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Aguiar RAC, Ferreira FA, Rubio Cieza MY, Silva NCC, Miotto M, Carvalho MM, Bazzo BR, Botelho LAB, Dias RS, De Dea Lindner J. Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Traditional Artisanal Raw Milk Cheese from Southern Brazil: Diversity, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100285. [PMID: 38697483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the primary pathogenic agents found in cheeses produced with raw milk. Some strains of S. aureus are enterotoxigenic, possessing the ability to produce toxins responsible for staphylococcal food poisoning when present in contaminated foods. This study aimed to genotypically characterize, assess the antimicrobial resistance profile, and examine the enterotoxigenic potential of strains of S. aureus isolated from artisanal colonial cheese. Additionally, a bacterial diversity assessment in the cheeses was conducted by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. The metataxomic profile revealed the presence of 68 distinct species in the cheese samples. Fifty-seven isolates of S. aureus were identified, with highlighted resistance to penicillin in 33% of the isolates, followed by clindamycin (28%), erythromycin (26%), and tetracycline (23%). The evaluated strains also exhibited inducible resistance to clindamycin, with nine isolates considered multidrug-resistant (MDR). The agr type I was the most prevalent (62%) among the isolates, followed by agr type II (24%). Additionally, ten spa types were identified. Although no enterotoxins and their associated genes were detected in the samples and isolates, respectively, the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene (lukS-lukF) was found in 39% of the isolates. The presence of MDR pathogens in the artisanal raw milk cheese production chain underscores the need for quality management to prevent the contamination and dissemination of S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Amanda Carneiro Aguiar
- Food Technology and Bioprocesses Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88034-001 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Mirian Yuliza Rubio Cieza
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marília Miotto
- Food Technology and Bioprocesses Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88034-001 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Michelle M Carvalho
- Food Technology and Bioprocesses Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88034-001 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Souza Dias
- Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Enterotoxins Laboratory, Public Health Center of the State of Minas Gerais, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliano De Dea Lindner
- Food Technology and Bioprocesses Research Group, Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88034-001 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Zhang P, Zhang Y, Ruan F, Chang G, Lü Z, Tian L, Ji H, Zhou T, Wang X. Genotypic diversity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B gene (seb) and its association with molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus from retail food. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 408:110444. [PMID: 37862853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the expression pattern of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in food and the genotypic diversity of SEB-encoding gene in association with molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus, 498 isolates from retail food were screened for seb gene and detected for SEB production in S. aureus. In addition, the seb nucleotide sequences, virulence genes, resistance genes, antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characteristics of S. aureus were examined. A total of 45 (9.0 %) seb-positive S. aureus strains were identified, all of which expressed SEB. The detection rate of SEB-production strains was significantly higher from dairy-related sources than those from other sources (P < 0.05). In vitro simulations showed that S. aureus could grow and express SEB in both milk and pork, with SEB expression exceeding 20 ng/g after 1 day of storage at room temperature. There were 2 distinct SEB genotyping (SEB1 and SEB2) in the SEB amino acid sequences of the 45 isolates, including 4 amino acid differences (Ala-13Val, Ser14Ala, Asn192Ser, and Met222Leu). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in SEB production between SEB1 and SEB2 genotyping strains. Based on MLST clustering analysis, the same molecular type strains were found to have the same SEB genotyping, virulence gene profile, resistance gene profile and drug resistance profile. Among them, the dominant molecular types of SEB1 and SEB2 strains were CC1-ST188-t189 and CC59-ST59-t437, respectively. Compared to the CC1-ST188-t189 clonal strain, the CC59-ST59-t437 clonal strain carried a higher number of virulence and resistance genes and exhibited a broader resistance profile. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of the strains and their expression patterns in food can be effective in preventing food poisoning incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fuqian Ruan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guanhong Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zexun Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lei Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hua Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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González J, Hernandez L, Tabera A, Bustamante AV, Sanso AM. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus from School Dining Rooms in Argentina. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:44-51. [PMID: 37855916 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitutes an important cause for concern in the field of public health, and the role of the food chain in the transmission of this pathogen and in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has not yet been defined. The objectives of this work were to isolate and characterize coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), particularly S. aureus, from school dining rooms located in Argentina. From 95 samples that were obtained from handlers, inert surfaces, food, and air in 10 establishments, 30 Staphylococcus strains were isolated. Four isolates were S. aureus, and the remaining ones (N = 26) belonged to 11 coagulase-negative species (CoNS). The isolates were tested for susceptibility to nine antibiotics. The presence of genes encoding toxins (luk-PV, sea, seb, sec, sed, and see), adhesins (icaA, icaD), and genes that confer resistance to methicillin (mecA) and vancomycin (vanA) was investigated. The resistance rates measured for