1
|
Cui T, Lu R, Liu C, Wu Z, Jiang X, Liu Y, Pan S, Li Y. Characteristics of second-hand exposure to aerosols from e-cigarettes: A literature review since 2010. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171829. [PMID: 38537812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of electronic vaping products (also named e-cigarettes) has increased due to their appealing flavors and nicotine delivery without the combustion of tobacco. Although the hazardous substances emitted by e-cigarettes are largely found to be much lower than combustible cigarettes, second-hand exposure to e-cigarette aerosols is not completely benign for bystanders. This work reviewed and synthesized findings on the second-hand exposure of aerosols from e-cigarettes and compared the results with those of the combustible cigarettes. In this review, different results were integrated based upon sampling locations such as residences, vehicles, offices, public places, and experimental exposure chambers. In addition, the factors that influence the second-hand exposure levels were identified by objectively reviewing and integrating the impacts of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes on the environment. It is a challenge to compare the literature data directly to assess the effect of smoking/vaping on the indoor environment. The room volume, indoor air exchange rate, puffing duration, and puffing numbers should be considered, which are important factors in determining the degree of pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the "emission rate" to normalize the concentration of pollutants emitted under various experimental conditions and make the results comparable. This review aims to increase the awareness regarding the harmful effects of the second-hand exposure to aerosols coming from the use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes, identify knowledge gaps, and provide a scientific basis for future policy interventions with regard to the regulation of smoking and vaping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cui
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Rui Lu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chuan Liu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Zehong Wu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiqiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Song Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amalia B, Fu M, Tigova O, Ballbè M, Paniello-Castillo B, Castellano Y, Vyzikidou VK, O'Donnell R, Dobson R, Lugo A, Veronese C, Pérez-Ortuño R, Pascual JA, Cortés N, Gil F, Olmedo P, Soriano JB, Boffi R, Ruprecht A, Ancochea J, López MJ, Gallus S, Vardavas C, Semple S, Fernández E. Exposure to secondhand aerosol from electronic cigarettes at homes: A real-life study in four European countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158668. [PMID: 36099951 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use emits potentially hazardous compounds and deteriorates indoor air quality. Home is a place where e-cigarettes may frequently be used amid its increasing prohibition in public places. This study assessed the real-life scenario of bystanders' exposure to secondhand e-cigarette aerosol (SHA) at home. A one-week observational study was conducted within the TackSHS project in four countries (Greece, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom) in 2019 including: 1) homes of e-cigarette users living together with a non-user/non-smoker; and 2) control homes with no smokers nor e-cigarette users. Indoor airborne nicotine, PM2.5, and PM1.0 concentrations were measured as environmental markers of SHA. Biomarkers, including nicotine and its metabolites, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, propanediol, glycerol, and metals were measured in participants' saliva and urine samples. E-cigarette use characteristics, such as e-cigarette refill liquid's nicotine concentration, e-cigarette type, place of e-cigarette use at home, and frequency of ventilation, were also collected. A total of 29 e-cigarette users' homes and 21 control homes were included. The results showed that the seven-day concentrations of airborne nicotine were quantifiable in 21 (72.4 %) out of 29 e-cigarette users' homes; overall, they were quite low (geometric mean: 0.01 μg/m3; 95 % CI: 0.01-0.02 μg/m3) and were all below the limit of quantification in control homes. Seven-day concentrations of PM2.5 and PM1.0 in e-cigarette and control homes were similar. Airborne nicotine and PM concentrations did not differ according to different e-cigarette use characteristics. Non-users residing with e-cigarette users had low but significantly higher levels of cotinine, 3'-OH-cotinine and 1,2-propanediol in saliva, and cobalt in urine than non-users living in control homes. In conclusion, e-cigarette use at home created bystanders' exposure to SHA regardless of the e-cigarette use characteristics. Further studies are warranted to assess the implications of SHA exposure for smoke-free policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beladenta Amalia
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Olena Tigova
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Addictions Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Paniello-Castillo
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Castellano
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vergina K Vyzikidou
- Hellenic Cancer Society - George D. Behrakis Research Lab - HCS, Athens, Greece
| | - Rachel O'Donnell
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ruaraidh Dobson
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Alessandra Lugo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Veronese
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - INT Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ortuño
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute - IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A Pascual
