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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Baker‐Austin C, Hervio‐Heath D, Martinez‐Urtaza J, Caro ES, Strauch E, Thébault A, Guerra B, Messens W, Simon AC, Barcia‐Cruz R, Suffredini E. Public health aspects of Vibrio spp. related to the consumption of seafood in the EU. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8896. [PMID: 39045511 PMCID: PMC11263920 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus and non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae are the Vibrio spp. of highest relevance for public health in the EU through seafood consumption. Infection with V. parahaemolyticus is associated with the haemolysins thermostable direct haemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related haemolysin (TRH) and mainly leads to acute gastroenteritis. V. vulnificus infections can lead to sepsis and death in susceptible individuals. V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 can cause mild gastroenteritis or lead to severe infections, including sepsis, in susceptible individuals. The pooled prevalence estimate in seafood is 19.6% (95% CI 13.7-27.4), 6.1% (95% CI 3.0-11.8) and 4.1% (95% CI 2.4-6.9) for V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and non-choleragenic V. cholerae, respectively. Approximately one out of five V. parahaemolyticus-positive samples contain pathogenic strains. A large spectrum of antimicrobial resistances, some of which are intrinsic, has been found in vibrios isolated from seafood or food-borne infections in Europe. Genes conferring resistance to medically important antimicrobials and associated with mobile genetic elements are increasingly detected in vibrios. Temperature and salinity are the most relevant drivers for Vibrio abundance in the aquatic environment. It is anticipated that the occurrence and levels of the relevant Vibrio spp. in seafood will increase in response to coastal warming and extreme weather events, especially in low-salinity/brackish waters. While some measures, like high-pressure processing, irradiation or depuration reduce the levels of Vibrio spp. in seafood, maintaining the cold chain is important to prevent their growth. Available risk assessments addressed V. parahaemolyticus in various types of seafood and V. vulnificus in raw oysters and octopus. A quantitative microbiological risk assessment relevant in an EU context would be V. parahaemolyticus in bivalve molluscs (oysters), evaluating the effect of mitigations, especially in a climate change scenario. Knowledge gaps related to Vibrio spp. in seafood and aquatic environments are identified and future research needs are prioritised.
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Chou K, Liu J, Lu X, Hsiao HI. Quantitative microbial spoilage risk assessment of Aspergillus niger in white bread reveal that retail storage temperature and mold contamination during factory cooling are the main factors to influence spoilage. Food Microbiol 2024; 119:104443. [PMID: 38225048 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The present study developed a model for effectively assessing the risk of spoilage caused by Aspergillus niger to identify key control measures employed in bakery supply chains. A white bread supply chain comprising a processing plant and two retail stores in Taiwan was selected in this study. Time-temperature profiles were collected at each processing step in summer and winter. Visual mycelium diameter predictions were validated using a time-lapse camera. Six what-if scenarios were proposed. The mean risk of A. niger contamination per package sold by retailer A was 0.052 in summer and 0.036 in winter, and that for retailer B was 0.037 in summer and 0.022 in winter. Sensitivity analysis revealed that retail storage time, retail temperature, and mold prevalence during factory cooling were the main influencing factors. The what-if scenarios revealed that reducing the retail environmental temperature by 1 °C in summer (from 23.97 °C to 22.97 °C) and winter (from 23.28 °C to 22.28 °C) resulted in a reduction in spoilage risk of 47.0% and 34.7%, respectively. These results indicate that food companies should establish a quantitative microbial risk assessment model that uses real data to evaluate microbial spoilage in food products that can support decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Chou
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Canada
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Canada
| | - Hsin-I Hsiao
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan.
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Ong HMG, Zhong Y, Hu C, Ong KH, Khor WC, Schlundt J, Aung KT. Antimicrobial Resistance Risk Assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Farmed Green Mussels in Singapore. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1498. [PMID: 37375000 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, commonly found in seafood products, is responsible for gastroenteritis resulting from the consumption of undercooked seafood. Hence, there is a need to characterize and quantify the risk involved from this pathogen. However, there has been no study reporting the quantification of hemolytic antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Vibrio parahaemolyticus in locally farmed shellfish in Singapore. In this study, ampicillin, penicillin G, tetracycline resistant, and non-AMR hemolytic V. parahaemolyticus were surveyed and quantified in green mussel samples from different premises in the food chain (farm and retail). The occurrence data showed that 31/45 (68.9%) of farmed green mussel samples, 6/6 (100%) farm water samples, and 41/45 (91.1%) retail shellfish samples detected the presence of hemolytic V. parahaemolyticus. V. parahaemolyticus counts ranged from 1.6-5.9 Log CFU/g in the retail shellfish samples and 1.0-2.9 Log CFU/g in the farm water samples. AMR risk assessments (ARRA), specifically for ampicillin, penicillin G, tetracycline, and hemolytic (non-AMR) scenarios were conducted for the full farm-to-home and partial retail-to-home chains. The hemolytic ARRA scenario estimated an average probability of illness of 5.7 × 10-3 and 1.2 × 10-2 per serving for the full and partial chains, respectively, translating to 165 and 355 annual cases per total population or 2.9 and 6.2 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. The average probability of illness per year ratios for the three ARRAs to the hemolytic ARRA were 0.82, 0.81, and 0.47 (ampicillin, penicillin G, and tetracycline, respectively) for the full chain and 0.54, 0.39, and 0.09 (ampicillin, penicillin G, and tetracycline, respectively) for the partial chain. The sensitivity analysis showed that the overall cooking effect, initial concentrations of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus, and harvest duration and harvest temperature were key variables influencing the risk estimates in all of the modelled ARRAs. The study findings can be used by relevant stakeholders to make informed decisions for risk management that improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ming Glendon Ong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Block N1.2, B3-15, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Yang Zhong
