Research progress on conjugated linoleic acid bio-conversion in Bifidobacterium

Exploring the Fecal Metabolome in Infants With Cow's Milk Allergy: The Distinct Impacts of Cow's Milk Protein Tolerance Acquisition and of Synbiotic Supplementation

SCOPE

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most prevalent food allergies in early childhood, often treated via elimination diets including standard amino acid-based formula or amino acid-based formula supplemented with synbiotics (AAF or AAF-S). This work aimed to assess the effect of cow's milk (CM) tolerance acquisition and synbiotic (inulin, oligofructose, Bifidobacterium breve M-16 V) supplementation on the fecal metabolome in infants with IgE-mediated CMA.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The CMA-allergic infants received AAF or AAF-S for a year during which fecal samples were collected. The samples were subjected to metabolomics analyses covering gut microbial metabolites including SCFAs, tryptophan metabolites, and bile acids (BAs). Longitudinal data analysis suggested amino acids, BAs, and branched SCFAs alterations in infants who outgrew CMA during the intervention. Synbiotic supplementation significantly modified the fecal metabolome after 6 months of intervention, including altered purine, BA, and unsaturated fatty acid levels, and increased metabolites of infant-type Bifidobacterium species: indolelactic acid and 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid.

CONCLUSION

This study offers no clear conclusion on the impact of CM-tolerance acquisition on the fecal metabolome. However, our results show that 6 months of synbiotic supplementation successfully altered fecal metabolome and suggest induced bifidobacteria activity, which subsequently declined after 12 months of intervention.

Utilization of diverse probiotics to create human health promoting fatty acids: A review

Many probiotics produce functional lipids with health-promoting properties, such as short-chain fatty acids, linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids. They have been shown to maintain gut health, strengthen the intestinal barrier, and have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this article, we provide an up-to-date review of the various functional lipids produced by probiotics. These probiotics can be incorporated into foods, supplements, or pharmaceuticals to produce these functional lipids in the human colon, or they can be used in industrial biotechnology processes to generate functional lipids, which are then isolated and used as ingredients. We then highlight the different physiological functions for which they may be beneficial to human health, in addition to discussing some of the challenges of incorporating probiotics into commercial products and some potential solutions to address these challenges. Finally, we highlight the importance of testing the efficacy and safety of the new generation of probiotic-enhanced products, as well as the great potential for the marketization of related products.

Biotechnological advances in the production of unusual fatty acids in transgenic plants and recombinant microorganisms

Certain plants and microorganisms can produce high amounts of unusual fatty acids (UFAs) such as hydroxy, conjugated, cyclic, and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have distinct physicochemical properties and significant applications in the food, feed, and oleochemical industries. Since many natural sources of UFAs are not ideal for large-scale agricultural production or fermentation, it is attractive to produce them through synthetic biology. Although several UFAs have been commercially or pre-commercially produced in transgenic plants and microorganisms, their contents in transgenic hosts are generally much lower than in natural sources. Moreover, reproducing this success for a wider spectrum of UFAs has remained challenging. This review discusses recent advancements in our understanding of the biosynthesis, accumulation, and heterologous production of UFAs, and addresses the challenges and potential strategies for achieving high UFA content in engineered plants and microorganisms.

Exploring the Potential Probiotic Properties of Bifidobacterium breve DSM 32583-A Novel Strain Isolated from Human Milk

Human milk is the best nutrition for infants, providing optimal support for the developing immune system and gut microbiota. Hence, it has been used as source for probiotic strain isolation, including members of the genus Bifidobacterium, in an effort to provide beneficial effects to infants who cannot be exclusively breastfed. However, not all supplemented bifidobacteria can effectively colonise the infant gut, nor confer health benefits to the individual infant host; therefore, new isolates are needed to develop a range of dietary products for this specific age group. Here, we investigated the beneficial potential of Bifidobacterium breve DSM 32583 isolated from human milk. We show that in vitro B. breve DSM 32583 exhibited several characteristics considered fundamental for beneficial bacteria, including survival in conditions simulating those present in the digestive tract, adherence to human epithelial cell lines, and inhibition of growth of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Its antibiotic resistance patterns were comparable to those of known beneficial bifidobacterial strains, and its genome did not contain plasmids nor virulence-associated genes. These results suggest that B. breve DSM 32583 is a potential probiotic candidate.

