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Javed T, Ahmad N, Ahmad SR. Coupling hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes (δ 2H, δ 18O and δ 13C) to identify factors affecting arsenic enrichment of surface water and groundwater in Precambrian sedimentary rocks, eastern salt range, Punjab, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6643-6673. [PMID: 37347308 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The study area is a part of the Salt Range, where water quality is being deteriorated by natural and anthropogenic sources. This research integrates water quality assessment, arsenic enrichment, hydrogeochemical processes, groundwater recharge and carbon sources in aquifer. Total dissolved solid (TDS) contents in springs water, lake water and groundwater are in range of 681-847 mg/L, 2460-5051 mg/L and 513-7491 mg/L, respectively. The higher concentrations of magnesium and calcium in water bodies next to sodium are because of carbonates, sulfates, halite and silicates dissolution. The average concentrations of ions in groundwater are in order of HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- > Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ > NO3-, virtually analogous to springs water, but different from lake water, categorized as poor quality and unfit for drinking purposes. Based on major ions hydrochemistry, NaCl and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type hydrochemical facies are associated with concentration of arsenic (4.2-39.5 µg/L) in groundwater. Groundwater samples (70%) having arsenic concentration (11 ≤ As ≤ 39.5 µg/L) exceeded from World Health Organization (WHO) guideline (As ≤ 10 µg/L) in near neutral to slightly alkaline (6.7 ≤ pH ≤ 8.3), positive Eh(6 ≤ Eh ≤ 204 mV), signifying its oxic condition. Eh-pH diagrams for arsenic and iron indicate that 80% of groundwater for arsenic and iron were in compartments of HAsO42- and Fe(OH)3, unveil oxic environment. Arsenic is moderately positive correlated with TDS, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, nitrate, sulfate and weak negative with δ13CDIC in surface and groundwater, forecasting multiple sources of arsenic to aquifer. Stable isotopes of waters show recharge of groundwater from local rain and lake water. The lower δ13CDIC values of groundwater are modified by influx of CO2 produced during biological oxidation of soil natural organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Javed
- Isotope Application Division (IAD), Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
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Chételat J, Palmer MJ, Paudyn K, Jamieson H, Amyot M, Harris R, Hesslein R, Pelletier N, Peraza I. Remobilization of legacy arsenic from sediment in a large subarctic waterbody impacted by gold mining. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131230. [PMID: 36989775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination from mining poses an environmental challenge due to the mobility of this redox-sensitive element. This study evaluated arsenic mobility in sediments of Yellowknife Bay (Canada), a large subarctic water body impacted by gold mining during the 20th century. Short-term measurements of arsenic flux from sediment, arsenic profiling of the water column and sediment porewater, and mass balance modelling were conducted to assess the importance of sediment as an arsenic source. Sediment arsenic fluxes were highly variable throughout Yellowknife Bay and ranged from - 65-1520 µg m-2 day-1. Elevated fluxes measured near the mine site were among the highest published for well-oxygenated lakes. Redox boundaries were typically 2-3 cm below the sediment surface as indicated by porewater profiles of iron, manganese, and arsenic, with arsenic maxima of 65-3220 µg L-1 predominately as arsenite. Sediment arsenic flux was positively related to its solid-phase concentration. Modelling indicated sediment was a principal source of arsenic to the water column. Adsorption and precipitation processes in the oxidizing environment of near-surface sediments did not effectively attenuate arsenic remobilized from contaminated sediments. Internal recycling of legacy arsenic between sediment and surface water will impede a return to background conditions in Yellowknife Bay for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chételat
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Michael J Palmer
- North Slave Research Centre, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora College, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada
| | - Katrina Paudyn
- School of Environmental Studies, Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather Jamieson
- School of Environmental Studies, Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Amyot
- Département de Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Reed Harris
- Reed Harris Environmental Ltd., Oakville, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Pelletier
- Carleton University, Geography and Environmental Studies, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ines Peraza
