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Pathak RK, Kim JM. Structural insight into the mechanisms and interacting features of endocrine disruptor Bisphenol A and its analogs with human estrogen-related receptor gamma. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123549. [PMID: 38350536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a very important chemical from the commercial perspective. Many useful products are made from it, so its production is increasing day by day. It is widely known that Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogs are present in the environment and that they enter our body through various routes on a daily basis as we use things made of this chemical in our daily lives. BPA has already been reported to be an endocrine disruptor. Studies have shown that BPA binds strongly to the human estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ) and is an important target of it. This study seeks to understand how it interacts with ERRγ. Molecular docking of BPA and its analogs with ERRγ was performed, and estradiol was taken as a reference. Then, physico-chemical and toxicological analysis of BPA compounds was performed. Subsequently, the dynamic behavior of ERRγ and ERRγ-BPA compound complexes was studied by molecular dynamics simulations over 500 ns, and using this simulated data, their binding energies were again calculated using the MM-PBSA method. We observed that the binding affinity of BPA and its analogs was much higher than that of estradiol, and apart from being toxic, they can be easily absorbed in our body as their physicochemical properties are similar to those of oral medicines. Therefore, this study facilitates the understanding of the structure-activity relationship of ERRγ and BPA compounds and provides information about the key amino acid residues of ERRγ that interact with BPA compounds, which can be helpful to design competitive inhibitors so that we can interrupt the interaction of BPA with ERRγ. In addition, it provides information on BPA and its analogs and will also be helpful in developing new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Pathak
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Li J, Zhang H, Li J, Qin N, Wei Q, Li Y, Peng Y, Li H. Assessment of nonylphenol exposure based on global urinary concentration data and its risk analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117903. [PMID: 38109959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) has been recognized as a priority hazardous substance because of its estrogenic activity and ubiquity in the environment. Therefore, it is important to understand the daily intake of NP in humans and evaluate the potential health risks of NP. The median or average estimated daily intake (EDI) of NP was estimated based on urinary NP or alkyl-chain-oxidized NP metabolites concentration data from published epidemiological studies. In brief, we acquired 34 peer-reviewed publications, which contained 14235 samples from twelve countries or regions. The global average estimated daily intake of NP was 1.003 μg/(kg bw·day), which was lower than the tolerable daily intake recommended by the Danish Veterinary and Food Authority [5 μg/(kg bw·day)]. Korea had the highest exposure level [3.471 μg/(kg bw·day)] among different countries or regions. Compared with the adult [0.743 μg/(kg bw·day)] and pregnant women [0.806 μg/(kg bw·day)] groups, the children group had the highest estimated daily intake of NP at 2.368 μg/(kg bw·day). Besides, the global NP risk hazard quotient was 0.201, and the risk hazard quotients of all countries or regions were less than 1. However, the global HQ value of the 95th quantile population was 2.299, which was much higher than 1, the potential health risk cannot be ignored and needs to be confirmed by more research. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the overall NP exposure levels based on published biomonitoring data, and has important implications for assessing the potential effects of NP exposure on human health. In addition, OH-NP is a robust and sensitive novel biomarker for NP, there are fewer studies on the application of this biomarker, and more studies are needed in the future for quantitative exposure and risk assessment of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemei Li
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongling Zhang
- School of Health and Nursing, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juanhua Li
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ning Qin
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiufen Wei
- Division of Neonatology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Han Li
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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Glover F, Mehta A, Richardson M, Muncey W, Del Giudice F, Belladelli F, Seranio N, Eisenberg ML. Investigating the prevalence of erectile dysfunction among men exposed to organophosphate insecticides. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:389-399. [PMID: 37574529 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) poses a significant disease morbidity and contributor to male infertility, where an estimated 20-40% of men are affected annually. While several risk factors have been identified in the etiology of ED (e.g., aging, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity), the complete pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. Over the last few decades, the contribution of environmental exposures to the pathogenesis of ED has gained some attention, though population studies are limited and results are mixed. Among environmental contaminants, organophosphate (OP) insecticides represent one of the largest chemical classes, and chlorpyrifos is the most commonly used OP in the U.S. OP exposure has been implicated in driving biological processes, including inflammation, reactive oxygen species production, and endocrine and metabolism disruption, which have been demonstrated to adversely affect the hypothalamus and testes and may contribute to ED. Currently, studies evaluating the association between OPs and ED within the U.S. general population are sparse. METHODS Data were leveraged from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which is an annually conducted, population-based cross-sectional study. Urinary levels of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a specific metabolite of the most pervasive OP insecticide chlorpyrifos, were quantified as measures of OP exposure. ED was defined by responses to questionnaire data, where individuals who replied "sometimes able" or "never able" to achieve an erection were classified as ED. Chi-square, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multivariable, weighted linear and logistic regression analyses were used to compare sociodemographic variables between quartiles of TCPy exposure, identify risk factors for TCPy exposure and ED, and to analyze the relationship between TCPy and ED. RESULTS A total of 671 adult men were included in final analyses, representing 28,949,379 adults after survey weighting. Approximately 37% of our cohort had ED. Smoking, diabetes, aging, Mexican-American self-identification, and physical inactivity were associated with higher ED prevalence. Analysis of TCPy modeled as a continuous variable revealed nonsignificant associations with ED (OR = 1.02 95% CI [0.95, 1.09]). Stratification of total TCPy into quartiles revealed increased odds of ED among adults in the second and fourth quartiles, using the first quartile as the reference (OR = 2.04 95% CI [1.11, 3.72], OR = 1.51 95% CI [0.58, 3.93], OR = 2.62 95% CI [1.18, 5.79], for quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest a potential role for chlorpyrifos and other OPs the pathogenesis of ED. Future studies are warranted to validate these findings, determine clinical significance, and to investigate potential mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Glover
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - A Mehta
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - M Richardson
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - W Muncey
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - F Del Giudice
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - F Belladelli
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - N Seranio
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - M L Eisenberg
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Neves AP, Rosa ACS, Larentis AL, da Silva Rodrigues Vidal PJ, Gonçalves ES, da Silveira GR, Dos Santos MVC, de Carvalho LVB, Alves SR. Urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites in the assessment of exposure to organophosphate pesticides: from 2000 to 2022. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 196:10. [PMID: 38049584 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The general population and workers are exposed to organophosphate insecticides, one of the leading chemical classes of pesticides used in rural and urban areas, in the control of arboviruses and agriculture. These pesticides cause environmental/occupational exposure and associated risks to human and environmental health. The objective of this study was to carry out an integrative review of epidemiological studies that identified and quantified dialkylphosphate metabolites in the urine of exposed populations, focusing on the vector control workers, discussing the application and the results found. Searches utilized the Pubmed, Scielo, and the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD) databases between 2000 and 2021. From the 194 selected studies, 75 (39%) were with children/adolescents, 48 (24%) with rural workers, 36 (19%) with the general population, 27 (14%) with pregnant women, and 9 (4%) with vector control workers. The total dialkylphosphate concentrations found in the occupationally exposed population were higher than in the general population. Studies demonstrate that dialkylphosphates are sensitive and representative exposure biomarkers for environmental and occupational organophosphate exposure. The work revealed a lack of studies with vector control workers and a lack of studies in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Neves
- Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program (PSPMA), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Centro de Estudos da Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana (CESTEH) - Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, nº. 1480 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210, Brasil.
| | - Ana Cristina Simões Rosa
- Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ariane Leites Larentis
- Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Jeronimo da Silva Rodrigues Vidal
- Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program (PSPMA), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eline Simões Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Geochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues da Silveira
- Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program (PSPMA), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Corrêa Dos Santos
- Public Health and Environment Postgraduation Program (PSPMA), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Vargas Barreto de Carvalho
- Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rabello Alves
- Toxicology Laboratory, Center for the Study of Workers' Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Department of Health (FIOCRUZ-MS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- General Superintendence of Technical and Scientific Police/Department of Civilian Police of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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González N, Pàmies C, Martinez P, Martí L, Domingo JL, Nadal M, Marquès M. Effects of an organic diet intervention on the levels of organophosphorus metabolites in an adult cohort. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113354. [PMID: 37803657 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are a group of organic compounds used to control weeds or insect infestations in agriculture. Diet is the major route of human exposure to these compounds, which can cause serious health problems, even when the intake occurs at low concentrations. Hence, the consumption of organic food is an appropriate strategy to minimize the exposure to pesticides. A prospective, randomized study was conducted to assess the impact of an organic dietary intervention on the levels of urinary dialkyl phosphates (DAP). A screening of 204 pesticides was also carried out in order to confirm the absence of these compounds in organic food. The analytical results showed that only 20 of the 204 pesticides (9.8 %) had concentrations above the limit of quantification in one or more samples of the organic food consumed by the participants. It is substantially lower than the levels of pesticides found in other studies analysing conventional food, confirming the diet as suitable for the organic dietary intervention. A general reduction of most DAP metabolites in urine was found, being significant (p < 0.05) the decrease of dimethyl phosphate (DMP) (0.49 µg/g creatinine in Day 1 vs. 0.062 µg/g creatinine in Day 6), dimethyl thiophosphate (DMTP) (0.49 µg/g creatinine in Day 1 vs. 0.093 µg/g creatinine in Day 6) and diethyl phosphate (DEP) (0.28 µg/g creatinine in Day 1 vs. 0.12 µg/g creatinine in Day 6). In addition, the molar score for the total dimethyl DAP (ΣMP) and total dialkyl phosphate (ΣDAP) also showed significant differences after changing a conventional diet by an organic diet, being reduced from 0.008 µmol/g to 0.002 µmol/g for ΣMP and from 0.012 µmol/g to 0.003 µmol/g for ΣDAP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates both the impact of an organic diet in the exposure to DAP and the levels of 204 pesticides in the organic food provided to the participants. In summary, the consumption of organic products decreases the dietary intake of pesticides, thus reducing also the potential adverse effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus González
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carla Pàmies
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paula Martinez
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Martí
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