penicillin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, vancomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, levofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline were 73%, 30%, 13%, 3%, 33%, 17%, 13%, 7%, and 7% of the isolates, respectively. Seventeen AMR profiles were detected, and 11 isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Seven methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus isolates were detected in the hands of handlers from four establishments, two of them were MRSA. Two S. aureus isolates presented icaA and icaD, another one, only icaD. The gene vanA was found in two isolates. In relation to S. aureus, resistance to vancomycin but not to gentamicin was detected. School feeding plays a key role in the nutrition of children, and the consumption of food contaminated with MRSA and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) can be a serious threat to health. In particular, it was detected that the handlers were the source of MRSA, VRSA, MR-CoNS (methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus), and MDR isolates. The results obtained indicate that the vigilance of this pathogen in school dining rooms should be extreme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana González
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Departamento de Tecnología y Calidad de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anahí Tabera
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de los Alimentos, Departamento de Tecnología y Calidad de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Victoria Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Mariel Sanso
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wan Y, Yang L, Li Q, Wang X, Zhou T, Chen D, Li L, Wang Y, Wang X. Stability and emetic activity of enterotoxin like X (SElX) with high carrier rate of food poisoning Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 404:110352. [PMID: 37549593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to analyze and clarify the thermal stability of food poisoning Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) enterotoxin-like X (SElX) and the biological characteristics of digestive enzymes, and to evaluate the risk of S. aureus carrying selx gene in food poisoning, the selx gene carrying rates of 165 strains isolated from 95 food poisoning events from 2006 to 2019 were first statistically analyzed. Subsequently, the purified recombinant SElX protein was digested and heated, and the superantigen activity was verified with mouse spleen cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of kittens. At the same time, the emetic activity and toxicity of SElX were evaluated using the kitten vomiting animal model, mice toxin model and in vitro cell models. The results showed the selx gene carrying rate of 165 food poisoning S. aureus strains was 90.30 %. SElX had significant resistance to heat treatment and pepsin digestion (pH = 4.0 and pH = 4.5), and had good superantigen activity and emetic activity. However, there is no significant lethal effect on mice and no significant toxicity to cells. Importantly, we found that SElX had an inhibitory effect on acidic mucus of goblet cells in various segments of the small intestine. The present study investigated the stability of SElX, and confirmed the emetic activity of SElX by establishing a kitten vomiting model for the first time, suggesting that SElX is a high risk toxin of food poisoning, which will provide new ideas for the prevention and control of S. aureus food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Wan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Liu Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qianhong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, China
| | - Dishi Chen
- Sichuan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Li
- Sichuan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yeru Wang
- Risk Assessment Division China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Chen Q, Zhao G, Yang W, Chen F, Qi Y, Lou Z. Investigation into the prevalence of enterotoxin genes and genetic background of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retain foods in Hangzhou, China. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:294. [PMID: 37848808 PMCID: PMC10580612 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus expresses numerous toxins, many of which are strongly believed to be responsible for specific symptoms and even diseases, making it significant in the pathogenesis of human health. Enterotoxins, which are vital toxins, are associated with foodborne illnesses that manifest through symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea. In the present study, 264 S. aureus isolates obtained from various retail foods in Hangzhou, China were further investigated the profiles of enterotoxin genes and genetic backgrounds. RESULTS Approximately, 64.02% of the isolates from diverse sources contained at least one Staphylococcal Enterotoxin (SE) genes, displaying a total of 36 distinct combinations. Enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) encoded enterotoxin genes, normally designated by seg, sei, sem, sen, seo and selu, plus with sep were more frequently detected (33.73%, each). In contrast, see, ses and set were absent in any of the isolates tested. A total of 44 sequence types (STs), 20 clonal complexes (CCs) and 66 different staphylococcal protein A (spa) types (including six novel types) were identified among those 169 SE-positive isolates. Moreover, nineteen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were identified. The majority of those isolates belonged to the CC59-Sccmec IVa cluster and carried the seb-sek-seq gene cluster. The egc cluster, either coexisting with or without other enterotoxin genes, was observed in all isolates allocated into CC5, CC9, CC20, CC25, CC72 and ST672. Irrespective of the spa types and origins of the food, it appeared that seh was a distinct genetic element present in isolates belonging to the CC1 clonal lineage. CONCLUSIONS The results not only proposed a suspected relationship between distribution of enterotoxigenic strains and genetic backgrounds, but also attributed the presence of novel enterotoxins to potential hazards in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310000, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Gang Zhao
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 310021, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310000, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuhong Chen
- Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310000, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Qi
- Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310000, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqing Lou
- Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310000, Hangzhou, China.
