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Pal A, Mann A, den Bakker HC. Analysis of Microbial Composition of Edible Insect Products Available for Human Consumption within the United States Using Traditional Microbiological Methods and Whole Genome Sequencing. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100277. [PMID: 38615992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Edible insects offer a promising protein source for humans, but their food safety risks have not been previously investigated within the United States. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the microbial content of processed edible insect products. A total of eight different types of edible insect products, including diving beetles, silkworms, grasshoppers, Jamaican crickets, mealworms, mole crickets, whole roasted crickets, and 100% pure cricket powder, were purchased from a large online retailer for the analysis. All the products were purchased in August 2022 and examined between August 2022 and November 2022. Traditional microbiological methods were employed to determine microbial counts for each product type using three replicates (total number of samples = 24). This included assessing aerobic bacterial spore, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, total viable counts, and the presence of Salmonella. Additionally, whole genome sequencing was employed to further characterize selected colonies (n = 96). Microbial counts data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, while sequence data were taxonomically classified using Sepia.Bacilluscereusgroup isolates underwent additional characterization with Btyper3. Product type significantly influenced total viable counts, bacterial spore counts, and lactic acid bacteria counts (P = 0.00391, P = 0.0065, and P < 0.001, respectively), with counts ranging from < 1.70 to 6.01 Log10 CFU/g, <1.70 to 5.25 Log10 CFU/g, and < 1.70 to 4.86 Log10 CFU/g, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae were only detected in mole crickets (<2.30 Log10 CFU/g) and house cricket powder (<2.15 Log10 CFU/g). All samples were negative for Salmonella. Whole genome sequencing revealed the presence of 12 different bacterial genera among the analyzed isolates, with a majority belonging to the Bacillus genus. Some of the isolates of Bacillus cereus group were identified as biovar Emeticus. Overall, although edible insects offer a promising food alternative, the presence of Bacillus cereus group in some products could raise concerns regarding food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Pal
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Amy Mann
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Henk C den Bakker
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA.
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2
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Hénault-Ethier L, Quinche M, Reid B, Hotte N, Fortin A, Normandin É, de La Rochelle Renaud G, Rasooli Zadeh A, Deschamps MH, Vandenberg G. Opportunities and challenges in upcycling agri-food byproducts to generate insect manure (frass): A literature review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 176:169-191. [PMID: 38301601 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
A range of issues related to sustainability in the agrifood industry have spurred interest in mass production of insects as human food and animal feed alternatives. This rapidly evolving sector addresses several challenges, including the management of food waste or agrifood by-products and the production of alternative animal proteins demonstrating low environmental impacts that improve sector circularity. The mass production of insects on agrifood processing wastes or by-products represents an opportunity to address these challenges. While the production of insects offers prospects for sustainable protein production, a major side stream is the production of frass or larval excrement including uneaten feed and chitin-rich exuviae (derived from multiple larval moults). The production of each tonne of edible insects generates 2 to 4 tonnes of frass with an interesting potential in agriculture versus traditional organic amendments (compost, manure, biochar). This review aims to demonstrate the characteristics of frass, its common harvest and conditioning methods, its optimal application rates for planting crops, the mechanisms by which it can protect plants against biotic and abiotic stresses and demystify the risks and potential associated with its application in agriculture. The characteristics of frass are compared with those of conventional fertilizers or other. This report also compiles the Canadian, US and European regulatory frameworks as a novel plant fertilizer and aims to pave the way for future research necessary for its valorization in plant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hénault-Ethier
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Eau Terre, Environnement Research Center, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada; TriCycle, Montreal, Québec, H4N 2R9, Canada.
