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Locus T, Lambrecht E, Lamoral S, Willems S, Van Gucht S, Vanwolleghem T, Peeters M. A Multifaceted Approach for Evaluating Hepatitis E Virus Infectivity In Vitro: Cell Culture and Innovative Molecular Methods for Integrity Assessment. Vet Sci 2023; 10:676. [PMID: 38133227 PMCID: PMC10748075 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus is a prominent cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. In Western countries, most infections are asymptomatic. However, acute self-limiting hepatitis and chronic cases in immunocompromised individuals can occur. Studying HEV is challenging due to its difficulty to grow in cell culture. Consequently, the detection of the virus mainly relies on RT-qPCR, which cannot differentiate between infectious and non-infectious particles. To overcome this problem, methods assessing viral integrity offer a possible solution to differentiate between intact and damaged viruses. This study aims at optimizing existing HEV cell culture models and RT-qPCR-based assays for selectively detecting intact virions to establish a reliable model for assessing HEV infectivity. In conclusion, these newly developed methods hold promise for enhancing food safety by identifying approaches for inactivating HEV in food processing, thereby increasing food safety measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Locus
- Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Unit, Flemish Research Institute for Agriculture (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium or (T.L.); (E.L.)
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Viral Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Viral Hepatitis Research Group, University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ellen Lambrecht
- Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Unit, Flemish Research Institute for Agriculture (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium or (T.L.); (E.L.)
| | - Sophie Lamoral
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Viral Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Sjarlotte Willems
- Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Unit, Flemish Research Institute for Agriculture (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium or (T.L.); (E.L.)
| | - Steven Van Gucht
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Viral Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vanwolleghem
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Viral Hepatitis Research Group, University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Michael Peeters
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Viral Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
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Cao K, Wu X, Yang M, Chen C, Zhang X, Jiang D, Du Y, Chen M, You Y, Zhou W, Qi J, Chen D, Yan R, Miao Z, Yang S. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus in China from 1997 to 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1243408. [PMID: 37744517 PMCID: PMC10512461 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1243408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several studies have reported on hepatitis E virus (HEV) prevalence in various regions of China, but the results vary widely. Herein, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the seroprevalence, RNA-positive rate, genotype distribution of HEV in China, and its risk factors. Methods We included 208 related studies involving 1,785,569 participants published between 1997 and 2022. Random-effects models were used to pool prevalence, and subgroup analyses were conducted by population, gender, age, study period, regions, and rural-urban distribution. The meta regression models and pooled odds ratios (OR) were performed to identify risk factors for HEV infections. Results The pooled anti-HEV IgG, IgM, and Ag seroprevalence, and RNA detection rates in China from 1997 to 2022 were 23.17% [95% confidence interval (CI): 20.23-26.25], 0.73% (95% CI: 0.55-0.93), 0.12% (95% CI: 0.01-0.32), and 6.55% (95% CI: 3.46-12.05), respectively. The anti-HEV IgG seropositivity was higher in the occupational population (48.41%; 95% CI: 40.02-56.85) and older adult aged 50-59 years (40.87%; 95% CI: 31.95-50.11). The dominant genotype (GT) of hepatitis E in China was GT4. Notably, drinking non-tap water (OR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.50-2.20), consumption of raw or undercooked meat (OR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.17-1.84), and ethnic minorities (OR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.29-1.73) were risk factors of anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence. Discussions Overall, the prevalence of hepatitis E was relatively high in China, especially among older adults, ethnic minorities, and humans with occupational exposure to pigs. Thus, there is a need for preventive measures, including HEV infection screening and surveillance, health education, and hepatitis E vaccine intervention in high-risk areas and populations. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023397036.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengya Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobao Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daixi Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Du
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengsha Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue You
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenkai Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxing Qi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dingmo Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziping Miao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shigui Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Locus T, Lambrecht E, Peeters M, Suin V, Verhaegen B, Van Hoorde K, Lamoral S, Vanwolleghem T, Van Gucht S. Hepatitis E virus in pork meat products and exposure assessment in Belgium. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 397:110198. [PMID: 37086528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 infections are the predominant cause of acute viral hepatitis in Europe, mostly associated with the consumption of HEV contaminated pork meat. In this study we looked at the HEV RNA positivity rate of pork meat products readily available from Belgian supermarkets and evaluated the overall HEV consumer exposure in a Belgian context. Two basic assessments were performed in a 'worst-case' scenario setting: one solely focusing on the contamination level of the product itself (ingredients and processing parameters) and another estimating the overall consumer exposure, taking into account consumption habits in Belgium. Non-thermal-processed ready-to-eat (i.e. ready for consumption without additional cooking step by consumer) pork meat products (e.g. raw dried sausages), had a high estimated HEV contamination level, while thermal-processed ready-to-eat pork meat products (e.g. pork liver pâté) had the highest overall consumer exposure estimates. Following these assessments, pork liver pâtés, raw dried hams and raw dried sausages (n = 54) were purchased from Belgian supermarkets (n = 3) and analyzed for HEV RNA by RT-PCR. In total, 31 % (n = 17) products tested positive. HEV RNA was found in 65 % of the pork liver pâtés, 15 % of raw dried hams and 0 % of raw dried sausages. Phylogenetic analysis of four isolates (all gt3c) from pork liver pâté samples showed similarities with human clinical cases from Germany and Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Locus
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Viral Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium; ILVO, Flemish Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ellen Lambrecht
- ILVO, Flemish Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Michael Peeters
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Viral Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Suin
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Viral Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Bavo Verhaegen
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Foodborne Pathogens, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Van Hoorde
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Foodborne Pathogens, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Sophie Lamoral
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Viral Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vanwolleghem
- University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Gucht
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Viral Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium.
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Hennechart-Collette C, Dehan O, Fraisse A, Martin-Latil S, Perelle S. Development of an Extraction Method to Detect Hepatitis A Virus, Hepatitis E Virus, and Noroviruses in Fish Products. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030624. [PMID: 36985198 PMCID: PMC10051274 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a leading cause of foodborne disease worldwide. Hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis E (HEV)) and human norovirus are recognized as the main viruses of public health concern in food hygiene. ISO 15216 approved procedures are not validated for detection of HAV and human norovirus in foodstuffs, such as fishes, leading to an inability to ensure the safety of these products. This study aimed to provide a rapid and sensitive method for detecting these targets in fish products. An existing method that includes proteinase K treatment was selected for further validation using artificially contaminated fish products, according to the recent international standard ISO 16140-4. Recovery efficiencies in pure RNA extracts of viruses ranged from 0.2% to 66.2% for HAV, 4.0% to 100.0% for HEV, 2.2% to 100.0% for norovirus GI, and 0.2% to 12.5% for norovirus GII. LOD50 values were between 144 and 8.4 × 104 genome copies/g for HAV and HEV, and 104 and 2.0 × 103 copies/g for norovirus GI and norovirus GII, respectively. LOD95 values were between 3.2 × 103 and 3.6 × 105 genome copies/g for HAV and HEV, and between 8.8 × 103 and 4.4 × 104 genome copies/g for norovirus GI and norovirus GII, respectively. The method developed here was successfully validated in various fish products and can be applied for routine diagnostic needs.