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Hu Y, Lai S, Li Y, Wu X, Xing M, Li X, Xu D, Chen Y, Xiang J, Cheng P, Wang X, Chen Z, Ding H, Xu P, Lou X. Association of urinary bisphenols with thyroid function in the general population: a cross-sectional study of an industrial park in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:107517-107532. [PMID: 37735335 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs) are potential thyroid disruptors that are widely used in many consumer products, leading to their widespread exposure in the general population. Current cross-sectional and case-control studies have found associations between exposure to BPs and serum thyroid function, but the results were contradictory. The objectives of this study are to describe demographic characteristics, BP exposure levels, and thyroid function measurements in potentially exposed and control districts and to investigate the association of urinary BPs with thyroid function. Data were collected from a general population aged 3-79 years (N = 281) recruited by the Zhejiang Human Biomonitoring Program (ZJHBP). The concentrations of 10 kinds of BPs in urine and serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4), total thyroxine (TT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), and thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) in serum were measured. Multiple linear regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to estimate the relationship between single and mixed exposure of BPs and thyroid function. Bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol P (BPP) were detected, respectively, in 82.73%, 94.24%, and 55.40% of the population in the exposed area and 81.69%, 61.27%, and 43.66% of the population in the control area. Among adult females, serum TT3 was negatively associated with urinary BPA (β = -0.033, 95% CI = -0.071, -0.008, P = 0.021). Among minor females, FT4 and Tg levels were negatively associated with the urinary BPA (β = -0.026, 95% CI = -0.051, -0.002, P = 0.032 for FT4; β = -0.129, 95% CI = -0.248, -0.009, P = 0.035 for Tg), and TPOAb was positively associated with urinary BPA (β = 0.104, 95% CI = 0.006, 0.203, P = 0.039). In WQS models, BPs mixture was positively associated with FT3 (βWQS = 0.022, 95% CI = 0.002, 0.042) and TT3 (βWQS = 0.033, 95% CI = 0.004, 0.062), and negatively associated with FT4 (βWQS = -0.024, 95% CI = -0.044, 0.004). We found widespread exposure to BPA, BPS, and BPP in the general population of Zhejiang province and found an association between BPA and thyroid hormones. This association is gender- and age-dependent and needs to be confirmed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Shiming Lai
- Quzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 154 Xi'an Road, Ke Cheng District, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
- Environmental Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, 310007, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
- Environmental Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, 310007, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingluan Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Xueqing Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
- Environmental Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, 310007, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiwei Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Xiaoming Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Bin Sheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
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Blaauwendraad SM, Stevens DR, van den Dries MA, Gaillard R, Pronk A, Spaan S, Ferguson KK, Jaddoe VW. Fetal Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Child Adiposity Measures at 10 Years of Age in the General Dutch Population. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:87014. [PMID: 37606291 PMCID: PMC10443200 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides might lead to fetal metabolic adaptations, predisposing individuals to adverse metabolic profiles in later life. OBJECTIVE We examined the association of maternal urinary OP pesticide metabolite concentrations in pregnancy with offspring body mass index (BMI) and fat measures at 10 years of age. METHODS Between 2002 and 2006, we included 642 mother-child pairs from the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. We measured maternal urinary concentrations of OP pesticide metabolites, namely, dialkyl phosphates, including three dimethyl and three diethyl phosphates in early-, mid- and late-pregnancy. At 10 years of age, child total and regional body fat and lean mass were measured through dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and abdominal and organ fat through magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Higher maternal urinary pregnancy-average or trimester-specific dialkyl, dimethyl, or diethyl phosphate concentrations were not associated with childhood BMI and the risk of overweight. In addition, we did not observe any association of dialkyl, dimethyl, or diethyl phosphate concentrations with total and regional body fat, abdominal visceral fat, liver fat, or pericardial fat at child age of 10 y. CONCLUSION We observed no associations of maternal urinary dialkyl concentrations during pregnancy with childhood adiposity measures at 10 years of age. Whether these associations develop at older ages should be further studied. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12267.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M. Blaauwendraad
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center (Erasmus MC), University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle R. Stevens
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michiel A. van den Dries
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center (Erasmus MC), University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Romy Gaillard
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center (Erasmus MC), University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Department Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Spaan
- Department Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kelly K. Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vincent W.V. Jaddoe
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center (Erasmus MC), University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Ali JH, Abdeen Z, Azmi K, Berman T, Jager K, Barnett-Itzhaki Z, Walter M. Influence of exposure to pesticides on telomere length and pregnancy outcome: Diethylphosphates but not Dimethylphosphates are associated with accelerated telomere attrition in a Palestinian cohort. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114801. [PMID: 36989559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental pesticides during pregnancy is associated with adverse health outcomes such as low birth weight and impaired neuro-development. In this study, we assessed maternal leukocyte telomere lengths (TL) in Palestinian pregnant women and compared the data with urinary organophosphate concentrations, demographic, lifestyle and dietary factors, birth weight, body length, gestational age, and head circumference. Women with high urine levels of creatinine adjusted diethylphosphate(DE)derived pesticide metabolites DEP, DETP or DEDTP had shorter telomeres (p = 0.05). Women living in proximity to agricultural fields had shorter telomeres compared to women not living in proximity to agricultural fields (p = 0.011). Regular consumption of organic food was associated with shorter telomeres (p = 0.01), whereas the consumption of other vegetables such as artichokes was rather associated with longer telomeres. By contrast, urine levels of dimethylphosphate(DM)-derived pesticide metabolites DMTP and DMDTP were associated with lower birth weight (p = 0.05) but not with shrter telomeres. In conclusion organophosphate pesticides and living in proximity to agriculture are associated with shorter TL, likely due to higher consumption of contaminated fruits and vegetables and/or the transport of pesticides to non-treatment sites. DE and DM substituted pesticides seem to have different effects on telomeres and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Haj Ali
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Consulting Medical Laboratory, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Kifaya Azmi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu Deis, The West Bank, Palestine; Al-Quds Public Health Society, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Tamar Berman
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kathrin Jager
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zohar Barnett-Itzhaki
- Ruppin Research Group in Environmental and Social Sustainability, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Michael Walter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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Abdo N, Al-Khalaileh H, Alajlouni M, Hamadneh J, Alajlouni AM. Screening for phthalates biomarkers and its potential role in infertility outcomes in Jordan. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:273-282. [PMID: 36593351 PMCID: PMC9807094 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are endocrine disrupting chemicals that are used in plastic and personal care products. Phthalate exposure has been linked to reproductive and fertility outcomes. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the phthalate exposures using both urinary level of two DEHP metabolites in females and questionnaires. It also aimed to investigate the association between phthalate levels and reproductive and fertility outcomes. METHODS 325 females with and without fertility problems at gynaecology clinics filled out a questionnaire and provided a urine sample. Urine samples were analyzed for two DEHP metabolites: MEHHP, mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEOHP, mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, using an HPLC/MS/MS analytical method. RESULTS We observed a significant difference between cases and controls in terms of heating plastic in the microwave and use of skin and eye make-up, sunscreen, and nail polish. Our findings showed that MEOHP exposure is significantly associated with infertility among Jordanian women (Adjusted OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.40, p-value = 0.002). SIGNIFICANCE To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first of its kind done in Jordan to screen for phthalate exposure and investigate its association with infertility. Our study demonstrated high exposure of the Jordanian population to DEHP. It confirms the association between DEHP exposure and infertility. IMPACT STATEMENT We measured phthalates in infertile and fertile women, in a community unaware of phthalate sources or its impacts, and with no regulation limits set. We aimed to increase awareness to environmental exposure to phthalates, emphasize the importance of implementation of public health interventions to control and minimize the effects of phthalate exposure and provide a base for further studies and future research to aid in the formation of policies and guidelines for the manufacturing and use of phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Abdo
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Hana Al-Khalaileh
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Marwan Alajlouni
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Jehan Hamadneh
- Department of Obstetrics and Genecology, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Kalantzi OI, Castorina R, Gunier RB, Kogut K, Holland N, Eskenazi B, Bradman A. Determinants of organophosphorus pesticide urinary metabolite levels in pregnant women from the CHAMACOS cohort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158551. [PMID: 36075406 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely used as insecticides in agriculture. Human exposure to OPs has been linked to adverse effects including poorer child neurodevelopment, reduced birth weight, altered serum hormone levels, and reduced semen quality. We measured six OP dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites [three dimethyl alkylphosphates (DMs) and three diethyl alkylphosphates (DEs)] in urine samples collected two times during pregnancy (~13 and ~26 weeks gestation) from 594 women participating in the CHAMACOS birth cohort study and resided in an agricultural community in the United States (U.S.) between 1999 and 2000. Previous studies have shown these women have higher OP exposures compared with the general U.S. population. We examined bivariate associations between prenatal DAP metabolite levels and exposure determinants such as age, season, years living in the US, housing characteristics, fruit and vegetable consumption, occupation and residential proximity to agricultural fields. Final multivariable models indicated that season of urine collection was significantly associated (p < 0.01) with specific gravity-adjusted DM, DE and total DAP metabolites; samples collected in fall and winter had higher concentrations than those collected in spring-summer. Specific gravity-adjusted levels of DM and total DAP metabolites were significantly higher in women who had resided in the U.S. for 5 years or less (p < 0.05). Levels of DM metabolites also increased with daily fruit and vegetable servings (p < 0.01), and levels of DE metabolites were higher in residences with poorer housekeeping quality (p < 0.01) and in mothers that worked in agriculture (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that there are multiple determinants of OP exposure in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Kalantzi
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene 81100, Greece; Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - R Castorina
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - R B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - K Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - N Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - B Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - A Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, CA, United States
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11
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Andersen HR, Rambaud L, Riou M, Buekers J, Remy S, Berman T, Govarts E. Exposure Levels of Pyrethroids, Chlorpyrifos and Glyphosate in EU-An Overview of Human Biomonitoring Studies Published since 2000. TOXICS 2022; 10:789. [PMID: 36548622 PMCID: PMC9788618 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Currently used pesticides are rapidly metabolised and excreted, primarily in urine, and urinary concentrations of pesticides/metabolites are therefore useful biomarkers for the integrated exposure from all sources. Pyrethroid insecticides, the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos, and the herbicide glyphosate, were among the prioritised substances in the HBM4EU project and comparable human biomonitoring (HBM)-data were obtained from the HBM4EU Aligned Studies. The aim of this review was to supplement these data by presenting additional HBM studies of the priority pesticides across the HBM4EU partner countries published since 2000. We identified relevant studies (44 for pyrethroids, 23 for chlorpyrifos, 24 for glyphosate) by literature search using PubMed and Web of Science. Most studies were from the Western and Southern part of the EU and data were lacking from more than half of the HBM4EU-partner countries. Many studies were regional with relatively small sample size and few studies address residential and occupational exposure. Variation in urine sampling, analytical methods, and reporting of the HBM-data hampered the comparability of the results across studies. Despite these shortcomings, a widespread exposure to these substances in the general EU population with marked geographical differences was indicated. The findings emphasise the need for harmonisation of methods and reporting in future studies as initiated during HBM4EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Raun Andersen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Loïc Rambaud