Factors influencing conjugated linoleic acid content of dairy products: challenges and strategies

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a bioactive fatty acid that provides various physiological benefits, has gained increasing attention in the food industry, and various studies have focused on enhancing its content in dairy products. The factors influencing CLA content in dairy products vary significantly, including lactation stage, breed type, seasonality, feed, management methods of the animals, the manufacturing processes, storage, and ripening periods of the product. Additionally, the incorporation of CLA-producing probiotic bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Propionibacterium, is an emerging study in this field. Studies have revealed that factors affecting the CLA content in milk affect that in dairy products as well. Furthermore, the species and strains of CLA-producing bacteria, fermentation conditions, ripening period, and type of dairy product are also contributing factors. However, production of CLA-enhanced dairy products using CLA-producing bacteria while maintaining their optimal viability and maximizing exposure to free linoleic acid remains limited. The current review emphasized the factors affecting the CLA content and related mechanisms, challenges in the application of CLA-producing probiotic bacteria, and strategies to address these challenges and enhance CLA production in dairy products. Therefore, the development of functional dairy products with enhanced CLA levels is expected to be possible.

Biomolecular investigations into BBI reveal an enzymatic mechanism for PUFA isomerisation in bifidobacterium CFA bioconversion strains

Multiple species of Bifidobacterium exhibit the ability to bioconvert conjugated fatty acids (CFAs), which is considered an important pathway for these strains to promote host health. However, there has been limited progress in understanding the enzymatic mechanism of CFA bioconversion by bifidobacteria, despite the increasing number of studies identifying CFA-producing strains. The protein responsible for polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) isomerization in B. breve CCFM683 has recently been discovered and named BBI, providing a starting point for exploring Bifidobacterium isomerases (BIs). This study presents the sequence classification of membrane-bound isomerases from four common Bifidobacterium species that produce CFA. Heterologous expression, purification, and enzymatic studies of the typical sequences revealed that all possess a single c9, t11 isomer as the product and share common features in terms of enzymatic properties and catalytic kinetics. Using molecular docking and alanine scanning, Lys84, Tyr198, Asn202, and Leu245 located in the binding pocket were identified as critical to the catalytic activity, a finding further confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis-based screening assays. Overall, these findings provide insightful knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms of BIs. This will open up additional opportunities for the use of bifidobacteria and CFAs in probiotic foods and precision nutrition.

Investigation of volatile compounds during fermentation of Elaeagnus moorcroftii Wall.ex schlecht. juice by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN-3 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei YL-29

The influence on and biotransformation of volatile compounds (VOCs) during fermentation of Elaeagnus moorcroftii Wall.ex Schlecht. juice (EWSJ) through single inoculation and co-inoculation of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN-3 (B.an3) and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei YL-29 (L.cp29) were analyzed through headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with the B.an3- and L.cp29-fermented EWSJ, the B.an3 + L.cp29-fermented EWSJ had more increased 9 desirable flavor compositions and less decreased in or even elimination of 12 undesirable flavor compositions, and 3 new characteristic VOCs, formed through the interaction between B.an3 and L.cp29 were detected. In addition, biotransformations that led to an increase and a decrease in VOCs mainly involved 3 oxidation, 3 reduction, 1 hydrolysis, and 1 isomerization reactions. This study offers a theoretical basis for investigating the interaction effect of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species on VOCs and developing lactic acid bacteria-fermented plant-based juices with lower sugar content and better flavor.

Harnessing the endogenous Type I-C CRISPR-Cas system for genome editing in Bifidobacterium breve

Bifidobacterium breve, one of the main bifidobacterial species colonizing the human gastrointestinal tract in early life, has received extensive attention for its purported beneficial effects on human health. However, exploration of the mode of action of such beneficial effects exerted by B. breve is cumbersome due to the lack of effective genetic tools, which limits its synthetic biology application. The widespread presence of CRISPR-Cas systems in the B. breve genome makes endogenous CRISPR-based gene editing toolkits a promising tool. This study revealed that Type I-C CRISPR-Cas systems in B. breve can be divided into two groups based on the amino acid sequences encoded by cas gene clusters. Deletion of the gene coding uracil phosphoribosyl-transferase (upp) was achieved in five B. breve strains from both groups using this system. In addition, translational termination of uracil phosphoribosyl-transferase was successfully achieved in B. breve FJSWX38M7 by single-base substitution of the upp gene and insertion of three stop codons. The gene encoding linoleic acid isomerase (bbi) in B. breve, being a characteristic trait, was deleted after plasmid curing, which rendered it unable to convert linoleic acid into conjugated linoleic acid, demonstrating the feasibility of successive editing. This study expands the toolkit for gene manipulation in B. breve and provides a new approach toward functional genome editing and analysis of B. breve strains.IMPORTANCEThe lack of effective genetic tools for Bifidobacterium breve is an obstacle to studying the molecular mechanisms of its health-promoting effects, hindering the development of next-generation probiotics. Here, we introduce a gene editing method based on the endogenous CRISPR-Cas system, which can achieve gene deletion, single-base substitution, gene insertion, and successive gene editing in B. breve. This study will facilitate discovery of functional genes and elucidation of molecular mechanisms of B. breve pertaining to health-associated benefits.

