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Moh’d AZ, Coetzer A, Malan AJ, Scott TP, Ramadhan RJ, Wright N, Nel LH. Investigating the Impact That Diagnostic Screening with Lateral Flow Devices Had on the Rabies Surveillance Program in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1314. [PMID: 39065083 PMCID: PMC11279036 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
With the global impetus for the elimination of canine-mediated human rabies, the need for robust rabies surveillance systems has become ever more important. Many countries are working to improve their rabies surveillance programs and, as a result, the reported use of lateral flow devices (LFDs) is increasing. Despite their known diagnostic limitations, previous studies have hypothesised that the benefits associated with LFDs could make them potentially quite useful towards improving the overall robustness of surveillance programs. To test this, a best practice standard operating procedure was developed which was used to guide the implementation of the ADTEC LFD as a diagnostic screening tool in Zanzibar. Over the course of the first 22 months of this investigation, 83 samples were subjected to in-field diagnostic screening, coupled with subsequent laboratory confirmation, and only one false-negative result was detected. Furthermore, the findings of our investigation indicated that the routine use of LFDs as a diagnostic screening tool resulted in a four-fold increase in the number of samples subjected to rabies diagnosis per month and a three-fold increase in the number of wards where samples were collected per year. Our findings suggest that LFDs could play a noteworthy role in improving the robustness of surveillance systems by increasing the number of samples tested and promoting diagnostic screening in areas distant from laboratories. Their implementation would, however, need to be carefully controlled through standardised protocols that align with the international best practices to ensure their judicious use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Z. Moh’d
- Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, Natural Resources and Livestock, Zanzibar P.O. Box 159, Tanzania
| | - Andre Coetzer
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.S.)
| | - Ayla J. Malan
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Terence P. Scott
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.S.)
| | - Ramadhan J. Ramadhan
- Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, Natural Resources and Livestock, Zanzibar P.O. Box 159, Tanzania
| | - Nicolette Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Louis H. Nel
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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Layan M, Dacheux L, Lemey P, Brunker K, Ma L, Troupin C, Dussart P, Chevalier V, Wood JLN, Ly S, Duong V, Bourhy H, Dellicour S. Uncovering the endemic circulation of rabies in Cambodia. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5140-5155. [PMID: 37540190 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
In epidemiology, endemicity characterizes sustained pathogen circulation in a geographical area, which involves a circulation that is not being maintained by external introductions. Because it could potentially shape the design of public health interventions, there is an interest in fully uncovering the endemic pattern of a disease. Here, we use a phylogeographic approach to investigate the endemic signature of rabies virus (RABV) circulation in Cambodia. Cambodia is located in one of the most affected regions by rabies in the world, but RABV circulation between and within Southeast Asian countries remains understudied. Our analyses are based on a new comprehensive data set of 199 RABV genomes collected between 2014 and 2017 as well as previously published Southeast Asian RABV sequences. We show that most Cambodian sequences belong to a distinct clade that has been circulating almost exclusively in Cambodia. Our results thus point towards rabies circulation in Cambodia that does not rely on external introductions. We further characterize within-Cambodia RABV circulation by estimating lineage dispersal metrics that appear to be similar to other settings, and by performing landscape phylogeographic analyses to investigate environmental factors impacting the dispersal dynamic of viral lineages. The latter analyses do not lead to the identification of environmental variables that would be associated with the heterogeneity of viral lineage dispersal velocities, which calls for a better understanding of local dog ecology and further investigations of the potential drivers of RABV spread in the region. Overall, our study illustrates how phylogeographic investigations can be performed to assess and characterize viral endemicity in a context of relatively limited data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylis Layan
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
- Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirstyn Brunker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laurence Ma
- Biomics, Center for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Troupin
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ. Montpellier CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - James L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sowath Ly
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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3
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Evaluation of a real-time mobile PCR device (PCR 1100) for the detection of the rabies gene in field samples. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:17. [PMID: 36932428 PMCID: PMC10020757 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Philippines is ranked among the top countries with 200-300 annual deaths due to rabies. Most human rabies cases have been reported in remote areas, where dog surveillance is inadequate. Therefore, a strategy to effectively improve surveillance in remote areas will increase the number of detections. Detecting pathogens using portable real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has the potential to be accepted in these areas. Thus, we aimed to develop an assay to detect the rabies virus (RABV) genome by combining the robust primer system LN34 with the PicoGene PCR1100 portable rapid instrument targeting RABV RNA (PCR1100 assay). METHODS Procedures were optimised using an LN34 primer/probe set, KAPA3G Plant PCR Kit (KAPA Biosystems), FastGene Scriptase II (NIPPON Genetics), and an artificial positive control RNA. RESULTS Positive control RNA showed an analytical limit of detection of 10 copies/µL without false positivity, generating results in approximately 32 min. Compared to dFAT or RT-qPCR using field samples, the sensitivity and specificity of the PCR1100 assay were 100%, and even lower copy numbers (approximately 10 copies/µL) were detected. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the developed assay can detect rabies RNA in field samples. Because dog-mediated rabies is endemic in remote areas, the rapidity, mobility, and practicality of the PCR1100 assay as well as the high sensitivity of the LN34 system make it an ideal tool for the confirmation of rabies in these areas.