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Ning K, Zhou R, Li M. Antimicrobial resistance and molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw milk in Hunan Province. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15847. [PMID: 37663302 PMCID: PMC10470458 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important foodborne pathogens in the world and the main cause of dairy cow mastitis. Few studies have investigated the epidemic pedigree of S. aureus of bovine origin in Hunan, China. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the capsular polysaccharides (CP), molecular typing, and antibiotic resistance characteristics of S. aureus isolated from raw milk of dairy farms in Hunan Province. Methods Between 2018 and 2022, 681 raw milk samples were collected from dairy cows from farms in Changsha, Changde, Shaoyang, Yongzhou, and Chenzhou in Hunan Province. S. aureus was isolated from these samples, and the isolates were subjected to molecular typing, CP typing, and determination of antibiotic resistance through broth dilution and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results From 681 raw milk samples, 76 strains of S. aureus were isolated. The pathogenicity of 76 isolates was determined preliminarily by detecting cp5 and cp8 CP genes. Eighteen types of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of 76 S. aureus strains were detected by the broth dilution method, and 11 kinds of related resistance genes were amplified by PCR. The S. aureus isolates had CP5 (42.10%) and CP8 (57.89%). S. aureus had a multiple antimicrobial resistance rate of 26.75%. The isolated strains had the highest resistance rate to penicillin (82.89%) and showed varying degrees of resistance to other drugs, but no isolate showed resistance to doxycycline. The 76 isolates all carried two or more antibiotic resistance genes, with a maximum of eight antibiotics resistance genes. FemB was detected in all isolates, but none of isolates carried vanA, ermA, or glrA. The 76 isolates were divided into 22 sequence types (ST) and 20 spa types by MLST and spa typing, and the number of t796-ST7 (n = 15) isolates was the highest, which may be the major epidemic strain of multidrug-resistant S. aureus. Conclusion The present findings indicate the need to increase production of the CP8 S. aureus vaccine in Hunan Province and strengthen resistance monitoring of t796-ST7 isolates with the prevalent molecular type of multi-drug resistant strains. The use of β-lactam, macrolides, and lincosamides should be reduced; doxycycline, sulfonamides, and glycopeptides could be appropriately added to veterinary antibiotics to treat infectious diseases in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keming Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, China
| | - Rushun Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Institute of Veterinary Drugs and Feed Control, Hunan, China
| | - Manxiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, China
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Dai J, Huang J, Wu S, Zhang F, Li Y, Rong D, Zhao M, Ye Q, Gu Q, Zhang Y, Wei X, Zhang J, Wu Q. Occurrence, Antibiotic Susceptibility, Biofilm Formation and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Shrimp in China. Foods 2023; 12:2651. [PMID: 37509743 PMCID: PMC10378822 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 145 shrimp samples from 39 cities in China. The results show that 41 samples (28%) from 24 cities were positive, and most of the positive samples (39/41, 95.1%) were less than 110 MPN/g. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that only seven isolates were susceptible to all 24 antibiotics, whereas 65.1% were multidrug-resistant. Antibiotic resistance genes that confer resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (MLSB), trimethoprim, fosfomycin and streptothricin antibiotics were detected. All S. aureus isolates had the ability to produce biofilm and harbored most of the biofilm-related genes. Genes encoding one or more of the important virulence factors staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb and sec), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tsst-1) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) were detected in 47.6% (30/63) of the S. aureus isolates. Molecular typing showed that ST15-t085 (27.0%, 17/63), ST1-t127 (14.3%, 9/63) and ST188-t189 (11.1%, 7/63) were the dominant genetic types. The finding of this study provides the first comprehensive surveillance on the incidence of S. aureus in raw shrimp in China. Some retained genotypes found in this food have been linked to human infections around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsha Dai
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yuanyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Dongli Rong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qihui Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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Zhang F, Wu S, Dai J, Huang J, Zhang J, Zhao M, Rong D, Li Y, Wang J, Chen M, Xue L, Ding Y, Wu Q. The emergence of novel macrolide resistance island in Macrococcus caseolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus of food origin. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 386:110020. [PMID: 36427466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Food-derived Staphylococcaceae species with severe antimicrobial resistance, especially Staphylococcus aureus, is a major threat to public health. Macrococcus caseolyticus (M. caseolyticus) is a member of the Staphylococcaceae family which plays a vital role in fermented products and disease causation in animals. In our previous study, several Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic-resistant island msr (SaRImsr) were found in multidrug-resistant S. aureus. In this study, novel SaRImsr, SaRImsr-III emerged from S. aureus. Another novel SaRImsr-like further emerged in M. caseolyticus from food. These isolates' prevalence and genetic environment were investigated and characterized to understand the distribution and transmission of these novel SaRImsr strains. All SaRImsr-positive S. aureus isolates exhibited