- Department of Clinical Translational Research, Singapore General Hospital, Academia, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Chengcheng Hu
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 08-04, Innovis, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Kar Hui Ong
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Wei Ching Khor
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | | | - Kyaw Thu Aung
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Techquest, Singapore 609919, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Zha S, Zhang W, Liu H, Huang S, Sun C, Bao Y. Two common nanoparticles exert immunostimulatory and protective effects in Tegillarca granosa against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108774. [PMID: 37105426 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There are many studies revealed that metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) possess excellent bactericidal effect on multitudinous bacteria and fungi. However, the control effect of NPs as antimicrobial agents to against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection remain in poorly understood for blood clam, Tegillarca granosa. In order to evaluate the effect, the changes in six physiological parameters and the immune-related genes expression of clams exposed to V. parahaemolyticus alone or along with NPs (nZnO or nCuO) were investigated in present study. Results showed that both tested NPs exerted prominent redemptive or mitigative effect in an inverse dose-dependent way on physiological indexes of clam, especially in the total counts, phagocytosis and the cell viability of haemocytes, as well as the concentration and activity of lysozymes, when co-exposed with Vibrio. Gene expression analysis showed NPs at a concentration of 0.1 mg/L generally mitigated the downregulation of immune-related genes after clam exposure to V. parahaemolyticus. The combination of 0.1 mg/mL nZnO and nCuO additives has been shown to significantly enhance the humoral immunity of blood clam, suggesting its potential as a protective measure against V. parahaemolyticus infection in T. granosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjie Zha
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604, PR China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315823, PR China
| | - Hongxing Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604, PR China
| | - Siyi Huang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China
| | - Changsen Sun
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604, PR China
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604, PR China.
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Xu H, Liu J, Yuan M, Tian C, Lin T, Liu J, Osaris Caridad OC, Pan Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Z. Risk Reduction Assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on Shrimp by a Chinese Eating Habit. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:317. [PMID: 36612642 PMCID: PMC9819167 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In China, a traditional perspective recommended that consuming seafood should be mixed or matched with vinegar, because people thought this traditional Chinese eating habit could reduce the risk of pathogenic microorganism infection, such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus induced diarrhea. However, this empirical viewpoint has not yet been evaluated scientifically. This study conducted a simplified quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) model, which was employed to estimate the risk reduction of V. parahaemolyticus on ready-to-eat (RTE) shrimp by consuming with vinegars (white vinegar, aromatic vinegar, or mature vinegar). Results showed the reduction of V. parahaemolyticus density on RTE shrimp after consuming with white vinegar, aromatic vinegar and mature vinegar was respectively 0.9953 log CFU/g (90% confidence interval 0.23 to 1.76), 0.7018 log CFU/g (90% confidence interval 0.3430 to 1.060) and 0.6538 log CFU/g (90% confidence interval 0.346 to 0.9620). The infection risk of V. parahaemolyticus per meal in this QMRA model was quantified by a mean of 0.1250 with the standard deviation of 0.2437. After consuming with white vinegar, aromatic vinegar, and mature vinegar, the mean infection risk of V. parahaemolyticus on shrimp decreased to 0.0478, 0.0652, and 0.0686. The QMRA scenarios indicated significant reductions in infection risk when eating RTE shrimp by the Chinese eating habit (consuming with vinegar). This good eating habit should be recommended to promote the spread of around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (H.X.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (O.C.O.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (H.X.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (O.C.O.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Mengqi Yuan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (H.X.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (O.C.O.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Cuifang Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (H.X.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (O.C.O.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Ting Lin
- Greentown Agricultural Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China;
| | - Jiawen Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (H.X.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (O.C.O.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Olivera Castro Osaris Caridad
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (H.X.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (O.C.O.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yingjie Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (H.X.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (O.C.O.C.); (Y.P.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (H.X.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (O.C.O.C.); (Y.P.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhaohuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (H.X.); (J.L.); (M.Y.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (O.C.O.C.); (Y.P.)
