding in positron emission tomography SCAN and prominent astrocytosis were observed, although there was no neuronal loss either in the striatum or substantia nigra. In vitro, dynein mutant striatal neurons displayed strongly impaired neuritic morphology. Altogether, these findings provide a direct genetic evidence for the requirement of dynein for the morphology and function of striatal neurons. Our study supports a role for dynein dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders of the basal ganglia, such as Perry syndrome and HD.
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Kuta A, Deng W, Morsi El-Kadi A, Banks GT, Hafezparast M, Pfister KK, Fisher EMC. Mouse cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chains: identification of new isoforms, alternative splicing and tissue distribution of transcripts. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11682. [PMID: 20657784 PMCID: PMC2908135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intracellular transport of cargoes including organelles, vesicles, signalling molecules, protein complexes, and RNAs, is essential for normal function of eukaryotic cells. The cytoplasmic dynein complex is an important motor that moves cargos along microtubule tracks within the cell. In mammals this multiprotein complex includes dynein intermediate chains 1 and 2 which are encoded by two genes, Dync1i1 and Dync1i2. These proteins are involved in dynein cargo binding and dynein complexes with different intermediate chains bind to specific cargoes, although the mechanisms to achieve this are not known. The DYNC1I1 and DYNC1I2 proteins are translated from different splice isoforms, and specific forms of each protein are essential for the function of different dynein complexes in neurons. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we have undertaken a systematic survey of the dynein intermediate chain splice isoforms in mouse, basing our study on mRNA expression patterns in a range of tissues, and on bioinformatics analysis of mouse, rat and human genomic and cDNA sequences. We found a complex pattern of alternative splicing of both dynein intermediate chain genes, with maximum complexity in the embryonic and adult nervous system. We have found novel transcripts, including some with orthologues in human and rat, and a new promoter and alternative non-coding exon 1 for Dync1i2. Conclusions/Significance These data, including the cloned isoforms will be essential for understanding the role of intermediate chains in the cytoplasmic dynein complex, particularly their role in cargo binding within individual tissues including different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuta
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wenhan Deng
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Morsi El-Kadi
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth T. Banks
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Hafezparast
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - K. Kevin Pfister
- Cell Biology Department, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. C. Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Dahlstrom AB. Fast intra-axonal transport: Beginning, development and post-genome advances. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 90:119-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Identification of DH IC-2 as a HIF-1 independent protein involved in the adaptive response to hypoxia in tumor cells: A putative role in metastasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:1676-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Strong MJ. The evidence for altered RNA metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). J Neurol Sci 2009; 288:1-12. [PMID: 19840884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the role of aberrant RNA metabolism in ALS is examined, including the evidence that a majority of the genetic mutations observed in familial ALS (including mutations in TDP-43, FUS/TLS, SOD1, angiogenin (ANG) and senataxin (SETX)) can impact directly on either gene transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, ribonucleoprotein complex formation, transport, RNA translation or degradation. The evidence that perturbed expression or function of RNA binding proteins is causally related to the selective suppression of the low molecular weight subunit protein (NFL) steady state mRNA levels in degenerating motor neurons in ALS is examined. The discovery that mtSOD1, TDP-43 and 14-3-3 proteins, all of which form cytosolic aggregates in ALS, can each modulate the stability of NFL mRNA, suggests that a fundamental alteration in the interaction of mRNA species with key trans-acting binding factors has occurred in ALS. These observations lead directly to the hypothesis that ALS can be viewed as a disorder of RNA metabolism, thus providing a novel pathway for the development of molecular pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Strong
- Molecular Brain Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Cai ZL, Shi JJ, Yang YP, Cao BY, Wang F, Huang JZ, Yang F, Zhang P, Liu CF. MPP+ impairs autophagic clearance of alpha-synuclein by impairing the activity of dynein. Neuroreport 2009; 20:569-73. [PMID: 19287320 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32832986c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that dynein has an important role in the clearance of misfolded proteins by autophagy. Here we show that treatment of cells with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP) cause alpha-synuclein overexpression and aggregation, leading to the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and the recruitment of LC3-II to these vacuoles in the cytoplasm. After MPP treatment, dynein expression decreased and was mainly aggregated at the periphery of cytoplasm and lost its colocalization with alpha-synuclein and lamp1, indicating that dynein lost its function in the aggresome formation and failed to return autophagosome and lysosomes to the center of the cell for degradation. We consider that dynein plays an important role in the autophagic clearance of aggregate-prone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Lin Cai