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Alam N, Ravikumar CH, Sreeramareddygari M, Somasundrum M, Surareungchai W. Label-free ultra-sensitive colorimetric detection of hepatitis E virus based on oxidase-like activity of MnO 2 nanosheets. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:703-713. [PMID: 36469053 PMCID: PMC9734815 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an evolving infectious entity that causes viral hepatitis infections worldwide. Current routine methods of identifying and diagnosing HEV are someway laborious and costly. Based on the biomimicking oxidase-like activity of MnO2 nanosheets, we designed a label-free, highly sensitive colorimetric sensing technique for HEV detection. The prepared MnO2 catalyst displays intrinsic biomimicking oxidase-like catalytic activity and efficiently oxidizes the 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate from colorless to blue colored oxidized TMB (oxTMB) product which can be measured at 652 nm by UV-visible spectrum. When the HEV-DNA was added, DNA adsorbed easily on MnO2 surface through physical adsorption and electrostatic interaction which hinders the oxidase-like catalytic activity of MnO2. Upon the introduction of target, the HEV target DNA binds with its complementary ssDNA on the surface of MnO2, the hybridized DNA releases from the surface of MnO2, which leads to recovery of oxidase-like catalytic activity of MnO2. This strategy was applied to construct a colorimetric technique for HEV detection. The approach works in the linear range of 1 fM-100 nM DNA concentration with the limit of detection (LOD) of 3.26 fM (S/N = 3) and quantitative limit (LOQ) of 36.08 fM. The TMB-MnO2 platform was highly selective for HEV target DNA detection when compared with potential interferences. Result of serum sample analysis demonstrates that this sensing system can be used for clinical diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Alam
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150 Thailand
| | - Chandan Hunsur Ravikumar
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra Post, Ramangaram Dist, Karnataka 562112 India
| | | | - Mithran Somasundrum
- Biosciences and System Biology Team, Biochemical Engineering and System Biology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at KMUTT (Bangkhuntien Campus), Bangkok, 10150 Thailand
| | - Werasak Surareungchai
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150 Thailand ,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Graduate Programme, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140 Thailand ,Analytical Sciences and National Doping Test Institute, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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6
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Tsachev I, Baymakova M, Bangieva D, Khezzani B, Kundurzhiev T, Valeva B, Pepovich R. Serological Searching for Hepatitis E Virus Infection Among Pig Liver Transudate from Bulgaria: An Alternative Method for Seroepidemiological Survey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:596-599. [PMID: 36322875 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this research was to perform a seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis E virus (HEV) by an alternative method-serological establishment of the virus from pig liver transudate. This is the first such research in Bulgaria. Moreover, no studies have been conducted on HEV in pig liver in our country. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 liver samples from healthy pigs were collected from slaughterhouses in three parts of the country (Sofia, Lovech, and Stara Zagora districts). An equal number of samples (n = 30) were obtained from each district. Results: The overall HEV seropositivity was 67.7% of all 90 tested pig liver transudate samples; in Sofia district 20.0%, in Lovech district 90.0%, and in Stara Zagora district 93.3%. Conclusion: These data are similar to our previous serological studies for HEV in serum samples from industrial pigs, wild boars, and East Balkan swine. In this regard, testing the liver transudate could be a fine alternative method for seroepidemiological survey on HEV in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Tsachev
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Magdalena Baymakova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Bangieva
- Department of Food Quality and Safety and Veterinary Legislation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Bachir Khezzani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria.,Laboratory of Biology, Environment and Health (LBEH), Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Todor Kundurzhiev
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Betina Valeva
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Roman Pepovich
- Department of Infectious Pathology, Hygiene, Technology and Control of Foods from Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Boxman ILA, Verhoef L, Dop PY, Vennema H, Dirks RAM, Opsteegh M. High prevalence of acute hepatitis E virus infection in pigs in Dutch slaughterhouses. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 379:109830. [PMID: 35908493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV), one of the causes of acute viral hepatitis. Domestic pigs are considered as the main reservoir of HEV-3. The recently reported high prevalence of HEV in liver- and meat products on the Dutch market warranted a cross-sectional prevalence study on HEV infection among 5-6 months old pigs slaughtered in the Netherlands (n = 250). For this, liver, caecum content and blood samples were analyzed for the presence of genomic HEV RNA by RT-PCR. In addition, a serological test was performed to detect HEV IgG. Background information was retrieved on the corresponding farms to evaluate potential risk factors for HEV at pig slaughter age. HEV IgG was detected in sera from 167 pigs (67.6 %). HEV RNA was detected in 64 (25.6 %) caecum content samples, in 40 (16.1 %) serum samples and in 25 (11.0 %) liver samples. The average level of viral contamination in positive samples was log10 4.6 genome copies (gc)/g (range 3.0-8.2) in caecum content, log10 3.3 gc/ml (range 2.4-5.9) in serum and log10 3.2 gc/0.1 g (range 1.7-6.2) in liver samples. Sequence analyses revealed HEV-3c only. Ten times an identical strain was detected in two or three samples obtained from the same pig. Each animal in this study however appeared to be infected with a unique strain. The presence of sows and gilts and welfare rating at the farm of origin had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the distribution over the four groups representing different stages of HEV infection based on IgG or RNA in caecum and/or serum. The observed proportion of tested pigs with viremia (16 %) was higher than in other reported studies and was interestingly often observed in combination with a high number of HEV genome copies in liver and caecum content as detected by RT-qPCR. Data provided will be useful for risk assessment for food safety of pork products, will provide baseline data for future monitoring of HEV infections in pigs and new thoughts for mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg L A Boxman
- WFSR, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Mailbox 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Linda Verhoef
- NVWA, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Petra Y Dop
- NVWA, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harry Vennema
- RIVM, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - René A M Dirks
- WFSR, Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Mailbox 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Opsteegh
- RIVM, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Unravelling microbial populations and volatile organic compounds of artisan fermented liver sausages manufactured in Central Italy. Food Res Int 2022; 154:111019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Cook N, D’Agostino M, Wood A, Scobie L. Real-Time PCR-Based Methods for Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Pork Products: A Critical Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020428. [PMID: 35208881 PMCID: PMC8877315 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard methods for detection of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in at-risk foodstuffs are available, but currently there is no standard method for detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in pork products or other foods that can be contaminated with the virus. Detection assays for HEV are mainly based on nucleic acid amplification, particularly the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) in real-time format. RTPCR-based methods can be sensitive and specific, but they require a suite of controls to verify that they have performed correctly. There have been several RTPCR methods developed to detect HEV in pork products, varying in details of sample preparation and RTPCR target sequences. This review critically discusses published HEV detection methods, with emphasis on those that have been successfully used in subsequent studies and surveys. RTPCR assays have been used both qualitatively and quantitatively, although in the latter case the data acquired are only reliable if appropriate assay calibration has been performed. One particular RTPCR assay appears to be ideal for incorporation in a standard method, as it has been demonstrated to be highly specific and sensitive, and an appropriate control and calibration standard is available. The review focuses on the detection of HEV in pork products and similar foodstuffs (e.g., boar). The information may be useful to inform standardisation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Cook
- Jorvik Food Safety Services, York YO32 2GN, UK
- Correspondence: (N.C.); (L.S.)
| | | | - Ann Wood
- Campden BRI, Chipping Campden GL55 6LD, UK; (M.D.); (A.W.)
| | - Linda Scobie
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
- Correspondence: (N.C.); (L.S.)