a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, within which a series of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factor genes (VFs) were identified. In addition, three SaRImsr types, SaRImsr-I (15.1 kb), SaRImsr-II (16-17 kb), and SaRImsr-III (18 kb) carrying mef(D)-msr(F), were identified in these isolates' chromosomes. SaRImsr-(I-III) contains a site-specific integrase gene int and operon mef(D)-msr(F). SaRImsr-III has an additional orf3-orf4-IS30 arrangement downstream of mef(D) and msr(F). Moreover, the SaRImsr-like and macrolide-resistant transposon Tn6776 forming a novel mosaic structure coexisted in one M. caseolyticus isolate. Within this mosaic structure, the macrolide-resistant genes mef(D)-msr(F) were absent in SaRImsr-like, whereas an operon, mef(F)-msr(G), was identified in Tn6776. The SaRImsr-(I-III) and SaRImsr-like structure were inserted into the rpsI gene encoding the 30S ribosomal protein S9 in the chromosome. Excision and cyclisation of SaRImsr-III, SaRImsr-like, operon mef(D)-msr(F), and orf3-orf4-IS30 arrangements were confirmed using two-step PCR. This study is the first to report MDR S. aureus harbouring novel SaRImsr-III and M. caseolyticus containing novel mosaic structures isolated from retail foods. Similar SaRImsr-type resistant islands' occurrence and propagation in Staphylococcaceae species require continuous monitoring and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China; School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Jingsha Dai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Dongli Rong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Yuanyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510432, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Qingping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China.
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9
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Pereira GDN, Rosa RDS, Dias AA, Gonçalves DJS, Seribelli AA, Pinheiro-Hubinger L, Eller LKW, de Carvalho TB, Pereira VC. Characterization of the virulence, agr typing and antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food handlers in Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2022; 26:102698. [PMID: 36037845 PMCID: PMC9483590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2022.102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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10
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The discovery of multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus harboring novel SaRI isolated from retail foods. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Liu C, Shen Y, Yang M, Chi K, Guo N. Hazard of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Food and Promising Strategies for Natural Products against Virulence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2450-2465. [PMID: 35170308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) secreted by Staphylococcus aureus frequently contaminate food and cause serious foodborne diseases but are ignored during food processing and even cold-chain storage. Notably, SEs are stable and resistant to harsh sterilization environments, which can induce more serious hazards to public health than the bacterium itself. Therefore, it is necessary to develop promising strategies to control SE contamination in food and improve food safety. Natural products not only have various pharmaceutical properties, such as antimicrobial and antitoxin activities, but they are also eco-friendly, safe, nutritive, and barely drug-resistant. Here, the hazards of SEs and the promising natural compounds with different inhibitory mechanisms are summarized and classified. The key points of future research and applications for natural products against bacterial toxin contamination in food are also prospected. Overall, this review may provide enlightening insights for screening effective natural compounds to prevent foodborne diseases caused by bacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunmei Chi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
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12
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Prevalence and Characterization of PVL-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Cow’s Milk. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020097. [PMID: 35202125 PMCID: PMC8876356 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and some toxin genes of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in unpasteurized raw cow’s milk collected from retail outlets located at Mansoura, Dakahliya governorate, Egypt. In that context, a total of 700 raw cow’s milk samples were investigated for the presence of S. aureus, which was identified in 41.1% (288/700) of the samples. Among the S. aureus isolates, 113 PVL-positive S. aureus were identified and subjected for further analysis. The PVL-positive S. aureus were investigated for the existence of toxin-related genes, including hemolysin (hla), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst), and enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, see, seg, sei, and selj). Genotypic resistance of PVL-positive strains was performed for the detection of blaZ and mecA genes. Among the PVL-positive S. aureus, sea, seb, and sec were detected in 44.2, 6.2%, and 0.9%, respectively, while the hla and tst genes were identified in 54.9% and 0.9%, respectively. The blaZ and mecA genes were successfully identified in 84.9 (96/113) and 32.7% (37/113) of the total evaluated S. aureus isolates, respectively. PVL-positive S. aureus displayed a high level of resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug resistance (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) was displayed by all methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 38.2% of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. The obtained findings are raising the alarm of virulent PVL-positive MRSA clones in retail milk in Egypt, suggesting the requirement for limiting the use of β-lactam drugs in food-producing animals and the importance of implementing strong hygiene procedures in dairy farms and processing plants.