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Challenges and Opportunities towards the Development of Risk Assessment at the Consumer Phase in Developing Countries-The Case of Campylobacter Cross-Contamination during Handling of Raw Chicken in Two Middle Eastern Countries. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010062. [PMID: 31963109 PMCID: PMC7168655 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In many low- and middle-income countries, data limitations are a major challenge facing the development of food safety risk assessment. In the present study, a questionnaire data collection tool was designed with an emphasis on gathering specific data points required by a risk modeller for simulating a scenario of Campylobacter cross-contamination during handling of raw chicken meat at the consumer phase. The tool was tested in practice to support its value and applicability in settings where data limitations are a challenge. The study subjects were 450 consumers in two Middle Eastern settings: Alexandria in Egypt (n = 200) and Thi-Qar in Iraq (n = 250). The majority (78.5%) of respondents in Egypt opted for wet markets/live bird shops as their preferred source of chicken meat. In contrast, 59.6% of Iraqi respondents preferred to buy chicken meat from supermarkets. Added to that, 73.0% of consumers in Egypt and 56.8% of consumers in Iraq viewed the quality of frozen chicken as “inferior” to that of chicken from wet markets. Almost all respondents in both Egypt and Iraq shared the practice of washing chicken in water before cooking. The percentage of consumers who ‘very frequently’ or ‘frequently’ prepare chicken prior to making the salad was 32.5% and 55.2% in Egypt and Iraq, respectively. A sizeable proportion of respondents in Iraq (40.8%) reported that they did not consider washing their hands with soapy water after touching raw chicken and preparing a salad in their home kitchen. Finally, 28.8% and 6.5% of respondents in Iraq and Egypt, respectively, indicated that they would not consider using a separate cutting board to avoid cross-contamination between raw chicken and salad. The data collection tool used in this study was designed in the first instance to match a conceptualised risk assessment framework, and that enabled the simultaneous collection of data points on consumption frequency, serving sizes, purchasing patterns, retail chain diversity and food handling practices. Results from such study design could be used for future development of a quantitative risk assessment model and to support food safety promotion efforts for domestic consumers in two of the most populated Middle Eastern countries.
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Distribution of Vibrio species isolated from bivalves and bivalve culture environments along the Gyeongnam coast in Korea: Virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Quantitative evaluation of the risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus through consumption of raw oysters (Crassostrea corteziensis) in Tepic, Mexico, under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios at different time horizons. Food Res Int 2018; 111:111-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Niu B, Mu L, Xiao L, Zhang Z, Malakar PK, Liu H, Pan Y, Zhao Y. Reduction of infection risk mediated by co-culturing Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes in refrigerated cooked shrimp. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:4454-4461. [PMID: 29457648 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes are seafood pathogens of public health significance, and predictive models are effective tools for quantitative microbial risk assessment of these pathogens. However, most current predictive models are based on growth of single strains in broth cultures, and interactions of two or more bacteria in a food matrix can skew the outcomes of the predictions. Therefore, the impact of V. parahaemolyticus and L. monocytogenes when co-cultured and in monoculture on cooked shrimp in cold storage was investigated. RESULTS The results indicated that L. monocytogenes co-cultured with V. parahaemolyticus exhibited reduced growth and longer lag phase at 4 °C and 10 °C. V. parahaemolyticus exhibited similar behavior when co-cultured with L. monocytogenes at 4 °C (death rate K = - 0.67 log10 CFU g-1 day . The death rate K at 10 °C when V. parahaemolyticus co-cultured with L. monocytogenes was -1.62 log10 CFU g-1 day-1 . There was no significant reduction of growth in monoculture experiments. CONCLUSION This study has revealed that interaction of V. parahaemolyticus and L. monocytogenes should be considered when quantifying risks posed by these pathogens during consumption of seafood products. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Niu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Mu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Pradeep K Malakar
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiquan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai, China
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Huang YS, Hwang CA, Huang L, Wu VCH, Hsiao HI. The risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with consumption of raw oysters as affected by processing and distribution conditions in Taiwan. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yang JH, Mok JS, Jung YJ, Lee KJ, Kwon JY, Park K, Moon SY, Kwon SJ, Ryu AR, Lee TS. Distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio species associated with zooplankton in coastal area of Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 125:39-44. [PMID: 28781188 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus are the most common pathogens causing seafood-borne illnesses in Korea. This study determines the abundance and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic Vibrio species in seawater and zooplankton samples from the Geoje Island coast in Korea, which is an important area for coastal fisheries, the fishing industry, and tourism. The two Vibrio species were detected more in mesozooplankton samples than in seawater samples. V. parahaemolyticus isolates showed greater resistance than those of V. vulnificus for antimicrobials. Of V. parahaemolyticus isolates, 93.3% exhibited resistance to three or more antimicrobial agents. Conversely, more than 80% of V. vulnificus isolates showed susceptibility to all antimicrobials examined, with the exception of rifampicin. Our findings show that strong antimicrobial resistance of V. parahaemolyticus in the surveyed area was exposed to conventionally used antibiotics, therefore necessitating proper surveillance programs for the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance patterns in seawater bodies and aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Yang
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Mok
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeoun Joong Jung
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Jeong Lee
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kwon
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunbawui Park
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yong Moon
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Jae Kwon
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - A Ra Ryu
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - Tea Seek Lee
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
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Wang H, Tang X, Su YC, Chen J, Yan J. Characterization of clinical Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains in Zhoushan, China, from 2013 to 2014. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180335. [PMID: 28678810 PMCID: PMC5498046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is recognized as major cause of foodborne illness of global public health concern. This study collected 107 strains of V. parahaemolyticus during active surveillance of diarrheal diseases in hospitals in Zhoushan during 2013 to 2014 and investigated their serotypes, virulence genes (tdh, trh, and orf8), antimicrobial resistance, and genotypes. The dominant serotypes of the 107 clinical strains were O3:K6, O4:K8, and O4:KUT with 87.9% and 3.7% of the strains carrying the virulence genes tdh and trh, respectively. Molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicated divergence among the clinical strains. Most isolates were sensitive to the common antimicrobial agents used against the Vibrio species except ampicillin. We conclude that continuous surveillance of V. parahaemolyticus in diarrhea patients is a public health priority and is useful for conducting risk assessment of foodborne illnesses caused by V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
- Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaoyang Tang
- Food Safety Research Center, Central Research Institute, MasterKong Holding, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Su
- Seafood Research and Education Center, Oregon State University, Astoria, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jiabei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
- Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianbo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
- Zhoushan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
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Kang CH, Shin Y, Jang S, Jung Y, So JS. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio alginolyticus isolated from oyster in Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21106-21112. [PMID: 27543129 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus, a cause of severe infection in shellfish, as well as in humans, has been found at high frequency around all coastal areas of Korea. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of V. alginolyticus, to identify the strains isolated from oysters in West Sea, and to investigate their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Biochemical analyses of the 90 initially recovered presumptive V. alginolyticus colonies indicated that 16 isolates were V. alginolyticus. PCR analysis to detect the presence of the gyrB gene confirmed that 15 (93.8 %) of the 16 isolates were V. alginolyticus. These 15 isolates had the following profiles of resistance against 16 antibiotics: all isolates were resistant to ampicillin and vancomycin, and 26.7 % of the isolates exhibited resistance to cephalothin. A large number of isolates showed intermediate resistance to erythromycin (100 %) and rifampin (73.3 %). Five (33.3 %) of the V. alginolyticus isolates demonstrated multiple resistance to at least three antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ho Kang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | - YuJin Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | - SeokCheol Jang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | - Yeojung Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong So
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea.
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14
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Behavior of Vibrio parahemolyticus cocktail including pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains on cooked shrimp. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Raszl S, Froelich B, Vieira C, Blackwood A, Noble R. Vibrio parahaemolyticusandVibrio vulnificusin South America: water, seafood and human infections. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1201-1222. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Raszl
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianopolis Brazil
| | - B.A. Froelich
- Institute of Marine Sciences; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH); Morehead City NC USA
| | - C.R.W. Vieira
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianopolis Brazil
| | - A.D. Blackwood
- Institute of Marine Sciences; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH); Morehead City NC USA
| | - R.T. Noble
- Institute of Marine Sciences; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH); Morehead City NC USA
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16
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Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from the Oyster Crassostrea gigas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5657/kfas.2016.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Odeyemi OA. Incidence and prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:464. [PMID: 27119068 PMCID: PMC4831955 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important seafood borne human pathogen worldwide due to it occurrence, prevalence and ability to cause gastrointestinal infections. This current study aim at investigating the incidence and prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood using systematic review-meta-analysis by exploring heterogeneity among primary studies. A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of peer reviewed primary studies reported between 2003 and 2015 for the occurrence and prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood was conducted using “isolation”, “detection”, “prevalence”, “incidence”, “occurrence” or “enumeration” and V. parahaemolyticus as search algorithms in Web of Science (Science Direct) and ProQuest of electronic bibliographic databases. Data extracted from the primary studies were then analyzed with fixed effect meta-analysis model for effect rate to explore heterogeneity between the primary studies. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plot. A total of 10,819 articles were retrieved from the data bases of which 48 studies met inclusion criteria. V. parahaemolyticus could only be isolated from 2761 (47.5 %) samples of 5811 seafood investigated. The result of this study shows that incidence of V. parahaemolyticus was more prevalent in oysters with overall prevalence rate of 63.4 % (95 % CI 0.592–0.674) than other seafood. Overall prevalence rate of clams was 52.9 % (95 % CI 0.490–0.568); fish 51.0 % (95 % CI 0.476–0.544); shrimps 48.3 % (95 % CI 0.454–0.512) and mussels, scallop and periwinkle: 28.0 % (95 % CI 0.255–0.307). High heterogeneity (p value <0.001; I2 = 95.291) was observed mussel compared to oysters (I2 = 91.024). It could be observed from this study that oysters harbor V. parahaemolyticus based on the prevalence rate than other seafood investigated. The occurrence and prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus is of public health importance, hence, more studies involving seafood such as mussels need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide A Odeyemi
- Ecology and Biodiversity Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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18
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Kang CH, Shin Y, Kim W, Kim Y, Song K, Oh EG, Kim S, Yu H, So JS. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from oysters in Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:918-926. [PMID: 26511256 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most prevalent gastroenteritis-causing pathogen in Korea and in some other Asian countries. It is frequently found in oysters and other seafood. This study monitored changes in the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus and environmental parameters in oyster aquaculture environments in Korea. From June to October 2014, we tested oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from shellfish-harvesting areas off the west coast of Korea. These 71 isolates were the sum of 16 (22.5%), 19 (26.8%), 23 (32.4%), and 13 (18.3%) isolates collected in July, August, September, and October, respectively. These 71 isolates had the following profiles of resistance against 16 antibiotics: all isolates were resistant to ampicillin and vancomycin, and 52.2, 50.7, and 50.7% of isolates exhibited resistance to cephalothin, rifampin, and streptomycin, respectively. PCR analysis for the presence of the species-specific toxR gene confirmed that 38 (53.5%) of the total 71 isolated strains were positive for V. parahaemolyticus. In PCR analysis for virulence of V. parahaemolyticus, of the 71 isolates tested in the present study, only 38 (53.5%) were positive for the trh virulence gene and 71 (100%) was negative for the tdh virulence gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ho Kang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - YuJin Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - WooRi Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - YongGyeong Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea
| | - KiCheol Song
- West sea Fisheries Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Incheon, Korea
| | - Eun-Gyoung Oh
- Aquaculture Industry Division, SSFRI, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Yeosu, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - SuKyung Kim
- West sea Fisheries Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Incheon, Korea
| | - HongSik Yu
- West sea Fisheries Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Seong So
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Korea.