| | - Mélissa Quinche
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Eau Terre, Environnement Research Center, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Béatrice Reid
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Eau Terre, Environnement Research Center, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Noémie Hotte
- TriCycle, Montreal, Québec, H4N 2R9, Canada; Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Alexis Fortin
- TriCycle, Montreal, Québec, H4N 2R9, Canada; École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Étienne Normandin
- TriCycle, Montreal, Québec, H4N 2R9, Canada; Centre sur la Biodiversité, Université de Montréal, 4101 R. Sherbrooke E, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | | | - Aliyeh Rasooli Zadeh
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Eau Terre, Environnement Research Center, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Deschamps
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Grant Vandenberg
- Département des sciences animales, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Gałęcki R, Bakuła T, Gołaszewski J. Foodborne Diseases in the Edible Insect Industry in Europe-New Challenges and Old Problems. Foods 2023; 12:770. [PMID: 36832845 PMCID: PMC9956073 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects play a key role in European agroecosystems. Insects provide important ecosystem services and make a significant contribution to the food chain, sustainable agriculture, the farm-to-fork (F2F) strategy, and the European Green Deal. Edible insects are regarded as a sustainable alternative to livestock, but their microbiological safety for consumers has not yet been fully clarified. The aim of this article is to describe the role of edible insects in the F2F approach, to discuss the latest veterinary guidelines concerning consumption of insect-based foods, and to analyze the biological, chemical, and physical hazards associated with edible insect farming and processing. Five groups of biological risk factors, ten groups of chemical risk factors, and thirteen groups of physical risks factors have been identified and divided into sub-groups. The presented risk maps can facilitate identification of potential threats, such as foodborne pathogens in various insect species and insect-based foods. Ensuring safety of insect-based foods, including effective control of foodborne diseases, will be a significant milestone on the path to maintaining a sustainable food chain in line with the F2F strategy and EU policies. Edible insects constitute a new category of farmed animals and a novel link in the food chain, but their production poses the same problems and challenges that are encountered in conventional livestock rearing and meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigiusz Gałęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Bakuła
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Janusz Gołaszewski
- Center for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Cesaro C, Mannozzi C, Lepre A, Ferrocino I, Belleggia L, Corsi L, Ruschioni S, Isidoro N, Riolo P, Petruzzelli A, Savelli D, Milanović V, Cardinali F, Garofalo C, Cocolin L, Aquilanti L, Osimani A. Staphylococcus aureus artificially inoculated in mealworm larvae rearing chain for human consumption: Long-term investigation into survival and toxin production. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kowalski S, Mikulec A, Skotnicka M, Mickowska B, Makarewicz M, Sabat R, Wywrocka-Gurgul A, Mazurek A. Effect of the Addition of Edible Insect Flour from Yellow Mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i>) on the Sensory Acceptance, and the Physicochemical and Textural Properties of Sponge Cake. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/155405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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6
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Bombyx mori from a food safety perspective: A systematic review. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Rangel F, Santos RA, Monteiro M, Lavrador AS, Gasco L, Gai F, Oliva-Teles A, Enes P, Serra CR. Isolation of Chitinolytic Bacteria from European Sea Bass Gut Microbiota Fed Diets with Distinct Insect Meals. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:964. [PMID: 36101344 PMCID: PMC9312007 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insect meal (IM), recently authorized for use in aquafeeds, positions itself as a promising commodity for aquafeed inclusion. However, insects are also rich in chitin, a structural polysaccharide present in the exoskeleton, which is not digested by fish, resulting in lower fish performance. Through the application of a dietary pressure, this study aimed to modulate European sea bass gut microbiota towards the enrichment of chitinolytic bacteria to allow the isolation of novel probiotics capable of improving the use of IM-containing diets, overcoming chitin drawbacks. Five isoproteic (44%) and isolipidic (18%) diets were used: a fish meal (FM)-based diet (diet CTR), a chitin-supplemented diet (diet CHIT5), and three diets with either 25% of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor larvae meals (HM25 and TM25, respectively) or H. illucens exuviae meal (diet HEM25) as partial FM substitutes. After an 8-week feeding trial, the results showed a clear modulatory effect towards spore-forming bacteria by HM25 and HEM25 diets, with the latter being responsible for the majority of the chitinolytic fish isolates (FIs) obtained. Sequential evaluation of the FI hemolytic activity, antibiotic resistance, total chitinolytic activity, sporulation, and survival in gastrointestinal-like conditions identified FI645 and FI658 as the most promising chitinolytic probiotics for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Rangel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rafaela A. Santos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Marta Monteiro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Lavrador
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy;
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy;
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Paula Enes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Cláudia R. Serra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (F.R.); (R.A.S.); (M.M.); (A.S.L.); (A.O.-T.)