- Santé Publique France, Environmental and Occupational Health Division, 94410 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Margaux Riou
- Santé Publique France, Environmental and Occupational Health Division, 94410 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Jurgen Buekers
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Remy
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Tamar Berman
- Israel Ministry of Health (MOH-IL), Jerusalem 9446724, Israel
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
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Hall AM, Thistle JE, Manley CK, Roell KR, Ramos AM, Villanger GD, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Zeiner P, Cequier E, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Aase H, Engel SM. Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure at 17 Weeks' Gestation and Odds of Offspring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16851. [PMID: 36554732 PMCID: PMC9778918 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are ubiquitous and have been linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, few studies have examined prenatal OPs in relation to diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with only two studies exploring this relationship in a population primarily exposed through diet. In this study, we used a nested case-control study to evaluate prenatal OP exposure and ADHD diagnosis in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). For births that occurred between 2003 and 2008, ADHD diagnoses were obtained from linkage of MoBa participants with the Norwegian Patient Registry (N = 297), and a reference population was randomly selected from the eligible population (N = 552). Maternal urine samples were collected at 17 weeks' gestation and molar sums of diethyl phosphates (ΣDEP) and dimethyl phosphates metabolites (ΣDMP) were calculated. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between prenatal OP metabolite exposure and child ADHD diagnosis. Additionally, multiplicative effect measure modification (EMM) by child sex was assessed. In most cases, mothers in the second and third tertiles of ΣDMP and ΣDEP exposure had slightly lower odds of having a child with ADHD, although confidence intervals were wide and included the null. EMM by child sex was not observed for either ΣDMP or ΣDEP. In summary, we did not find evidence that OPs at 17 weeks' gestation increased the odds of ADHD in this nested case-control study of ADHD in MoBa, a population primarily experiencing dietary exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jake E. Thistle
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cherrel K. Manley
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kyle R. Roell
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amanda M. Ramos
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gro D. Villanger
- Department of Child Health and Development, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Zeiner
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Enrique Cequier
- Department of Food Safety, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Amrit K. Sakhi
- Department of Food Safety, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Food Safety, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Aase
- Department of Child Health and Development, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie M. Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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de Morais Farias J, Krepsky N. Bacterial degradation of bisphenol analogues: an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76543-76564. [PMID: 36166118 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most produced synthetic monomers in the world and is widespread in the environment. BPA was replaced by bisphenol analogues (BP) because of its adverse effects on life. Bacteria can degrade BPA and other bisphenol analogues (BP), diminishing their environmental concentrations. This study aimed to summarize the knowledge and contribute to future studies. In this review, we surveyed papers on bacterial degradation of twelve different bisphenol analogues published between 1987 and June 2022. A total of 102 original papers from PubMed and Google Scholar were selected for this review. Most of the studies (94.1%, n = 96) on bacterial degradation of bisphenol analogues focused on BPA, and then on bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS). The number of studies on bacterial degradation of bisphenol analogues increased more than six times from 2000 (n = 2) to 2021 (n = 13). Indigenous microorganisms and the genera Sphingomonas, Sphingobium, and Cupriavidus could degrade several BP. However, few studies focussed on Cupriavidus. The acknowledgement of various aspects of BP bacterial biodegradation is vital for choosing the most suitable microorganisms for the bioremediation of a single BP or a mixture of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia de Morais Farias
- Laboratory of Water Microbiology (LACQUA), Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, CEP 22290‑240, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natascha Krepsky
- Laboratory of Water Microbiology (LACQUA), Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, CEP 22290‑240, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity (PPGBIO), Institute of Biosciences (IBIO), Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458. Urca, CEP: 22.290-255, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Institute of Biosciences (IBIO), Graduate Program in Ecotourism and Conservation, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458. Urca, CEP: 22.290-255, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Thistle JE, Ramos A, Roell KR, Choi G, Manley CK, Hall AM, Villanger GD, Cequier E, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Zeiner P, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Øvergaard KR, Herring A, Aase H, Engel SM. Prenatal organophosphorus pesticide exposure and executive function in preschool-aged children in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113555. [PMID: 35613628 PMCID: PMC9484279 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prenatal exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) has been associated with neurodevelopmental deficits in children, however evidence linking OPPs with specific cognitive mechanisms, such as executive function (EF), is limited. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the association between prenatal exposure to OPPs with multiple measures of EF in preschool-aged children, while considering the role of variant alleles in OPP metabolism genes. METHODS We included 262 children with preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 78 typically developing children, from the Preschool ADHD substudy of the Norwegian, Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. Participants who gave birth between 2004 and 2008 were invited to participate in an on-site clinical assessment when the child was approximately 3.5 years; measurements of EF included parent and teacher rating on Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool (BRIEF-P), and three performance-based assessments. We measured OPP metabolites in maternal urines collected at ∼17 weeks' gestation to calculate total dimethyl- (ΣDMP) and diethyl phosphate (ΣDEP) metabolite concentrations. We estimated multivariable adjusted β's and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) corresponding to a change in z-score per unit increase in log-ΣDMP/DEP. We further characterized gene-OPP interactions for maternal variants in PON1 (Q192R, M55L), CYP1A2 (1548T > C), CYP1A1 (IntG > A) and CYP2A6 (-47A > C). RESULTS Prenatal OPP metabolite concentrations were associated with worse parent and teacher ratings of emotional control, inhibition, and working memory. A one log-∑DMP increase was associated with poorer teacher ratings of EF on the BRIEF-P (e.g. emotional control domain: β = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.74), when weighted to account for sampling procedures. We found less consistent associations with performance-based EF assessments. We found some evidence of modification for PON1 Q192R and CYP2A6 -47A > C. Association with other variants were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers of prenatal OPP exposure were associated with more adverse teacher and parent ratings of EF in preschool-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake E Thistle
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Amanda Ramos
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kyle R Roell
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Giehae Choi
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cherrel K Manley
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amber M Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gro D Villanger
- Department of Child Health and Development, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Enrique Cequier
- Department of Environmental Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amrit K Sakhi
- Department of Environmental Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Zeiner
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Mental Disorders, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin R Øvergaard
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amy Herring
- Department of Statistical Science, Global Health Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heidi Aase
- Department of Child Health and Development, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Uldbjerg CS, Lim YH, Krause M, Frederiksen H, Andersson AM, Bräuner EV. Sex-specific associations between maternal exposure to parabens, phenols and phthalates during pregnancy and birth size outcomes in offspring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155565. [PMID: 35508231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence on the effects of prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals on birth size remains largely inconclusive. We aimed to investigate sex-specific associations between maternal exposure to parabens, phenols and phthalates during pregnancy and birth weight, length and head/abdominal circumferences. We performed a prospective study of 88 pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis in the period 2012 to 2014. Maternal urine samples were collected during pregnancy in weeks 12 to 36 (median: 18 weeks). The concentrations of parabens, phenols and individual phthalate diester metabolites were analyzed by isotope-diluted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and osmolality adjusted. Linear regression models estimated the associations between urinary levels of selected compounds (tertile(T2-T3)medium/high versus T1low exposure) and birth size, stratified by offspring sex. A total of three parabens, two phenols, four individual phthalate metabolites and four sums of diester metabolites were detectable above limits of detection in at least 60% of urine samples. Overall, we observed few statistically significant associations, but medium/high exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) in male offspring was associated with statistically significant lower birth size across most outcomes [birth weight: -428 g (95% CI -756 to -99.4); birth length: -1.76 cm (95% CI -3.28 to -0.25); abdominal circumference: -1.97 cm (95% CI -3.55 to -0.39)]. Similarly, medium/high exposure to methyl paraben (MeP) in male offspring was associated with lower birth weight (-661 g, 95% CI -1251 to -70.7) and length (-3.11 cm, 95% CI -5.76 to -0.46) compared to low exposure. None of these associations were statistically significant in female offspring. Across all compounds, individual exposures were associated with more negative estimates of birth weight for male than for female offspring. Our study indicates that prenatal exposure to BPA and MeP may negatively affect birth size outcomes, with a possible sex effect. Given the small sample size, these findings need to be replicated in future larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie S Uldbjerg
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Youn-Hee Lim
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Marianna Krause
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elvira V Bräuner
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides and Preschool ADHD in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138148. [PMID: 35805806 PMCID: PMC9266339 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) exposure has been associated with child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in agricultural communities and those that are exposed to residentially applied insecticides. To examine this association in populations that are exposed primarily through diet, we estimate the associations between prenatal OPP exposure and preschool ADHD in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), and describe modification by paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene variants. We used participants from the MoBa Preschool ADHD Sub-study (n = 259 cases) and a random sample of MoBa sub-cohort participants (n = 547) with birth years from 2004 to 2008. Prenatal urinary dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites (total diethylphosphate [∑DEP] and total dimethylphosphate [∑DMP]) were measured by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight system and summed by molar concentration. Maternal DNA was genotyped for coding variants of PON1 (Q192R and L55M). We used a multivariable logistic regression to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for maternal education, parity, income dependency, age, marital status, ADHD-like symptoms, pesticide use, produce consumption, and season. We found no associations between DAP metabolite concentrations and preschool ADHD. The adjusted ORs for exposure quartiles 2-4 relative to 1 were slightly inverse. No monotonic trends were observed, and the estimates lacked precision, likely due to the small sample size and variation in the population. We found no evidence of modification by PON1 SNP variation or child sex. Maternal urinary DAP concentrations were not associated with preschool ADHD.