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Liu Y, Mo X, Feng Y, Willoughby RE, Weng X, Wang Y, Li X, Gao J, Tian J, Peng J. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the etiological diagnosis of rabies virus in cerebrospinal fluid. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:982290. [PMID: 36844226 PMCID: PMC9947348 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.982290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a highly fatal disease. Once symptoms develop, death usually occurs within days. Survivors were occasionally reported in the literatures. Ante-mortem diagnosis remains a challenge in most rabies endemic countries. A novel, accurate diagnostic assay is highly desirable. Methods We used metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to examine the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of a 49-year-old patient with rabies and validated the results by TaqMan PCR and RT-PCR/Sanger sequencing. Results Metagenomic next-generation sequencing identified sequence reads uniquely aligned to the rabies virus (RABV). PCR confirmed the presence of the partial RABV N gene in the CSF. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the RABV grouped as an Asian clade, which is the most broadly distributed clade in China. Conclusion Metagenomic next-generation sequencing may be a useful screening tool for the etiological diagnosis of rabies, especially in the absence of timely rabies laboratory testing or in patients with no exposure history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xichao Mo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rodney E. Willoughby
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, MI, United States
| | - Xing Weng
- Department of Infectious Disease, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Junling Gao
- Centre of Buddhists Studies, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Department of Medicine, LKS Medical Faculty, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jinfei Tian
- Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Jie Peng,
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Liao YJ, Li DD, Cai ZL, Cao Y, Yu DL, Zhang HY, Kiflu AB, Huang ZY, Li XN, Luo TR. Detection of rabies virus via exciton energy transfer between CdTe quantum dots and Au nanoparticles. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1079916. [PMID: 36619964 PMCID: PMC9813487 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1079916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by the rabies virus. The diagnosis of the disease depends in large part on the exposure history of the victim and clinical manifestations of the disease. Rapid rabies diagnosis is an important step in its prevention and control. Therefore, for accurate and timely diagnosis and prevention of rabies, we developed nanomaterials for a novel photoelectrochemical biosensing approach (PBA) for the rapid and reliable diagnosis of rabies virus. This approach uses high-efficiency exciton energy transfer between cadmium telluride quantum dots and Au nanoparticles and is low cost, and easy to miniaturize. By constructing PBA, rabies virus can be detected quickly and with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity; the minimum detection concentration limit for rabies virus is approximately 2.16 ffu/mL of rabies virus particles, or 2.53 × 101 fg/mL of rabies virus RNA. PBA could also detect rabies virus in the brain and lung tissue from rabid dogs and mice with better sensitivity than RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Juan Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China,Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, China,Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Marine Resources, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Duo-Duo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zong-Ling Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ying Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dong-Ling Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Abraha Bahlbi Kiflu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zai Yin Huang
- Guangxi Marine Microbial Resources Industrialization Engineering Technology Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, China,Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Marine Resources, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-Ning Li
| | - Ting Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China,Ting Rong Luo
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Alternative Methods to Current In Vivo Procedures to Address the 3Rs Tenet in Rabies Proficiency Testing. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081698. [PMID: 36016320 PMCID: PMC9414609 DOI: 10.3390/v14081698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies is responsible for an estimated 59,000 human deaths every year. In an attempt to reach the ZeroBy30 goal, robust disease surveillance coupled with improved diagnostics play a paramount role in ensuring reliable data and gradually attesting rabies control advancements. In this context, proficiency testing is organized to harmonize rabies diagnostic capacities. In most exercises, rabies-positive samples consist of brains collected from intracerebrally inoculated mice. This procedure causes distress and severe suffering to animals, raising important ethical concerns that can no longer be ignored. In the last decades, the 3Rs tenet (Replace, Reduce, Refine) has been successfully implemented in several scientific areas, and we strongly support its application in the framework of rabies proficiency testing. Here, we discuss cell-based technologies as innovative sustainable in vitro candidate systems to replace in vivo experiments for the production of proficiency testing samples. The application of these alternative methods can allow completely in vitro or ex vivo production of rabies proficiency testing panels, which would represent an important replacement or reduction/refinement for current in vivo procedures.