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Korša A, Lo LK, Gandhi S, Bang C, Kurtz J. Oral Immune Priming Treatment Alters Microbiome Composition in the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:793143. [PMID: 35495655 PMCID: PMC9043903 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.793143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well-established that the microbiome is relevant for many of an organism’s properties and that its composition reacts dynamically to various conditions. The microbiome interacts with host immunity and can play important roles in the defenses against pathogens. In invertebrates, immune priming, that is, improved survival upon secondary exposure to a previously encountered pathogen, can be dependent upon the presence of the gut microbiome. However, it is currently unknown whether the microbiome changes upon priming treatment. We here addressed this question in a well-established model for immune priming, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum exposed to the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). After priming treatments, the microbiota composition of beetle larvae was assessed by deep sequencing of the V1-V2 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. We compared the effect of two established routes of priming treatments in this system: injection priming with heat-killed Bt and oral priming via ingestion of filtered sterilized bacterial spore culture supernatants. For oral priming, we used several strains of Bt known to vary in their ability to induce priming. Our study revealed changes in microbiome composition following the oral priming treatment with two different strains of Bt, only one of which (Bt tenebrionis, Btt) is known to lead to improved survival. In contrast, injection priming treatment with the same bacterial strain did not result in microbiome changes. Combined with the previous results indicating that oral priming with Btt depends on the larval microbiome, this suggests that certain members of the microbiome could be involved in forming an oral priming response in the red flour beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Korša
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lai Ka Lo
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Shrey Gandhi
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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9
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Characterization of Escherichia coli from Edible Insect Species: Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Isolate. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112552. [PMID: 34828833 PMCID: PMC8618678 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects as novel foods are gaining popularity in Europe. Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 laid the framework for the application process to market food insects in member states, but potential hazards are still being evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate samples of edible insect species for the presence of antimicrobial-resistant and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Twenty-one E. coli isolates, recovered from samples of five different edible insect species, were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR-based phylotyping, and macrorestriction analysis. The presence of genes associated with antimicrobial resistance or virulence, including stx1, stx2, and eae, was investigated by PCR. All isolates were subjected to genome sequencing, multilocus sequence typing, and serotype prediction. The isolates belonged either to phylogenetic group A, comprising mostly commensal E. coli, or group B1. One O178:H7 isolate, recovered from a Zophobas atratus sample, was identified as a STEC. A single isolate was resistant to tetracyclines and carried the tet(B) gene. Overall, this study shows that STEC can be present in edible insects, representing a potential health hazard. In contrast, the low resistance rate among the isolates indicates a low risk for the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli to consumers.
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10
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Quantitative assessment of transferable antibiotic resistance genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) fed Hermetia illucens-based feed. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Hygienic Characteristics and Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Crickets (Acheta domesticus) Breed for Flour Production. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last ten years, the worldwide interest in using insects as food and feed has surged. Edible insects fall within the category of novel foods, i.e., the category of food not consumed in significant amounts in the European Union before 15 May 1997 (the date of entry into force of Regulation (EC) No. 258/1997, later repealed by Regulation (EU) No. 2283/2015). One of the most promising insect species to be raised for food is the house cricket (Acheta domesticus). In this study, the rearing of a stock of house crickets was studied over a period of four months. The microbiological quality of the farm was studied using swabs on the surface of the rearing boxes to analyze the trend over time of different populations of microorganisms (total aerobic mesophilic microbiota, Lactobacillus spp., enterococci, Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, Pseudomonas spp. and molds). The presence of four antimicrobial resistance genes (aph, blaZ, sul1, and tetM) was investigated by polymerase chain reaction. A production scheme was also developed in order to obtain a cricket-based flour, which was analyzed for its microbiological and chemical-centesimal profile. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the contamination increases with time and that a proper management of the farming system for insects is of the utmost importance, as it is for conventional farm animals such as ungulates, poultry, and rabbits. The old-fashioned adage “all full, all empty” for the farming system summarizes the need for proper cleaning and disinfection of the structures at the end of each production cycle.