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute - IMIM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra - UPF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Cortés
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona - ASPB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Gil
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada - UG, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Olmedo
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada - UG, Granada, Spain
| | - Joan B Soriano
- CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Boffi
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - INT Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Ario Ruprecht
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - INT Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Julio Ancochea
- CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J López
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona - ASPB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau - IIB St. Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvano Gallus
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Constantine Vardavas
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rossheim ME, Zhao X, Soule EK, Thombs DL, Suzuki S, Ahmad A, Barnett TE. Aerosol, vapor, or chemicals? College student perceptions of harm from electronic cigarettes and support for a tobacco-free campus policy. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:1754-1760. [PMID: 32931725 PMCID: PMC9275670 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1819293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study is the first to examine the influence of e-cigarette emission phrasing on perceived harm of secondhand exposure, and whether harm perception was associated with support for a tobacco-free campus policy. Participants: In the fall 2018 and spring 2019 semesters, 52 sections of a college English course (N = 791 students) were cluster randomized to one of three conditions ("vapor," "aerosol," or "chemicals") assessing harm of secondhand exposure to e-cigarette emissions. Methods: Regression models adjusted for demographic characteristics, tobacco use, and other potential confounders. Results: Compared to the "vapor" condition, "chemicals" and "aerosol" conditions were associated with increased odds of perceiving secondhand exposure to e-cigarettes to be harmful/very harmful (AOR = 2.0, p < 0.01). Greater perceived harm of secondhand e-cigarette exposure was associated with increased odds of supporting a tobacco-free campus policy (AOR = 2.22, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Health campaigns should use accurate terminology to describe e-cigarette emissions, rather than jargon that conveys lower risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Rossheim
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Xiaoquan Zhao
- Department of Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Eric K. Soule
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Dennis L. Thombs
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Sumihiro Suzuki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Asra Ahmad
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Tracey E. Barnett
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jarrell ZR, Smith MR, He X, Orr M, Jones DP, Go YM. Firsthand and Secondhand Exposure Levels of Maltol-Flavored Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Vapors Disrupt Amino Acid Metabolism. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:70-81. [PMID: 34009373 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use has become a popular, generally regarded as safe, alternative to tobacco use. The e-liquids used for ENDS vapor generation commonly contain flavoring agents, such as maltol, which have been subjected to little investigation of their effects on lung health from ENDS usage. In the present study, we examined the impacts of firsthand (3.9 mM) and secondhand (3.9 µM) exposure levels to maltol-flavored ENDS vapors on lung metabolism. Human lung bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to ENDS vapors using a robotic system for controlled generation and delivery of exposures, and the effects on metabolism were evaluated using high-resolution metabolomics. The results show that maltol in e-liquids impacts lung airway epithelial cell metabolism at both firsthand and secondhand exposure levels. The effects of maltol were most notably seen in amino acid metabolism while oxidative stress was observed with exposure to all ENDS vapors including e-liquids alone and maltol-contained e-liquids. Many effects of firsthand exposure were also observed with secondhand exposure, suggesting need for systematic investigation of both firsthand and secondhand effects of flavored ENDS vapors on lung metabolism and risk of lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R Jarrell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Matthew Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Xiaojia He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li L, Nguyen C, Lin Y, Guo Y, Fadel NA, Zhu Y. Impacts of electronic cigarettes usage on air quality of vape shops and their nearby areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143423. [PMID: 33162144 PMCID: PMC7937385 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid growth of the electronic cigarette (e-cig) market, there is an increasing number of vape shops that exclusively sell e-cigs. The use of e-cigs in the vape shop is a primary source of indoor particles, which might transport to its nearby indoor spaces in the multiunit setting. In this study, six pairs of vape shops and neighboring businesses in Southern California were recruited for real-time measurements of particulate pollutants between February 2017 and October 2019. The mean (SD) particle number concentration (PNC) and PM2.5 concentration in the studied vape shops were 2.8 × 104 (2.3 × 104) particles/cm3 and 