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Reed JM, Spinelli P, Falcone S, He M, Goeke CM, Susiarjo M. Evaluating the Effects of BPA and TBBPA Exposure on Pregnancy Loss and Maternal-Fetal Immune Cells in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:37010. [PMID: 35343813 PMCID: PMC8959013 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been linked to miscarriages and pregnancy complications in humans. In contrast, the potential reproductive toxicity of BPA analogs, including tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), is understudied. Furthermore, although environmental exposure has been linked to altered immune mediators, the effects of BPA and TBBPA on maternal-fetal immune tolerance during pregnancy have not been studied. The present study investigated whether exposure resulted in higher rates of pregnancy loss in mice, lower number of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and lower indoleamine 2,3 deoxygenase 1 (Ido1) expression, which provided evidence for mechanisms related to immune tolerance in pregnancy. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the effects of BPA and TBBPA exposure on pregnancy loss in mice and to study the percentage and number of Tregs and Ido1 expression and DNA methylation. METHODS Analysis of fetal resorption and quantification of maternal and fetal immune cells by flow cytometry were performed in allogeneic and syngeneic pregnancies. Ido1 mRNA and protein expression, and DNA methylation in placentas from control and BPA- and TBBPA-exposed mice were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and bisulfite sequencing analyses. RESULTS BPA and TBBPA exposure resulted in higher rates of hemorrhaging in early allogeneic, but not syngeneic, conceptuses. In allogeneic pregnancies, BPA and TBBPA exposure was associated with higher fetal resorption rates and lower maternal Treg number. Importantly, these differences were associated with lower IDO1 protein expression in trophoblast giant cells and higher mean percentage Ido1 DNA methylation in embryonic day 9.5 placentas from BPA- and TBBPA-exposed mice. DISCUSSION BPA- and TBBPA-induced pregnancy loss in mice was associated with perturbed IDO1-dependent maternal immune tolerance. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10640.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M. Reed
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Philip Spinelli
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sierra Falcone
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Calla M. Goeke
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Martha Susiarjo
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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Bräuner EV, Uldbjerg CS, Lim YH, Gregersen LS, Krause M, Frederiksen H, Andersson AM. Presence of parabens, phenols and phthalates in paired maternal serum, urine and amniotic fluid. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106987. [PMID: 34991249 PMCID: PMC8739868 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether selected endocrine disrupting chemicals were present in pregnant women and passed through the placental barrier to amniotic fluid, potentially exposing the developing fetus. METHODS Paired samples of maternal serum, urine and amniotic fluid were concurrently collected (<1 h) from 200 pregnant women (age >18 years) with a singleton pregnancy and undergoing amniocentesis between gestational weeks 12 - 36. The concentration of six different parabens, seven phenols, 31 metabolites from 15 phthalate diesters and the polychlorinated substance triclocarban were analyzed by isotope diluted TurboFlow-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Concentrations of all included compounds were highest in maternal urine followed by serum, and lowest in amniotic fluid. Of the six parabens measured in amniotic fluid, methylparaben (MeP) and ethylparaben (EtP) were detectable most often (87% and 33% of the samples, respectively). Of the seven phenols measured, three (2,4-dichlorphenol, 2,5-dichlorphenol, 2-propylphenol) were detectable in the range of 14-21% of the amniotic fluid samples, at low concentrations (<0.12 ng/ml). Two secondary phthalates metabolites, mono-(2-carboxymethyl-hexyl) phthalate and mono-carboxy-iso-octyl phthalate were each present in ≤15% of the amniotic fluid samples at concentrations 2-5 times lower than in maternal serum and 20-100 times lower than in maternal urine. A modest statistically significant correlation between the levels of MeP and EtP was detected in paired maternal urine-amniotic fluid samples was detected (Spearman rMeP: 0.246; rEtP: 0.364). Likewise, the concentration of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) in paired maternal urine and amniotic fluid samples indicated a modest statistically significant correlation (Spearman rMEP: 0.264), driven by detectable levels of MEP in only 3% of the amniotic fluid samples. CONCLUSIONS In general, the included parabens, phenols and phthalates were effectively metabolized and excreted via the urine, which was the matrix that reflected the highest detectable levels. The detectable levels of several included parabens and phthalates in human amniotic fluid calls for further investigations of the toxicokinetic and potential endocrine disrupting properties of individual and multiple endocrine disruptors in order to better assess the risk to the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira V Bräuner
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie S Uldbjerg
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Youn-Hee Lim
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Laura S Gregersen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianna Krause
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Qu J, Xia W, Qian X, Wu Y, Li J, Wen S, Xu S. Geographic distribution and time trend of human exposure of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate among different age groups based on global biomonitoring data. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132115. [PMID: 34826892 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite being restricted by many authorities, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is still widely detected in the environment and biospecimens. To indentify populations of high risk and evaluate the effects of DEHP restrictions, we elucidated the geographic distribution of DEHP exposure levels among pregnant women and different age groups, and compared the time trend of exposure levels with the time course of productions/restrictions. The estimated daily intake (EDI) was calculated based on biomonitoring data in published epidemiological studies, and then the group EDI (EDIG) was calculated for one particular population, region, or period by weighting EDIs by sample sizes. Overall, 144,965 samples from 45 nations were included, with the sampling time ranging from 1982 to 2017. Children had the highest exposure level (5.50 μg/kg bw/day) worldwide, while infants and pregnant women had low levels (2.13 and 1.89 μg/kg bw/day, respectively). The EDIGs varied considerably between countries, and the majority of corresponding hazard quotients were less than 1; however, the risk behind can not be ignored. In the general population, the DEHP exposure level showed a downtrend from 4.40 μg/kg bw/day before 2000 to 2.23 μg/kg bw/day in 2015-2017. In the European Union, the annual trend of DEHP EDIGs of children and adults fitted the production and consumption volume, and the EDIGs decreased more sharply in children. The EDIGs of children decreased with a delay along with the regulations on the use of DEHP. Cutting productions/consumptions and restrictions are effective to reduce DEHP exposure, but current efforts are far from enough on a worldwide scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Qu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xia
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Qian
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Wen
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Gestational Phthalate Exposure and Preschool Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2021; 5:e161. [PMID: 34414345 PMCID: PMC8367074 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Prenatal phthalate exposure has been linked to altered neurobehavioral development in both animal models and epidemiologic studies, but whether or not these associations translate to increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders is unclear. We used a nested case-cohort study design to assess whether maternal urinary concentrations of 12 phthalate metabolites at 17 weeks gestation were associated with criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) classified among 3-year-old children in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Between 2007 and 2011, 260 children in this substudy were classified with ADHD using a standardized, on-site clinical assessment; they were compared with 549 population-based controls. We modeled phthalate levels both linearly and by quintiles in logistic regression models adjusted for relevant covariates and tested for interaction by child sex. Children of mothers in the highest quintile of di-iso-nonyl phthalate (∑DiNP) metabolite levels had 1.70 times the odds of being classified with ADHD compared with those in the lowest quintile (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03 to 2.82). In linear models, there was a trend with the sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (∑DEHP); each natural log-unit increase in concentration was associated with 1.22 times the odds of ADHD (95% CI = 0.99 to 1.52). In boys, but not girls, mono-n-butyl phthalate exposure was associated with increased odds of ADHD (odds ratio [OR] 1.42; 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.88). Additional adjustment for correlated phthalate metabolites attenuated estimates. These results suggest gestational phthalate exposure may impact the behavior of children as young as 3 years.
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21
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Liu H, Campana AM, Wang Y, Kannan K, Liu M, Zhu H, Mehta-Lee S, Brubaker SG, Kahn LG, Trasande L, Ghassabian A. Organophosphate pesticide exposure: Demographic and dietary predictors in an urban pregnancy cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:116920. [PMID: 33839620 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women are widely exposed to organophosphate (OP) pesticides, which are potentially neurotoxicant for the developing fetus. We aimed to identify principal demographic and dietary predictors of OP pesticide exposure among 450 pregnant women participating in the New York University Children's Health and Environment Study (enrolled 2016-19). Urinary concentrations of six dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites (3 dimethyl (DM) metabolites and 3 diethyl (DE) metabolites) of OP pesticides were determined at three time points across pregnancy. At mid-gestation, the Diet History Questionnaire II was used to assess women's dietary intake over the past year. Demographic characteristics were obtained using questionnaires and/or electronic health records. We used linear mixed models to evaluate the associations of demographic and food groups with DAP metabolite levels, and partial-linear single-index (PLSI) models to analyze the contribution proportions of food groups to DAP metabolite concentrations and the dose-response relationships between them. We observed that pregnant women in NYC had lower levels of OP pesticide metabolites than pregnant populations in Europe, Asia, and other regions in the U.S. Having lower pre-pregnancy body mass index and being Asian, employed, and single were associated with higher DAP metabolite concentrations. Fruit and grain intakes were associated with higher ∑DM, ∑DE, and ∑DAP levels. ∑DE concentrations increased 9.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2%, 17.4%) per two-fold increase in dairy consumption, whereas ∑DE concentrations decreased 1.8% (95%CI = -3.1%, -0.4%) per two-fold increase in seafood consumption. The PLSI model indicated that among the food mixture, fruit and grains were the main food groups contributed to higher levels of ∑DAP, while meat contributed to lower levels of ∑DAP. The contribution proportions of fruit, grains, and meat were 18.7%, 17.9%, and 39.3%, respectively. Our results suggest that fruit, grains, and meat are major dietary components associated with OP pesticide exposure in urban pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Anna Maria Campana
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mengling Liu
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shilpi Mehta-Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara G Brubaker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda G Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; NYU Wagner School of Public Service, New York, NY, USA; NYU College of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Lee G, Kim S, Park H, Lee J, Lee JP, Kho Y, Choi G, Park J, Worakhunpiset S, Moon HB, Choi K. Variability of urinary creatinine, specific gravity, and osmolality over the course of pregnancy: Implications in exposure assessment among pregnant women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:110473. [PMID: 33189745 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to dilution status of the urine, chemical concentrations measured in spot urine are frequently adjusted using correction factors, such as creatinine, specific gravity (SG), or osmolarity of the urine. Urinary correction factors, however, can be influenced dramatically by physiological changes such as pregnancy. Details about the variation of urine dilution over the course of pregnancy are not well characterized. In the present study, we investigated the variation of urine correction factors over time among the pregnant women of Korea (n = 69) and Thailand (n = 102). Creatinine, SG, and osmolality were determined in the urine samples obtained in each trimester of the participating women, and were compared by sampling time and by nationality. Implication of the variation in these correction factors was studied using phthalate metabolites measured in the urine samples as model chemicals. Urinary correction factors significantly varied across the trimesters especially in Korean pregnant women: urinary creatinine and osmolality were significantly lower in the third trimester (T3) urine than the first trimester (T1) urine. Urinary creatinine and SG of the T3 urine of Korean pregnant women were also significantly lower than those reported from the non-pregnant women who participated in Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015-2017. Among Thai women, however, these correction factors were rather stable across the pregnancy. Differences in ethnicity, or in behavior such as water consumption amount may partly explain the differences. Temporal changes in these urine correction factors influenced the urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations adjusted for dilution, in both Korean and Thai pregnant women. The present observations show that the variations of urinary correction factors should be considered in exposure assessment of urinary chemicals for pregnant women, in order to circumvent potential bias due to physiological changes occurring during pregnancy, and to reduce errors in exposure classification and association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Chemical Safety Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuyeon Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Park
- Cheongdam Yeon & Nature Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suwalee Worakhunpiset
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Urinary Metabolites of Organophosphate Pesticides among Pregnant Women Participating in the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115929. [PMID: 34073036 PMCID: PMC8199379 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) exhibit neurodevelopmental toxicity. To evaluate the effect of prenatal exposure to OPPs in the Japan Environment and Children's Study, a nationally representative birth cohort study, 4575 maternal urine samples were analysed for six OPP metabolites, i.e., dialkylphosphates (DAPs). This study aimed to investigate predictors of urinary DAPs using machine learning approaches and to assess the cumulative risk based on relative potency factors among Japanese pregnant women. The median creatinine-normalised urinary concentrations (interquartile ranges) of dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate and diethylphosphate, which had a detection rate of 50% or higher, were 3.53 (1.91-6.78), 4.09 (1.66-10.8) and 3.28 (1.88-5.98) µg/g-creatinine, respectively. Possible predictors of urinary DAP concentrations were the month of urine sampling, consumption of apple and maternal body mass index. When fenitrothion was used as an index chemical for cumulative risk assessment, 0.36% of participants exceeded the lower 95% confidence limit of the benchmark dose10.