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Hennechart-Collette C, Gonzalez G, Fourniol L, Fraisse A, Beck C, Moutailler S, Bournez L, Dheilly NM, Lacour SA, Lecollinet S, Martin-Latil S, Perelle S. Method for tick-borne encephalitis virus detection in raw milk products. Food Microbiol 2022; 104:104003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhao MY, Li D. Optimization and Implementation of the Virus Extraction Method for Hepatitis E Virus Detection from Raw Pork Liver. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:74-83. [PMID: 33449335 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been frequently detected from pork liver and liver products, which can usually cause self-limiting diseases in healthy adults, yet may result in fatality in immunosuppressed groups. Nevertheless, there is so far no standardized method for HEV detection available from pork liver and/or liver products. The present study aimed to optimize the virus extraction method of HEV from raw pork liver, which is often consumed in Asia undercooked to avoid a grainy texture. By comparing different sample preparation protocols and by applying the selected protocol to 60 samples collected from Singapore retail markets, we demonstrated that homogenization of 0.25 g raw pork liver with FastPrep™ Lysing Matrix Y containing yttria-stabilized zircondium oxide beads in 2 ml tubes and with harsh mechanical force at 6 ms-1, 40 s/cycle, for 5 cycles with 300 s pause time after each cycle is promising in both releasing the potentially intracellular viruses and resulting in satisfactory virus recovery rates (> 1%). A high prevalence (52%) of HEV genome was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) from the 60 samples collected from Singapore retail markets imported from Indonesia, Australia and Malaysia. However, RNase treatment decreased the HEV prevalence to 33.3%, and all of the 20 positive samples were with high RT-qPCR Ct values above 35, suggesting that the positive RT-qPCR signals maybe largely due to the inactive viruses and/or exposed HEV RNA traces in raw pork liver products. Therefore, conscious care should be taken when interpreting molecular detection results of viruses from food samples to be correlated with public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchie Y Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Davis CA, Haywood B, Vattipally S, Da Silva Filipe A, AlSaeed M, Smollet K, Baylis SA, Ijaz S, Tedder RS, Thomson EC, Abdelrahman TT. Hepatitis E virus: Whole genome sequencing as a new tool for understanding HEV epidemiology and phenotypes. J Clin Virol 2021; 139:104738. [PMID: 33933822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is emerging as a public health concern across Europe and tools for complete genome data to aid epidemiological and virulence analysis are needed. The high sequence heterogeneity observed amongst HEV genotypes has restricted most analyses to subgenomic regions using PCR-based methods, which can be unreliable due to poor primer homology. We designed a panel of custom-designed RNA probes complementary to all published HEV full genome NCBI sequences. A target enrichment protocol was performed according to the NimbleGen® standard protocol for Illumina® library preparation. Optimisation of this protocol was performed using 40 HEV RNA-positive serum samples and the World Health Organization International Reference Panel for Hepatitis E Virus RNA Genotypes for Nucleic Acid Amplification Technique (NAT)-Based Assays and related reference materials. Deep sequencing using this target enrichment protocol resulted in whole genome consensus sequences from samples with a viral load range of 1.25 × 104-1.17 × 107 IU/mL. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences recapitulated and extended the partial genome results obtained from genotyping by Sanger sequencing (genotype 1, ten samples and genotype 3, 30 samples). The protocol is highly adaptable to automation and could be used to sequence full genomes of large sample numbers. A more comprehensive understanding of hepatitis E virus transmission, epidemiology and viral phenotype prediction supported by an efficient method of sequencing the whole viral genome will facilitate public health initiatives to reduce the prevalence and mitigate the harm of HEV infection in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Becky Haywood
- Blood Borne Virus Unit, Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | | | - Mariam AlSaeed
- Life Science & Environment Research Institute, National Center for Genome Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Samreen Ijaz
- Blood Borne Virus Unit, Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Richard S Tedder
- Blood Borne Virus Unit, Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK; University College London, London, UK; Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, Colindale, UK
| | - Emma C Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tamir T Abdelrahman
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK; Microbiology Department, Laboratoire National de Sante, Dudelange, Luxembourg.
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13
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Di Cola G, Fantilli AC, Pisano MB, Ré VE. Foodborne transmission of hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses: A literature review. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 338:108986. [PMID: 33257099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne viruses have been recognized as a growing concern to the food industry and a serious public health problem. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is responsible for the majority of viral outbreaks of food origin worldwide, while hepatitis E virus (HEV) has also been gaining prominence as a foodborne viral agent in the last years, due to its zoonotic transmission through the consumption of uncooked or undercooked infected meat or derivatives. However, there is a lack of scientific reports that gather all the updated information about HAV and HEV as foodborne viruses. A search of all scientific articles about HAV and HEV in food until March 2020 was carried out, using the keywords "HAV", "HEV", "foodborne", "outbreak" and "detection in food". Foodborne outbreaks due to HAV have been reported since 1956, mainly in the USA, and in Europe in recent years, where the number of outbreaks has been increasing throughout time, and nowadays it has become the continent with the highest foodborne HAV outbreak report. Investigation and detection of HAV in food is more recent, and the first detections were performed in the 1990s decade, most of them carried out on seafood, first, and frozen food, later. On the other hand, HEV has been mainly looked for and detected in food derived from reservoir animals, such as meat, sausages and pate of pigs and wild boars. For this virus, only isolated cases and small outbreaks of foodborne transmission have been recorded, most of them in industrialized countries, due to HEV genotype 3 or 4. Virus detection in food matrices requires special processing of the food matrix, followed by RNA detection by molecular techniques. For HAV, a real-time PCR has been agreed as the standard method for virus detection in food; in the case of HEV, a consensus assay for its detection in food has not been reached yet. Our investigation shows that there is still little data about HAV and HEV prevalence and frequency of contamination in food, prevalent viral strains, and sources of contamination, mainly in developing countries, where there is no research and legislation in this regard. Studies on these issues are needed to get a better understanding of foodborne viruses, their maintenance and their potential to cause diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Di Cola
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Anabella C Fantilli
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Belén Pisano
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Viviana E Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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14
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Detection of norovirus, hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses in multicomponent foodstuffs. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108931. [PMID: 33188986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the enteric viruses implicated in foodborne outbreaks, the human norovirus and hepatitis viruses A and E (HAV and HEV) represent a serious public health concern. International standard ISO 15216 proposes methods for detecting HAV and norovirus (genogroups I and II) RNA from soft fruit, leaf, stem and bulb vegetables, bottled water or food surfaces. These methods had not previously been validated for detecting the targeted viruses in other foodstuffs such as multicomponent foods, nor for detecting other viruses in foodstuffs. The aim of this study was to characterise a method derived from the vegetable method described in ISO 15216 to detect HAV, HEV and norovirus in artificially-contaminated multicomponent foodstuffs according to the recent international standard ISO 16140-4. Results showed that the mean recovery rates for all settings did not differ according to the operator. The mean extraction yields ranged from 0.35% to 40.44% for HAV, 5.19% to 100% for HEV, 0.10% to 40.61% for norovirus GI and 0.88% to 69.16% for norovirus GII. The LOD95 was 102 genome copies/g for HAV, HEV and norovirus GII and 103 genome copies/g for norovirus GI. The LOQ was 2.90 × 104, 1.40 × 103, 1.60 × 104 and 1.30 × 104 genome copies/g for HAV, HEV, norovirus GI and norovirus GII respectively. The MNV-1 process control was detected in 120 out of 128 RNA extracts analysed and was recovered with an efficiency of between 3.83% and 50.22%. The mean inhibition rates of quantitative real-time RT-PCR reaction ranged from 3.25% to 28.70% and varied significantly with the type of food matrix. The described method could be used to detect viruses in composite food products for routine diagnosis needs.
