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Dao Y, Yu J, Yang M, Han J, Fan C, Pang X. DNA Metabarcoding Reveals the Fungal Community on the Surface of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, an Edible and Medicinal Herb. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15081. [PMID: 37894762 PMCID: PMC10606453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (LJF) has been globally applied as an herbal medicine and tea. A number of reports recently revealed fungal and mycotoxin contamination in medicinal herbs. It is essential to analyze the fungal community in LJF to provide an early warning for supervision. In this study, the fungal community in LJF samples was identified through DNA metabarcoding. A total of 18 LJF samples were collected and divided based on the collection areas and processing methods. The results indicated that Ascomycota was the dominant phylum. At the genus level, Rhizopus was the most abundant, followed by Erysiphe and Fusarium. Ten pathogenic fungi were detected among the 41 identified species. Moreover, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Aspergillus had lower relative abundances in LJF samples under oven drying than under other processing methods. This work is expected to provide comprehensive knowledge of the fungal community in LJF and a theoretical reference for enhanced processing methods in practical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaohui Pang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.D.); (J.Y.); (M.Y.); (J.H.); (C.F.)
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Raclariu-Manolică AC, Mauvisseau Q, Paranaiba R, De Boer HJ, Socaciu C. Authentication of milk thistle commercial products using UHPLC-QTOF-ESI + MS metabolomics and DNA metabarcoding. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:257. [PMID: 37480124 PMCID: PMC10360273 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk thistle is one of the most popular hepatoprotectants, and is often sold in combination with other ingredients. Botanical supplements are known to be vulnerable to contamination and adulteration, and emerging technologies show promise to improve their quality control. METHODS Untargeted and semi-targeted metabolomics based on UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+MS techniques, UV spectrometry, and DNA metabarcoding using Illumina MiSeq were used to authenticate eighteen milk thistle botanical formulations (teas, capsules, tablets, emulsion). RESULTS Untargeted metabolomics separated 217 molecules and by multivariate analysis the discrimination between the different preparations was established. The semi-targeted metabolomics focused on 63 phytochemicals, mainly silymarin flavonolignans and flavonoids, that may be considered as putative biomarkers of authenticity. All formulations contained molecules from silymarin complexes at different levels. The quantitative evaluation of silybins was done using in parallel UV spectrometry and UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+MS and their correlations were compared. DNA metabarcoding detected milk thistle in eleven out of sixteen retained preparations, whereas two others had incomplete evidence of milk thistle despite metabolomics validating specific metabolites, e.g., silymarin complex, identified and quantified in all samples. Meanwhile, the DNA metabarcoding provided insights into the total species composition allowing the interpretation of the results in a broad context. CONCLUSION Our study emphasizes that combining spectroscopic, chromatographic, and genetic techniques bring complementary information to guarantee the quality of the botanical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuța Cristina Raclariu-Manolică
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Alexandru cel Bun Street, 6, Piatra Neamț, 610004, Romania.
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, Oslo, 0318, Norway.