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7
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Zarea AAK, Bezerra-Santos MA, Nguyen VL, Colella V, Dantas-Torres F, Halos L, Beugnet F, Tempesta M, Otranto D, Greco G. Occurrence and bacterial loads of Bartonella and haemotropic Mycoplasma species in privately owned cats and dogs and their fleas from East and Southeast Asia. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:704-720. [PMID: 35545848 PMCID: PMC9544368 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bartonella spp. and haemoplasmas are pathogens of veterinary and medical interest with ectoparasites mainly involved in their transmission. This study aimed at molecular detection of Bartonella spp. and haemoplasmas in cats (n = 93) and dogs (n = 96), and their related fleas (n = 189) from countries in East and Southeast Asia. Ctenocephalides felis was the dominant flea species infesting both cats (97.85%) and dogs (75%) followed by Ctenocephalides orientis in dogs (18.75%) and rarely in cats (5.2%). Bartonella spp. DNA was only detected in blood samples of flea‐infested cats (21.51%) (p < .0001, OR = 27.70) with Bartonella henselae more frequently detected than Bartonella clarridgeiae in cat hosts (15.05%, 6.45%) and their associated fleas (17.24%, 13.79%). Out of three Bartonella‐positive fleas from dogs, two Ct. orientis fleas carried Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and Bartonella clarridgeiae, while the 3rd flea (Ct. felis) carried Candidatus Bartonella merieuxii. Felines represented a risk factor for Bartonella spp. infections, where fleas collected from cats (32.25%) presented an increased likelihood for Bartonella spp. occurrence (p < .0001, OR = 14.76) than those from dogs (3.13%). Moreover, when analysing infectious status, higher Bartonella spp. DNA loads were detected in fleas from bacteraemic cats compared to those from non‐bacteraemic ones (p < .05). The haemoplasma occurrence was 16.13% (15/93) and 4.17% (4/96) in cat and dog blood samples from different countries (i.e. Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand), with cats more at risk of infection (p < .01, OR = 5.96) than dogs. Unlike Bartonella spp., there was no evidence for flea involvement in the hemoplasmas' transmission cycle, thus supporting the hypothesis of non‐vectorial transmission for these pathogens. In conclusion, client‐owned cats and dogs living in East and Southeast Asia countries are exposed to vector‐borne pathogens with fleas from cats playing a key role in Bartonella spp. transmission, thus posing a high risk of infection for humans sharing the same environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Attia Koraney Zarea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Viet-Linh Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vito Colella
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Lenaig Halos
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Lyon, France.,Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Grazia Greco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Nahata KD, Bollen N, Gill MS, Layan M, Bourhy H, Dellicour S, Baele G. On the Use of Phylogeographic Inference to Infer the Dispersal History of Rabies Virus: A Review Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081628. [PMID: 34452492 PMCID: PMC8402743 DOI: 10.3390/v13081628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease which is caused by negative strand RNA-viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus. Within this genus, rabies viruses circulate in a diverse set of mammalian reservoir hosts, is present worldwide, and is almost always fatal in non-vaccinated humans. Approximately 59,000 people are still estimated to die from rabies each year, leading to a global initiative to work towards the goal of zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030, requiring scientific efforts from different research fields. The past decade has seen a much increased use of phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses to study the evolution and spread of rabies virus. We here review published studies in these research areas, making a distinction between the geographic resolution associated with the available sequence data. We pay special attention to environmental factors that these studies found to be relevant to the spread of rabies virus. Importantly, we highlight a knowledge gap in terms of applying these methods when all required data were available but not fully exploited. We conclude with an overview of recent methodological developments that have yet to be applied in phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses of rabies virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika D. Nahata
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.B.); (M.S.G.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nena Bollen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.B.); (M.S.G.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Mandev S. Gill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.B.); (M.S.G.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Maylis Layan
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, UMR2000, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.B.); (M.S.G.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.B.); (M.S.G.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
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9
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Kimitsuki K, Saito N, Yamada K, Park CH, Inoue S, Suzuki M, Saito-Obata M, Kamiya Y, Manalo DL, Demetria CS, Mananggit MR, Quiambao BP, Nishizono A. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of lateral flow devices as a tool to diagnose rabies in post-mortem animals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008844. [PMID: 33151941 PMCID: PMC7671516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementation of lateral flow devices (LFDs) for rabies antigen detection is expected to improve surveillance through the efficient detection of rabid animals in resource-limited settings; however, the use of LFDs for diagnosis remains controversial because some commercially available kits show low sensitivity. Therefore, we compared the diagnostic efficacy of three LFDs (ADTEC, Bionote, and Elabscience kits) paralleled with the direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) using fresh samples and investigated the diagnostic accuracies. To do so, we evaluated rabies-suspected samples submitted to the Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory III, Philippines. Furthermore, we conducted real-time RT-PCR and sequencing to measure the accuracy of field laboratory diagnosis. The total number of animals submitted during this study period was 184 cases, including negative control samples. Of these, 53.9% (84 cases) were positive in the dFAT. Dogs were the most common rabies-suspected animal (n = 135). The sensitivities of the ADTEC and Bionote kits were 0.88 (74 cases) and 0.95 (80 cases), respectively. The specificity of both kits was 1.00 (100 cases). Furthermore, the sensitivity and specificity of the ADTEC kit after directly homogenizing the samples in assay buffer without dilution in phosphate-buffered saline (ADTEC kit DM) were 0.94 (79 cases) and 1.00 (100 cases), respectively. By contrast, there were no positive results using the Elabscience kit among all dFAT-positive samples. The sensitivity and specificity of LFDs make these tests highly feasible if properly used. Therefore, LFD tests can be used to strengthen the surveillance of rabies-infected animals in endemic and resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kimitsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Nobuo Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Chun-Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiko Kamiya
- School of Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daria L. Manalo
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Catalino S. Demetria
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Milagros R. Mananggit
- Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Agriculture Field Office III, San Fernando, Pampanga, Philippines
| | - Beatriz P. Quiambao
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Akira Nishizono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
- * E-mail:
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10
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Castro BS, Guedes F, Fernandes ER, Koike G, Katz ISS, Chaves LB, Silva SR. Development of biotinylated polyclonal anti-ribonucleoprotein IgG for detection of rabies virus antigen by direct rapid immunohistochemical test. Biologicals 2020; 68:74-78. [PMID: 32859463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) has been recommended for laboratorial diagnosis of rabies, especially in developing countries. The absence of commercial primary antibodies, however, still represents a major limitation to its wider use in testing. We describe here the development of a biotinylated polyclonal antibody against Rabies lyssavirus (RABV) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and its use as a primary reagent in dRIT. Anti-RNP polyclonal horse IgG was purified by ionic exchange chromatography followed by immunoaffinity column chromatography, and its affinity, diagnostic sensitivity, and specificity were evaluated. CNS samples (120) of suspected rabies cases in different animal species were tested by dRIT, with the positive (n = 14) and negative (n = 106) results confirmed by direct fluorescence antibody testing (dFAT). Comparing the results of dRIT and dFAT, we found that the biotinylated anti-RNP IgG delivered 100% diagnostic specificity and sensibility for rabies diagnosis. Our findings show that the biotinylated anti-RNP polyclonal IgG can be produced with the quality required for application in dRIT. This work represents an important step in efforts to diagnose rabies in developing countries.