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13
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Stratev D, Stoyanchev T, Bangieva D. Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus in seafood. Ital J Food Saf 2021; 10:10027. [PMID: 35018291 PMCID: PMC8672316 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2021.10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish the occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus in several species of sea fish and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). The study included a total of 33 samples of frozen sea fish and 64 samples of fresh wild and farmed mussels purchased from the stores. V. parahaemolyticus was isolated and confirmed via PCR in 2 (6%) fish samples (Atlantic cod and Alaska pollock) and 20 (31%) mussel samples. S. aureus was also isolated and confirmed via PCR in 2 (6%) fish samples (Argentine hake and Atlantic cod). Significant differences were found in the total bacterial contamination between wild mussels (6.54 log cfu/g) and farmed mussels (6.69 log cfu/g). Total V. parahaemolyticus count did not show significant differences either between wild (4.45 log cfu/g) and farmed mussels (4.99 log cfu/g). In wild mussels the S. aureus count was found to be 4.50 log cfu/g, while in farmed mussels it was 3.14 log cfu/g. The occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus and S. aureus in fish and mussels presents a risk to the consumer's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Stratev
- Department of Food Quality and Safety and Veterinary Legislation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Todor Stoyanchev
- Department of Food Quality and Safety and Veterinary Legislation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Bangieva
- Department of Food Quality and Safety and Veterinary Legislation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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14
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Kou X, Cai H, Huang S, Ni Y, Luo B, Qian H, Ji H, Wang X. Prevalence and Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Retail Raw Milk in Northern Xinjiang, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:705947. [PMID: 34434176 PMCID: PMC8381379 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.705947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogens causing mastitis in dairy animals worldwide. It is an important opportunistic pathogen of raw milk, and the enterotoxin causes significant food poisoning. Monitoring the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in raw milk is helpful for a risk assessment of S. aureus. In this study, 62 strains (43.1%) of S. aureus were isolated from 144 retail raw milk samples of different varieties from four regions in northern Xinjiang, China. Among them, the isolation rates at Shihezi, Hami, Altay, and Tacheng were 58.1% (54/93), 12.9% (4/31), 18.2% (2/11), and 22.2% (2/9), respectively. The isolation rate of positive strains in cow milk samples was the highest (61.7%, 37/60), followed by camel milk (35.9%, 23/64), and horse milk (10.0%, 2/20). The results of the classical virulence genes test showed that 12.9% (8/62) of the isolates carried at least one virulence gene. The main genotype was see (6.5%, 4/62), followed by sea+sec (3.2%, 2/62), sea (1.6%, 1/62), and sec (1.6%, 1/62). The analysis of 13 resistance genes and the susceptibility to 12 different antibiotics of 62 isolates showed that 80.6% (50/62) of the strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 46.8% (29/62) were resistant to three or more antibiotics. The isolated strains had the highest resistance rate to penicillin (72.6%, 45/62), and 25.8% (16/62) of the isolates carried the blaZ resistance gene. In addition, 32 strains (51.6%, 32/62) of methicillin-resistant S. aureus were detected. All isolates had the ability to form biofilms. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results showed that the 47 isolates revealed 13 major pulsotypes (P1–P13) and 26 subtypes with 80% similarity, indicating the overall genetic diversity in the distribution area and sources of the samples. These findings indicate that S. aureus causes serious pollution of raw milk in northern Xinjiang, which has a negative effect on public health. Therefore, control measures and continuous monitoring should be undertaken to ensure the quality and safety of raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Kou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Huixue Cai
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shudi Huang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yongqing Ni
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Baolong Luo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hao Qian
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hua Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xingyi Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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15