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Microbial dynamics in rearing trials of Hermetia illucens larvae fed coffee silverskin and microalgae. Food Res Int 2020; 140:110028. [PMID: 33648256 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, Hermetia illucens larvae were reared on a main rearing substrate composed of a coffee roasting byproduct (coffee silverskin, Cs) enriched with microalgae (Schizochytrium limacinum or Isochrysis galbana) at various substitution levels. The microbial diversity of the rearing substrates, larvae, and frass (excrement from the larvae mixed with the substrate residue) were studied by the combination of microbial culturing on various growth media and metataxonomic analysis (Illumina sequencing). High counts of total mesophilic aerobes, bacterial spores, presumptive lactic acid bacteria, coagulase-positive cocci, and eumycetes were detected. Enterobacteriaceae counts were low in the rearing diets, whereas higher counts of this microbial family were observed in the larvae and frass. The microbiota of the rearing substrates was characterized by the presence of lactic acid bacteria, including the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Weissella. The microbiota of the H. illucens larvae fed Cs was characterized by the dominance of Paenibacillus. H. illucens fed diets containing I. galbana were characterized by the presence of Enterococcus, Lysinibacillus, Morganella, and Paenibacillus, depending on the algae inclusion level, while H. illucens fed diets containing S. limacinum were characterized by high relative abundances of Brevundimonas, Enterococcus, Paracoccus, and Paenibacillus, depending on the algae inclusion level. Brevundimonas and Alcaligenes dominated in the frass from larvae fed I. galbana; the predominance of Brevundimonas was also observed in the frass from larvae fed Schyzochitrium-enriched diets. Based on the results of the present study, an effect of algae nutrient bioactive substances (e.g. polysaccharides, high-unsaturated fatty acids, taurine, carotenoids) on the relative abundance of some of the bacterial taxa detected in larvae may be hypothesized, thus opening new intriguing perspectives for the control of the entomopathogenic species and foodborne human pathogens potentially occurring in edible insects. Further studies are needed to support this hypothesis. Finally, new information on the microbial diversity occurring in insect frass was also obtained.
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Marin C, Ibañez D, Rios-Corripio G, Guerrero JA, Rodrigo D, Martinez A. Nature of the inactivation by high hydrostatic pressure of natural contaminating microorganisms and inoculated Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 on insect protein-based gel particles. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Swinscoe I, Oliver DM, Ørnsrud R, Quilliam RS. The microbial safety of seaweed as a feed component for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Food Microbiol 2020; 91:103535. [PMID: 32539946 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Farmed insects can offer an environmentally sustainable aquafeed or livestock feed ingredient. The value of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) (BSF) larvae could be improved by enrichment in omega-3 through the dietary inclusion of seaweed. However, the industry practice of drying seaweed at low temperatures to retain nutritional properties may benefit the survival of human pathogenic bacteria, particularly if the seaweed has been harvested from contaminated water. Here we have demonstrated that E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 died-off in seaweed dried at 50 °C, although both were detected in the dried powder following 72 h storage. V. parahaemolyticus fell below the level of detection in stored seaweed after drying at ≥ 50 °C, but L. monocytogenes remained detectable, and continued to grow in seaweed dried at ≤60 °C. Therefore, drying seaweed at low temperatures risks pathogen carry-over into insects destined for animal feed. BSF larvae reared on an artificially contaminated seaweed-supplemented diet also became contaminated by all four bacteria present in the supplement. Water quality at seaweed harvesting sites, seaweed desiccation, and insect rearing practices, represent critical points where development of regulatory standards could achieve targeted control of pathogenic hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Swinscoe
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - David M Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Robin Ørnsrud
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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Raimondi S, Spampinato G, Macavei LI, Lugli L, Candeliere F, Rossi M, Maistrello L, Amaretti A. Effect of Rearing Temperature on Growth and Microbiota Composition of Hermetia illucens. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E902. [PMID: 32549385 PMCID: PMC7355568 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential utilization of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as food or feed is interesting due to the nutritive value and the sustainability of the rearing process. In the present study, larvae and prepupae of H. illucens were reared at 20, 27, and 33 °C, to determine whether temperature affects the whole insect microbiota, described using microbiological risk assessment techniques and 16S rRNA gene survey. The larvae efficiently grew across the tested temperatures. Higher temperatures promoted faster larval development and greater final biomass but also higher mortality. Viable Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter, Clostridium perfringens, coagulase-positive staphylococci, Listeriaceae, and Salmonella were detected in prepupae. Campylobacter and Listeriaceae counts got higher with the increasing temperature. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, the microbiota of larvae was dominated by Providencia (>60%) and other Proteobateria (mainly Klebsiella) and evolved to a more complex composition in prepupae, with a bloom of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Bacilli, while Providencia was still present as the main component. Prepupae largely shared the microbiota with the frass where it was reared, except for few lowly represented taxa. The rearing temperature was negatively associated with the amount of Providencia, and positively associated with a variety of other genera, such as Alcaligenes, Pseudogracilibacillus, Bacillus, Proteus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Bordetella, Pseudomonas, and Kerstersia. With respect to the microbiological risk assessment, attention should be paid to abundant genera, such as Bacillus, Myroides, Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella, which encompass species described as opportunistic pathogens, bearing drug resistances or causing severe morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.R.); (G.S.); (L.I.M.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Gloria Spampinato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.R.); (G.S.); (L.I.M.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Laura Ioana Macavei
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.R.); (G.S.); (L.I.M.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Linda Lugli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.R.); (G.S.); (L.I.M.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesco Candeliere
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.R.); (G.S.); (L.I.M.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Maddalena Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.R.); (G.S.); (L.I.M.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (L.M.)