276 (546) μg/m3, which were substantially higher than those in neighboring businesses and outdoor areas. In addition, 24-h time-weighted average (TWA) nicotine sampling was conducted in the six pairs and three additional pairs. Nicotine was detected in the air of all the studied vape shops and neighboring businesses, in which the mean (SD) concentration was 2.59 (1.02) and 0.17 (0.13) μg/m3, respectively. Inside vape shops, the dilution-corrected vaping density (puffs/h/100 m3) is a strong predictor of the particle concentration, and nicotine concentration highly depends on the air exchange rate (AER). Out of the six studied pairs, PNCs in five vape shops and PM2.5 in two vape shops were significantly correlated with those in their neighboring businesses. This correlation was stronger when the door of the vape shop was closed. When the door was open, environmental electronic vaping (EEV) aerosols, especially smaller particles, could transport from the vape shop to the outdoor environment. Overall, e-cig usage in the vape shop impacts both its own and nearby air quality, raising concerns regarding the risk of exposure to EEV aerosols in the surrounding environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Charlene Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Yuening Guo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Nour Abou Fadel
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
With the rapid increase in electronic cigarette (e-cig) users worldwide, secondhand exposure to e-cig aerosols has become a serious public health concern. We summarize the evidence on the effects of e-cigs on indoor air quality, chemical compositions of mainstream and secondhand e-cig aerosols, and associated respiratory and cardiovascular effects. The use of e-cigs in indoor environments leads to high levels of fine and ultrafine particles similar to tobacco cigarettes (t-cigs). Concentrations of chemical compounds in e-cig aerosols are generally lower than those in t-cig smoke, but a substantial amount of vaporized propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and toxic substances, such as aldehydes and heavy metals, has been reported. Exposures to mainstream e-cig aerosols have biologic effects but only limited evidence shows adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects in humans. Long-term studies are needed to better understand the dosimetry and health effects of exposures to secondhand e-cig aerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McGrath-Morrow SA, Gorzkowski J, Groner JA, Rule AM, Wilson K, Tanski SE, Collaco JM, Klein JD. The Effects of Nicotine on Development. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-1346. [PMID: 32047098 PMCID: PMC7049940 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of noncombustible nicotine-containing products, including electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Of increasing popularity are e-cigarettes that can deliver high doses of nicotine over short periods of time. These devices have led to a rise in nicotine addiction in adolescent users who were nonsmokers. Use of noncombustible nicotine products by pregnant mothers is also increasing and can expose the developing fetus to nicotine, a known teratogen. In addition, young children are frequently exposed to secondhand and thirdhand nicotine aerosols generated by e-cigarettes, with little understanding of the effects these exposures can have on health. With the advent of these new nicotine-delivery systems, many concerns have arisen regarding the short- and long-term health effects of nicotine on childhood health during all stages of development. Although health studies on nicotine exposure alone are limited, educating policy makers and health care providers on the potential health effects of noncombustible nicotine is needed because public acceptance of these products has become so widespread. Most studies evaluating the effects of nicotine on health have been undertaken in the context of smoke exposure. Nevertheless, in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies strongly indicate that nicotine exposure alone can adversely affect the nervous, respiratory, immune, and cardiovascular systems, particularly when exposure occurs during critical developmental periods. In this review, we have included both preclinical and clinical studies to identify age-related health effects of nicotine exposure alone, examining the mechanisms underlying these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. McGrath-Morrow
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and
| | - Julie Gorzkowski
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois
| | - Judith A. Groner
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ana M. Rule
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen Wilson
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Kravis Children’s Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Susanne E. Tanski
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and
| | - Joseph M. Collaco
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and
| | - Jonathan D. Klein