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19
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Letchumanan V, Pusparajah P, Tan LTH, Yin WF, Lee LH, Chan KG. Occurrence and Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Shellfish in Selangor, Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1417. [PMID: 26697003 PMCID: PMC4678184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
High consumer demand for shellfish has led to the need for large-scale, reliable shellfish supply through aquaculture or shellfish farming. However, bacterial infections which can spread rapidly among shellfish poses a major threat to this industry. Shellfish farmers therefore often resort to extensive use of antibiotics, both prophylactically and therapeutically, in order to protect their stocks. The extensive use of antibiotics in aquaculture has been postulated to represent a major contributing factor in the rising incidence of antimicrobial resistant pathogenic bacteria in shellfish. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and determine the antibiotic resistance profile as well as to perform plasmid curing in order to determine the antibiotic resistance mediation. Based on colony morphology, all 450 samples tested were positive for Vibrio sp; however, tox-R assay showed that only 44.4% (200/450) of these were V. parahaemolyticus. Out of these 200 samples, 6.5% (13/200) were trh-positive while none were tdh-positive. Antibiotic resistance was determined for all V. parahaemolyticus identified against 14 commonly used antibiotics and the multiple antibiotic resistance index (MAR) was calculated. The isolates demonstrated high resistance to several antibiotics tested- including second and third-line antibiotics- with 88% resistant to ampicillin, 81% to amikacin,70.5% to kanamycin, 73% to cefotaxime, and 51.5% to ceftazidime. The MAR index ranged from 0.00 to 0.79 with the majority of samples having an index of 0.36 (resistant to five antibiotics). Among the 13 trh-positive strains, almost 70% (9/13) demonstrated resistance to 4 or more antibiotics. Plasmid profiling for all V. parahaemolyticus isolates revealed that 86.5% (173/200) contained plasmids - ranging from 1 to 7 plasmids with DNA band sizes ranging from 1.2 kb to greater than 10 kb. 6/13 of the pathogenic V. pathogenic strains contained plasmid. After plasmid curing, the plasmid containing pathogenic strains isolated in our study have chromosomally mediated ampicillin resistance while the remaining resistance phenotypes are plasmid mediated. Overall, our results indicate that while the incidence of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in shellfish in Selangor still appears to be at relatively reassuring levels, antibiotic resistance is a real concern and warrants ongoing surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Wai-Fong Yin
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Abstract
Seafood is often associated with foodborne illnesses, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most common pathogen implicated in outbreaks in Taiwan. In this study, the microbiological quality of 300 raw or mixed ready-to-eat (RTE) and other cooking-needed seafood samples was examined. The total aerobic and coliform counts of the RTE samples were significantly higher than those of other cooking-needed samples. On average, 55.8 and 29.7% of the RTE samples failed to meet the local microbiological standards for total aerobic (5 log CFU/g) and coliform (3 log most probable number [MPN] per g), counts respectively; the corresponding percentages for the RTE samples from Taipei City were 9.1 and 18.2%, respectively. The total aerobic and coliform counts in the RTE samples from supermarkets and chain restaurants were significantly lower than those from traditional restaurants. The Vibrio species were more frequently identified in the cooking-needed samples than in RTE samples. Low incidences of V. parahaemolyticus (1.4%), V. vulnificus (1.9%), and V. cholerae (0%) were detected in most RTE samples. High densities of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus (1,200 MPN/g) were detected in a few RTE samples, only one of which contained toxigenic (tdh(+)) V. parahaemolyticus. The results of this investigation reveal that better hygiene of seafood providers such as chain restaurants, supermarkets, and traditional restaurants in Taipei City would effectively improve the microbiological quality of the seafood. The results will facilitate the establishment of measures for controlling the risks associated with seafood in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin-Chung Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan 111, Republic of China.