- BIOGEST–SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lara Maistrello
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.R.); (G.S.); (L.I.M.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (L.M.)
- BIOGEST–SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alberto Amaretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.R.); (G.S.); (L.I.M.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (M.R.); (L.M.)
- BIOGEST–SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Kewuyemi YO, Kesa H, Chinma CE, Adebo OA. Fermented Edible Insects for Promoting Food Security in Africa. INSECTS 2020; 11:E283. [PMID: 32380684 PMCID: PMC7290520 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to attain sustainable nutritional diets in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are still below par. The continent is envisaged to face more impending food crises. This review presents an overview of common edible insects in Africa, their nutritional composition, health benefits and utilization in connection with fermentation to enrich the inherent composition of insect-based products and offer foods related to existing and generally preferred culinary practice. Attempts to explore fermentation treatments involving insects showed fermentation affected secondary metabolites to induce antimicrobial, nutritional and therapeutic properties. Available value-added fermented edible insect products like paste, powder, sauces, and insect containing fermented foods have been developed with potential for more. Novel fermented edible insect-based products could effectively fit in the continent's food mix and therefore mitigate ongoing food insecurity, as well as to balance nutrition with health risk concerns limiting edible insects' product acceptability in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Olamide Kewuyemi
- School of Tourism and Hospitality, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Bunting Road Campus, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa;
| | - Hema Kesa
- School of Tourism and Hospitality, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Bunting Road Campus, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa;
| | - Chiemela Enyinnaya Chinma
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria;
| | - Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Bubici G, Prigigallo MI, Garganese F, Nugnes F, Jansen M, Porcelli F. First Report of Aleurocanthus spiniferus on Ailanthus altissima: Profiling of the Insect Microbiome and MicroRNAs. INSECTS 2020; 11:E161. [PMID: 32138145 PMCID: PMC7142546 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the first occurrence of the orange spiny whitefly (Aleurocanthus spiniferus; OSW) on the tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) in Bari, Apulia region, Italy. After our first observation in 2016, the infestation recurred regularly during the following years and expanded to the neighboring trees. Since then, we have also found the insect on numerous patches of the tree of heaven and other plant species in the Bari province. Nevertheless, the tree of heaven was not particularly threatened by the insect, so that a possible contribution by OSW for the control of such an invasive plant cannot be hypothesized hitherto. This work was also aimed at profiling the microbiome of OSW feeding on A. altissima. For this purpose, we used the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and the deep sequencing of small RNAs (sRNAs). Both techniques unveiled the presence of "Candidatus Portiera" (primary endosymbiont), Wolbachia sp. and Rickettsia sp., endosymbionts already reported for other Aleyrodidae. Deep sequencing data were analyzed by four computational pipelines in order to understand the reliability of the detection of fungi, bacteria, and viruses: Kraken, Kaiju, Velvet, and VelvetOptimiser. Some contigs assembled by Velvet or VelvetOptimiser were associated with insects, but not necessarily in the Aleurocanthus genus or Aleyrodidae family, suggesting the non-specificity of sRNAs or possible traces of parasitoids in the sample (e.g., Eretmocerus sp.). Finally, deep sequencing data were used to describe the microtranscriptome of OSW: 56 canonical and at least four high-confidence novel microRNAs (miRNAs) were identified. The overall miRNA abundance in OSW was in agreement with previous works on Bemisia tabaci, and bantam-3p, miR-276a-3p, miR-317-3p, miR-750-3p, and mir-8-3p were the most represented miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bubici
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Isabella Prigigallo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Francesca Garganese
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.G.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesco Nugnes
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Maurice Jansen
- Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Laboratories Division, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Geertjesweg 15, 6706 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Francesco Porcelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (F.G.); (F.P.)