Advances in research on microbial conjugated linoleic acid bioconversion

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a functional food ingredient with prebiotic properties that provides health benefits for various human pathologies and disorders. However, limited natural CLA sources in animals and plants have led microorganisms like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium to emerge as new CLA sources. Microbial conversion of linoleic acid to CLA is mediated by linoleic acid isomerase and multicomponent enzymatic systems, with CLA production efficiency dependent on microbial species and strains. Additionally, complex factors like LA concentration, growth status, culture substrates, precursor type, prebiotic additives, and co-cultured microbe identity strongly influence CLA production and isomer composition. This review summarizes advances in the past decade regarding microbial CLA production, including bacteria and fungi. We highlight CLA production and potential regulatory mechanisms and discuss using microorganisms to enhance CLA content and nutritional value of fermented products. We also identify primary microbial CLA production bottlenecks and provide strategies to address these challenges and enhance production through functional gene and enzyme mining and downstream processing. This review aims to provide a reference for microbial CLA production and broaden the understanding of the potential probiotic role of microbial CLA producers.

Milk fat globule membrane protects Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis ATCC 15697 against bile stress by modifying global transcriptional responses

The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) can protect probiotic bacteria from bile stress. However, its potential mechanism has not been reported. In this study, the viability, morphology and gene transcriptional response of Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis ATCC 15697 (BI_15697) stressed by bile salts with or without MFGM were investigated. It was shown that MFGM alleviated the reduction in BI_15697 population induced by 0.2% porcine bile stress and restored the population to the control levels. MFGM ameliorated the shrunken, fragmented appearance and irregular morphology of BI_15697 and maintained cell integrity disrupted by bile stress. RNA-sequencing results showed that MFGM increased transport of glucose and raffinose and decreased that of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in the presence of bile salts. MFGM stimulated the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of raffinose in galactose metabolism and the metabolism of BCAA, suggesting that MFGM stimulated the accumulation of raffinose and BCAA in the presence of bile. In addition, MFGM stimulated the expression of 2 bile efflux transporters under bile stress. Together, the multifactorial response helps BI_15697 excrete bile salts and maintain cellular integrity in response to bile stress. This study proposes a mechanism for the protection of BI_15697 against bile salt stress by MFGM, thereby providing a molecular basis for its application in incorporation of probiotics.

Progress of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Milk Fat Metabolism in Ruminants and Humans

As a valuable nutrient in milk, fat accounts for a significant proportion of the energy requirements of ruminants and is largely responsible for determining milk quality. Fatty acids (FAs) are a pivotal component of milk fat. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is one of the naturally occurring FAs prevalent in ruminant dairy products and meat. Increasing attention has been given to CLA because of its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, and lipid metabolism regulation properties, and these benefits potentially contribute to the growth and health of infants. In breast milk, CLA is present in trace amounts, mainly in the form of cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Notably, cis-9, trans-11 CLA improves the milk fat rate while trans-10, cis-12 CLA inhibits it. Apart from having multiple physiological functions, CLA is also a pivotal factor in determining the milk quality of ruminants, especially milk fat rate. In response to growing interest in green and healthy functional foods, more and more researchers are exploring the potential of CLA to improve the production performance of animals and the nutritional value of livestock products. Taken together, it is novel and worthwhile to investigate how CLA regulates milk fat synthesis. It is the purpose of this review to clarify the necessity for studying CLA in ruminant milk fat and breast milk fat.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as a functional food: Is it beneficial or not?

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has attracted great attention in recent years as a popular class of functional food that is broadly used. It refers to a group of geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid (LA) with a conjugated double bond. The main natural sources of CLA are dairy products, beef and lamb, whereas only trace amounts occur naturally in plant lipids. CLA has been shown to improve various health issues, having effects on obesity, inflammatory, anti-carcinogenicity, atherogenicity, immunomodulation, and osteosynthesis. Also, compared to studies on humans, many animal researches reveal more positive benefits on health. CLA represents a nutritional avenue to improve lifestyle diseases and metabolic syndrome. Most of these effects are attributed to the two major CLA isomers [conjugated linoleic acid cis-9,trans-11 isomer (c9,t11), and conjugated linoleic acid trans-10,cis-12 isomer (t10,c12)], and their mixture (CLA mix). In contrast, adverse effects of CLA have been also reported, such as glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis and induction of colon carcinogenesis in humans, as well as milk fat inhibition in ruminants, lowering chicken productivity, influencing egg quality and altering growth performance in fish. This review article aims to discuss the health benefits of CLA as a nutraceutical supplement and highlight the possible mechanisms of action that may contribute to its outcome. It also outlines the feasible adverse effects of CLA besides summarizing the recent peer-reviewed publications on CLA to ensure its efficacy and safety for proper application in humans.