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Choi G, Villanger GD, Drover SSM, Sakhi AK, Thomsen C, Nethery RC, Zeiner P, Knudsen GP, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Øvergaard KR, Herring AH, Skogan AH, Biele G, Aase H, Engel SM. Prenatal phthalate exposures and executive function in preschool children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 149:106403. [PMID: 33524667 PMCID: PMC7945722 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal phthalate exposure has been linked with altered neurodevelopment, including externalizing behaviors and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the implicated metabolite, neurobehavioral endpoint, and child sex have not always been consistent across studies, possibly due to heterogeneity in neurodevelopmental instruments. The complex set of findings may be synthesized using executive function (EF), a construct of complex cognitive processes that facilitate ongoing goal-directed behaviors. Impaired EF can be presented with various phenotypes of poor neurodevelopment, differently across structured conditions, home/community, or preschool/school. We evaluated the relationship between prenatal phthalate exposure and comprehensive assessment of preschool EF. METHODS Our study comprised 262 children with clinically significant/subthreshold ADHD symptoms and 78 typically developing children who were born between 2003 and 2008 and participated in the Preschool ADHD Substudy, which is nested within a population-based prospective cohort study, the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort (MoBa). Twelve phthalate metabolites were measured from urine samples that their mothers had provided during pregnancy, at 17 weeks' gestation. All children, at approximately 3.5-years, took part in a detailed clinical assessment that included parent-and teacher-rated inventories and administered tests. We used instruments that measured constructs related to EF, which include a parent-and teacher-reported Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool (BRIEF-P) and three performance-based tests: A Developmental NEuroPSYchological Assessment (NEPSY), Stanford-Binet intelligence test V (SB5), and the cookie delay task (CDT). The standard deviation change in test score per interquartile range (IQR) increase in phthalate metabolite was estimated with multivariable linear regression. We applied weighting in all models to account for the oversampling of children with clinically significant or subthreshold symptoms of ADHD. Additionally, we assessed modification by child sex and potential co-pollutant confounding. RESULTS Elevated exposure to mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) during pregnancy was associated with poorer EF, across all domains and instruments, in both sex. For example, an IQR increase in MBzP was associated with poorer working memory rated by parent (1.23 [95% CI: 0.20, 2.26]) and teacher (1.13 [0.14, 2.13]) using BRIEF-P, and administered tests such as SB5 (no-verbal: 0.19 [0.09, 0.28]; verbal: 0.13 [0.01, 0.25]). Adverse associations were also observed for mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) and mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), although results varied by instruments. EF domains reported by parents using BRIEF-P were most apparently implicated, with stronger associations among boys (e.g., MnBP and inhibition: 2.74 [1.77, 3.72]; MiBP and inhibition: 1.88 [0.84, 2.92]) than among girls (e.g., MnBP and inhibition: -0.63 [-2.08, 0.83], interaction p-value: 0.04; MiBP and inhibition: -0.15 [-1.04, 0.74], interaction p-value: 0.3). Differences by sex, however, were not found for the teacher-rated BRIEF-P or administered tests including NEPSY, SB5, and CDT. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Elevated mid-pregnancy MBzP, MiBP, and MnBP were associated with more adverse profiles of EF among preschool-aged children across a range of instruments and raters, with some associations found only among boys. Given our findings and accumulating evidence of the prenatal period as a critical window for phthalate exposure, there is a timely need to expand the current phthalate regulations focused on baby products to include pregnancy exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giehae Choi
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Gro D Villanger
- Department of Child Health and Development, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Samantha S M Drover
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amrit K Sakhi
- Department of Environmental Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rachel C Nethery
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pål Zeiner
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gun Peggy Knudsen
- Division of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Mental Disorders, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin R Øvergaard
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amy H Herring
- Department of Statistical Science, Global Health Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Annette H Skogan
- The National Centre for Epilepsy, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Guido Biele
- Department of Child Health and Development, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Aase
- Department of Child Health and Development, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Mesnil M, Defamie N, Naus C, Sarrouilhe D. Brain Disorders and Chemical Pollutants: A Gap Junction Link? Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010051. [PMID: 33396565 PMCID: PMC7824109 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of brain pathologies has increased during last decades. Better diagnosis (autism spectrum disorders) and longer life expectancy (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease) partly explain this increase, while emerging data suggest pollutant exposures as a possible but still underestimated cause of major brain disorders. Taking into account that the brain parenchyma is rich in gap junctions and that most pollutants inhibit their function; brain disorders might be the consequence of gap-junctional alterations due to long-term exposures to pollutants. In this article, this hypothesis is addressed through three complementary aspects: (1) the gap-junctional organization and connexin expression in brain parenchyma and their function; (2) the effect of major pollutants (pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, heavy metals, airborne particles, etc.) on gap-junctional and connexin functions; (3) a description of the major brain disorders categorized as neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, epilepsy), neurobehavioral (migraines, major depressive disorders), neurodegenerative (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases) and cancers (glioma), in which both connexin dysfunction and pollutant involvement have been described. Based on these different aspects, the possible involvement of pollutant-inhibited gap junctions in brain disorders is discussed for prenatal and postnatal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Mesnil
- Laboratoire STIM, ERL7003 CNRS-Université de Poitiers, 1 rue G. Bonnet–TSA 51 106, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Norah Defamie
- Laboratoire STIM, ERL7003 CNRS-Université de Poitiers, 1 rue G. Bonnet–TSA 51 106, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Christian Naus
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada;
| | - Denis Sarrouilhe
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Humaine, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, 6 rue de La Milétrie, bât D1, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-5-49-45-43-58
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Barrón Cuenca J, Tirado N, Vikström M, Lindh CH, Stenius U, Leander K, Berglund M, Dreij K. Pesticide exposure among Bolivian farmers: associations between worker protection and exposure biomarkers. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:730-742. [PMID: 30787424 PMCID: PMC8608618 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of pesticides has increased during the past decades, also increasing the risk of exposure to toxic pesticides that can cause detrimental health effects in the future. This is of special concern among farmers in low-to-middle-income countries that may lack proper training in the safe use of these chemicals. To assess the situation in Bolivia a cross-sectional study in three agricultural communities was performed (n = 297). Handling, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and pesticide exposure were assessed by a questionnaire and measurements of urinary pesticide metabolites (UPMs). Results showed that methamidophos (65%) and paraquat (52%) were the most commonly used pesticides and that 75% of the farmers combined several pesticides while spraying. Notably, only 17% of the farmers used recommended PPEs while 84% reported to have experienced symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning after spraying. UPM measurements indicated high levels of exposure to chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids and 2,4D and that men generally were more highly exposed compared to women. Our study demonstrates that farmers who are better at following recommendations for pesticide handling and use of PPE had a significantly lower risk of having high UPM levels of most measured pesticides. Our results thus confirm the need of proper training of farmers in low-to-middle-income countries in proper protection and pesticide handling in order to reduce exposure levels and health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Barrón Cuenca
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Genetic Institute, Medicine Faculty, Mayor of San Andres University, Saavedra Av., #2246, Miraflores, La Paz, Bolivia.
| | - Noemi Tirado
- Genetic Institute, Medicine Faculty, Mayor of San Andres University, Saavedra Av., #2246, Miraflores, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Max Vikström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulla Stenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Leander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marika Berglund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rousis NI, Gracia-Lor E, Reid MJ, Baz-Lomba JA, Ryu Y, Zuccato E, Thomas KV, Castiglioni S. Assessment of human exposure to selected pesticides in Norway by wastewater analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138132. [PMID: 32222514 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides offer many benefits for humanity and agriculture, but at the same time pose a potential risk to human health because of their widespread use and high biological activity. Human biomonitoring (HBM) studies are the main tool to investigate human exposure to pesticides and other chemicals, but face limitations such as sampling biases, long time to complete and high costs. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an alternative approach that is centered on the chemical analysis of biomarkers of (pesticide) exposure in urban wastewater. The present study used WBE to assess human exposure to selected classes of pesticides, triazines, pyrethroids and organophosphates, in Norway. Untreated wastewater samples were collected from four cities, covering approximately 20% of the Norwegian population. The highest population weighted mass loads (mg/day/1000 inhabitants) were for alkyl phosphates and the lowest for triazines. Some differences were observed for the two metabolites, 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (IMPY) and 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid (DCCA), which were higher in the rural city of Hamar. WBE figures were comparable with HBM findings for the specific metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos methyl (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; TCPY) but were different for the alkyl phosphates. Pyrethroid intake was calculated and was lower than the acceptable daily intake in all the cities, indicating low risk for human health. This is the most extensive WBE study performed to date to assess national human exposure to pesticides. This study demonstrated that WBE has the potential to be a useful complementary biomonitoring tool for assessing population-wide exposure to pesticides, overcoming some of the limitations of HBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos I Rousis
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy.
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Malcolm J Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy.