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Osimani A, Milanović V, Roncolini A, Riolo P, Ruschioni S, Isidoro N, Loreto N, Franciosi E, Tuohy K, Olivotto I, Zarantoniello M, Cardinali F, Garofalo C, Aquilanti L, Clementi F. Hermetia illucens in diets for zebrafish (Danio rerio): A study of bacterial diversity by using PCR-DGGE and metagenomic sequencing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225956. [PMID: 31821372 PMCID: PMC6903733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present research, bacterial diversity was studied during a 6-month feeding trial utilizing zebrafish (Danio rerio) fed Hermetia illucens reared on different substrates with an emphasis on fish gut bacterial diversity. A polyphasic approach based on viable counting, PCR-DGGE and metagenomic 16S rRNA gene amplicon target sequencing was applied. Two different H. illucens groups were reared on coffee by-products (C) or a mixture of vegetables (S). Viable counts showed a wide variability based on substrate. PCR-DGGE and Illumina sequencing allowed the major and minor bacterial taxa to be detected. Both samples of larvae and their frass reared on the S substrate showed the highest richness and evenness of bacterial communities, whereas zebrafish (ZHC) fed H. illucens reared on substrate C and zebrafish (ZHS) fed H. illucens reared on substrate S had the lowest bacterial richness and evenness. A stimulating effect of bioactive compounds from coffee by-products on the occurrence of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostoccaceae in H. illucens reared on substrate C has been hypothesized. Zebrafish gut samples originating from the two feeding trials showed complex microbial patterns in which Actinobacteria and Alteromonadales were always detected, irrespective of the diet used. Enterobacteriaceae in fish guts were more abundant in ZHS than in ZHC, thus suggesting an influence of the bioactive compounds (chlorogenic and caffeic acids) in the substrate on Enterobacteriaceae in fish guts. ZHC showed a higher abundance of Clostridia than did ZHS, which was likely explained by stimulating activity on the bacteria in this class by the bioactive compounds contained in H. illucens reared on substrate C. An influence of the microbiota of H. illucens or insect-derived bioactive compounds on the gut microbiota of zebrafish has been suggested. The presence of bacteria consistently associated with zebrafish guts has been found irrespective of the diet, thus attesting to the likely stability of the core fish microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Roncolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nino Loreto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elena Franciosi
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department (DQAN), Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Kieran Tuohy
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department (DQAN), Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Roncolini A, Cardinali F, Aquilanti L, Milanović V, Garofalo C, Sabbatini R, Abaker MSS, Pandolfi M, Pasquini M, Tavoletti S, Clementi F, Osimani A. Investigating Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Marketed Ready-to-Eat Small Crickets (Acheta domesticus). J Food Sci 2019; 84:3222-3232. [PMID: 31600843 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the occurrence of transferable genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB ), vancomycin, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides in 32 samples from eight batches of ready-to-eat crickets (Acheta domesticus) commercialized by four European Union producers (two batches per producer). Bacterial DNA extracted directly from the insects was subjected to optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested-PCR assays for the qualitative detection of 12 selected antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. Microbial enumeration demonstrated high counts of spore-forming bacteria and total mesophilic aerobes. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between different producers and insect batches. Regarding AR genes, a high prevalence of genes conferring resistance to tetracycline [tet(M), tet(O), tet(K), tet(S)] was observed, together with the presence of genes conferring resistance to erythromycin [erm(B), erm(C)], beta-lactams (blaZ and mecA), and aminoglycosides [aac(6')-Ie aph(2")-Ia]. We performed a principal component analysis based on the AR gene frequencies that differentiated samples of batch 1 from those of batch 2. This analysis provided evidence for a difference between the producer from France and all the other producers among the batch 1 samples. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Overall, an intrabatch variation was seen in the transferable resistances among different producers. This evidence, coupled with the observed differences in the viable counts, suggests a low standardization of the production processes. Hence, a prudent use of antimicrobials during the rearing of insects destined for human consumption is strongly recommended, as well as a need for a full standardization of production technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Roncolini
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sabbatini
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mahasin Salih Suliman Abaker
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Pandolfi
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Pasquini
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tavoletti
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipt. di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Univ. Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