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Zehra A, Gulzar M, Singh R, Kaur S, Gill JPS. Comparative analysis of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Borderline Oxacillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (BORSA) in community and food of animal origin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 367:6024679. [PMID: 33278300 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to illustrate the relative pervasiveness of Borderline Oxacillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (BORSA) and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in community and food of animal origin and their relationship with other genetic determinants. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were subjected to E-test using the antibiotics: oxacillin, ceftriaxone, cotrimoxazole, vancomycin, genotypic tests for the genes mecA, vanA, blaZ, pvl gene and SCCmec typing. The prevalence of S. aureus (MRSA) in the food of animal origin and community settings was 21% (1.8% MRSA) and 21.9% (7.4% MRSA), respectively. SCCmec type V was prevalent among the food of animal origin, while SCCmec type IVa among the community isolates. The likelihood of MRSA presence among community isolates was three times more than in isolates from chicken and milk samples. Likewise, the likelihood of detecting pvl positive MRSA (pvl+MRSA) isolates was 4-fold higher in the community setting than in the food of animal origin. The mecA negative BORSA (mecA-BORSA) was a frequently observed phenotype among S. aureus isolates. Also, co-detection of pvl and cotrimoxazol resistance was reported in this study although there was no noteworthy correlation of cotrimoxazol resistance with the type of sample. Isolates from milk and community settings exhibit higher minimum inhibitory concentration to vancomycin (Vancomycin MIC creep, 2-4 µg/mL). SIGNIFICANCE Current study provides the information on the statistical relationship between the genetic determinants of S. aureus with respect to sample type, and additionally the correlation that exists between the pvl and MRSA, pvl and cotrimoxazol resistance, vancomycin MIC and MRSA/Methicillin-Susceptible S. aureus (MSSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asima Zehra
- PhD Scholar, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animals Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Maliha Gulzar
- Master`s student, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Associate Professor, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Simranpreet Kaur
- Associate Professor, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - J P S Gill
- Research Director, Guru Angad Dev veterinary and Animals Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
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16
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The effect of sodium chloride and temperature on the levels of transcriptional expression of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from broiler carcasses. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2343-2350. [PMID: 34151408 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens associated with food poisoning, which is caused by the ingestion of food contaminated with staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE). Our study aims at evaluating the occurrence and expression of five SE genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, and see) in S. aureus previously isolated from broiler carcasses. Besides that, it also presents an in vitro analysis of the effects of sodium chloride and temperature on the levels of transcriptional expression. A total of 30 S. aureus isolates were investigated for the presence of SEs by PCR assay. The expression level and the effects of sodium chloride (2.5% NaCl), as well as temperature (8 ºC and 12 ºC), on the transcriptional expression, were evaluated by a quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Twelve isolates carried at least one of the SE genes. Among them, five representative isolates presented transcriptional expression for at least one gene. Both sodium chloride and low temperatures interfered with the expression of the SE genes, decreasing their values. However, one isolate displayed relative expression 2.25 times higher for sed gene than S. aureus FRI 361 in optimal conditions (p < 0.05), demonstrating their toxigenic potential even under salt stress. There was no evidence of enterotoxin gene expression at 8 ºC.
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17
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Antimicrobial Resistance Trends in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Carried by Poultry in North of Morocco: A Preliminary Analysis. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8856004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of antibiotic resistance to human population through food consumption is a global public health threat. This study aimed to assess the nasopharyngeal carriage of S. aureus in poultry and to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence-associated genes. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from chickens at the slaughterhouse of Tangier and immediately transported to the microbiological laboratory for phenotypic identification and assessment of antibiotic susceptibility. The presence of 16S rRNA, nuc, mecA, mecC, Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) genes were detected by PCR analysis for all isolates. Overall, 548 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected, of which 17 (3.4%) were S. aureus positive. More than half of the strains (54%) were resistant to penicillin, 29.4% to tetracycline, 23.5% to erythromycin, and 17% showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. The mecA and mecC were not identified in any of the recovered isolates. Of the S. aureus recovered, 29.41% of the isolates were found to be toxinogenic; 17.64% and 11.76% were positive for PVL and TSST-1 encoding genes, respectively. The trends of antibiotic resistance and the toxinogenic S. aureus carried by the poultry intended for consumption in Tangier present a huge concern. Preventive and containment measures should be implemented in order to limit the dissemination of resistance genes through the food chain and to reduce their increased rate.