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Berkelhamer SK, Helman JM, Gugino SF, Leigh NJ, Lakshminrusimha S, Goniewicz ML. In Vitro Consequences of Electronic-Cigarette Flavoring Exposure on the Immature Lung. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193635. [PMID: 31569724 PMCID: PMC6801380 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: The developing lung is uniquely susceptible and may be at increased risk of injury with exposure to e-cigarette constituents. We hypothesize that cellular toxicity and airway and vascular responses with exposure to flavored refill solutions may be altered in the immature lung. Methods: Fetal, neonatal, and adult ovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) were exposed to popular flavored nicotine-free e-cigarette refill solutions (menthol, strawberry, tobacco, and vanilla) and unflavored solvents: propylene glycol (PG) or vegetable glycerin (VG). Viability was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Brochodilation and vasoreactivity were determined on isolated ovine bronchial rings (BR) and pulmonary arteries (PA). Results: Neither PG or VG impacted viability of immature or adult cells; however, exposure to menthol and strawberry flavored solutions increased cell death. Neonatal cells were uniquely susceptible to menthol flavoring-induced toxicity, and all four flavorings demonstrated lower lethal doses (LD50) in immature PASMC. Exposure to flavored solutions induced bronchodilation of neonatal BR, while only menthol induced airway relaxation in adults. In contrast, PG/VG and flavored solutions did not impact vasoreactivity with the exception of menthol-induced relaxation of adult PAs. Conclusion: The immature lung is uniquely susceptible to cellular toxicity and altered airway responses with exposure to common flavored e-cigarette solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Berkelhamer
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Justin M Helman
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Sylvia F Gugino
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Noel J Leigh
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | | | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
[Exposure of vapers to formaldehyde and acrolein: A systematic review]. Rev Mal Respir 2019; 36:752-800. [PMID: 31285084 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although recognized as less dangerous than conventional cigarettes, the toxicity of the electronic cigarette vapor's toxicity remains to be fully assessed. This review explores vapers' exposition to formaldehyde and acrolein. METHOD Systematic PubMed search for reports regarding formaldehyde or acrolein or their metabolites in electronic cigarette vapor, in vapers, or in ambient air. RESULTS Fifty-two publications were selected. Found in almost all studies on vaper, formaldehyde is 8 times out of 11 - and acrolein constantly - in lower amounts than those found in conventional cigarettes. Acrolein's metabolite is found in all studies in vapers. The concentrations of formaldehyde and/or acrolein generated during vapor production may be affected by the characteristics of the E-liquid, voltage, vaping topography, and by the flavor additives. CONCLUSION In the current state of knowledge, we must continue to support and help smokers to quit smoking, and for those who are engaged in a harm reduction approach, to minimize the duration of their electronic cigarette use.
Collapse
|
10
|
Delgado Rendon A, Cruz TB, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Soto C, Unger JB. Managers' Practices of Tobacco and Marijuana Smoking Policies in Hispanic-Occupied Multiunit Housing. Health Equity 2019; 3:304-311. [PMID: 31289789 PMCID: PMC6608685 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2018.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of managers of Hispanic-occupied multiunit housing (MUH) related to the prevalence and prevention of secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand tobacco smoke, and secondhand marijuana smoke (SHMS). Methods: A narrative analysis was conducted of 20 interviews with live-in apartment managers. Their opinions on policies and an educational fotonovela were also gathered. Results: The properties were located in 10 cities within the Los Angeles County, representing a wide array of local policies and practices. Only two managers were correctly informed of the existing MUH smoking policies in their cities. Participants reported ambiguity in city laws and company rules regarding smoking. Managers do not distinguish between smoking recreational marijuana and medicinal marijuana. Several respondents believed the landlords have more power to create rules. Most favored a total ban on smoking of all substances on the premises. Conclusions: Most managers report low agency in being able to pass no-smoking rules. Participants support smoking policies that include all smokable products. Managers would like new government policies, manager trainings, tenant education, and ways to enforce rules to protect apartment tenants from SHS and SHMS. Educational interventions should coincide with the timing of key manager/tenant activities. Results can be used in policy development and educational interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Delgado Rendon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tess Boley Cruz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Claradina Soto
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Johnson JM, Naeher LP, Yu X, Sosnoff C, Wang L, Rathbun SL, De Jesús VR, Xia B, Holder C, Muilenburg JL, Wang JS. A biomonitoring assessment of secondhand exposures to electronic cigarette emissions. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:816-823. [PMID: 31085112 PMCID: PMC6938228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) conventions regularly bring together thousands of users around the world. In these environments, secondhand exposures to high concentrations of e-cigarette emissions are prevalent. Some biomarkers for tobacco smoke exposure may be used to characterize secondhand e-cigarette exposures in such an environment. METHODS Participants who did not use any tobacco product attended four separate e-cigarette events for approximately six hours. Urine and saliva samples were collected from participants prior to the event, immediately after the event, 4-h after the event, and the next morning (first void). Urine samples from 34 participants were analyzed for cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-N-acetylcysteine (3-HPMA), S-carboxyethyl-N-acetylcysteine (CEMA), select tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), and 8-isoprostane. Saliva samples were analyzed for cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine. RESULTS Data from 28 of 