| | - Huai-Yu Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan 111, Republic of China
| | - Hsu-Yang Lin
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan 115, Republic of China
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21
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Escalante-Maldonado O, Kayali AY, Yamazaki W, Vuddhakul V, Nakaguchi Y, Nishibuchi M. Improvement of the quantitation method for the tdh (+) Vibrio parahaemolyticus in molluscan shellfish based on most-probable- number, immunomagnetic separation, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:270. [PMID: 25914681 PMCID: PMC4391040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine microorganism that can cause seafood-borne gastroenteritis in humans. The infection can be spread and has become a pandemic through the international trade of contaminated seafood. Strains carrying the tdh gene encoding the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and/or the trh gene encoding the TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) are considered to be pathogenic with the former gene being the most frequently found in clinical strains. However, their distribution frequency in environmental isolates is below 1%. Thus, very sensitive methods are required for detection and quantitation of tdh+ strains in seafood. We previously reported a method to detect and quantify tdh+V. parahaemolyticus in seafood. This method consists of three components: the most-probable-number (MPN), the immunomagnetic separation (IMS) targeting all established K antigens, and the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) targeting the tdh gene. However, this method faces regional issues in tropical zones of the world. Technicians have difficulties in securing dependable reagents in high-temperature climates where we found MPN underestimation in samples having tdh+ strains as well as other microorganisms present at high concentrations. In the present study, we solved the underestimation problem associated with the salt polymyxin broth enrichment for the MPN component and with the immunomagnetic bead-target association for the IMS component. We also improved the supply and maintenance of the dependable reagents by introducing a dried reagent system to the LAMP component. The modified method is specific, sensitive, quick and easy and applicable regardless of the concentrations of tdh+V. parahaemolyticus. Therefore, we conclude this modified method is useful in world tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate zones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Y Kayali
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamazaki
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Varaporn Vuddhakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Yoshitsugu Nakaguchi
- Division of Human-Nature Dynamics, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Nishibuchi
- Division of Human-Nature Dynamics, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Letchumanan V, Yin WF, Lee LH, Chan KG. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from retail shrimps in Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:33. [PMID: 25688239 PMCID: PMC4311705 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine and estuarine bacterium that has been the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks which leads to a significant threat to human health worldwide. Consumption of seafood contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus causes acute gastroenteritis in individuals. The bacterium poses two main virulence factor including the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) which is a pore-forming protein that contributes to the invasiveness of the bacterium in humans and TDH-related hemolysin (trh), which plays a similar role as tdh in the disease pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance V. parahaemolyticus strains in shrimps purchased from wetmarkets and supermarkets. The toxR-based PCR assay indicated that a total of 57.8% (185/320) isolates were positive for V. parahaemolyticus. Only 10% (19/185) toxR-positive isolate exhibit the trh gene and none of the isolates were tested positive for tdh. The MAR index was measured for 14 common antimicrobial agents. The results indicated 98% of the isolates were highly susceptible to imipenem, ampicillin sulbactam (96%), chloramphenicol (95%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (93%), gentamicin (85%), levofloxacin (83%), and tetracycline (82%). The chloramphenicol (catA2) and kanamycin (aphA-3) resistance genes were detected in the resistant V. parahaemolyticus isolates. Our results demonstrate that shrimps are contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus, some of which carry the trh-gene thus being potential to cause food borne illness. The occurrence of multidrug resistance strains in the environment could be an indication of excessive usage of antibiotics in agriculture and aquaculture fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Wai-Fong Yin
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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23
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Detection and quantification of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish by using multiplex PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang W, Li M, Li Y. Intervention strategies for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood: a review. J Food Sci 2014; 80:R10-9. [PMID: 25472618 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaeomolyticus, a natural inhabitant in estuarine marine water, has been frequently isolated from seafood. It has been recognized as the leading causative agent for seafoodborne illness all over the world. Numerous physical, chemical, and biological intervention methods for reducing V. parahaeomolyticus in seafood products have been investigated and practiced. Each intervention method has distinct advantages and disadvantages depending on the processing needs and consumer preference. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various intervention strategies for reducing V. parahaeomolyticus in seafood with an emphasis on the efficiency of bacterial inactivation treatments and the changes in sensory qualities of seafood. In the meantime, reported researches on alternative technologies which have shown effectiveness to inactivate V. parahaemolyticus in seawater and other food products, but not directly in seafood are also included. The successful applications of appropriate intervention strategies could effectively reduce or eliminate the contamination of V. parahaeomolyticus in seafood, and consequently contribute to the improvement of seafood safety and the reduction of public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Inst. of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Univ, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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25