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Liu Y, Zheng X, Xu L, Tong P, Zhu M, Peng B, Yao G. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Animals, Meats, and Market Environments in Xinjiang, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:718-726. [PMID: 33534639 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has been recognized as an important foodborne pathogen. However, knowledge about the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of S. aureus in the meat production chain from farm to market is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic characteristics of S. aureus in animal samples isolated from Xinjiang province farms and farmer' markets, by determining staphylococcal protein A (spa) repeat region and virulence factor typing, and by assessment of antimicrobial resistance. Out of 1324 samples, 128 (9.7%) were positive for S. aureus, 26 (2.0%) of them were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 88 (6.6%) of them were identified as vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). Antimicrobial resistance was determined using the disk diffusion method. S. aureus isolates showed resistance to penicillin G (98.4%), clarithromycin (69.5%), erythromycin (69.5%), vancomycin (68.8%), and tetracycline (67.2%). A total of 80.4% of isolates showed resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes. PCR was used to detect ten virulence genes such as the enterotoxin (sea, seb, and sec), hemolysin (hla and hlb), clumping factor (clfA), and fibronectin-binding proteins A and B (fnbA and fnbB). Our study showed that isolates harbored two or seven virulence genes. All strains encode hla and clfA, and half of them encode hlb and enterotoxin genes. The spa typing results showed that the 128 isolates were grouped into 32 spa types. The main spa types were t127 (22.7%), t2592 (12.5%), t437 (10.9%), and t2616 (10.9%). Notably, isolates of t437 type accounted for 46.2% of the MRSA. Our data indicate that meats in the slaughterhouse and farmers' markets were contaminated with S. aureus. S. aureus virulence genes and spa types were diverse, and its antibiotic resistance was serious. The presence of MRSA and VRSA represents potential public health risks and warrants further investigation regarding the driving factors of such resistance and their transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Lan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Panpan Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Mingyue Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Gang Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
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Mohammed A, Alghetaa H, Sultan M, Singh NP, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M. Administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Post-Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Exposure Protects Mice From Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Toxicity. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:893. [PMID: 32612530 PMCID: PMC7308536 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening complication that can ensue following Staphylococcus aureus infection. The enterotoxin produced by these bacteria (SEB) acts as a superantigen thereby activating a large proportion of T cells leading to cytokine storm and severe lung injury. Δ9Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a psychoactive ingredient found in Cannabis sativa, has been shown to act as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. In the current study, we investigated the effect of THC treatment on SEB-induced ARDS in mice. While exposure to SEB resulted in acute mortality, treatment with THC led to 100% survival of mice. THC treatment significantly suppressed the inflammatory cytokines, IFN-γ and TNF-α. Additionally, THC elevated the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their associated cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β. Moreover, THC caused induction of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs). THC acted through CB2 receptor as pharmacological inhibitor of CB2 receptors blocked the anti-inflammatory effects. THC-treated mice showed significant alterations in the expression of miRNA (miRs) in the lung-infiltrated mononuclear cells (MNCs). Specifically, THC caused downregulation of let7a-5p which targeted SOCS1 and downregulation of miR-34-5p which caused increased expression of FoxP3, NOS1, and CSF1R. Together, these data suggested that THC-mediated alterations in miR expression in the lungs may play a critical role in the induction of immunosuppressive Tregs and MDSCs as well as suppression of cytokine storm leading to attenuation of SEB-mediated lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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Staphylococcus argenteus isolated from retail foods in China: Incidence, antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and toxin gene profile. Food Microbiol 2020; 91:103531. [PMID: 32539963 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus argenteus is a novel species of coagulase-positive staphylococci which was separated from Staphylococcus aureus in 2014. It can threaten human health like S. aureus but can not identify with conventional biochemical or other phenotypic testing. From 2011 to 2016, 1581 S. aureus strains were isolated from 4300 samples from retail foods covering most provincial capitals in China. According to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and PCR confirmation, 7.2% of isolates (114/1581) were confirmed as S. argenteus. The pathogen was distributed in 22 of 39 sampled cities and all food types. Interestingly, most S. argenteus positive samples were collected from coastal cities in South China. MLST detected 8 different sequence types (STs), including five new STs. CC2250 was the predominant lineage of S. argenteus, followed by CC1223. To further characterize the isolates, their antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, biofilm formation and biofilm-related genes were examined. The pvl gene was not detected in S. argenteus, and only 1 isolate (0.9%) was positive for the tsst-1 gene. For 18 enterotoxin genes, 16.7% (19/114) of isolates harboured more than three genes, whereas 70.2% (80/114) of isolates had none of the investigated genes. Penicillin and ampicillin were the major antibiotics to which the S. argenteus isolates were resistant, followed by tetracycline, kanamycin and fusidic acid. A total of 94.7% of isolates had the ability to produce biofilms and all isolates harboured icaA, fnbA, and fib genes. Other biofilm-related genes, such as eno, clfB, fnbB, and icaC, were also found in 99.1%, 92.1%, 88.6%, and 74.6% of isolates, respectively. This study is the first systematic investigation of the prevalence of S. argenteus in retail foods in China and shows their ubiquity in food. We also provide comprehensive surveillance of the incidence of S. argenteus in retail foods and information to enable more accurate and effective treatment of infections of this new species.