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15
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Trojnar E, Contzen M, Moor D, Carl A, Burkhardt S, Kilwinski J, Berghof-Jäger K, Mormann S, Schotte U, Kontek A, Althof N, Mäde D, Johne R. Interlaboratory Validation of a Detection Method for Hepatitis E Virus RNA in Pig Liver. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101460. [PMID: 32977593 PMCID: PMC7598171 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In the last years, the number of notified hepatitis E cases in humans has continuously increased in Europe. Foodborne infection with the zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 is considered the major cause of this disease. Undercooked liver and raw sausages containing the liver of pigs and wild boar are at high risk of containing HEV. However, so far, no standardized method for the detection of HEV-RNA in pig liver is available. Methods: An international collaborative study on method reproducibility involving 11 laboratories was performed for an HEV-RNA detection method, which consists of steps of sample homogenization, RNA extraction and real-time RT-PCR detection, including a process control. Naturally contaminated pork liver samples containing two different amounts of HEV and a HEV-negative pork liver sample were tested by all laboratories using the method. Results: Valid results were retrieved from 10 laboratories. A specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 79% were calculated for the method. False negative results were only retrieved from the sample containing very low HEV amounts near the detection limit. Conclusions: The results show that the method is highly specific, sufficiently sensitive and robust for use in different laboratories. The method can, therefore, be applied to routine food control as well as in monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Trojnar
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (E.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Matthias Contzen
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany;
| | - Dominik Moor
- Bundesamt für Lebensmittelsicherheit und Veterinärwesen, 3003 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Anja Carl
- Bayrisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | | | - Jochen Kilwinski
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Westfalen, 59821 Arnsberg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.M.)
| | | | - Sascha Mormann
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Westfalen, 59821 Arnsberg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Ulrich Schotte
- Zentrales Institut des Sanitätsdienstes der Bundeswehr Kiel, 24119 Kronshagen, Germany;
| | - Anne Kontek
- Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, 26133 Oldenburg, Germany;
| | - Nadine Althof
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (E.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Dietrich Mäde
- Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Reimar Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (E.T.); (N.A.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Hennechart-Collette C, Martin-Latil S, Fraisse A, Niveau F, Perelle S. Virological analyses in collective catering outbreaks in France between 2012 and 2017. Food Microbiol 2020; 91:103546. [PMID: 32539952 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enteric viruses cause the majority of foodborne illnesses and common symptoms of many foodborne illnesses include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Among the enteric viruses, human Norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis virus (HAV and HEV) are the main viruses suspected to cause foodborne outbreaks and represent a serious public health. The study presents survey tools of viruses in a wide variety of foodstuffs and results obtained during 56 foodborne outbreaks investigation in France between 2012 and 2017. 246 suspected foods were examined for the presence of four human enteric viruses (NoV GI and NoV GII, HAV or HEV) either using methods described in the EN ISO 15216-1 or in house methods. All viral analysis of food samples were performed with the implementation of process control and an external amplification controls. Eighteen of 56 foodborne outbreaks investigated included at least one positive food sample (16/18 NoV, 1/18 HAV and 1/18 HEV). The genomic levels of four viruses detected ranged from < 102 to 107 genome copies per g or per L. This study showed the interest to develop methods for the extraction of viruses in different foodstuffs to increase the possibility to identify the association between viral illness and food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for food Safety, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Audrey Fraisse
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for food Safety, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Florian Niveau
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for food Safety, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Perelle
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratory for food Safety, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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17
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Gao S, Wang J, Li D, Li Y, Lou C, Zha E, Yue X, Tiezhong Z. Development and evaluation of a time-saving RT-qRPA method for the detection of genotype 4 HEV presence in raw pork liver. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 322:108587. [PMID: 32203767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen spreading worldwide. Pig was known as its first and main animal reservoir. In China, pork consumption is very large and the risk of potential HEV contamination should not be underestimated. The present study aims to develop a quantitative real-time reverse transcription combining recombinase polymerase amplification assay (RT-qRPA) for the rapid detection of HEV RNA presence in raw pork liver on the Jinzhou markets in China. Methods: the specific primers and probes for RT-qRPA assay were designed targeting the ORF2/3 conserved region in genotype 4 swine HEV isolate (accession no. DQ279091.2) according to the TwistDx manual instructions. The specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility evaluations of the RT-qRPA method were subsequently conducted in assessing agreement with the standard RT-qPCR method. Results: the qRPA method step exhibited the obvious time-saving advantage which worked under the isothermal condition at 39 °C within about 30 min to complete the run while the compared standard qPCR method in the same cycle took almost 60 min to do. Both methods could exclusively detect the HEV genome equivalents from the quantified HEV-VLPs spiked samples. And both methods shared the same limit of detection (LOD) that was estimated at 1.25 × 103 genome equivalents copies/g spiked sample by the probit analysis. The recovery rate of HEV-VLPs reached a range of 9.56-14.65% by the RT-qRPA method which was higher than that of 1.34-2.34% by the standard RT-qPCR method. The detected HEV RNA positive rate in the field was 1.8% (1 out of 55) by both methods under Cohen's kappa statistic accessing with perfect agreement (κ = 1.00, p < 0.0005). The viral load in positive sample detected by the RT-qRPA method was estimated at 2.2125 × 105 genome copies/g pork liver sample. Conclusions, the present reported RT-qRPA method mainly targeting genotype 4 HEV is a rapid and reliable method. Its time-saving quality offers a promising for the development of a portable tool used in the routine monitoring of HEV contamination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyang Gao
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China.
| | - Jiaying Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Animal Quarantine Lab, Inspection & Quarantine Technology Center of Hainan Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau, Haikou 570000, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Cheng Lou
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Enhui Zha
- College of Food Science, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhou Tiezhong
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China
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18
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Khoris IM, Chowdhury AD, Li TC, Suzuki T, Park EY. Advancement of capture immunoassay for real-time monitoring of hepatitis E virus-infected monkey. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1110:64-71. [PMID: 32278401 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rapid increasing outbreak of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) shows an urgent need of HEV detection. Instead of time consuming and expensive RT-qPCR, an efficient and quick monitoring system is in utmost demand which can be comparable with the RT-qPCR in term of reliability and detection limit. An advanced platform for immunoassay has been constructed in this study by a nanozyme that constitutes anti-HEV IgG antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles (Ab-AuNPs) as core and in situ silver deposition on the surface of Ab-AuNPs as outer shell. The virus has been entrapped on the nanocomposites while the silver-shell has decomposed back to the silver ions (Ag+) by adding a tetramethylbenzidine (TMBZ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which indirectly quantifies the target virus concentration. Counterpart to only applying nanozyme, by incorporation of the enhanced effect of Ag shell on the AuNP-based nanozyme, the advance deposition has been confirmed to prove the signal amplification mechanism in the proposed immunoassay. Most importantly, the sensor performances have examined on the HEV, collected from the HEV-infected monkey over a period of 45 days. It was successfully correlated with the standard RT-qPCR data, showing the applicability of this immunoassay as a real-time monitoring on the HEV infection. The in situ formation of AuNPs@Ag as nanozyme in this capture immunoassay leads to a promising advancement over the conventional methods and nanozyme-based immunoassay in real application which can be a good substitute of RT-qPCR in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Memdi Khoris
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Ankan Dutta Chowdhury
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology 2, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayam-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Hamamatsu, 431-3125, Japan.