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Murefu T, Macheka L, Musundire R, Manditsera F. Safety of wild harvested and reared edible insects: A review. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Current knowledge on the microbiota of edible insects intended for human consumption: A state-of-the-art review. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108527. [PMID: 31554102 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of their positive nutritional characteristics and low environmental impact, edible insects might be considered a 'food of the future'. However, there are safety concerns associated with the consumption of insects, such as contaminating chemical and biological agents. The possible presence of pathogenic and toxigenic microorganisms is one of the main biological hazards associated with edible insects. This review presents an overview of the microbiota of edible insects, highlighting the potential risks for human health. Detailed information on the microbiota of edible insects from literature published in 2000-2019 is presented. These data show complex ecosystems, with marked variations in microbial load and diversity, among edible insects as well as stable and species-specific microbiota for some of the most popular edible insect species, such as mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria). Raw edible insects generally contain high numbers of mesophilic aerobes, bacterial endospores or spore-forming bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria, psychrotrophic aerobes, and fungi, and potentially harmful species (i.e. pathogenic, mycotoxigenic, and spoilage microbes) may be present. Several studies have focused on reducing the microbial contamination of edible insects by applying treatments such as starvation, rinsing, thermal treatments, chilling, drying, fermentation, and marination, both alone and, sometimes, in combination. Although these studies show that various heat treatments were the most efficient methods for reducing microbial numbers, they also highlight the need for species-specific mitigation strategies. The feasibility of using edible insects as ingredients in the food industry in the development of innovative insect-based products has been explored; although, in some cases, the presence of spore-forming bacteria and other food-borne pathogens is a concern. Recent studies have shown that a risk assessment of edible insects should also include an evaluation of the incidence of antibiotic-resistance (AR) genes and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in the production chain. Finally, as proposed in the literature, microbial hazards should be limited through the implementation of good hygienic practices during rearing, handling, processing, and storage, as well as the implementation of an appropriate HACCP system for edible insect supply chains. Another issue frequently reported in the literature is the need for a legislative framework for edible insect production, commercialisation, and trading, as well as the need for microbiological criteria specifically tailored for edible insects. Microbiological criteria like those already been established for the food safety and hygiene (e.g. those in the European Union food law) of different food categories (e.g. ready-to-eat products) could be applied to edible insect-based products.
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Wynants E, Frooninckx L, Van Miert S, Geeraerd A, Claes J, Van Campenhout L. Risks related to the presence of Salmonella sp. during rearing of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) for food or feed: Survival in the substrate and transmission to the larvae. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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23
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Vandeweyer D, Milanović V, Garofalo C, Osimani A, Clementi F, Van Campenhout L, Aquilanti L. Real-time PCR detection and quantification of selected transferable antibiotic resistance genes in fresh edible insects from Belgium and the Netherlands. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 290:288-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Roncolini A, Milanović V, Cardinali F, Osimani A, Garofalo C, Sabbatini R, Clementi F, Pasquini M, Mozzon M, Foligni R, Raffaelli N, Zamporlini F, Minazzato G, Trombetta MF, Van Buitenen A, Van Campenhout L, Aquilanti L. Protein fortification with mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) powder: Effect on textural, microbiological, nutritional and sensory features of bread. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211747. [PMID: 30707742 PMCID: PMC6358109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, inclusion of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) powder into bread doughs at 5 and 10% substitution level of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour was tested to produce protein fortified breads. The addition of mealworm powder (MP) did not negatively affect the technological features of either doughs or breads. All the tested doughs showed the same leavening ability, whereas breads containing 5% MP showed the highest specific volume and the lowest firmness. An enrichment in protein content was observed in experimental breads where the highest values for this parameter were recorded in breads containing 10% MP. Breads fortified with 10% MP also exhibited a significant increase in the content of free amino acids, and especially in the following essential amino acids: tyrosine, methionine, isoleucine, and leucine. By contrast, no differences in nutritional quality of lipids were seen between fortified and control breads. Results of sensory analyses revealed that protein fortification of bread with MP significantly affected bread texture and overall liking, as well as crust colour, depending on the substitution level. Overall, proof of concept was provided for the inclusion of MP into bread doughs started with different leavening agents (sourdough and/or baker’s yeast), at 5 or 10% substitution level of soft wheat flour. Based on the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale, the proposed bread making technology can be situated at level 4 (validation in laboratory environment), thus suggesting that the production of breads with MP might easily be scaled up at industrial level. However, potential spoilage and safety issues that need to be further considered were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Roncolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Cardinali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