A green and efficient two-step enzymatic esterification-hydrolysis method for enrichment of c9,t11-CLA isomer based on a three-liquid-phase system

A novel two-step enzymatic esterification-hydrolysis method that generates high-purity conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers was developed. CLA was first partially purified by enzymatic esterification and then further purified by efficient, selective enzymatic hydrolysis in a three-liquid-phase system (TLPS). Compared with traditional two-step selective enzymatic esterification, this novel method produced highly pure cis-9, trans-11 (c9,t11)-CLA (96%) with high conversion (approx. 36%) and avoided complicated rehydrolysis and reesterification steps. The catalytic efficiency and selectivity of CLA ester enzymatic hydrolysis was greatly improved with TLPSs, as high-speed stirring provided a larger interface area for the reaction and product inhibition was effectively reduced by extraction of the product into other phases. Furthermore, the enzyme-enriched phase (liquid immobilization support) was effectively and economically reused more than 8 times because it contained more than 90% of the concentrated enzyme. Therefore, this novel enzymatic esterification-hydrolysis method can be considered ideal to produce high-purity fatty acid monomers.

Variety of rumen microbial populations involved in biohydrogenation related to individual milk fat percentage of dairy cows

Our objective was to investigate the contribution of the rumen microbiome on the individual milk fat percentage (MFP) of Holstein dairy cows under the same nutritional and management conditions. From 92 early lactation dairy cows, the top 10 with the highest MFP (HF; n = 10) and the last 10 with the lowest MFP (LF; n = 10) were selected for the study. As a result, the milk trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 content was significant lower in the HF group than that in the LF group (P < 0.001). The rumen acetate to propionate ratio was significant higher in the HF group than that in the LF group (P = 0.035). According to the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, a minor but significant difference existed between the groups (P = 0.040). Three genera of the family Lachnospiraceae and four genera of the order Bacteroidales were identified to be the biomarkers for the LF group and HF group in the LEfSe analysis, respectively. Three microbial modules enriched by the family Lachnospiraceae were positively related to the milk trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 content (r _s > 0.60, P < 0.05). According to the results of shotgun metagenome sequencing, three kinds of linoleic acid (LA) isomerase genes were present in the gene pools of the rumen microbiome. Among them, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium LA isomerase (BBI) was higher in the HF group than that in the LF group (P = 0.007). Three metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) with LA isomerase genes were positively correlated to the milk trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 content (r _s > 0.40, P < 0.05). Furthermore, all of these three MAGs were found to be able to produce lactate. Taken together, these results indicate that the increased relative abundance of microbial population with the trans-10 biohydrogenation pathway within the rumen microbiome contributes to the decrease of MFP via the increase of rumen trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 production. This study provides a new perspective for the development of measures for improving the milking performance of dairy cows.

Microbial metabolites as modulators of the infant gut microbiome and host-microbial interactions in early life

The development of infant gut microbiome is a pivotal process affecting the ecology and function of the microbiome, as well as host health. While the establishment of the infant microbiome has been of interest for decades, the focus on gut microbial metabolism and the resulting small molecules (metabolites) has been rather limited. However, technological and computational advances are now enabling researchers to profile the plethora of metabolites in the infant gut, allowing for improved understanding of how gut microbial-derived metabolites drive microbiome community structuring and host-microbial interactions. Here, we review the current knowledge on development of the infant gut microbiota and metabolism within the first year of life, and discuss how these microbial metabolites are key for enhancing our basic understanding of interactions during the early life developmental window.

Comprehensive analysis of metabolites produced by co-cultivation of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 with human iPS-derived intestinal epithelial cells

Examining how host cells affect metabolic behaviors of probiotics is pivotal to better understand the mechanisms underlying the probiotic efficacy in vivo. However, studies to elucidate the interaction between probiotics and host cells, such as intestinal epithelial cells, remain limited. Therefore, in this study, we performed a comprehensive metabolome analysis of a co-culture containing Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)-derived small intestinal-like cells. In the co-culture, we observed a significant increase in several amino acid metabolites, including indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) and phenyllactic acid (PLA). In accordance with the metabolic shift, the expression of genes involved in ILA synthesis, such as transaminase and tryptophan synthesis-related genes, was also elevated in B. breve MCC1274 cells. ILA production was enhanced in the presence of purines, which were possibly produced by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). These findings suggest a synergistic action of probiotics and IECs, which may represent a molecular basis of host-probiotic interaction in vivo.

Interaction between gut microbiota and immune checkpoint inhibitor-related colitis

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become a promising therapeutic strategy for malignant tumors, improving patient prognosis, along with a spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including gastrointestinal toxicity, ICI-related colitis (IRC), and diarrhea. The gut microbiota has been suggested as an important regulator in the pathogenesis of IRC, and microbiota modulations like probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation have been explored to treat the disease. This review discusses the interaction between the gut microbiota and IRC, focusing on the potential pathogenic mechanisms and promising interventions.