| | - Quentin Mauvisseau
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, Oslo, 0318, Norway
| | - Renato Paranaiba
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, 70910-900, Brazil
- DNA Laboratory, National Institute of Criminalistics, Brazilian Federal Police, SAIS Quadra 7, Lote 23, Brasília, DF, 70610-200, Brazil
| | - Hugo J De Boer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, Oslo, 0318, Norway
| | - Carmen Socaciu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Mănăştur Street, nr. 3-5, Cluj Napoca, 400372, Romania
- BIODIATECH- Research Center for Applied Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Molecular Therapy, Trifoiului Street 12G, Cluj-Napoca, 400478, Romania
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Al Achkar M, Basu Roy U, Manley E, Standifer M, Baik C, Walsh CA. A qualitative study of interactions with oncologists among patients with advanced lung cancer. Support Care Cancer 2022; 30:9049-9055. [PMID: 35948849 PMCID: PMC9365681 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-022-07309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To support the care of lung cancer patients, oncologists have needed to stay current on treatment advancements and build relationships with a new group of survivors in an era where lung cancer survivorship has been re-defined. The objectives of the study were to (1) understand the perspectives of advanced lung cancer patients whose tumors have oncogenic alterations about their care experiences with their oncologist(s) and (2) describe the perceptions of advanced lung cancer patients about seeking second opinions and navigating care decisions. METHODS In this qualitative study, patients with advanced lung cancer (n = 25) on targeted therapies were interviewed to discuss their ongoing experience with their oncologists. We used deductive and inductive qualitative approaches in the coding of the data. We organized the data using the self-determination framework. RESULTS Patients described both positive and negative aspects of their care as related to autonomy, provider competency, and connectedness. Patients sought second opinions for three primary reasons: expertise, authoritative advice, and access to clinical trial opportunities. When there is disagreement in the treatment plan between the primary oncologist and the specialist, there can be confusion and tension, and patients have to make difficult choices about their path forward. CONCLUSIONS Patients value interactions that support their autonomy, demonstrate the competency of their providers, and foster connectedness. To ensure that patients receive quality and goal-concordant care, developing decision aids and education materials that help patients negotiate recommendations from two providers is an area that deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morhaf Al Achkar
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Box 356390, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | | | | | - Maisha Standifer
- LUNGevity Foundation, Chicago, IL, USA
- Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina Baik
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Box 356390, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Casey A Walsh
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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The occurrence of fungi on the commercial dietary supplements based on the milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) available on Polish market. HERBA POLONICA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/hepo-2022-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Introduction: Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is an important medicinal plant, its achenes contain a silymarin, which has a regenerating and stabilizing effect on liver cells. The milk thistle based dietary supplements are among the best-selling plant pharmaceuticals in the US and the UE.
Objective: The goal of the experiment was to determine which – if any – fungi contaminated either the whole or ground milk thistle achenes, available on the Polish market.
Methods: The mycological analyses were performed on 200 achenes, using deep-freeze blotter method. Ground material was assessed using agar test method. For each sample, 10 Petri dishes were used. The material was applied in five places per one Petri dish, with a micro scoop laboratory spatula. Then, Petri dishes with achenes and ground material were incubated at 20°C under alternating cycles of 12 h NUV light and 12 h darkness. The identification of fungi was performed using stereo microscope and compound microscope, if necessary.
Results: The milk thistle achenes were infested with following fungi: Alternaria alternata, Alternaria sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris sp., Cladosporium spp., Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium spp., Melanospora simplex, Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Phoma sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Sarocladium strictum, Stemphylium botryosum, Trichothecium roseum, Ulocladium consortiale and Verticillium sp. Among them A. alternata predominated. Whereas, milled milk thistle achenes were occupied by Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Aspergillus spp., Fusarium sp., Mortierella spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp. and R. stolonifer.
Conclusion: Considering the significant fungal contamination of milk thistle achenes-based dietary supplements, it seems reasonable to introduce a system of achene control due to possible microbiological contamination.
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Bechynska K, Kosek V, Fenclova M, Muchova L, Smid V, Suk J, Chalupsky K, Sticova E, Hurkova K, Hajslova J, Vitek L, Stranska M. The Effect of Mycotoxins and Silymarin on Liver Lipidome of Mice with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1723. [PMID: 34827721 PMCID: PMC8615755 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle-based dietary supplements have become increasingly popular. The extract from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is often used for the treatment of liver diseases because of the presence of its active component, silymarin. However, the co-occurrence of toxic mycotoxins in these preparations is quite frequent as well. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in composition of liver lipidome and other clinical characteristics of experimental mice fed by a high-fat methionine-choline deficient diet inducing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The mice were exposed to (i) silymarin, (ii) mycotoxins (trichothecenes, enniatins, beauvericin, and altertoxins) and (iii) both silymarin and mycotoxins, and results were compared to the controls. The liver tissue extracts were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Using tools of univariate and multivariate statistical analysis, we were able to identify 48 lipid species from the classes of diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids and phospholipids clearly reflecting the dysregulation of lipid metabolism upon exposure to mycotoxin and/or silymarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Bechynska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.K.); (M.F.); (K.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Vit Kosek
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.K.); (M.F.); (K.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Marie Fenclova
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.K.); (M.F.); (K.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Lucie Muchova
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (J.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Vaclav Smid
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jakub Suk
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (J.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Karel Chalupsky
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Eva Sticova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Kamila Hurkova
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.K.); (M.F.); (K.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.K.); (M.F.); (K.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Libor Vitek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (J.S.); (L.V.)