- * E-mail: (AO); (LA)
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sabbatini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimo Mozzon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Foligni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Zamporlini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Minazzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Federica Trombetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anse Van Buitenen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Faculty of Engineering Technology, Lab4Food, Technology Campus Geel, Geel, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Rese Centre (LFoRCe), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Campenhout
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Faculty of Engineering Technology, Lab4Food, Technology Campus Geel, Geel, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Rese Centre (LFoRCe), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
- * E-mail: (AO); (LA)
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Kooh P, Ververis E, Tesson V, Boué G, Federighi M. Entomophagy and Public Health: A Review of Microbiological Hazards. Health (London) 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2019.1110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Milanović V, Osimani A, Roncolini A, Garofalo C, Aquilanti L, Pasquini M, Tavoletti S, Vignaroli C, Canonico L, Ciani M, Clementi F. Investigation of the Dominant Microbiota in Ready-to-Eat Grasshoppers and Mealworms and Quantification of Carbapenem Resistance Genes by qPCR. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3036. [PMID: 30619127 PMCID: PMC6304425 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 30 samples of processed edible mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) and 30 samples of grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria migratorioides) were obtained from producers located in Europe (Belgium and the Netherlands) and Asia (Thailand) and subjected to PCR-DGGE analyses. The PCR-DGGE analyses showed that species in the genus Staphylococcus were predominant in the samples of mealworms from Belgium and grasshoppers from the Netherlands; species in the genus Bacillus were detected in the samples of mealworms and grasshoppers from Thailand. Moreover, Weissella cibaria/confusa/spp. was found in grasshoppers from Belgium. Since data concerning the role of novel foods such as edible insects in the dissemination of carbapenem resistance are currently lacking, the quantification of five carbapenemase encoding genes (bla NDM-1, bla VIM, bla GES, bla OXA-48, and bla KPC) by qPCR was also carried out in all the samples under study. The genes coding for GES and KPC were not detected in the analyzed samples. A very low frequency of bla OXA-48 (3%) and bla NDM-1 (10%) genes was detected among mealworms. In contrast, grasshoppers were characterized by a high incidence of the genes for OXA-48 and NDM-1, accounting for 57 and 27% of the overall grasshopper samples, respectively. The bla VIM gene was detected exclusively in two grasshopper samples from Thailand, showing only 7% positivity. The analysis of variance showed that all the effects (producers, species, and producers × species) were statistically significant for bla NDM-1, whereas for bla OXA-48 and bla VIM, no significant effects were detected for the same source of variation. Further studies are necessary to assess the possible role of edible insects as reservoirs for the resistance to carbapenems and to understand the correlation with the insect microbiota. Furthermore, an intensified surveillance plan examining the occurrence of carbapenemase encoding genes in the food chain and in environmental compartments is needed for a proper risk assessment. In such a context, the appropriate use of antimicrobials represents the main preventive action that should always be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Milanović
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Osimani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Roncolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tavoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Carla Vignaroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Canonico
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ciani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Clementi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Camenzuli L, Belluco S, Meijer N, Ricci A. Food Safety Issues Related to Uses of Insects for Feeds and Foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1172-1183. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. J. van der Fels-Klerx
- Dept. of Toxicology and Novel Foods; RIKILT Wageningen Research; Akkermaalsbos 2 NL-6708 WB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - L. Camenzuli
- Dept. of Toxicology and Novel Foods; RIKILT Wageningen Research; Akkermaalsbos 2 NL-6708 WB Wageningen The Netherlands
- ExxonMobile Petroleum & Chemical; Hermeslaan 2 1831 Machelen Belgium
| | - S. Belluco
- Food Safety Dept., Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Via dell'Università; 10 35020 Legnaro (PD) Italy
| | - N. Meijer
- Dept. of Toxicology and Novel Foods; RIKILT Wageningen Research; Akkermaalsbos 2 NL-6708 WB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - A. Ricci
- Food Safety Dept., Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie; Via dell'Università; 10 35020 Legnaro (PD) Italy
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Bread enriched with cricket powder (Acheta domesticus): A technological, microbiological and nutritional evaluation. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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