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Odronitz F, Becker S, Kollmar M. Reconstructing the phylogeny of 21 completely sequenced arthropod species based on their motor proteins. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:173. [PMID: 19383156 PMCID: PMC2674883 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor proteins have extensively been studied in the past and consist of large superfamilies. They are involved in diverse processes like cell division, cellular transport, neuronal transport processes, or muscle contraction, to name a few. Vertebrates contain up to 60 myosins and about the same number of kinesins that are spread over more than a dozen distinct classes. RESULTS Here, we present the comparative genomic analysis of the motor protein repertoire of 21 completely sequenced arthropod species using the owl limpet Lottia gigantea as outgroup. Arthropods contain up to 17 myosins grouped into 13 classes. The myosins are in almost all cases clear paralogs, and thus the evolution of the arthropod myosin inventory is mainly determined by gene losses. Arthropod species contain up to 29 kinesins spread over 13 classes. In contrast to the myosins, the evolution of the arthropod kinesin inventory is not only determined by gene losses but also by many subtaxon-specific and species-specific gene duplications. All arthropods contain each of the subunits of the cytoplasmic dynein/dynactin complex. Except for the dynein light chains and the p150 dynactin subunit they contain single gene copies of the other subunits. Especially the roadblock light chain repertoire is very species-specific. CONCLUSION All 21 completely sequenced arthropods, including the twelve sequenced Drosophila species, contain a species-specific set of motor proteins. The phylogenetic analysis of all genes as well as the protein repertoire placed Daphnia pulex closest to the root of the Arthropoda. The louse Pediculus humanus corporis is the closest relative to Daphnia followed by the group of the honeybee Apis mellifera and the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis. After this group the rust-red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum and the silkworm Bombyx mori diverged very closely from the lineage leading to the Drosophila species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Odronitz
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Becker
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martin Kollmar
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics and transport have emerged as key factors in the regulation of neuronal differentiation and survival. Mitochondria are dynamically transported in and out of axons and dendrites to maintain neuronal and synaptic function. Transport proceeds through a controlled series of plus- and minus-end directed movements along microtubule tracks (MTs) that are often interrupted by short stops. This bidirectional motility of mitochondria is facilitated by plus end-directed kinesin and minus end-directed dynein motors, and may be coordinated and controlled by a number of mechanisms that integrate intracellular signals to ensure efficient transport and targeting of mitochondria. In this chapter, we discuss our understanding of mechanisms that facilitate mitochondrial transport and delivery to specific target sites in dendrites and axons.
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Axonal transport and the delivery of pre-synaptic components. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2008; 18:495-503. [PMID: 18950710 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms for delivering components to nerve terminals are diverse and highly regulated. The diversity of kinesin motors alone is insufficient to account for the specificity of delivery. Additional specificity and control are contributed by adaptor proteins and associated regulatory molecules. The interaction of cargos with these complexes can confer distinct behaviors on the transport of synaptic organelles. The rich regulatory mechanisms of transport that are only now emerging as the cargo-motor complexes are defined and subsequent local events that regulate their dynamic relationship are examined. Here we review recent studies of kinesin-related axonal transport of three crucial synaptic components, Piccolo-bassoon Transport Vesicles (PTVs), Synaptic Vesicle Precursors (SVPs), and mitochondria, and the mechanisms that modulate their transport.
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Stone MC, Roegiers F, Rolls MM. Microtubules have opposite orientation in axons and dendrites of Drosophila neurons. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:4122-9. [PMID: 18667536 PMCID: PMC2555934 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-10-1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate neurons, axons have a uniform arrangement of microtubules with plus ends distal to the cell body (plus-end-out), and dendrites have equal numbers of plus- and minus-end-out microtubules. To determine whether microtubule orientation is a conserved feature of axons and dendrites, we analyzed microtubule orientation in invertebrate neurons. Using microtubule plus end dynamics, we mapped microtubule orientation in Drosophila sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. As expected, all axonal microtubules have plus-end-out orientation. However, in proximal dendrites of all classes of neuron, approximately 90% of dendritic microtubules were oriented with minus ends distal to the cell body. This result suggests that minus-end-out, rather than mixed orientation, microtubules are the signature of the dendritic microtubule cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, our map of microtubule orientation predicts that there are no tracks for direct cargo transport between the cell body and dendrites in unipolar neurons. We confirm this prediction, and validate the completeness of our map, by imaging endosome movements in motor neurons. As predicted by our map, endosomes travel smoothly between the cell body and axon, but they cannot move directly between the cell body and dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Stone
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; and
| | - Fabrice Roegiers
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Melissa M. Rolls
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; and
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