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Sloan Morgan OV, Thomas K, McNab-Coombs L. Envisioning healthy futures: Youth perceptions of justice-oriented environments and communities in Northern British Columbia Canada. Health Place 2022; 76:102817. [PMID: 35636074 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Through an anti-colonial and critical race theoretical framework as well as arts-based methods (photovoice) that engage Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth, we explore the question: what do youth perceive as healthy and just environments and communities? Youth identified two overarching, strength-based messages: Firstly, youth demonstrate the need for a structural-level analysis of the conditions that influence individual-level outcomes of environmental health. Secondly, youth perspectives on healthy and justice-oriented environments and communities challenge environmental health scholars to consider youth as powerful actors. Youth perspectives of healthy and justice-oriented communities present a necessarily structural perspective to consider not only the impacts of environmental decision-making on health, but the conditions that have allowed for harmful impacts. In doing so, youth demonstrate the need for intersectional and complex understandings of health and wellbeing when discussing the environment. And, as we argue here, challenge us as scholars of environmental health to do the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyx Vanessa Sloan Morgan
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Kimberley Thomas
- Faculty of Medicine, Northern Medical Program, University of British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Laura McNab-Coombs
- Faculty of Human and Health Sciences & Health Arts Research Centre, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
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Sierra-Sánchez AG, Castillo-Suárez LA, Martínez-Miranda V, Linares-Hernández I, Teutli-Sequeira EA. As and [Formula: see text] cooccurrence in drinking water: critical review of the international scenario, physicochemical behavior, removal technologies, health effects, and future trends. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:38768-38796. [PMID: 35277825 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water contaminated with As and [Formula: see text] is increasingly prevalent worldwide. Their coexistence can have negative effects due to antagonistic or synergistic mechanisms, ranging from cosmetic problems, such as skin lesions and teeth staining, to more severe abnormalities, such as cancer and neurotoxicity. Available technologies for concurrent removal include electrocoagulation ~ adsorption > membranes > chemical coagulation > , and among others, all of which have limitations despite their advantages. Nevertheless, the existence of competing ions such as silicon > phosphate > calcium ~ magnesium > sulfate > and nitrate affects the elimination efficiency. Mexico is one of the countries that is affected by As and [Formula: see text] contamination. Because only 10 of the 32 states have adequate removal technologies, more than 65% of the country is impacted by co-presence problems. Numerous reviews have been published concerning the elimination of As or [Formula: see text]. However, only a few studies have focused on the simultaneous removal. This critical review analyzes the new sources of contamination, simultaneous physicochemical behaviors, available technologies for the elimination of both species, and future trends. This highlights the need to implement technologies that work with actual contaminated water instead of aqueous solutions (55% of the works reviewed correspond to aqueous solutions). Similarly, it is necessary to migrate to the creation of pilot, pre-pilot, or prototype scale projects, because 77% of the existing studies correspond to lab-scale research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gabriela Sierra-Sánchez
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología Y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Unidad San Cayetano, Km.14.5, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Luis Antonio Castillo-Suárez
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología Y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Unidad San Cayetano, Km.14.5, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Verónica Martínez-Miranda
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología Y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Unidad San Cayetano, Km.14.5, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Ivonne Linares-Hernández
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología Y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Unidad San Cayetano, Km.14.5, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
| | - Elia Alejandra Teutli-Sequeira
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología Y Ciencias de Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Unidad San Cayetano, Km.14.5, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
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Cirtiu CM, Valcke M, Gagné M, Bourgault MH, Narame C, Gadio S, Poulin P, Ayotte P. Biological monitoring of exposure to rare earth elements and selected metals in the Inuit population of Nunavik, Canada. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133142. [PMID: 34863726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In Nunavik (Northern Quebec, Canada), some mining projects are envisioned, that could increase the contamination of the environment by various chemicals, including rare earth elements (REEs), and implicitly Inuit population exposure. The objective of this study was to determine the baseline biological exposure of the population to these elements, before the potential mining development occurs. In the framework of the 2017 Qanuilirpitaa? Inuit health survey, urine samples were obtained from a representative sample of the adult Nunavik population, which were used to constitute 30 pooled samples according to age, sex and Nunavik subregions. Pooled samples were analyzed using sensitive and accurate methods involving ICP-MS platforms to quantify urinary concentrations of 17 REEs and 7 elements of interest in Nunavik (arsenic, antimony, chromium, cobalt, nickel, thallium and uranium). REEs were mostly not detected in pooled samples from this population. Detectable concentrations were found in some samples for cerium (range: 0.5-0.7 nmol/L; 27% > method detection limit (MDL) and lanthanum (range: 0.2-0.4 nmol/L; 33% > MDL). As for the other elements of interest, antimony, arsenic, cobalt and thallium were detected in 100% of the samples, whereas chromium and nickel were detected in 83% and 80% of the samples, respectively. Concentrations of arsenic (geometric mean (GM) = 0.5 μmol/L) and cobalt (GM = 5.2 nmol/L) were greater than in the general Canadian population; the opposite was observed for nickel (GM = 8.9 nmol/L). Arsenic concentrations increased significantly with age, whereas the opposite trend was observed for nickel and thallium. In this first biomonitoring study focusing on REEs and carried out in a representative sample of the Nunavik population, we found no evidence of significant exposure from pooled samples analysis. These results could eventually be used as baseline values in future studies aiming to assess temporal trends of exposure to REEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Mihai Cirtiu
- Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Direction de la santé environnementale et de la toxicologie, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 945 Avenue Wolfe, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 5B3, Canada.
| | - Mathieu Valcke
- Unité Évaluation et soutien à la gestion des risques, Direction de la santé environnementale et de la toxicologie, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 190, boulevard Crémazie Est, Montréal, Quebec, H2P 1E2, Canada; Département de santé environnementale et de santé au travail, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michelle Gagné
- Unité Évaluation et soutien à la gestion des risques, Direction de la santé environnementale et de la toxicologie, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 190, boulevard Crémazie Est, Montréal, Quebec, H2P 1E2, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Bourgault
- Unité Évaluation et soutien à la gestion des risques, Direction de la santé environnementale et de la toxicologie, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 190, boulevard Crémazie Est, Montréal, Quebec, H2P 1E2, Canada
| | - Céline Narame
- Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Direction de la santé environnementale et de la toxicologie, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 945 Avenue Wolfe, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 5B3, Canada
| | - Souleymane Gadio
- Bureau d'information et d'études en santé des populations, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 945 Avenue Wolfe, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 5B3, Canada
| | - Patrick Poulin
- Unité Évaluation et soutien à la gestion des risques, Direction de la santé environnementale et de la toxicologie, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 945 avenue Wolfe, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 5B3, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Direction de la santé environnementale et de la toxicologie, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 945 Avenue Wolfe, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 5B3, Canada; Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada; Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, 1050 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, Quebec, G1S 4L8, Canada
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Zhang L, Zhou H, Chen X, Liu G, Jiang C, Zheng L. Study of the micromorphology and health risks of arsenic in copper smelting slag tailings for safe resource utilization. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 219:112321. [PMID: 33991933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Slag tailings are produced by "cooling-grinding-ball milling-flotation" and other processes of slag, while slag is produced by the flash smelting of the original ore. The utilization and environmental hazards of arsenic in slag tailings have become a focus of attention. This study on slag tailings reveals the presence of arsenic in copper smelting tailings from the mineralogy and leaching perspectives, and the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of arsenic to the human body were assessed by using the USEPA health risk model. The surface particles of the slag tailings were unevenly dispersed, and the mineral crystals were relatively complete. A small amount of secondary minerals had grown on the mineral surface. Most of the fine particles adhered to the surface of the main mineral to form inclusions. The mineral composition of the slag tailings was dominated by maghemite (Fe3O4) and fayalite (Fe2SiO4), and the arsenic-bearing minerals were unevenly distributed, where As (Ⅴ) fine particles were embedded in maghemite, amorphous phase and fayalite. There was a large amount of residual arsenic in the slag tailing particles, and the leaching content of arsenic in the toxicity leaching procedure was always lower than the limit of 5 mg/L. The health risk to the exposed population was evaluated by the USEPA health risk model. Since the exposed population in the industrial land is mainly adults, it is determined that the tailings will not cause harm to children's health. In this evaluation, the exposure duration (length of service of the workers) of 30 years, exposure frequency of 314 d/y and body weight of 60 kg (average weight of the workers) were taken as the parameters of three exposure pathways: hand-oral ingestion, respiratory system inhalation and skin contact. Therefore, longer activity time of the workers in the tailing workshop corresponds to a higher HI (hazard index). Although the arsenic in the slag tailings had a certain degree of bioavailability, it was not sufficient to adversely affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China; School of Earth and Space Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Huihui Zhou