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Lee G, Kim S, Kho Y, Kim S, Lee S, Choi G, Park J, Worakhunpiset S, Moon HB, Okanurak K, Geounuppakul M, Tangtitawong J, Wetsutthanon K, Trisurat D, Choi K. Urinary levels of phthalates and DINCH metabolites in Korean and Thai pregnant women across three trimesters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134822. [PMID: 31818591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are anti-androgenic chemicals and may cause long-lasting adverse effects on growing fetuses. Understanding their exposure profile during pregnancy, therefore, is of public health importance. Because both behavioral and physiological changes of pregnant women are expected to be substantial, the amount of phthalate exposure is expected to vary significantly over the course of pregnancy. Temporal trend of phthalate exposure during pregnancy, however, is largely unknown, especially in Asian women. The purpose of this study is to investigate the urinary concentrations of metabolites for major phthalates and alternative plasticizers over the course of pregnancy among Korean (n = 81) and Thai women (n = 102). Twenty-four metabolites from 15 plasticizers, such as dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dioctyl phthalate (DnOP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and di-(iso-nonyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), were measured in urine samples collected in each trimester from pregnant women. While the levels of several phthalate metabolites were significantly different by trimester among Korean women, those of Thai women were relatively consistent. Urinary metabolites of DEP and DnOP were higher in Thai pregnant women compared to Korean pregnant women. The detection frequencies of the DINCH metabolite were 67.4% and 44.9% among Korean and Thai pregnant women, respectively. However, the ratio of DINCH to DEHP metabolites was significantly higher in Thai women. According to risk assessment, 11.9% of Korean and 5.3% of Thai women were considered at risk due to phthalate exposure, and DEHP, DnBP and DiBP were identified as major risk drivers. Considering the vulnerability of growing fetuses, further studies are warranted to identify major sources of exposure to these plasticizers during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; CentralBio Co., Ltd., Gimpo, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyeong Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuyeon Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Park
- Cheongdam Yeon & Nature Obestetrics & Gynecology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suwalee Worakhunpiset
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamolnetr Okanurak
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Villanger GD, Drover SSM, Nethery RC, Thomsen C, Sakhi AK, Øvergaard KR, Zeiner P, Hoppin JA, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Aase H, Engel SM. Associations between urine phthalate metabolites and thyroid function in pregnant women and the influence of iodine status. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105509. [PMID: 32044443 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human populations, including susceptible subpopulations such as pregnant women and their fetuses, are continuously exposed to phthalates. Phthalates may affect the thyroid hormone system, causing concern for pregnancy health, birth outcomes and child development. Few studies have investigated the joint effect of phthalates on thyroid function in pregnant women, although they are present as a mixture with highly inter-correlated compounds. Additionally, no studies have investigated if the key nutrient for thyroid health, iodine, modifies these relationships. METHODS In this study, we examined the cross-sectional relationships between concentrations of 12 urinary phthalate metabolites and 6 plasma thyroid function biomarkers measured mid-pregnancy (~17 week gestation) in pregnant women (N = 1072), that were selected from a population-based prospective birth cohort, The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort study (MoBa). We investigated if the phthalate metabolite-thyroid function biomarker associations differed by iodine status by using a validated estimate of habitual dietary iodine intake based on a food frequency questionnaire from the 22nd gestation week. We accounted for the phthalate metabolite mixture by factor analyses, ultimately reducing the exposure into two uncorrelated factors. These factors were used as predictors in multivariable adjusted linear regression models with thyroid function biomarkers as the outcomes. RESULTS Factor 1, which included high loadings for mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), was associated with increased total triiodothyronine (TT3) and free T3 index (fT3i). These associations appeared to be driven primarily by women with low iodine intake (<150 µg/day, ~70% of our sample). Iodine intake significantly modified (p-interaction < 0.05) the association of factor 1 with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4) and free T4 index (fT4i), such that only among women in the high iodine intake category (≥150 µg/day, i.e. sufficient) was this factor associated with increased TSH and decreased TT4 and FT4i, respectively. In contrast, factor 2, which included high loadings for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (∑DEHP) and di-iso-nonyl phthalate metabolites (∑DiNP), was associated with a decrease in TT3 and fT3i, which appeared fairly uniform across iodine intake categories. CONCLUSION We find that phthalate exposure is associated with thyroid function in mid-pregnancy among Norwegian women, and that iodine intake, which is essential for thyroid health, could influence some of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro D Villanger
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Samantha S M Drover
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina and Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Amrit K Sakhi
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin R Øvergaard
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pal Zeiner
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jane A Hoppin
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Aase
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina and Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Qin K, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Shi R, Pan R, Yao Q, Tian Y, Gao Y. Prenatal organophosphate pesticide exposure and reproductive hormones in cord blood in Shandong, China. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 225:113479. [PMID: 32062593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) have been found to be associated with endocrine disorders, but limited research has been conducted to evaluate the relationship between maternal OP exposure and fetal reproductive hormone levels. In this study, we investigated the association between prenatal OP exposure and fetal reproductive hormones. METHODS A total of 306 healthy pregnant women were enrolled between September 2010 and February 2012. Pesticide exposure was assessed via the analysis of maternal urinary nonspecific metabolites of OPs (dialkylphosphate, DAP), and four reproductive hormones were measured in cord blood. Linear regression models and generalized linear models were used to estimate the associations between DAP metabolites and reproductive hormones, and further stratified by infant sex. RESULTS We found that concentrations of diethylphosphate (DEP) (β = -0.03; 95% CI: -0.07, -0.00) were inversely associated with estradiol (E2). Dimethylphosphate (DMP) (β = -0.08; 95% CI: -0.13, -0.03), diethylthiophosphate (DETP) (β = -0.08; 95% CI: -0.14, -0.01), and DAPs (β = -0.10; 95% CI: -0.17, -0.03) were inversely associated with testosterone (T) levels. DMP was inversely associated with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (β = -0.03; 95% CI: -0.05, -0.01). DMP (β = -0.06; 95% CI: -0.10, -0.01) and DETP (β = -0.07; 95% CI: -0.13, -0.01) showed inverse associations with the testosterone/estradiol (T/E2) ratio. Moreover, the magnitude of associations notably increased in higher quartiles of concentrations in a dose-response manner. After stratification by sex, these effects were mainly observed among female infants. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the potential impacts of prenatal OP exposure on fetal reproductive hormones, and that sex-related differences may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Qin
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Yao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Eltoukhy A, Jia Y, Nahurira R, Abo-Kadoum MA, Khokhar I, Wang J, Yan Y. Biodegradation of endocrine disruptor Bisphenol A by Pseudomonas putida strain YC-AE1 isolated from polluted soil, Guangdong, China. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:11. [PMID: 31931706 PMCID: PMC6958771 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-1699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bisphenol A is an important organic chemical as an intermediate, final and inert ingredient in manufacturing of many important products like polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, flame retardants, food–drink packaging coating, and other. BPA is an endocrine disruptor compound that mimics the function of estrogen causing damage to reproductive organs. Bacterial degradation has been consider as a cost effective and eco-friendly method for BPA degradation compared with physical and chemical methods. This study aimed to isolate and identify bacterial strain capable to degrade and tolerate high concentrations of this pollutant, studying the factors affecting the degradation process and study the degradation mechanism of this strain. Results YC-AE1 is a Gram negative bacterial strain isolated from soil and identified as Pseudomonas putida by 16S rRNA gene sequence and BIOLOG identification system. This strain found to have a high capacity to degrade the endocrine disruptor Bisphenol A (BPA). Response surface methodology using central composite design was used to statistically optimize the environmental factors during BPA degradation and the results obtained by significant model were 7.2, 30 °C and 2.5% for optimum initial pH, temperature and inoculum size, respectively. Prolonged incubation period with low NaCl concentration improve the biodegradation of BPA. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed high coefficient of determination, R2 and Adj-R2 which were 0.9979 and 0.9935, respectively. Substrate analysis found that, strain YC-AE1 could degrade a wide variety of bisphenol A-related pollutants such as bisphenol B, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, Dibutyl phthalate, Diethylhexyl phthalate and Diethyl phthalate in varying proportion. Pseudomonas putida YC-AE1 showed high ability to degrade a wide range of BPA concentrations (0.5–1000 mg l− 1) with completely degradation for 500 mg l− 1 within 72 h. Metabolic intermediates detected in this study by HPLC-MS were identified as 4,4-dihydroxy-alpha-methylstilbene, p-hydroxybenzaldeyde, p-hydroxyacetophenone, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, 4-hydroxyphenacyl alcohol, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol, 1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propanol and 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate. Conclusions This study reports Pseudomonas putida YC-AE1 as BPA biodegrader with high performance in degradation and tolerance to high BPA concentration. It exhibited strong degradation capacity and prominent adaptability towards a wide range of environmental conditions. Moreover, it degrades BPA in a short time via two different degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Eltoukhy
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.,Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, AL-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Yang Jia
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ruth Nahurira
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - M A Abo-Kadoum
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, AL-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.,Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ibatsam Khokhar
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junhuan Wang
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanchun Yan
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ji L, Zhou Y, Shi R, Kamijima M, Ueyama J, Gao Y, Tian Y. Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides, maternal paraoxonase 1 genotype, and childhood neurodevelopment at 24 months of age in Shandong, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:1969-1977. [PMID: 31768953 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure was reported to negatively affect childhood neurodevelopment. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of OPs and may affect an individual's susceptibility to OP exposure. However, little is known about its role in the associations of prenatal OP exposure and childhood neurodevelopment. We measured dimethylphosphate (DM), diethylphosphate (DE), and total dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites in maternal urine (n = 436) as well as PON1-108C/T and PON1192Q/R genotypes in maternal blood (n = 244). We assessed the modifying effects of maternal PON1-108C/T and PON1192Q/R genotypes on relationships between prenatal OP exposure and developmental quotients (DQs) in 24-month-old children in Shandong, China (n = 172). Among children of mothers carrying PON1-108CC, a tenfold increase in prenatal DMs was associated with a 5.72-point decrease in social domain DQ scores. Among children of mothers carrying PON1192QQ, a tenfold increase in prenatal DMs and DAPs were associated with a 7.68- and 7.67-point decrease in gross motor domain DQ scores, respectively. Among children of mothers carrying PON1192QQ, a tenfold increase in prenatal DMs, DEs, and DAPs were associated with a 7.52-, 9.07-, and 9.60-point decrease in social domain DQ scores, respectively. Maternal PON1 genotype might modify the associations between prenatal OP exposure and children's neurodevelopment at 24 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Neonatology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Tian
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Bravo N, Grimalt JO, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Sarigiannis DA, Horvat M. Mother/child organophosphate and pyrethroid distributions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105264. [PMID: 31706197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports one of the few cases in which organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticide human exposure is evaluated in family contexts by the analysis of mother/child pair samples. Urinary concentrations of 6 organic metabolites of organophosphates and 2 pyrethroids were measured in mothers and their 7-to 8-year-old children (n = 168) in a general population from the central area of Slovenia. The results were adjusted for specific gravity and creatinine. The most abundant OP metabolite in children was 4-nitrophenol (PNP) (median 0.7 ng/ml) and in mothers (0.45 ng/ml), representing parathion exposure. 3-Phenoxibenzoic acid (3-PBA) (0.26 ng/ml), the general metabolite of pyrethroids, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) (0.16 ng/ml; chlorpyriphos) were the second most abundant compounds in children and mothers, respectively. The geometric mean specific gravity adjusted concentrations of OPs and PYRs were statistically significantly higher in children than in their mothers (between 3% and 24% higher), with the exception of TCPY (26% lower). All OP and PYR metabolites found in higher concentration in children showed significant positive correlations with the metabolite concentrations found in the mothers (p < 0.05 and 0.01), involving the fact that higher maternal concentrations were associated with higher children levels. These differential mother-children distributions and significant correlations were observed for the 2 types of pesticides studied, OPs and PYRs, which have different chemical properties. This agreement is consistent with the incorporation of the pesticides because of the general activities developed in the family context, instead of pesticide-dependent specific inputs. Comparison of the estimated daily intakes with the acceptable daily intakes of all detected metabolites revealed no significant risk of adverse health effects from exposure to these pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Darja Mazej
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimosthenis Andreas Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki University Campus, Bldg. D, Rm 201, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Mulder TA, van den Dries MA, Korevaar TIM, Ferguson KK, Peeters RP, Tiemeier H. Organophosphate pesticides exposure in pregnant women and maternal and cord blood thyroid hormone concentrations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105124. [PMID: 31479957 PMCID: PMC6827719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest that organophosphate (OP) pesticides exposure affects thyroid function, but evidence in humans remains sparse and inconclusive. Gestational exposure is of particular interest, since thyroid hormone is essential for fetal brain development. OP pesticides are able to cross the placental and blood-brain barrier and may interfere with fetal development processes regulated by thyroid hormone. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of gestational OP pesticides exposure during pregnancy with maternal and cord blood thyroid hormone concentrations. METHODS This study was embedded within Generation R (Rotterdam, the Netherlands), a prospective population-based birth cohort. Mother-child pairs with OP pesticides assessment and maternal (N = 715) or cord blood (N = 482) thyroid hormone measurements were included. OP pesticides exposure was assessed at <18, 18-25, and >25 weeks gestation by measuring six urinary dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured in maternal and cord blood. Maternal measures also included total thyroxine (TT4) and TPO antibodies (TPOAbs). To study the association of creatinine-adjusted DAP metabolite concentrations with thyroid function and TPO antibodies, multivariable linear regression models including relevant confounders were used. RESULTS There was no association of DAP metabolites with maternal TSH, FT4, TT4 or TPOAb concentrations during pregnancy. Similarly, there was no association of DAP metabolites with cord blood TSH or FT4. Results did not change when DAP concentrations were analyzed at individual time points or as mean gestational exposure. CONCLUSION Gestational OP pesticides exposure, as assessed by repeatedly measured urinary DAP metabolite concentrations in an urban population, was not associated with maternal or cord blood thyroid hormone concentrations. These findings do not support a mediating role for serum thyroid hormone availability in the relation of early life exposure to low levels of OP pesticides with child neurodevelopment. However, disruption of the thyroid system at tissue level cannot be excluded. In addition, this is one of the first studies on this subject and measurement error in DAP metabolites might have resulted in imprecise estimates. Future studies should use more urine samples to increase precision and should investigate specific OP pesticide metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa A Mulder