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Yingkajorn M, Mitraparp-Arthorn P, Nuanualsuwan S, Poomwised R, Kongchuay N, Khamhaeng N, Vuddhakul V. Prevalence and quantification of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus during shrimp culture in Thailand. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 112:103-11. [PMID: 25449321 DOI: 10.3354/dao02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis. The human pathogenic strains possess tdh or trh or both genes. In Thai shrimp farming, the level of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus contamination has not been completely characterized, although it has been identified as a risk for people who consume undercooked shrimp. In this study, the prevalence and concentration of V. parahaemolyticus (total Vp) and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus (tdh+ Vp and trh+ Vp) were investigated during shrimp culture cycles using the most probable number (MPN) method and were confirmed by PCR and the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) techniques. The prevalence and concentration of total Vp were high in broodstock and egg samples at the start of the hatchery cycle, but the organism decreased in the subsequent larval and postlarval stages. In contrast, total Vp was low at the beginning of the pond cycle and dramatically increased during the later stages of culture. Broodstock and fresh feed were important sources of V. parahaemolyticus. Numbers of tdh+ Vp and trh+ Vp detected by the LAMP technique were much greater than those detected by the PCR technique, especially in the late stages of the pond cycle. A direct correlation between total Vp and pathogenic Vp was demonstrated only during the harvest stage. This study will be useful as a guideline to establish levels of V. parahaemolyticus presence which can be considered as safe during shrimp culture. In addition, it could be used to identify the source of V. parahaemolyticus, which has recently been reported to be one of the etiologic agents of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkwan Yingkajorn
- Food Safety and Health Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, and Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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26
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Tanaka N, Iwade Y, Yamazaki W, Gondaira F, Vuddhakul V, Nakaguchi Y, Nishibuchi M. Most-probable-number loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based procedure enhanced with K antigen-specific immunomagnetic separation for quantifying tdh(+) Vibrio parahaemolyticus in molluscan Shellfish. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1078-85. [PMID: 24988012 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although thermostable direct hemolysin-producing (tdh(+)) Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis, the enumeration of tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus remains challenging due to its low densities in the environment. In this study, we developed a most-probable-number (MPN)-based procedure designated A-IS(1)-LAMP, in which an immunomagnetic separation (IMS) technique targeting as many as 69 established K antigens and a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene were applied in an MPN format. Our IMS employed PickPen, an eight-channel intrasolution magnetic particle separation device, which enabled a straightforward microtiter plate-based IMS procedure (designated as PickPen-IMS). The ability of the procedure to quantify a wide range of tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus levels was evaluated by testing shellfish samples in Japan and southern Thailand, where shellfish products are known to contain relatively low and high levels of total V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. The Japanese and Thai shellfish samples showed, respectively, relatively low (< 3 to 11 MPN/10 g) and considerably higher (930 to 110,000 MPN/10 g) levels of tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus, raising concern about the safety of Thai shellfish products sold to domestic consumers at local morning markets. LAMP showed similar or higher performance than conventional PCR in the detection and quantification of a wide range of tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus levels in shellfish products. Whereas a positive effect of PickPen-IMS was not observed in MPN determination, PickPen-IMS was able to concentrate tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus 32-fold on average from the Japanese shellfish samples at an individual tube level, suggesting a possibility of using PickPen-IMS as an optional tool for specific shellfish samples. The A-IS(1)-LAMP procedure can be used by any health authority in the world to measure the tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus levels in shellfish products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshito Iwade
- Mie Prefecture Health and Environment Research Institute, Sakura-cho, Yokkaichi-shi, Mie 512-1211, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamazaki
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki 889 2192, Japan
| | - Fumio Gondaira
- Denka Seiken Co., Ltd., Nihonbashi-Muromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8338, Japan
| | - Varaporn Vuddhakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand
| | - Yoshitsugu Nakaguchi
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Nishibuchi
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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A quantitative risk assessment model for Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oysters in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 180:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Yingkajorn M, Sermwitayawong N, Palittapongarnpimp P, Nishibuchi M, Robins WP, Mekalanos JJ, Vuddhakul V. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its specific bacteriophages as an indicator in cockles (Anadara granosa) for the risk of V. parahaemolyticus infection in Southern Thailand. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 67:849-856. [PMID: 24682339 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Correlation between the numbers of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its specific bacteriophages in cockles was investigated from June 2009 to May 2010 in Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand. Cockles obtained monthly from a local market were sampled to determine the numbers of V. parahaemolyticus and bacteriophages that could form plaques on ten strains of pandemic and nonpandemic V. parahaemolyticus. In addition, V. parahaemolyticus isolates from clinical samples from Hat Yai hospital over the same period were investigated. All 139 cockles sampled were positive for V. parahaemolyticus. However, only 76 of them were positive for bacteriophages. During the testing period, the number of bacteriophages was not significantly correlated with the incidence of V. parahaemolyticus-infected patients, but the numbers of V. parahaemolyticus isolates from the cockle samples were closely related to the number of infected patients. The bacteriophages isolated from V. parahaemolyticus also infected Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio mimicus, suggesting that the broad host range of phages may be a factor of providing the possibility of their participation in the processes of genetic exchange between V. parahaemolyticus and closely related Vibrio spp. In conclusion, this study indicated that the number of V. parahaemolyticus in cockles may be a useful tool for predicting the relative risk of infection by V. parahaemolyticus in this area of Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkwan Yingkajorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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29
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Tang X, Zhao Y, Sun X, Xie J, Pan Y, Malakar PK. Predictive model of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 growth on cooked Litopenaeus vannamei. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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30
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Jiang Y, Yao L, Li F, Tan Z, Zhai Y, Wang L. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
from cultured sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicas
). Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:147-54. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality; Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Qingdao China
| | - L. Yao