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Milena Stranska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.K.); (M.F.); (K.H.); (J.H.)
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Yu J, Yang M, Han J, Pang X. Fungal and mycotoxin occurrence, affecting factors, and prevention in herbal medicines: a review. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1925696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Yu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Pang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Pickova D, Ostry V, Toman J, Malir F. Presence of Mycotoxins in Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum) Food Supplements: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E782. [PMID: 33302488 PMCID: PMC7763672 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of herbal-based supplements, which are believed to have beneficial effects on human health with no side effects, has become popular around the world and this trend is still increasing. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, commonly known as milk thistle (MT), is the most commonly studied herb associated with the treatment of liver diseases. The hepatoprotective effects of active substances in silymarin, with silybin being the main compound, have been demonstrated in many studies. However, MT can be affected by toxigenic micro-fungi and contaminated by mycotoxins with adverse effects. The beneficial effect of silymarin can thus be reduced or totally antagonized by mycotoxins. MT has proven to be affected by micro-fungi of the Fusarium and Alternaria genera, in particular, and their mycotoxins. Alternariol-methyl-ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), beauvericin (BEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatin A (ENNA), enniatin A1 (ENNA1), enniatin B (ENNB), enniatin B1 (ENNB1), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), tentoxin (TEN), and zearalenone (ZEA) seem to be most significant in MT-based dietary supplements. This review focuses on summarizing cases of mycotoxins in MT to emphasize the need for strict monitoring and regulation, as mycotoxins in relation with MT-based dietary supplements are not covered by European Union legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
- Center for Health, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Nutrition and Food in Brno, Palackeho 3a, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
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Yu J, Guo M, Jiang W, Yang M, Pang X. Assessment of the Microbiome and Potential Aflatoxin Associated With the Medicinal Herb Platycladus orientalis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:582679. [PMID: 33193220 PMCID: PMC7644961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycladi Semen, which is derived from the dried ripe seed of Platycladus orientalis, has been used for the treatment of insomnia and constipation in China for 2000 years. However, it is susceptible to fungal and aflatoxin contamination under proper humidity and temperature during storage. Although aflatoxin contamination in Platycladi Semen has been reported preliminarily, few studies have been conducted on fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination simultaneously. Thus, this work aims to provide an in-depth understanding of fungal contamination in Platycladi Semen, and information on aflatoxin contamination. We focused on a comparison of the difference in fungal diversity between aflatoxin-contaminated and aflatoxin-free Platycladi Semen samples. First, aflatoxin levels in 11 Platycladi Semen samples, which were collected from local herbal markets in Shandong, Anhui, and Hebei provinces throughout China, were determined by IAC-HPLC-FLD, and positive confirmation of detected samples was performed by LC-MS/MS. The samples were divided into two groups, based on production or non-production of aflatoxin. We then used the Illumina MiSeq PE250 platform, and targeted the internal transcribed spacer two sequences to analyze the diversity and composition of the fungal microbiome, as well as to assess the presence of potential mycotoxin-producing fungi. Results showed that five samples were contaminated with aflatoxins, one of which exceeded the legal limits of Chinese Pharmacopeia Commission (2015). At the phylum level, the Ascomycota was the most dominant in all tested samples, with a relative abundance of 83.04-99.46%. Aspergillus (27.88-97.28%), Xerochrysium (0-28.49%), and Xeromyces (0-22.24%) were the three predominant genera. Furthermore, differences in fungal composition between the aflatoxin-contaminated and aflatoxin-free groups, as well as between different provinces were observed. A total of 74 species were identified, and four potential mycotoxin-producing fungi were detected in all samples, namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium poae, and Penicillium steckii. In conclusion, we report the great diversity of fungi associated with Platycladi Semen, highlight the risk to consumers of ingesting potent aflatoxin, and provide a reference for the safe application and quality improvement of Platycladi Semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Yu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyue Guo