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel A van den Dries
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim I M Korevaar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
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van den Dries MA, Guxens M, Pronk A, Spaan S, El Marroun H, Jusko TA, Longnecker MP, Ferguson KK, Tiemeier H. Organophosphate pesticide metabolite concentrations in urine during pregnancy and offspring attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autistic traits. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105002. [PMID: 31369979 PMCID: PMC6939991 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides has been associated with altered neuronal cell development and behavioral changes in animal offspring. However, the few studies investigating the association between prenatal OP pesticide exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and autistic traits in children produced mixed findings. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to examine whether maternal urinary concentrations of OP pesticide metabolites are associated with ADHD and autistic traits in children participating in the Generation R Study, a population-based birth cohort from Rotterdam, the Netherlands. METHOD Maternal concentrations of 6 dialkylphosphates (DAPs) were measured using gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in urine samples collected at <18 weeks, 18-25 weeks, and > 25 weeks of gestation in 784 mother-child pairs. DAP metabolite concentrations were expressed as molar concentrations divided by creatinine levels and log10 transformed. ADHD traits were measured at ages 3, 6, and 10 years using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (n = 781) and autistic traits were measured at age 6 years using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) (n = 622). First, regression models were fit for the averaged prenatal exposure across pregnancy. Second, we investigated associations for each collection phase separately, and applied a mutually adjusted model in which the effect of prenatal DAP concentrations from each time period on ADHD and autistic traits were jointly estimated. All associations were adjusted for relevant confounders. RESULTS Median DAP metabolite concentration was 309 nmol/g creatinine at <18 weeks, 316 nmol/g creatinine at 18-25 weeks, and 308 nmol/g creatinine at >25 weeks of gestation. Overall, DAP metabolite concentrations were not associated with ADHD traits. For instance, a log10 increase in averaged total DAP concentrations across gestation was not associated with a lower ADHD score (-0.03 per SD 95 CI: -0.28 to 0.23). Similarly, no associations between maternal DAP concentrations and autistic traits were detected. CONCLUSIONS In this study of maternal urinary DAP metabolite concentrations during pregnancy, we did not observe associations with ADHD and autistic traits in children. These are important null observations because of the relatively high background DAP concentrations across pregnancy, the relatively large sample size, and the 10-year follow-up of the offspring. Given the measurement error inherent in our OP pesticide exposure biomarkers, future studies using more urine samples are needed to accurately measure OP pesticide exposure over pregnancy in relation to ADHD and autistic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A van den Dries
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Spaan
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Hanan El Marroun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences - Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Todd A Jusko
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Matthew P Longnecker
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
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Hoepner LA. Bisphenol a: A narrative review of prenatal exposure effects on adipogenesis and childhood obesity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:54-68. [PMID: 30897403 PMCID: PMC10637253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is significant evidence of globally ubiquitous prenatal exposures to bisphenol A (BPA). Childhood obesity as an epidemic has been a global concern for over a decade. Experimental models and epidemiological evidence suggest that BPA may act as an obesogen during adipogenesis. Results from stem cell models and birth cohort studies support the developmental origins of health and disease theory. While literature reviews have presented a variety of potential mechanisms of BPA action during adipogenesis, there remains no consensus. This review is the first to explore the proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) mechanism in detail. This review will also examine the obesogenic effect of prenatal exposure to BPA during critical windows of vulnerability. Although vast experimental literature exists, there is limited epidemiological evidence to support the hypothesis for the obesogenic effect of BPA. The primary goal of this review is to provide researchers with a roadmap of existing research and suggestions for future directions for analyzing the relationship between prenatal BPA exposures and childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Hoepner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Downstate Medical Center School of Public Health, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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The environmental obesogen bisphenol A increases macrophage self-renewal. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:81-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7020021. [PMID: 30959800 PMCID: PMC6630674 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (diesters of phthalic acid) are widely used as plasticizers and additives in many consumer products. Laboratory animal studies have reported the endocrine-disrupting and reproductive effects of phthalates, and human exposure to this class of chemicals is a concern. Several phthalates have been recognized as substances of high concern. Human exposure to phthalates occurs mainly via dietary sources, dermal absorption, and air inhalation. Phthalates are excreted as conjugated monoesters in urine, and some phthalates, such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), undergo secondary metabolism, including oxidative transformation, prior to urinary excretion. The occurrence of phthalates and their metabolites in urine, serum, breast milk, and semen has been widely reported. Urine has been the preferred matrix in human biomonitoring studies, and concentrations on the order of several tens to hundreds of nanograms per milliliter have been reported for several phthalate metabolites. Metabolites of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl- (DBP) and diisobutyl- (DiBP) phthalates, and DEHP were the most abundant compounds measured in urine. Temporal trends in phthalate exposures varied among countries. In the United States (US), DEHP exposure has declined since 2005, whereas DiNP exposure has increased. In China, DEHP exposure has increased since 2000. For many phthalates, exposures in children are higher than those in adults. Human epidemiological studies have shown a significant association between phthalate exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes in women and men, type II diabetes and insulin resistance, overweight/obesity, allergy, and asthma. This review compiles biomonitoring studies of phthalates and exposure doses to assess health risks from phthalate exposures in populations across the globe.
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Zuccarello P, Oliveri Conti G, Cavallaro F, Copat C, Cristaldi A, Fiore M, Ferrante M. Implication of dietary phthalates in breast cancer. A systematic review. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:667-674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Association Between Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Thyroid Hormones in Pregnant Women. Epidemiology 2018; 28 Suppl 1:S35-S40. [PMID: 29028673 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) is widespread in China. Although animal studies suggested that OP exposure could affect thyroid function, little is explored in human populations. METHODS We investigated levels of OP exposure in pregnant women and the relationship between OPs and thyroid hormones in Shandong, China. We enrolled 637 pregnant women from April 2011 to December 2013. OP exposure was assessed by a questionnaire administered to the pregnant women in the hospital and by analyses of urinary dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites of OPs in pregnant women (n = 413). We measured the concentration of five thyroid hormones in serum samples in pregnant women (n = 325) and analyzed the association between DAP metabolites of OPs and thyroid hormones (n = 325). RESULTS Median levels of DAP metabolites were 9.81 μg/L for dimethylphosphate (DMP), 0.79 μg/L for dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), 5.00 μg/L for diethylphosphate (DEP), and 0.78 μg/L for diethylthiophosphate (DETP), which were higher than those reported in developed countries. We found that the total DAP concentration (the sum of DMP, DMTP, DEP, and DETP) in urine was positively associated with free T4 levels (β = 0.137; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.012, 0.263) and negatively associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (β = -0.145; 95% CI = -0.242, -0.048). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that OP exposure may be associated with changes in thyroid function in pregnant women. Given that urinary OP levels in pregnant women in Shandong were much higher than those reported in developed countries, further studies on the effects of OP exposure on thyroid function in pregnant women in China are warranted.
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Noszczyńska M, Piotrowska-Seget Z. Bisphenols: Application, occurrence, safety, and biodegradation mediated by bacterial communities in wastewater treatment plants and rivers. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:214-223. [PMID: 29524822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Numerous data indicate that most of bisphenols (BPs) are endocrine disrupters and exhibit cytotoxicity, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity against vertebrates. Nevertheless, they are widely applied in material production what result in their ubiquitous occurrence in ecosystems. While BPA is the most frequently detected in environment, BPAF, BPF and BPS are also often found. Ecosystem particularly exposed to BPs pollution is industrial and municipal wastewater being a common source of BPA in river waters. Different techniques to remove BPs from these ecosystems have been applied, among which biodegradation seems to be the most effective. In this review the current state of knowledge in the field of BPs application, distribution in the environment, effects on animal and human health, and biodegradation mediated by bacterial populations in wastewater treatment plants and rivers is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Noszczyńska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Zofia Piotrowska-Seget
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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Engel SM, Villanger GD, Nethery RC, Thomsen C, Sakhi AK, Drover SSM, Hoppin JA, Zeiner P, Knudsen GP, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Herring AH, Aase H. Prenatal Phthalates, Maternal Thyroid Function, and Risk of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:057004. [PMID: 29790729 PMCID: PMC6071976 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing concern that phthalate exposures may have an impact on child neurodevelopment. Prenatal exposure to phthalates has been linked with externalizing behaviors and executive functioning defects suggestive of an attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) phenotype. OBJECTIVES We undertook an investigation into whether prenatal exposure to phthalates was associated with clinically confirmed ADHD in a population-based nested case-control study of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort (MoBa) between the years 2003 and 2008. METHODS Phthalate metabolites were measured in maternal urine collected at midpregnancy. Cases of ADHD (n=297) were obtained through linkage between MoBa and the Norwegian National Patient Registry. A random sample of controls (n=553) from the MoBa population was obtained. RESULTS In multivariable adjusted coexposure models, the sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (∑DEHP) was associated with a monotonically increasing risk of ADHD. Children of mothers in the highest quintile of ∑DEHP had almost three times the odds of an ADHD diagnosis as those in the lowest [OR=2.99 (95% CI: 1.47, 5.49)]. When ∑DEHP was modeled as a log-linear (natural log) term, for each log-unit increase in exposure, the odds of ADHD increased by 47% [OR=1.47 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.94)]. We detected no significant modification by sex or mediation by prenatal maternal thyroid function or by preterm delivery. CONCLUSIONS In this population-based case-control study of clinical ADHD, maternal urinary concentrations of DEHP were monotonically associated with increased risk of ADHD. Additional research is needed to evaluate potential mechanisms linking phthalates to ADHD. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2358.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Engel
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
| | | | - Rachel C Nethery
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amrit K Sakhi
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Samantha S M Drover
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
| | - Jane A Hoppin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina USA
| | | | - Gun Peggy Knudsen
- Department of Child Health and Development, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Division of Mental and Physical health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amy H Herring
- Department of Statistical Science and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Heidi Aase
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Notardonato I, Salimei E, Russo MV, Avino P. Simultaneous determination of organophosphorus pesticides and phthalates in baby food samples by ultrasound-vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and GC-IT/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3285-3296. [PMID: 29549507 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0986-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Baby foods are either a soft, liquid paste or an easily chewed food since babies lack developed muscles and teeth to chew effectively. Babies typically move to consuming baby food once nursing or formula is not sufficient for the child's appetite. Some commercial baby foods have been criticized for their contents. This article focuses on the simultaneous determination of organophosphorus pesticides and phthalates by means of a method based on ultrasound-vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-IT/MS). The protocol developed allowed the determination of six phthalates [dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, isobutyl cyclohexyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] and 19 organophosphorus pesticides. Freeze-dried product samples (0.1-0.2 g) were dissolved in 10 mL of warm distilled water along with 5 μL of an internal standard (anthracene at 10 mg mL-1 in acetone): the choice of extraction solvent was studied, with the most suitable being n-heptane, which is used for phthalate determination in similar matrices. The solution, held for 5 min in a vortex mixer and for 6 min in a 100-W ultrasonic bath to favor solvent dispersion and consequently analyte extraction, was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 30 min. Then 1 μL was injected into the GC-IT/MS system (SE-54 capillary column; length 30 m, inner diameter 250 μm, film thickness 0.25 μm). All analytical parameters investigated are discussed in depth. The method was applied to real commercial freeze-dried samples: significant contaminant concentrations were not found. Graphical abstract Simultaneous and sensitive determination of organophosphorus pesticides and phthalates in baby foods by the ultrasound-vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction ֪gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry procedure. 1 methacrifos, 2 pirofos, 3 phorate, 4 seraphos, 5 diazinon, 6 etrimphos, 7 dichlofenthion, 8 chlorpyrifos-methyl, 9 pirimiphos-methyl, 10 malathion, 11 chlorpyrifos, 12 parathion-ethyl, 13 pirimiphos-ethyl, 14 bromophos, 15 chlorfenvinphos, 16 bromophos-ethyl, 17 stirophos, 18 diethion, 19 coumaphos, A dimethyl phthalate, B diethyl phthalate, C dibutyl phthalate, D butyl cyclohexyl phthalate, E benzyl butyl phthalate, F bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, IS internal standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Notardonato
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Salimei
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mario Vincenzo Russo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy. .,DIT, INAIL, via R. Ferruzzi 38/40, 00143, Rome, Italy.