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality; Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Qingdao China
| | - F. Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality; Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Qingdao China
| | - Z. Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality; Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Qingdao China
| | - Y. Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality; Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Qingdao China
| | - L. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality; Ministry of Agriculture; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Qingdao China
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31
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A tandem-repeat galectin from blood clam Tegillarca granosa and its induced mRNA expression response against bacterial challenge. Genes Genomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Bao Y, Li P, Dong Y, Xiang R, Gu L, Yao H, Wang Q, Lin Z. Polymorphism of the multiple hemoglobins in blood clam Tegillarca granosa and its association with disease resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1320-1324. [PMID: 23470816 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) is the major protein component of erythrocytes in animals with red blood, but it can serve additional functions beyond the transport of oxygen. In this study, we identified polymorphism in the blood clam Tegillarca granosa Hb (Tg-Hb) genes and investigated the association of this polymorphism with resistance/susceptibility to Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Analysis of the 540 sequences revealed 28 SNPs in the coding region of three Tg-Hbs, corresponding to about one SNP per 48 bp. Three SNPS: HbIIA-E2-146, HbIIB-E2-23, HbIIB-E2-121 showed a significant association with resistance/susceptibility to V. parahaemolyticus (P < 0.05). To further demonstrate that three significant SNPs of Tg-Hbs is associated with resistance of clams to V. parahaemolyticus, SNPs were genotyped in V. parahaemolyticus resistant strain clams and the wild base population from which this strain was derived. The results indicated that the nonsynonymous mutation T allele at HbIIA-E2-146 and A allele at HbIIB-E2-23 are associated with V. parahaemolyticus resistance in the blood clam, and its association with disease resistance may be due to its cause changes in amino acid sequences to a functional polymorphism. Together with previous bacterial challenge study, these results provides direct evidence that variation at HbIIA-E2-146 and HbIIB-E2-23 are associated with disease resistance in the blood clam, and these two polymorphic loci could be potential gene markers for the future molecular selection of strains that are resistant to diseases caused by V. parahaemolyticus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arcidae/chemistry
- Arcidae/genetics
- Arcidae/immunology
- Arcidae/microbiology
- China
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Hemoglobin Subunits/chemistry
- Hemoglobin Subunits/genetics
- Hemoglobin Subunits/immunology
- Immunity, Innate
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Sequence Homology
- Up-Regulation
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Bao
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang Wanli University, 8 South Qianhu Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, PR China
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33
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Iwahori J, Yamamoto A, Suzuki H, Yamamoto T, Tsutsui T, Motoyama K, Sawada M, Matsushita T, Hasegawa A, Osaka K, Toyofuku H, Kasuga F. Quantitative risk assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in finfish: a model of raw horse mackerel consumption in Japan. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2010; 30:1817-1832. [PMID: 20626688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of implemented control measures to reduce illness induced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) in horse mackerel (Trachurus japonicus), seafood that is commonly consumed raw in Japan. On the basis of currently available experimental and survey data, we constructed a quantitative risk model of V. parahaemolyticus in horse mackerel from harvest to consumption. In particular, the following factors were evaluated: bacterial growth at all stages, effects of washing the fish body and storage water, and bacterial transfer from the fish surface, gills, and intestine to fillets during preparation. New parameters of the beta-Poisson dose-response model were determined from all human feeding trials, some of which have been used for risk assessment by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). The probability of illness caused by V. parahaemolyticus was estimated using both the USFDA dose-response parameters and our parameters for each selected pathway of scenario alternatives: washing whole fish at landing, storage in contaminated water, high temperature during transportation, and washing fish during preparation. The last scenario (washing fish during preparation) was the most effective for reducing the risk of illness by about a factor of 10 compared to no washing at this stage. Risk of illness increased by 50% by exposure to increased temperature during transportation, according to our assumptions of duration and temperature. The other two scenarios did not significantly affect risk. The choice of dose-response parameters was not critical for evaluation of control measures.
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Minami A, Chaicumpa W, Chongsa-Nguan M, Samosornsuk S, Monden S, Takeshi K, Makino SI, Kawamoto K. Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in open markets and supermarkets in Thailand. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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35
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Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for sensitive and rapid detection of the tdh and trh genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related Vibrio species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 76:820-8. [PMID: 19966027 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02284-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) are the major virulence determinants of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. TRH is further differentiated into TRH1 and TRH2 on the basis of genetic and phenotypic differences. We developed a novel and highly specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for sensitive and rapid detection of the tdh, trh1, and trh2 genes of V. parahaemolyticus. The LAMP assay was designed for both combined and individual detection of the tdh, trh1, and trh2 genes and combined detection of the trh1 and trh2 genes. Our results showed that it gave the same results as DNA probes and conventional PCR assays for 125 strains of V. parahaemolyticus, 3 strains of Grimontia hollisae, and 2 strains of Vibrio mimicus carrying the tdh, trh1, and trh2 genes in various combinations. No LAMP products were detected for any of the 20 bacterial strains lacking the tdh, trh1, and trh2 genes. The sensitivities of the LAMP assay for detection of tdh-, trh1-, and trh2-carrying V. parahaemolyticus strains in spiked shrimp samples were 0.8, 21.3, and 5.0 CFU per LAMP reaction tube, respectively. Starting with DNA extraction from a single colony and from spiked shrimp samples, the LAMP assay required only 27 to 60 min and less than 80 min, respectively. This is the first report of a rapid and specific LAMP assay for detection and differentiation of the tdh, trh1, and trh2 genes of V. parahaemolyticus and related Vibrio species.
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