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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19
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Evaluation of methods for elution of HEV particles in naturally contaminated sausage, figatellu and pig liver. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Hennechart-Collette C, Niveau F, Martin-Latil S, Fraisse A, Perelle S. Development of an extraction method to detect enteric viruses in dressed vegetables. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 311:108349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Montone AMI, De Sabato L, Suffredini E, Alise M, Zaccherini A, Volzone P, Di Maro O, Neola B, Capuano F, Di Bartolo I. Occurrence of HEV-RNA in Italian Regional Pork and Wild Boar Food Products. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:420-426. [PMID: 31512058 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an emerging threat in industrialized countries. The foodborne transmission linked to consumption of pork and game meat is considered the main source of autochthonous infection. In Europe, small outbreaks have been reported linked to the consumption of pork liver sausages and wild boar meat. Based on previous findings and on increasing evidence of pork and game meat as a vehicle for HEV infections, the present study investigated the occurrence of HEV in 99 pork and 63 wild boar sausages and salami sold in Southern Italy. The HEV genome was detected in four wild boar sausages. Sequencing from 2 wild boar sausages confirmed that the HEV strains detected belonged to HEV-3 genotype, not assigned to any defined subtype. Data obtained confirmed the possible occurrence of HEV in pork products and in game. Although the detection rate is low, these products are frequently consumed raw after curing, whose effect on virus viability is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca De Sabato
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mosè Alise
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zaccherini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Palmiero Volzone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Orlandina Di Maro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Benedetto Neola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Federico Capuano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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22
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Electrical pulse-induced electrochemical biosensor for hepatitis E virus detection. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3737. [PMID: 31427581 PMCID: PMC6700141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. In this work, a pulse-triggered ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor was fabricated using graphene quantum dots and gold-embedded polyaniline nanowires, prepared via an interfacial polymerization and then self-assembly approach. Introducing an external electrical pulse during the virus accumulation step increases the sensitivity towards HEV due to the expanded surface of the virus particle as well as the antibody-conjugated polyaniline chain length, compared to other conventional electrochemical sensors. The sensor was applied to various HEV genotypes, including G1, G3, G7 and ferret HEV obtained from cell culture supernatant and in a series of fecal specimen samples collected from G7 HEV-infected monkey. The sensitivity is similar to that detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain (RT-qPCR). These results suggests that the proposed sensor can pave the way for the development of robust, high-performance sensing methodologies for HEV detection. Detection of viral biomarkers is important for disease treatment and prevention. Here, the authors report on a system that uses an electrical pulse-induced electrochemical sensor for the detection of hepatitis E virus, and demonstrate potential application of the device.
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23
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Geng Y, Zhao C, Guo T, Xu Y, Wang X, Huang W, Liu H, Wang Y. Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Raw Pork and Pig Viscera As Food in Hebei Province of China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:325-330. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Geng
- Health Science Center, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tingyu Guo
- Health Science Center, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Health Science Center, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xuanpu Wang
- Health Science Center, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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24
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Monitoring of pork liver and meat products on the Dutch market for the presence of HEV RNA. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 296:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Althof N, Trojnar E, Böhm T, Burkhardt S, Carl A, Contzen M, Kilwinski J, Mergemeier S, Moor D, Mäde D, Johne R. Interlaboratory Validation of a Method for Hepatitis E Virus RNA Detection in Meat and Meat Products. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:1-8. [PMID: 30465253 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of hepatitis E cases are currently recognized in many European countries. The zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 mainly circulates in domestic pigs and wild boars, and can be transmitted to humans via consumption of insufficiently heated meat or meat products produced from those animals. Here, a detailed protocol for detection of HEV RNA in meat products is provided, which is based on the method originally described by Szabo et al. (Intl J Food Microbiol 215:149-156, 2015). It consists of a TRI Reagent®/chloroform-based food matrix homogenization, a silica bead-based RNA extraction and a real-time RT-PCR-based RNA detection. The method was further validated in a ring trial with nine independent laboratories using pork liver sausage samples artificially contaminated with different amounts of HEV. The results indicate sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the method for its broad future use in survey studies, routine food control or outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Althof
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Trojnar
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Anja Carl
- Bayrisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Contzen
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Fellbach, Germany
| | - Jochen Kilwinski
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Westfalen, Arnsberg, Germany
| | | | - Dominik Moor
- Bundesamt für Lebensmittelsicherheit und Veterinärwesen, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dietrich Mäde
- Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Reimar Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
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Moor D, Liniger M, Baumgartner A, Felleisen R. Screening of Ready-to-Eat Meat Products for Hepatitis E Virus in Switzerland. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:263-271. [PMID: 29492902 PMCID: PMC6096950 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Seroprevalence data for pig herds suggested that there must be a relevant reservoir for hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Switzerland. To know more about the viral presence in ready-to-eat meat products, we screened pork liver sausages and raw meat sausages from the Swiss retail market for the presence of HEV. Testing was performed with a detection method where the virus extraction step was optimized. As for the performance of the improved method, the mean recovery rate for the mengovirus process control was 24.4%, whereas for HEV-inoculated sample matrices between 10.4 and 100% were achieved. The limit of detection was about 1.56 × 103 and 1.56 × 102 genome copies per gram for liver sausages and raw meat sausages, respectively. In the screening programme, HEV-RNA was detected in 10 of total 90 (11.1%) meat products, 7 of 37 (18.9%) liver sausages, and 3 of 53 (5.7%) raw meat sausages. Virus loads of up to 5.54 log10 HEV genome copies per gram were measured. All sequences retrieved from positive samples belonged to HEV genotype 3. The significance of the presented work was a current overview of the HEV prevalence in ready-to-eat meat products on the Swiss retail marked and an improvement of the extraction efficiency of the HEV detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Moor
- Risk Assessment Division, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, Bern, 3003, Switzerland.