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Pang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Elateeq AA, Sun Y, Nxumalo W, Gabr AM. Biotechnological production of silymarin in Silybum marianum L.: A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ratajczak M, Kaminska D, Światły-Błaszkiewicz A, Matysiak J. Quality of Dietary Supplements Containing Plant-Derived Ingredients Reconsidered by Microbiological Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186837. [PMID: 32962120 PMCID: PMC7558626 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements cover a wide range of products, the most popular are those containing plant-based ingredients. Supplements are consumed by consumers of all ages as well as by both healthy and sick people. The lack of unified regulation in this sector increases the probability that supplements are poor chemical and microbiological quality and can be dangerous for patients. The aim of this paper is to highlight selected issues associated with the microbiological quality of dietary supplements containing plant materials. We focus on the most recent reports referring to bacterial and fungal contaminations as well as the presence of mycotoxins. Dietary supplements containing plant ingredients commonly show a variety of microbial contaminants, which might be crucial for consumer safety. They often contain microorganisms potentially pathogenic to humans. Metabolites produced by microorganisms may pose a threat to the health of consumers. Because of that, in this review, we emphasize the risk that may be associated with the lack of appropriate studies of the quality of the supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ratajczak
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Dorota Kaminska
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Agata Światły-Błaszkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.Ś.-B.); (J.M.)
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.Ś.-B.); (J.M.)
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Fenclova M, Novakova A, Viktorova J, Jonatova P, Dzuman Z, Ruml T, Kren V, Hajslova J, Vitek L, Stranska-Zachariasova M. Poor chemical and microbiological quality of the commercial milk thistle-based dietary supplements may account for their reported unsatisfactory and non-reproducible clinical outcomes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11118. [PMID: 31366891 PMCID: PMC6668463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal-based dietary supplements have become increasingly popular. The extract from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), is often used for the treatment of liver diseases. However, serious concerns exist regarding the efficacy, composition, as well as the safety of these over-the-counter preparations. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the composition as well as chemical and biological safety of 26 milk thistle-based dietary supplements purchased from both the U.S. and Czech markets between 2016 and 2017. The study was focused on a determination of the composition of active ingredients, as well as analyses of possible contaminants including: mycotoxins, plant alkaloids, and pesticide residues, as well as the microbial purity. High-throughput analyses were performed using advanced U-HPLC-HRMS techniques. Large differences in the silymarin content were observed among individual milk thistle preparations, often in contrast with the information provided by the manufacturers. In addition, substantial inter-batch differences in silymarin content were also demonstrated. In all milk thistle preparations tested, large numbers and high concentrations of mycotoxins and several pesticides, as well as the substantial presence of microbiological contamination were detected, pointing to serious safety issues. In conclusion, our results strongly indicate the need for strict controls of the composition, chemical contaminants, as well as the microbiological purity of commercial milk thistle extracts used for the treatment of liver diseases. Poor definition of these preparations together with contamination by biologically active substances may not only account for the inconsistency of clinical observations, but also be responsible for possible herbal-based dietary supplements-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Fenclova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Novakova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Viktorova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Jonatova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Dzuman
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Kren
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1082, 14000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Vitek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics and 4th Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 12108, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Milena Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Dlugaszewska J, Ratajczak M, Kamińska D, Gajecka M. Are dietary supplements containing plant-derived ingredients safe microbiologically? Saudi Pharm J 2018; 27:240-245. [PMID: 30766436 PMCID: PMC6362155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements, particularly those containing ingredients of natural origin, may contain microbiological contaminants, both bacterial and fungal. The present study evaluated the microbiological purity of selected dietary supplements containing plant-based ingredients before their release to the market, as well as raw materials of plant origin which are used in the production of such supplements. A total of 122 samples of supplements and 30 materials of plant origin were studied, with 92.1% exhibiting different degrees of bacterial contamination. Eight samples (5.3%) were contaminated by aerobic bacteria in amounts exceeding 105 CFU/g. Five (3.3%) of the studied supplements were found to contain bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae at a level exceeding 103 CFU/g. Furthermore, a considerable proportion of the studied samples (86.8%) contained fungal contamination. Microbiological contamination may contribute to a deterioration in quality and stability of dietary supplements. In addition, high levels of pathogenic bacteria and microorganisms may pose a risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Dlugaszewska
- Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ratajczak
- Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dorota Kamińska
- Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marzena Gajecka
- Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.,Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
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Shipkowski KA, Betz JM, Birnbaum LS, Bucher JR, Coates PM, Hopp DC, MacKay D, Oketch-Rabah H, Walker NJ, Welch C, Rider CV. Naturally complex: Perspectives and challenges associated with Botanical Dietary Supplement Safety assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:963-971. [PMID: 29626579 PMCID: PMC6087675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the extensive use of botanical dietary supplements by consumers in the United States, there is a need for appropriate research and data to support safety assessments. Complexity and variability, both natural and introduced, of botanical dietary supplements make research on these products difficult. Botanical dietary supplements are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), as amended by the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA). They are regulated as a category of food, which differs from the regulation of pharmaceutical products. Both manufacturers and the FDA are faced with the challenge of determining the best approaches for evaluating and monitoring the safety of botanical products. High quality botanicals research requires accurate identification and characterization of the material being studied. Inconsistent results in efficacy studies of botanical dietary supplements have led to efforts to improve the rigor and reproducibility of research in the field. Addressing the challenges associated with botanical dietary supplement safety is a global effort requiring coordination between numerous stakeholders, including researchers, suppliers, manufacturers, and regulators, all of whom play a role in ensuring that high quality products are available on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Shipkowski
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; ICF International, Inc., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph M Betz
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John R Bucher
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul M Coates
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Craig Hopp
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Duffy MacKay
- Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Nigel J Walker
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Cara Welch
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Xing F, Liu X, Wang L, Selvaraj JN, Jin N, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Distribution and variation of fungi and major mycotoxins in pre- and post-nature drying maize in North China Plain. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Veprikova Z, Zachariasova M, Dzuman Z, Zachariasova A, Fenclova M, Slavikova P, Vaclavikova M, Mastovska K, Hengst D, Hajslova J. Mycotoxins in Plant-Based Dietary Supplements: Hidden Health Risk for Consumers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6633-6643. [PMID: 26168136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of dietary supplements represents a possible risk for human health, especially in the case of products intended for people suffering from certain health conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of this problem based on analyses of a wide set of herbal-based dietary supplements intended for various purposes: (i) treatment of liver diseases (milk thistle); (ii) reduction of menopause effects (red clover, flax seed, and soy); and (iii) preparations for general health support (green barley, nettle, goji berries, yucca, etc.) The analytical method including 57 mycotoxins was based on a QuEChERS-like (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) approach and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The main mycotoxins determined were Fusarium trichothecenes, zearalenone and enniatins, and Alternaria mycotoxins. Co-occurrence of enniatins, HT-2/T-2 toxins, and Alternaria toxins was observed in many cases. The highest mycotoxin concentrations were found in milk thistle-based supplements (up to 37 mg/kg in the sum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Veprikova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Zachariasova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Dzuman
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zachariasova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Fenclova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Slavikova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Vaclavikova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Mastovska
- ‡Covance Laboratories, Nutritional Chemistry and Food Safety, 3301 Kinsman Blvd., Madison, Wisconsin 53704, United States
| | - Daniel Hengst
- ‡Covance Laboratories, Nutritional Chemistry and Food Safety, 3301 Kinsman Blvd., Madison, Wisconsin 53704, United States
| | - Jana Hajslova
- †Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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