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11
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Zhou J, Ren M, Wang W, Huang L, Lu Z, Song Z, Foda MF, Zhao L, Han H. Pomegranate-Inspired Silica Nanotags Enable Sensitive Dual-Modal Detection of Rabies Virus Nucleoprotein. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8802-8809. [PMID: 32450687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of rabies virus (RABV) in Asia and Africa has attracted widespread concern due to its 100% mortality rate, and RABV detection is crucial to its diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we report a sensitive and reliable strategy for the dual-modal RABV detection using pomegranate-shaped dendritic silica nanospheres fabricated with densely incorporated quantum dots (QDs) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled antibody. The immunoassay involves the specific interaction between virus and nanospheres-conjugated antibody coupled with robust fluorescence signal originating from QDs and naked-eye discernible colorimetric signal on the oxTMB. The ultrahigh loading capacity of QDs enables the detection limit down to 8 pg/mL via fluorescence modality, a 348-fold improvement as compared with conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, the detection range was from 1.20 × 102 to 2.34 × 104 pg/mL by plotting the absorbance at 652 nm with RABV concentrations with a detection limit of 91 pg/mL, which is nearly 2 order of magnitude lower than that of the conventional ELISA. Validated with 12 brain tissue samples, our immunoassay results are completely consistent with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results. Compared with the PCR assay, our approach requires no complex sample pretreatments or expensive instruments. This is the first report on RABV diagnosis using nanomaterials for colorimetry-based prescreening and fluorescence-based quantitative detection, which may pave the way for virus-related disease diagnosis and clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Food Science and Technology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meishen Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liang Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhicheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhiyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mohamed F Foda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Heyou Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Food Science and Technology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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12
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Ahmed MS, Body MH, El-Neweshy MS, ALrawahi AH, Al-Abdawani M, Eltahir HA, ALmaewaly MG. Molecular characterization and diagnostic investigations of rabies encephalitis in camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Oman: a retrospective study. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2163-2168. [PMID: 32124182 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The accurate and early diagnosis of rabies is critical for undertaking public health measures in animals. The aim of the current study was to identify the molecular characterization of the circulating rabies virus (RABV) among camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Oman and to evaluate the efficacy of the histopathology and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as diagnostic tools of acute rabies encephalitis in camels in comparison with direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT). Of the forty-five brain samples from suspected camels submitted to the Animal Health Research Center in Oman (2009-2013), 22 cases were positive by dFAT and RT-PCR. Two positive samples were subjected for N gene nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis (accession numbers GU353156 and KC883998 for brain samples collected in 2009 and 2011, respectively). The specificity and sensitivity of histopathology were 100% and 81%, respectively, while in RT-PCR were 100% and 100%, respectively. The neuropathological changes were presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions (Negri bodies) in the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus beside prominent cerebral and cerebellar congestion and hemorrhage. Neuronal necrosis with satellitosis and neuronophagia were also noticed in the cerebrum of affected brains. Conclusively, there was one genetic group of RABV with 99% homology circulating in Omani camels. Also, it is concluded that histopathological examination is a safe and reliable diagnostic tool when only formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material is available, but the negative results should be reaffirmed by dFAT or RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Ahmed
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohammad H Body
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mahmoud S El-Neweshy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Behera, Alexandria, 22785, Egypt. .,Central Laboratory for Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
| | - Abdulmajeed H ALrawahi
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mohsin Al-Abdawani
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Hatim A Eltahir
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mahir G ALmaewaly
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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13
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Gourlaouen M, Angot A, Mancin M, Bebay C, Soumaré B, Ellero F, Zecchin B, Leopardi S, De Battisti C, Terregino C, De Benedictis P. An inter-laboratory trial as a tool to increase rabies diagnostic capabilities of Sub-Saharan African Veterinary laboratories. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008010. [PMID: 32040472 PMCID: PMC7010240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve the goal of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies deaths by 2030, many African countries have agreed to list rabies as a priority zoonotic disease and to undertake both short and long-term control programs. Within this context, reliable local diagnosis is essential for the success of field surveillance systems. However, a harmonized, sustainable and supportive diagnostic offer has yet to be achieved in the continent. We herewith describe the organization and outcome of a proficiency test (PT) for the post-mortem diagnosis of rabies in animals, involving thirteen veterinary laboratories and one public health laboratory in Africa. Participants were invited to assess both the performance of the Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) test and of a conventional RT-PCR. From the submitted results, while thirteen laboratories proved to be able to test the samples through DFA test, eleven performed the RT-PCR method; ten applied both techniques. Of note, the number of laboratories able to apply rabies RT-PCR had increased from four to ten after the exercise. Importantly, results showed a higher proficiency in applying the molecular test compared to the DFA test (concordance, sensitivity and specificity: 98.2%, 96.97% and 100% for RT-PCR; 87.69%, 89.23% and 86.15% for DFA test), indicating the feasibility of molecular methods to diagnose animal pathogens in Africa. Another positive outcome of this approach was that negative and positive controls were made available for further in-house validation of new techniques; in addition, a detailed questionnaire was provided to collect useful and relevant information on the diagnostic procedures and biosafety measures applied at laboratory level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Gourlaouen