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Associations of maternal exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides and the herbicide 2,4-D with birth outcomes and anogenital distance at 3 months in the Odense Child Cohort. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 76:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Determinants of organophosphate pesticide exposure in pregnant women: A population-based cohort study in the Netherlands. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:489-501. [PMID: 29499913 PMCID: PMC6046212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background In the Netherlands organophosphate (OP) pesticides are frequently used for pest control in agricultural settings. Despite concerns about the potential health impacts of low-level OP pesticides exposure, particularly in vulnerable populations, the primary sources of exposure remain unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the levels of DAP metabolites concentrations across pregnancy and to examine various determinants of DAP metabolite concentrations among an urban population of women in the Netherlands. Method Urinary concentrations of six dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites, the main urinary metabolites of OP pesticides, were determined at < 18, 18–25, and > 25 weeks of pregnancy in 784 pregnant women participating in the Generation R Study (between 2004 and 2006), a large population-based birth cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Questionnaires administered prenatally assessed demographic and lifestyle characteristics and maternal diet. Linear mixed models, with adjustment for relevant covariates, were used to estimate associations between the potential exposure determinants and DAP metabolite concentrations expressed as molar concentrations divided by creatinine levels. Results The median DAP metabolite concentration was 311 nmol/g creatinine for the first trimester, 317 nmol/g creatinine for the second trimester, and 310 nmol/g creatinine for the third trimester. Higher maternal age, married/living with a partner, underweight or normal weight (BMI of < 18.5 and 18.5– < 25), high education, high income, and non-smoking were associated with higher DAP metabolite concentrations, and DAP metabolite concentrations tended to be higher during the summer. Furthermore, fruit intake was associated with increased DAP metabolite concentrations. Each 100 g/d difference in fruit consumption was associated with a 7% higher total DAP metabolite concentration across pregnancy. Other food groups were not associated with higher DAP metabolite concentrations. Conclusions The DAP metabolite concentrations measured in the urine of pregnant women in the Netherlands were higher than those in most other studies previously conducted. Fruit intake was the main dietary source of exposure to OP pesticides in young urban women in the Netherlands. The extent to which DAP metabolite concentrations reflect exposure to the active parent pesticide rather than to less toxic metabolites remains unclear. Further research will be undertaken to investigate the possible effects of this relatively high level OP pesticides exposure on offspring health.
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Cuomo D, Porreca I, Cobellis G, Tarallo R, Nassa G, Falco G, Nardone A, Rizzo F, Mallardo M, Ambrosino C. Carcinogenic risk and Bisphenol A exposure: A focus on molecular aspects in endoderm derived glands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457:20-34. [PMID: 28111205 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidence associates the exposure to Bisphenol A with the increase of cancer risk in several organs, including prostate. BPA targets different pathways involved in carcinogenicity including the Nuclear Receptors (i.e. estrogen and androgen receptors), stress regulated proteins and, finally, epigenetic changes. Here, we analyse BPA-dependent carcinogenesis in endoderm-derived glands, thyroid, liver, pancreas and prostate focusing on cell signalling, DNA damage repair pathways and epigenetic modifications. Mainly, we gather molecular data evidencing harmful effects at doses relevant for human risk (low-doses). Since few molecular data are available, above all for the pancreas, we analysed transcriptomic data generated in our laboratory to suggest possible mechanisms of BPA carcinogenicity in endoderm-derived glands, discussing the role of nuclear receptors and stress/NF-kB pathways. We evidence that an in vitro toxicogenomic approach might suggest mechanisms of toxicity applicable to cells having the same developmental origin. Although we cannot draw firm conclusions, published data summarized in this review suggest that exposure to BPA, primarily during the developmental stages, represents a risk for carcinogenesis of endoderm-derived glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Cuomo
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy; Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Gilda Cobellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sez. Bozzatti, II University of Naples, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; Genomix4Life srl, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Geppino Falco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Massimo Mallardo
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
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Sakhi AK, Sabaredzovic A, Cequier E, Thomsen C. Phthalate metabolites in Norwegian mothers and children: Levels, diurnal variation and use of personal care products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1984-1992. [PMID: 28558421 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to phthalates has been associated with reproductive and developmental toxicity. Data on levels of these compounds in the Norwegian population is limited. In this study, urine samples were collected from 48 mothers and their children in two counties in Norway. Eleven different phthalate metabolites originating from six commonly used phthalates in consumer products were determined. Concentrations of phthalate metabolites were significantly higher in children compared to mothers except for mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP). The mothers provided several urine samples during 24hours (h) and diurnal variation showed that the concentrations in the morning urine samples (24-8h) were significantly higher than at other time-periods for most of the phthalate metabolites. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for 24-hour time-period were in the range of 0.49-0.81. These moderate to high ICCs indicate that one spot urine sample can be used to estimate the exposure to phthalates. Since a significant effect of time of day was observed, it is still advisable to standardize the collection time point to reduce the variation. For the mothers, the use of personal care products (PCPs) were less associated with morning urine samples than early day (8-12h) and evening (16-24h) urine samples. The use of perfume and hair products were positively associated with the urinary concentrations of low molecular weight phthalates. Use of shower soap and shampoo were positively associated with urinary concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites. For children, face cream use was positively associated with phthalate metabolites in the morning samples, and hand soap use was negatively associated with concentration of urinary DEHP metabolites in afternoon/evening samples. Since different PCPs were associated with the urinary phthalate metabolites in different time-periods during a day, more than one spot urine sample might be required to study associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and the use of PCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Kaur Sakhi
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Azemira Sabaredzovic
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Enrique Cequier
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
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Dereumeaux C, Saoudi A, Oleko A, Pecheux M, Vandentorren S, Fillol C, Denys S. Surveillance biologique de l’exposition des femmes enceintes françaises aux polluants de l’environnement : résultats du volet périnatal du programme national de biosurveillance mis en œuvre au sein de la cohorte Elfe. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pan Y, Wang X, Yeung LWY, Sheng N, Cui Q, Cui R, Zhang H, Dai J. Dietary exposure to di-isobutyl phthalate increases urinary 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine level and affects reproductive function in adult male mice. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 61:14-23. [PMID: 29191310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a large family of ubiquitous environmental pollutants suspected of being endocrine disruptors. Epidemiological studies have associated phthalate metabolites with decreased reproductive parameters and linked phthalate exposure with the level of urinary 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5mdC, a product of methylated DNA). In this study, adult male mice were exposed to 450mg di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP)/(kg·day) via dietary exposure for 28days. Mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP, the urinary metabolite) and reproductive function parameters were determined. The levels of 5mdC and 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5hmdC) were measured in urine to evaluate if their contents were also altered by DiBP exposure in this animal model. Results showed that DiBP exposure led to a significant increase in the urinary 5mdC level and significant decreases in sperm concentration and motility in the epididymis, accompanied with reduced testosterone levels and down-regulation of the P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) gene in the mice testes. Our findings indicated that exposure to DiBP increased the urinary 5mdC levels, which supported our recent epidemiological study about the associations of urinary 5mdC with phthalate exposure in the male human population. In addition, DiBP exposure impaired male reproductive function, possibly by disturbing testosterone levels; P450scc might be a major steroidogenic enzyme targeted by DiBP or other phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, SE -70182, Sweden
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruina Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ji L, Hu Y, Zhang J, Wang C, Ding G, Chen L, Kamijima M, Ueyama J, Gao Y, Tian Y. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and childhood neurodevelopment in Shandong, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 108:119-126. [PMID: 28843140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies in laboratory animals demonstrate neurodevelopmental deficits caused by prenatal or postnatal organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure, there is limited evidence on effects induced by not only prenatal but also postnatal exposure of children to OPs. METHODS We measured diethylphosphate (DE), dimethylphosphate (DM), and total dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites in maternal and child urine at 12 and 24months of age and examined their relationship with developmental quotients (DQs) in 12-month-old infants and 24-month-old children in Shandong, China. RESULTS The median concentrations of total DAP metabolites (DAPs) in child urine [371.97nmol/g creatinine (12-month-old infants), 538.64nmol/g creatinine (24-month-old children)] were higher than those in maternal urine (352.67nmol/g creatinine). Prenatal OP exposure was negatively associated with 24-month-old children's DQs, especially among boys. A 10-fold increase in prenatal DEs and DAPs was associated with a 2.59- and 2.49-point decrease in social domain DQ scores in 24-month-old children (n=262), respectively. However, positive association of postnatal exposure to OPs and 24-month-old children's DQs was observed (n=237). Neither prenatal nor postnatal exposure to OPs was related to 12-month-old infants' DQs. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that prenatal OP exposure could adversely affect children's neurodevelopment at 24months of age, especially among boys. The prenatal period might be a critical window of OP exposure. In view of the positive association with postnatal OP exposure, it is necessary to interpret findings with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Neonatology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caifeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Basic Medicine Faculty, Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Provience, China
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Field of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Tian
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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