| | - Marianne Liniger
- Risk Assessment Division, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Baumgartner
- Risk Assessment Division, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
| | - Richard Felleisen
- Risk Assessment Division, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
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Randazzo W, Vasquez-García A, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Viability RT-qPCR to Distinguish Between HEV and HAV With Intact and Altered Capsids. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1973. [PMID: 30210465 PMCID: PMC6119771 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging pathogen showing a considerable increase in the number of reported cases in Europe mainly related to the ingestion of contaminated food. As with other relevant viral foodborne pathogens, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the gold standard for HEV detection in clinical, food, and environmental samples, but these procedures cannot discriminate between inactivated and potentially infectious viruses. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a viability PCR method to discriminate between native, heat-, and high-pressure processing (HPP)-treated HEV using the hepatitis A virus (HAV) as a cultivable surrogate. To this end, different concentrations of viability markers (PMAxx and platinum chloride, PtCl4) were screened firstly on purified viral RNA using different RT-qPCR assays. Reductions of HEV RNA signals of >17.5, >15.0, and >15.5 quantification cycles (Cq) were reported for PtCl4 and 1.6, 2.9, and 8.4 Cq for PMAxx, clearly indicating a better performance of PtCl4 than PMAxx irrespective of the RT-qPCR assay used. The most efficient viability pretreatment (500 μM PtCl4 incubated at 5°C for 30 min) was then assessed on native, heat-, and HPP-treated HEV suspension. The optimized viability RT-qPCR discriminated successfully between native, heat-, and HPP-treated HEV, to different extents depending on the experimental conditions. In particular, approximately 2-log10 reduction was reported by PtCl4-RT-qPCR at both 72 and 95°C compared to the control. Additionally, both viability pretreatments were tested for HPP-treated HAV without success, while PtCl4-RT-qPCR completely eliminated (>5.6-log10 reduction) the RT-qPCR signals of HPP-treated HEV. Although this viability procedure may still overestimate infectivity, the PtCl4 pretreatment represents progress to better interpreting the quantification of intact HEV, and it could be included in molecular procedures used to quantify enteric viruses in food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Randazzo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Vasquez-García
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Aznar
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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Randazzo W, Vásquez-García A, Bracho MA, Alcaraz MJ, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Hepatitis E virus in lettuce and water samples: A method-comparison study. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 277:34-40. [PMID: 29680694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV), which is an increasing cause of acute viral hepatitis in Europe, is a zoonotic virus that is mainly transmitted through contaminated water, consumption of raw or undercooked meat from pigs or wild boar, blood transfusion, and organ transplantation. Although the role of HEV transmission through contaminated produce has not been confirmed, the presence of HEV has been reported in irrigation waters and in vegetables. The present study used a World Health Organization (WHO) international standard and clinical samples to evaluate the performance characteristics of three RT-qPCR assays for detection and quantification of HEV. Two of the evaluated assays provided good analytical sensitivity, as 250 international units (IU) per ml could be detected. Then, experiments focused on evaluating the elution conditions suitable for HEV release from vegetables, with the method proposed by the ISO 15216:2017 selected for evaluation in three types of fresh vegetables. The concentration method proposed by the ISO 15216:2017 combined with the RT-qPCR described by Schlosser et al. (2014) resulted in average HEV recoveries of 1.29%, 0.46%, and 3.95% in lettuce, spinach, and pepper, respectively, with an average detection limit of 1.47 × 105 IU/25 g. In naturally contaminated samples, HEV was detected in sewage only (10/14), while no detection was reported in lettuce (0/36) or in irrigation water samples (0/24).
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Randazzo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Vásquez-García
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Bracho
- Joint Research Unit in Infection and Public Health, FISABIO-Public Health - University of Valencia, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Alcaraz
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Aznar
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Hernandez M, Cook N. Hepatitis E Virus: A New Foodborne Zoonotic Concern. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 86:55-70. [PMID: 30077224 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an enteric nonenveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Among the mammalian lineages, four genotypes are associated to human infection: genogroups 1 and 2 infect only humans and are mainly found in developing countries, while genogroups 3 and 4 are zoonotic, being found in a variety of animal species including pigs, and are autochthonous in developed countries. HEV infection can result in liver damage and with genotypes 1 and 2 symptoms can be particularly severe in pregnant women, with a high lethality ratio. Several cases of foodborne transmission of hepatitis E have been reported, often involving consumption of meat, especially raw or undercooked. Information is lacking on the exact extent of foodborne transmission of HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Marta Hernandez
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, ITACyL, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Nigel Cook
- Jorvik Food and Environmental Virology, York, United Kingdom
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30
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Harrison L, DiCaprio E. Hepatitis E Virus: An Emerging Foodborne Pathogen. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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31
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Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Fernandez Escamez PS, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Di Bartolo I, Johne R, Pavio N, Rutjes S, van der Poel W, Vasickova P, Hempen M, Messens W, Rizzi V, Latronico F, Girones R. Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food-borne pathogen. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04886. [PMID: 32625551 PMCID: PMC7010180 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important infection in humans in EU/EEA countries, and over the last 10 years more than 21,000 acute clinical cases with 28 fatalities have been notified with an overall 10-fold increase in reported HEV cases; the majority (80%) of cases were reported from France, Germany and the UK. However, as infection in humans is not notifiable in all Member States, and surveillance differs between countries, the number of reported cases is not comparable and the true number of cases would probably be higher. Food-borne transmission of HEV appears to be a major route in Europe; pigs and wild boars are the main source of HEV. Outbreaks and sporadic cases have been identified in immune-competent persons as well as in recognised risk groups such as those with pre-existing liver damage, immunosuppressive illness or receiving immunosuppressive treatments. The opinion reviews current methods for the detection, identification, characterisation and tracing of HEV in food-producing animals and foods, reviews literature on HEV reservoirs and food-borne pathways, examines information on the epidemiology of HEV and its occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. Presently, the only efficient control option for HEV infection from consumption of meat, liver and products derived from animal reservoirs is sufficient heat treatment. The development of validated quantitative and qualitative detection methods, including infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, is required for the development of quantitative microbial risk assessments and efficient control measures. More research on the epidemiology and control of HEV in pig herds is required in order to minimise the proportion of pigs that remain viraemic or carry high levels of virus in intestinal contents at the time of slaughter. Consumption of raw pig, wild boar and deer meat products should be avoided.