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Angélique Angot
- Laboratory Unit—Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES), Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Mancin
- Risk Analysis and Public Health Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Charles Bebay
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baba Soumaré
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Accra, Ghana
| | - Francesca Ellero
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Barbara Zecchin
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Stefania Leopardi
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Cristian De Battisti
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
- Laboratory Unit—Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES), Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Rome, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Paola De Benedictis
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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14
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Condori RE, Niezgoda M, Lopez G, Matos CA, Mateo ED, Gigante C, Hartloge C, Filpo AP, Haim J, Satheshkumar PS, Petersen B, Wallace R, Olson V, Li Y. Using the LN34 Pan-Lyssavirus Real-Time RT-PCR Assay for Rabies Diagnosis and Rapid Genetic Typing from Formalin-Fixed Human Brain Tissue. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010120. [PMID: 31963651 PMCID: PMC7019996 DOI: 10.3390/v12010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rabies post mortem diagnostic samples are often preserved in formalin. While immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been routinely used for rabies antigen detection in formalin-fixed tissue, the formalin fixation process causes nucleic acid fragmentation that may affect PCR amplification. This study reports the diagnosis of rabies in an individual from the Dominican Republic using both IHC and the LN34 pan-lyssavirus real-time RT-PCR assay on formalin-fixed brain tissue. The LN34 assay generates a 165 bp amplicon and demonstrated higher sensitivity than traditional PCR. Multiple efforts to amplify nucleic acid fragments larger than 300 bp using conventional PCR were unsuccessful, probably due to RNA fragmentation. Sequences generated from the LN34 amplicon linked the case to the rabies virus (RABV) strain circulating in the Ouest Department of Haiti to the border region between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Direct sequencing of the LN34 amplicon allowed rapid and low-cost rabies genetic typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Edgar Condori
- Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michael Niezgoda
- Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Griselda Lopez
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública “Dr. Defillo”, 10105 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | | | - Elinna Diaz Mateo
- Centro de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores y Zoonosis (CECOVEZ), 10308 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Crystal Gigante
- Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Claire Hartloge
- Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | | | - Joseph Haim
- Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Resources Naturelles et du Développement Rural, Department of Animal Health, HT 6110, Republic of Haiti
| | | | - Brett Petersen
- Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ryan Wallace
- Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Victoria Olson
- Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Coertse J, Weyer J, Nel LH, Markotter W. Reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of canine associated rabies virus in Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219292. [PMID: 31276479 PMCID: PMC6611627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a neglected disease mostly affecting the developing world. Accurate and reliable diagnostic and surveillance data forms the foundation for the formulation and monitoring of control strategies. Although various sensitive and specific tests are available for detection of rabies virus, implementation of these tests in low-resource settings are challenging and remains limited. In this study, we describe the developed of a reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for the detection of rabies virus. The analytical sensitivity of this assay was determined to be 562 RNA copies and was performed in 20 minutes. The diagnostic sensitivity of the RT-RPA was 100% for detection of rabies virus in field samples. In conclusion, the RT-RPA assay allowed for very quick and sensitive detection of rabies virus and could be adapted for use in low-source settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Coertse
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- The Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Services, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Louis H. Nel
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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16
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Reddy GBM, Singh R, Singh KP, Sharma AK, Vineetha S, Saminathan M, Sajjanar B. Molecular epidemiological analysis of wild animal rabies isolates from India. Vet World 2019; 12:352-357. [PMID: 31089302 PMCID: PMC6487239 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.352-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study was conducted to know the genetic variability of rabies viruses (RVs) from wild animals in India. Materials and Methods A total of 20 rabies suspected brain samples of wild animals from different states of India were included in the study. The samples were subjected for direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The phylogenetic analysis of partial nucleoprotein gene sequences was performed. Results Of 20 samples, 11, 10, and 12 cases were found positive by dFAT, RT-PCR, and RT-qPCR, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all Indian wild RVs isolates belonged to classical genotype 1 of Lyssavirus and were closely related to Arctic/Arctic-like single cluster