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21
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Advances in the detection of virulence genes of Staphylococcus aureus originate from food. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ren Q, Liao G, Wu Z, Lv J, Chen W. Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from subclinical bovine mastitis in southern Xinjiang, China. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3368-3380. [PMID: 32008777 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogens causing mastitis in dairy herds. The colonization of dairy cows and subsequent contamination of raw milk by S. aureus, especially strains exhibiting multidrug resistance and biofilm-forming and toxin-producing abilities, remains an important issue for both dairy farmers and public health. In this study, we investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation, and genetic diversity of S. aureus from subclinical bovine mastitis in dairy farms located in southern Xinjiang, China. Sixty-five isolates from 84 subclinical mastitic milk samples were identified as S. aureus. The resistance rates to penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, linezolid, rifampicin, quinupudin-dafupudin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and chloramphenicol were 58.5, 44.6, 40.0, 18.5, 12.3, 10.8, 9.2, 6.2, 4.6, 4.6, and 1.5%, respectively. All isolates were susceptible to cefoxitin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and vancomycin. Isolates from farm A showed a significantly higher resistance rate to tetracycline (16.9%) than those from farm B (1.5%). The most frequently detected virulence factors were hla (96.9%, 63/65) and hlb (100.0%, 65/65). The percentage rates of the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes sea, sec, sed, seg, seh, sei, and sej in S. aureus isolates were 4.6, 33.8, 27.7, 3.1, 41.5, 41.5, and 7.7%, respectively. The percentage rate of the sec gene in isolates from farm B (30.8%) was significantly higher than that of farm A (3.1%). The percentage rates of the tsst and pvl genes in S. aureus isolates were 26.2 and 40.0%. The percentage rate of the pvl gene in isolates from farm B (32.3%) was significantly higher than that of farm A (7.7%). The adhesion molecules fnbA, fnbB, clfA, clfB, and cna were detected in 21 (32.3%), 23 (35.4%), 65 (100.0%), 65 (100.0%), and 65 (100.0%) isolates, respectively. The percentage rates of the icaA, sarA, tcaR, ccp, luxS, and sigB genes in S. aureus isolates were 69.2, 100.0, 86.2, 95.4, 84.6, and 100.0%, respectively. The fnbB and icaA genes were more frequently detected in isolates from farm A (29.2 and 40.0%, respectively) than those from farm B (6.2 and 29.2%, respectively). The luxS gene was more often found in isolates from farm B (50.8%) than those from farm A (33.8%). Using the microplate method, 61.5, 26.2, and 10.8% of the isolates showed weak, moderate, and strong biofilm-forming abilities, respectively. Different clonal complex (CC) and spa-types were identified, including CC81, CC398, CC88, CC5405, and CC5406. Importantly, in this study we report for the first time 41 new sequence types (ST) among 44 distinct ST. These results indicated high genetic diversity of S. aureus involved in subclinical bovine mastitis in southern Xinjiang, China. The results also showed that S. aureus from subclinical bovine mastitis cases in southern Xinjiang, China, were mainly resistant to β-lactams, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Also, biofilm- and adhesion-related genes, which are increasingly known as important virulence factors in the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections, were detected at a high rate. This study could help identify predominant clones and provide surveillance measures to decrease or eliminate S. aureus contamination in raw milk of dairy cows with subclinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 86-843300, China
| | - Guanghua Liao
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 86-843300, China
| | - Zihao Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandy and Science Technology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tarim University, Alar 86-843300, China
| | - Junfan Lv
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandy and Science Technology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tarim University, Alar 86-843300, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 86-843300, China; College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandy and Science Technology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tarim University, Alar 86-843300, China.
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