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32
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Mykytczuk O, Harlow J, Bidawid S, Corneau N, Nasheri N. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of the Hepatitis E Virus in Retail Pork Products Marketed in Canada. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:208-218. [PMID: 28197972 PMCID: PMC5429394 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is very common worldwide. HEV causes acute viral hepatitis with approximately 20 million cases per year. While HEV genotypes 1 and 2 cause large waterborne and foodborne outbreaks with a significant mortality in developing countries, genotypes 3 and 4 are more prevalent in developed countries with transmission being mostly zoonotic. In North America and Europe, HEV has been increasingly detected in swine, and exposure to pigs and pork products is considered to be the primary source of infection. Therefore we set out to investigate the prevalence of HEV in retail pork products available in Canada, by screening meal-size portions of pork pâtés, raw pork sausages, and raw pork livers. The presence of the HEV genomes was determined by RT-PCR and viral RNA was quantified by digital droplet PCR. Overall, HEV was detected in 47% of the sampled pork pâtés and 10.5% of the sampled raw pork livers, but not in the sampled pork sausages, and sequencing confirmed that all HEV strains belonged to genotype 3. Further phylogenetic analysis revealed that except for one isolate that clusters with subtype 3d, all isolates belong to subtype 3a. Amino acid variations between the isolates were also observed in the sequenced capsid region. In conclusion, the prevalence of HEV in pâtés and raw pork livers observed in this study is in agreement with the current HEV distribution in pork products reported in other developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Mykytczuk
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jennifer Harlow
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Sabah Bidawid
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Corneau
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Neda Nasheri
- National Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Blanco Fernández MD, Barrios ME, Cammarata RV, Torres C, Taboga OA, Mbayed VA. Comparison of internal process control viruses for detection of food and waterborne viruses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4289-4298. [PMID: 28357543 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are pathogens associated with food- and waterborne outbreaks. The recovery of viruses from food or water samples is affected by the procedures applied to detect and concentrate them. The incorporation of an internal process control virus to the analyses allows monitoring the performance of the methodology. The aim of this study was to produce a recombinant adenovirus (rAdV) and apply it together with bacteriophage PP7 as process controls. The rAdV carries a DNA construction in its genome to differentiate it from wild-type adenovirus by qPCR. The stability of both control viruses was evaluated at different pH conditions. The rAdV was stable at pH 3, 7, and 10 for 18 h. PP7 infectious particles were stable at pH 7 and showed a 2.14 log reduction at pH 10 and total decay at pH 3 after 18 h. Three virus concentration methods were evaluated: hollow-fiber tap water ultrafiltration, wastewater ultracentrifugation, and elution-PEG precipitation from lettuce. Total and infectious viruses were quantified and their recoveries were calculated. Virus recovery for rAdV and PP7 by ultrafiltration showed a wide range (2.10-84.42 and 13.54-84.62%, respectively), whereas that by ultracentrifugation was 5.05-13.71 and 6.98-13.27%, respectively. The performance of ultracentrifugation to concentrate norovirus and enteroviruses present in sewage was not significantly different to the recovery of control viruses. For detection of viruses from lettuce, genomic copies of PP7 were significantly more highly recovered than adenovirus (14.74-18.82 and 0.00-3.44%, respectively). The recovery of infectious virus particles was significantly affected during sewage ultracentrifugation and concentration from lettuce. The simultaneous use of virus controls with dissimilar characteristics and behaviors might resemble different enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Blanco Fernández
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Melina Elizabeth Barrios
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Godoy Cruz 2370, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Robertina Viviana Cammarata
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Torres
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Alberto Taboga
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biotecnología, INTA, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, 1686, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Andrea Mbayed
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Pathogens of Food Animals: Sources, Characteristics, Human Risk, and Methods of Detection. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 82:277-365. [PMID: 28427535 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens associated with food production (livestock) animals come in many forms causing a multitude of disease for humans. For the purpose of this review, these infectious agents can be divided into three broad categories: those that are associated with bacterial disease, those that are associated with viruses, and those that are parasitic in nature. The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of the most common pathogens that cause disease in humans through exposure via the food chain and the consequence of this exposure as well as risk and detection methods. We have also included a collection of unusual pathogens that although rare have still caused disease, and their recognition is warranted in light of emerging and reemerging diseases. These provide the reader an understanding of where the next big outbreak could occur. The influence of the global economy, the movement of people, and food makes understanding production animal-associated disease paramount to being able to address new diseases as they arise.
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35
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Comparison of three extraction methods to detect noroviruses in dairy products. Food Microbiol 2017; 61:113-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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36
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Hepatitis E Virus in Industrialized Countries: The Silent Threat. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9838041. [PMID: 28070522 PMCID: PMC5192302 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9838041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the main cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Its presence in developing countries has been documented for decades. Developed countries were supposed to be virus-free and initially only imported cases were detected in those areas. However, sporadic and autochthonous cases of HEV infection have been identified and studies reveal that the virus is worldwide spread. Chronic hepatitis and multiple extrahepatic manifestations have also been associated with HEV. We review the data from European countries, where human, animal, and environmental data have been collected since the 90s. In Europe, autochthonous HEV strains were first detected in the late 90s and early 2000s. Since then, serological data have shown that the virus infects quite frequently the European population and that some species, such as pigs, wild boars, and deer, are reservoirs. HEV strains can be isolated from environmental samples and reach the food chain, as shown by the detection of the virus in mussels and in contaminated pork products as sausages or meat. All these data highlight the need of studies directed to control the sources of HEV to protect immunocompromised individuals that seem the weakest link of the HEV epidemiology in industrialized regions.
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37
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Martin-Latil S, Hennechart-Collette C, Delannoy S, Guillier L, Fach P, Perelle S. Quantification of Hepatitis E Virus in Naturally-Contaminated Pig Liver Products. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1183. [PMID: 27536278 PMCID: PMC4971014 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the cause of self-limiting acute hepatitis in humans, is widespread and endemic in many parts of the world. The foodborne transmission of HEV has become of concern due to the identification of undercooked pork products as a risk factor for infection. Foodborne enteric viruses are conventionally processed by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR), which gives sensitive and quantitative detection results. Recently, digital PCR (dPCR) has been described as a novel approach to genome quantification with no need for a standard curve. The performance of microfluidic digital RT-PCR (RT-dPCR) was compared to RT-qPCR when detecting HEV in pig liver products. The sensitivity of the RT-dPCR assay was similar to that of RT-qPCR, and quantitative data obtained by both detection methods were not significantly different for almost all samples. This absolute quantification approach may be useful for standardizing quantification of HEV in food samples and may be extended to quantifying other human pathogens in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martin-Latil
- Université Paris Est (ANSES), Laboratory for Food Safety Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Sabine Delannoy
- Université Paris Est (ANSES), Laboratory for Food Safety Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- Université Paris Est (ANSES), Laboratory for Food Safety Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- Université Paris Est (ANSES), Laboratory for Food Safety Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Perelle
- Université Paris Est (ANSES), Laboratory for Food Safety Maisons-Alfort, France
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Abstract
Among the wide variety of viral agents liable to be found as food contaminants, noroviruses and hepatitis A virus are responsible for most well characterized foodborne virus outbreaks. Additionally, hepatitis E virus has emerged as a potential zoonotic threat. Molecular methods, including an ISO standard, are available for norovirus and hepatitis A virus detection in foodstuffs, although the significance of genome copy detection with regard to the associated health risk is yet to be determined through viability assays. More precise and rapid methods for early foodborne outbreak investigation are being developed and they will need to be validated versus the ISO standard. In addition, protocols for next-generation sequencing characterization of outbreak-related samples must be developed, harmonized and validated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Avda Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Avda Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Avda Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
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39
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Gao S, Li D, Liu Y, Zha E, Wang S, Li Y, Zhou T, Yue X. Development and evaluation of a RT-LAMP assay for rapid detection of hepatitis E virus from shellfish. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 220:1-5. [PMID: 26741532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has becoming a well known zoonotic enteric pathogen and circulated widely inter human-animal-water-food. Generally, detection of the virus has relied on conventional reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and TaqMan/SYBR quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR), but these tools are usually disadvantages in time-consuming and expensive instruments required. In the present study, we report here on the development of a one-step single-tube reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for rapid detection of HEV contamination in shellfish. The amplification is completed under the isothermal condition (63 °C) for 60 min, and can be visually evaluated by staining at a time in about 1h. In addition, a total of 315 shellfish (80 Anadara granosa, 115 Scapharca subcrenata and 120 Ruditapes philippinarum) collected monthly from the Jinzhou coastal estuary of China Bohai gulf were investigated for HEV contamination by the RT-LAMP compared with a standard RT-qPCR. It was found that genotype 4 HEV was detected in all three species of shellfish sampled using the RT-LAMP assay and was in accordance with RT-qPCR detection of HEV in shellfish. Summarily, our results indicate that the RT-LAMP is a rapid, specific, sensitive and reliable method. This method offers a new tool for the routine monitoring of HEV contamination in shellfish or its harvesting waters in field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyang Gao
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China; College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Dandan Li
- Animal Quarantine Lab, Inspection & Quarantine Technology Center of Hainan Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau, Haikou 570000, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Enhui Zha
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Shen Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Tiezhong Zhou
- College of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, No. 5-48 Renmin Street, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
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40
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Szabo K, Trojnar E, Anheyer-Behmenburg H, Binder A, Schotte U, Ellerbroek L, Klein G, Johne R. Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA in raw sausages and liver sausages from retail in Germany using an optimized method. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 215:149-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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41
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Lapa D, Capobianchi MR, Garbuglia AR. Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus in European Countries. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25711-43. [PMID: 26516843 PMCID: PMC4632823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade the seroprevalence of immunoglobulin (IgG) anti hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been increasing in European countries and shows significant variability among different geographical areas. In this review, we describe the serological data concerning the general population and risk groups in different European countries. Anti-HEV antibody prevalence ranged from 1.3% (blood donors in Italy) to 52% (blood donors in France). Various studies performed on risk groups in Denmark, Moldova and Sweden revealed that swine farmers have a high seroprevalence of HEV IgG (range 13%-51.1%), confirming that pigs represent an important risk factor in HEV infection in humans. Subtypes 3e,f are the main genotypes detected in the European population. Sporadic cases of autochthonous genotype 4 have been described in Spain, France, and Italy. Although most HEV infections are subclinical, in immune-suppressed and transplant patients they could provoke chronic infection. Fulminant hepatitis has rarely been observed and it was related to genotype 3. Interferon and ribavirin treatment was seen to represent the most promising therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy.
| | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, "Lazzaro Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy.
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42
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Colson P, Saint-Jacques P, Ferretti A, Davoust B. Hepatitis E Virus of Subtype 3a in a Pig Farm, South-Eastern France. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 62:593-8. [PMID: 26102074 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has emerged during the past decade as a causative agent of autochthonous hepatitis and is a clinical concern in Western developed countries. It has been increasingly recognized that pigs are a major reservoir of HEV of genotypes 3 and 4 worldwide and pig-derived food items represent a potential source of infections by these viruses in humans. Hepatitis E virus RNA testing was performed here on faeces from rectal swabs sampled in 2012 from 50 3-month-old farm pigs from the same farm located in south-eastern France than in a previous work conducted in 2007. Pig HEV sequences corresponding to genomic fragments of ORF2 and ORF1 genes were obtained after RT-PCR amplification with in-house protocols. Hepatitis E virus genotype was determined by phylogenetic analysis. Prevalence was similar to that determined 5 years earlier (68% versus 62%). Two robust phylogenetic clusters of HEV subtypes 3a and 3f were identified, and these sequences obtained in 2012 largely differ compared with those obtained in 2007. Notably, HEV sequences obtained in 2012 from a majority (62%) of the infected pigs belonged to subtype 3a, which was not previously described in France, including not being found in any of humans, pigs or wild boars. Further studies are needed to assess the circulation of HEV-3a in pigs and humans in this country. In addition, along with previous findings, this study supports the need for increased information to the public on the risk of HEV infection through contacts with pigs or consumption of pig-derived products in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Colson
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - P Saint-Jacques
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - A Ferretti
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - B Davoust
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Hennechart-Collette C, Martin-Latil S, Guillier L, Perelle S. Determination of which virus to use as a process control when testing for the presence of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in food and water. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 202:57-65. [PMID: 25771512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (genogroup I (NoV GI) and genogroup II (NoV GII)) and the hepatitis A virus (HAV) are frequently involved in foodborne infections worldwide. They are mainly transmitted via the fecal-oral route, direct person-to-person contact or consumption of contaminated water and foods. In food virology, detection methods are currently based on identifying viral genomes using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR). One of the general requirements for detecting these viruses in food involves the use of a process control virus to monitor the quality of the entire viral extraction procedure as described in the ISO/TS 15216-1 and 15216-2 standards published in 2013. The selected process control virus should have similar morphological and physicochemical properties as the screened pathogenic virus and thus have the potential to provide comparable extraction efficiency. The aim of this study was to determine which virus should be used for process control, murine norovirus (MNV-1) or Mengovirus, when testing for the presence of HAV, NoV GI and NoV GII in bottled water, lettuce and semi-dried tomatoes. Food samples were spiked with HAV, NoV GI or NoV GII alone or in the presence of MNV-1 or Mengovirus. Recovery rates of each pathogenic virus were compared to those of both process control viruses using a multiple comparison procedure. Neither process control virus influenced the recovery of pathogenic virus regardless of the type of food matrix. MNV-1 was the most appropriate virus for validating the detection of HAV and NoV GII in all three food matrices as well as NoV GI in lettuce. Mengovirus proved to be the most appropriate control for NoV GI detection in bottled water and semi-dried tomatoes. The process control virus is essential for validating viral detection in food and the choice of virus depends on food type and the screened pathogenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hennechart-Collette
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Quantitative Risk Assessment Mission, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Perelle
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
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44
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Coudray-Meunier C, Fraisse A, Martin-Latil S, Guillier L, Delannoy S, Fach P, Perelle S. A comparative study of digital RT-PCR and RT-qPCR for quantification of Hepatitis A virus and Norovirus in lettuce and water samples. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 201:17-26. [PMID: 25725459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and quantitative detection of foodborne enteric viruses is classically achieved by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Recently, digital PCR (dPCR) was described as a novel approach to genome quantification without need for a standard curve. The performance of microfluidic digital RT-PCR (RT-dPCR) was compared to RT-qPCR for detecting the main viruses responsible for foodborne outbreaks (human Noroviruses (NoV) and Hepatitis A virus (HAV)) in spiked lettuce and bottled water. Two process controls (Mengovirus and Murine Norovirus) were used and external amplification controls (EAC) were added to examine inhibition of RT-qPCR and RT-dPCR. For detecting viral RNA and cDNA, the sensitivity of the RT-dPCR assays was either comparable to that of RT-qPCR (RNA of HAV, NoV GI, Mengovirus) or slightly (around 1 log10) decreased (NoV GII and MNV-1 RNA and of HAV, NoV GI, NoV GII cDNA). The number of genomic copies determined by dPCR was always from 0.4 to 1.7 log10 lower than the expected numbers of copies calculated by using the standard qPCR curve. Viral recoveries calculated by RT-dPCR were found to be significantly higher than by RT-qPCR for NoV GI, HAV and Mengovirus in water, and for NoV GII and HAV in lettuce samples. The RT-dPCR assay proved to be more tolerant to inhibitory substances present in lettuce samples. This absolute quantitation approach may be useful to standardize quantification of enteric viruses in bottled water and lettuce samples and may be extended to quantifying other human pathogens in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Coudray-Meunier
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Audrey Fraisse
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, Modelling of Bacterial Behaviour Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, IdentyPath, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, IdentyPath, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Perelle
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, Enteric Viruses Unit, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France.
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45
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Detection of hepatitis E virus in pork liver sausages. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 193:29-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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46
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Garbuglia AR, Alessandrini AI, Pavio N, Tessé S, Grignolo S, Viscoli C, Lapa D, Capobianchi MR. Male patient with acute hepatitis E in Genoa, Italy: figatelli (pork liver sausage) as probable source of the infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:e4-6. [PMID: 25636944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.
| | - A I Alessandrini
- Clinica Malattie Infettive IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - N Pavio
- UMR Virology, Animal Health Laboratory, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Tessé
- Hôpital des Armées Val de Grâce, National Reference Laboratory of Hepatitis E, Paris, France
| | - S Grignolo
- Clinica Malattie Infettive IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - C Viscoli
- University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genoa, Italy
| | - D Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - M R Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
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