indicating the possibility of a spillover of rabies among different species. Conclusion The results indicated the circulation of similar RVs in sylvatic and urban cycles in India. However, understanding the role of wild animals as reservoir host needs to be studied in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sobharani Vineetha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Basavaraj Sajjanar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Evaluating new rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimens or vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 37 Suppl 1:A88-A93. [PMID: 30471958 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of human rabies vaccines has evolved dramatically from the first crude nerve tissue vaccine produced then administered in the presence of Louis Pasteur in 1885. New cell culture technology has enabled highly potent and well-tolerated rabies vaccines to be produced that have reduced the volume and number of doses required to save human lives after exposure. However, these highly potent vaccines are still unaffordable to many patients living at risk of exposure on a daily basis. The cost of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is not only related to the direct cost of rabies biologicals and equipment but is also associated with indirect costs that patients incur as a result of travel, loss of work time (income loss), and accommodation over the period of time that a PEP regimen requires to be completed. This paper summarizes the particular criteria that the SAGE Working Group and WHO personnel reviewed as part of the evaluation process for recommending the new one-week intradermal vaccination regimen (2-2-2-0-0) for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. These criteria included: Cost-effectiveness; evaluation of number of doses; seroconversion after vaccination; efficacy; safety; and patient follow-up.
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18
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Tarantola A, Ly S, Chan M, In S, Peng Y, Hing C, Taing CN, Phoen C, Ly S, Cauchemez S, Buchy P, Dussart P, Bourhy H, Mary JY. Intradermal rabies post-exposure prophylaxis can be abridged with no measurable impact on clinical outcome in Cambodia, 2003-2014. Vaccine 2018; 37 Suppl 1:A118-A127. [PMID: 30454946 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rabies causes 60,000 deaths worldwide annually. Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis is highly effective but often geographically and financially beyond reach in endemic developing countries. We conducted a retrospective study on clinical outcome at ≥6 months in 3318 Cambodians who received intradermal Vero cell vaccine post-exposure prophylaxis after a bite by a rabid or sick-looking but untested dog in 2003-2014. An external expert panel examined verbal autopsy reports to identify rabies deaths. 1739 (93.65%) persons bitten by rabid- and 1066 (72.96%) bitten by sick-looking but untested dogs were traced and 513 were lost to follow-up. Among the former, 1591 (91.49%) and 129 (7.42%) patients referred for 4+ and 3 post-exposure prophylaxis sessions, respectively. Three persons died of probable rabies so that the overall percentage of survival was 99.83% (95% exact confidence interval: 99.49-99.96%) in post-exposure prophylaxis recipients bitten by confirmed rabid dogs. No significant difference was found in survival among patients who received 3 vs. 4+ sessions (with or without rabies immunoglobin). The power of the study, however, was limited. The current four sessions/one month intradermal regimen can be reduced to a three sessions/one week at no detectable added risk to patients, with the limitation of study power at 49%. A clinical follow-up system should be adopted by rabies prevention centers, especially to monitor implementation of an abridged course. The Institut Pasteur in Cambodia regimen will improve vaccine equity by treating 33% more patients with available doses, reduce direct cost of vaccination, transportation and other indirect costs to vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Tarantola
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, New Caledonia.
| | - Sowath Ly
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Malen Chan
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sotheary In
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yiksing Peng
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chanthy Hing
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chun Navy Taing
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chandara Phoen
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sovann Ly
- Center for Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, CNRS UMR2000: Génomique évolutive, modélisation et santé (GEMS), Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | | | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Mary
- Inserm UMR 1153, Centre de Recherche Epidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, Paris, France
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19
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Certoma A, Lunt RA, Vosloo W, Smith I, Colling A, Williams DT, Tran T, Blacksell SD. Assessment of a Rabies Virus Rapid Diagnostic Test for the Detection of Australian Bat Lyssavirus. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3040109. [PMID: 30287778 PMCID: PMC6306826 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) is closely related to the classical rabies virus and has been associated with three human fatalities and two equine fatalities in Australia. ABLV infection in humans causes encephalomyelitis, resulting in fatal disease, but has no effective therapy. The virus is maintained in enzootic circulation within fruit bats (Pteropid spp.) and at least one insectivorous bat variety (Saccolaimus flaviventris). Most frequently, laboratory testing is conducted on pteropodid bat brains, either following a potential human exposure through bites, scratches and other direct contacts with bats, or as opportunistic assessment of sick or dead bats. The level of medical intervention and post-exposure prophylaxis is largely determined on laboratory testing for antigen/virus as the demonstrable infection status of the in-contact bat. This study evaluates the comparative diagnostic performance of a lateral flow test, Anigen Rabies Ag detection rapid test (RDT), in pteropodid variant of ABLV-infected bat brain tissues. The RDT demonstrated 100% agreement with the reference standard fluorescent antibody test on 43 clinical samples suggesting a potential application in rapid diagnosis of pteropodid variant of ABLV infection. A weighted Kappa value of 0.95 confirmed a high level of agreement between both tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Certoma
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, VIC 3218, Australia, (A.C.); (R.A.L.); (W.V.); (I.S.); (A.C.); (D.T.W.)