34 participants were used in the data analysis. Creatinine-adjusted urinary cotinine concentrations increased up to 13-fold and peaked 4-h after completed exposure (range of adjusted geometric means [AGMs] = 0.352-2.31 μg/g creatinine). Salivary cotinine concentrations were also the highest 4-h after completed exposure (range of AGMs = 0.0373-0.167 ng/mL). Salivary cotinine and creatinine-corrected concentrations of urinary cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, CEMA, and 3-HPMA varied significantly across sampling times. Urinary and salivary cotinine, urinary trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, and urinary 3-HPMA concentrations also varied significantly across events. CONCLUSION Secondhand e-cigarette exposures lasting six hours resulted in significant changes in exposure biomarker concentrations of both nicotine and acrolein but did not change exposure to tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Additional research is needed to understand the relationship between biomarker concentrations and environmental concentrations of toxicants in e-cigarette emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jona M Johnson
- Environmental Health Science Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 206 Environmental Health Science Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Luke P Naeher
- Environmental Health Science Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 206 Environmental Health Science Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- Environmental Health Science Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 206 Environmental Health Science Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Connie Sosnoff
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Stephen L Rathbun
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 206 Miller Hall, Health Sciences Campus, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Víctor R De Jesús
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Baoyun Xia
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Cory Holder
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jessica L Muilenburg
- Health Promotion and Behavior Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 233 Wright Hall, Health Sciences Campus, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Environmental Health Science Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, 206 Environmental Health Science Building, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Larcombe AN. Early-life exposure to electronic cigarettes: cause for concern. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2019; 7:985-992. [PMID: 31160239 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(19)30189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems, or ENDS, are devices that heat and aerosolise a solution of propylene glycol, glycerine, nicotine, and flavourings. They have only achieved widespread use in the past 5 years or so, and therefore evidence around their potential to effect health is scarce. Importantly, they are often viewed as safer than tobacco cigarettes, meaning that at-risk populations, including pregnant women, might be more inclined to use them. No human studies, however, have assessed the potential for maternal ENDS use to effect the health of a developing baby. Experimental research suggests that nicotine alone is likely to adversely affect the fetus. Further, there is a misconception that ENDS do not produce second-hand aerosols. This misconception might put infants and young children at risk because their parents are more likely to use ENDS around them than they are to use tobacco cigarettes. Emerging evidence also proposes that nicotine and other substances produced by ENDS can deposit onto surfaces, and subsequently be exposed to infants and children; a process known as third-hand exposure. Finally, ENDS are often refillable, and instances of accidental poisonings of children who drink nicotine-containing refills have occurred. Thus, there are a multitude of ways that, with respect to early-life exposures and health, ENDS are a cause for concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Larcombe
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cardiac Autonomic Effects of Secondhand Exposure to Nicotine from Electronic Cigarettes: An Exploratory Study. Environ Epidemiol 2019; 3. [PMID: 31656942 PMCID: PMC6814191 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid increase in prevalence of e-cigarette (EC) use may lead to widespread exposure to secondhand emissions among nonsmokers, but evidence on the potential cardiovascular health risks is limited. We aimed to investigate effect of short-term secondhand exposure to nicotine from e-cigarette (EC) emissions on cardiac autonomic function using heart rate variability (HRV). Methods A randomized, repeated measures crossover study of healthy nonsmoking volunteers was conducted. Standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), average of the standard deviation of NN intervals (ASDNN), root mean square of successive differences (rMSSD), and heart rate-corrected QT interval (QTc) were calculated during one hour of EC exposure session. Results Nicotine from EC emissions was associated with a 7.8% decrease in SDNN (95% CI, -11.2% to -4.3%), 7.7% decrease in ASDNN (95% CI, -11.0% to -4.2%) and 3.8 msec decrease in QTc (95% CI, -5.8 to -1.9). Compared with a short exposure time period (<15min), greater nicotine associated with reductions in ASDNN (P for interaction = 0.076) with longer exposure time periods. For QTc, greater nicotine associated with reductions were found during 15-30 min exposure time period (P for interaction = 0.04). Conclusion We present the first evidence of cardiac autonomic effects of short-term secondhand exposure to nicotine from EC emissions among healthy nonsmokers. Further comprehensive research on EC exposure extending to more subjects and flavor compounds is warranted.
Collapse
|