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Guijian Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Chunlu Jiang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Liugen Zheng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
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Palmer MJ, Jamieson HE, Borčinová Radková A, Maitland K, Oliver J, Falck H, Richardson M. Mineralogical, geospatial, and statistical methods combined to estimate geochemical background of arsenic in soils for an area impacted by legacy mining pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145926. [PMID: 33652309 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The estimation of geochemical background is complex in areas impacted by point sources of atmospheric emissions due to unknowns about pollutant dispersion, persistence of pollutants on the landscape, and natural concentrations of elements associated with parent material. This study combined mineralogical analysis with conventional statistical and geospatial methods to separate anthropogenically impacted soils from unimpacted soils in the Yellowknife area, Northwest Territories, Canada, a region that was exposed to 60 years of arsenic (As)-rich atmospheric mining emissions (1938-1999) and that hosts natural enrichments of As. High concentrations of As (up to 4700 mg kg-1) were measured in publicly accessible soils near decommissioned roaster stacks in the region and strong relationships between As and distance from the main emission sources persisted in surface soils and soils at depth in the soil profile more than 60 years after the bulk of mining emissions were released. Mineralogical analysis provided unambiguous evidence regarding the source of As minerals and highlighted that most As in surface soils within 15 km of Yellowknife is hosted as anthropogenic arsenic trioxide (As2O3), produced by roaster stack emissions. Statistical protocols for the estimation of geochemical background were applied to an existing database of till geochemistry (N = 1490) after removing samples from mining impacted areas. Results suggested geochemical background for the region is 0.25-15 mg kg-1 As, comparable to global averages, with upper thresholds elevated in volcanic units (30 mg kg-1 As) that often host sulfide mineralization in greenstone belts in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Palmer
- North Slave Research Centre, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora College, Yellowknife X1A 2R3, Canada; Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Heather E Jamieson
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Anežka Borčinová Radková
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kirsten Maitland
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jon Oliver
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Hendrik Falck
- Northwest Territories Geological Survey, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2L9, Canada
| | - Murray Richardson
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
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Li Y, Ji L, Mi W, Xie S, Bi Y. Health risks from groundwater arsenic on residents in northern China coal-rich region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145003. [PMID: 33940709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Shanxi Province of northern China is a typical mining concentration and arsenism area. Years of mining activities have resulted in serious regional groundwater problems in Shanxi. Therefore, it is of great significance to know the health risk of groundwater arsenic on residents under the background of mining activities. Kriging interpolation was used to illustrate the spatio-temporal dynamics of the health risks on groundwater arsenic based on a ten-year investigation. The groundwater arsenic concentrations decreased over time and the distribution of high arsenic concentrations shrank. High arsenic concentrations were mainly distributed in the northern and middle basin areas. The forecasted area of high risks in coal mining areas was 5623 km2, which was larger than that in non-coal mining areas. The residents living around mining areas were more vulnerable to exposure to groundwater arsenic. Further, the output map outlines the high-risk zones in order to protect the safety of drinking water for residents. This study may be helpful for the policy-makers to adopt a lower limit for groundwater arsenic to the worst affected regions and groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- School of Environment and Safety, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Taiyuan Monitoring Station of National Urban Water Quality Monitoring Network, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030009, China.
| | - Li Ji
- School of Environment and Safety, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Wujuan Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shulian Xie
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yonghong Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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