| | - Ross A. Lunt
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, VIC 3218, Australia, (A.C.); (R.A.L.); (W.V.); (I.S.); (A.C.); (D.T.W.)
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, VIC 3218, Australia, (A.C.); (R.A.L.); (W.V.); (I.S.); (A.C.); (D.T.W.)
| | - Ina Smith
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, VIC 3218, Australia, (A.C.); (R.A.L.); (W.V.); (I.S.); (A.C.); (D.T.W.)
| | - Axel Colling
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, VIC 3218, Australia, (A.C.); (R.A.L.); (W.V.); (I.S.); (A.C.); (D.T.W.)
| | - David T. Williams
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, VIC 3218, Australia, (A.C.); (R.A.L.); (W.V.); (I.S.); (A.C.); (D.T.W.)
| | - Thao Tran
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-22-036-333
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Evaluation of Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay and Rapid Immuno-Diagnostic Test for Rabies Antigen Detection in Archived Dog Brain Tissues. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Rabies urgently requires strengthening of new and existing diagnostic methodology in order to overcome the threat it poses. We evaluated the Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) and the Rapid Immunodiagnostic Test (RIDT) in detecting rabies viral antigens, comparing both tests with the Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT) which is the gold standard in rabies diagnosis. Fifty dog brain tissues collected from the archives of the Central Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria, were utilized for this study. ELISA performed better than RIDT and recorded equivalent result with DFAT as compared with RIDT. There was a 96 % agreement between ELISA and DFAT for rabies antigen detection (concordance coefficient 78 % : 95 % C. I. 0.6366 to 0.8654) while there was a 54 % agreement between RIDT and DFAT (concordance coefficient 17 % : 95 % C. I. 0.05138—0.2752). Compared to DFAT, the sensitivities of ELISA and RIDT were 95.5 % and 47.6 %, respectively, and the specificities of ELISA and RIDT were 100 % and 87.5 % respectively. The simple Cohen’s kappa coefficient for ELISA related to the DFAT was found to be 0.834 (95 % C. I. 0.613—1.0). For RIDT, the Kappa value was 0.170 (95 % C. I. 0.003—0.337). The ELISA is as reliable a diagnostic method as the DFAT which is the gold standard for rabies diagnosis. It has an advantage of being able to analyse large number of samples at the same time, making it more suitable for epidemiological studies and for laboratories that cannot perform the DFAT. The unsatisfactory result of RIDT in this study reiterates the need to perform an adequate test validation before it can be used in the laboratory for rabies diagnosis.
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21
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Feng Y, Wang M, Liu T, Zhang Y, Tu Z, Guo H, Zhang C, Zhu R, Ren W, Sun L, Xu W, Wang Y, Li M, Tu C. Evaluation of monoclonal antibody-based direct, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis. J Virol Methods 2018; 256:12-16. [PMID: 29490237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a major public health problem in developing countries in Asia and Africa. Although a number of laboratory diagnoses can be used for rabies control, the WHO and OIE recommended gold standard for rabies diagnosis is the direct fluorescent antibody test (FAT). However, FAT is not widely used in developing countries because of deficient financial sources to procure fluorescent microscope. Recently the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) has been developed and has a worldwide promising application, particularly in developing countries, since its result can be read by inexpensive light microscopy, in addition to be consistent with that of FAT. However, no commercial conjugated antibody is available to meet the laboratory demand. We describe here the production of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against rabies virus (RABV) N protein and its use as a biotinylated conjugate in a dRIT. Tested against a batch of 107 brain specimens representing a wide phylogenetic diversity of RABV collected from different animal species with multiple geographical origins in China, results showed that the dRIT had 100% specificity (95% CI 0.93-1.00) and 96.49% sensitivity (95% CI 0.88-1.00) as compared with the gold standard FAT. It therefore provides a simple, economical alternative to FAT, particularly for use in rabies diagnosis in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Feng
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, PR China
| | - Muyang Wang
- AbMax Biotechnology Co., Ltd, 99 Kechuang 14th Street, Building 18-2-201, Beijing 101111, PR China
| | - Tingfang Liu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, PR China
| | - Zhongzhong Tu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, PR China
| | - Huancheng Guo
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, PR China
| | - Cuijuan Zhang
- AbMax Biotechnology Co., Ltd, 99 Kechuang 14th Street, Building 18-2-201, Beijing 101111, PR China
| | - Renying Zhu
- AbMax Biotechnology Co., Ltd, 99 Kechuang 14th Street, Building 18-2-201, Beijing 101111, PR China
| | - Wenlin Ren
- AbMax Biotechnology Co., Ltd, 99 Kechuang 14th Street, Building 18-2-201, Beijing 101111, PR China
| | - Le Sun
- AbMax Biotechnology Co., Ltd, 99 Kechuang 14th Street, Building 18-2-201, Beijing 101111, PR China
| | - Weidi Xu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, PR China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, PR China
| | - Maohua Li
- AbMax Biotechnology Co., Ltd, 99 Kechuang 14th Street, Building 18-2-201, Beijing 101111, PR China.
| | - Changchun Tu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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22
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Prabhu KN, Isloor S, Veeresh BH, Rathnamma D, Sharada R, Das LJ, Satyanarayana ML, Hegde NR, Rahman SA. Application and Comparative Evaluation of Fluorescent Antibody, Immunohistochemistry and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Tests for the Detection of Rabies Virus Antigen or Nucleic Acid in Brain Samples of Animals Suspected of Rabies in India. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E24. [PMID: 29495649 PMCID: PMC5876580 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and early diagnosis of animal rabies is critical for undertaking public health measures. Whereas the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) technique is the recommended test, the more convenient, direct rapid immunochemistry test (dRIT), as well as the more sensitive, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), have recently been employed for the laboratory diagnosis of rabies. We compared the three methods on brain samples from domestic (dog, cat, cattle, buffalo, horse, pig and goat) and wild (leopard, wolf and jackal) animals from various parts of India. Of the 257 samples tested, 167 were positive by all the three tests; in addition, 35 of the 36 decomposed samples were positive by RT-PCR. This is the first study in which such large number of animal samples have been subjected to the three tests simultaneously. The results confirm 100% corroboration between DFA and dRIT, buttress the applicability of dRIT in the simple and rapid diagnosis of rabies in animals, and reaffirm the suitability of RT-PCR for samples unfit for testing either by DFA or dRIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nithin Prabhu
- Commonwealth Veterinary Association-Crucell Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Commonwealth Veterinary Association-Crucell Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - B Hanchinal Veeresh
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - Doddamane Rathnamma
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - R Sharada
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - Lekshmi J Das
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - M L Satyanarayana
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary College-Bengaluru, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru 560024, India.
| | - Nagendra R Hegde
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500049, India.
| | - Sira Abdul Rahman
- Commonwealth Veterinary Association, Jayanagar, Bengaluru 560011, India.
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23
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Fooks AR, Cliquet F, Finke S, Freuling C, Hemachudha T, Mani RS, Müller T, Nadin-Davis S, Picard-Meyer E, Wilde H, Banyard AC. Rabies. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017; 3:17091. [PMID: 29188797 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a life-threatening neglected tropical disease: tens of thousands of cases are reported annually in endemic countries (mainly in Africa and Asia), although the actual numbers are most likely underestimated. Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is caused by infection with viruses of the Lyssavirus genus, which are transmitted via the saliva of an infected animal. Dogs are the most important reservoir for rabies viruses, and dog bites account for >99% of human cases. The virus first infects peripheral motor neurons, and symptoms occur after the virus reaches the central nervous system. Once clinical disease develops, it is almost certainly fatal. Primary prevention involves dog vaccination campaigns to reduce the virus reservoir. If exposure occurs, timely post-exposure prophylaxis can prevent the progression to clinical disease and involves appropriate wound care, the administration of rabies immunoglobulin and vaccination. A multifaceted approach for human rabies eradication that involves government support, disease awareness, vaccination of at-risk human populations and, most importantly, dog rabies control is necessary to achieve the WHO goal of reducing the number of cases of dog-mediated human rabies to zero by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute of Infection &Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety (ANSES)-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology), Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Disease-Health Science Centre, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Reeta S Mani
- Department of Neurovirology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Rabies), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Susan Nadin-Davis
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (WHO Collaborating Centre for Control, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Rabies in Carnivores), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety (ANSES)-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology), Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Henry Wilde
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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24
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Warrell M, Warrell DA, Tarantola A. The Imperative of Palliation in the Management of Rabies Encephalomyelitis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:E52. [PMID: 30270909 PMCID: PMC6082067 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to guide clinicians in the practical management of patients suffering from rabies encephalomyelitis. This condition is eminently preventable by modern post-exposure vaccination, but is virtually always fatal in unvaccinated people. In the absence of any proven effective antiviral or other treatment, palliative care is an imperative to minimise suffering. Suspicion of rabies encephalomyelitis depends on recognising the classic symptomatology and eliciting a history of exposure to a possibly rabid mammal. Potentially treatable differential diagnoses must be eliminated, notably other infective encephalopathies. Laboratory confirmation of suspected rabies is not usually possible in many endemic areas, but is essential for public health surveillance. In a disease as agonising and terrifying as rabies encephalomyelitis, alleviation of distressing symptoms is the primary concern and overriding responsibility of medical staff. Calm, quiet conditions should be created, allowing relatives to communicate with the dying patient in safety and privacy. Palliative management must address thirst and dehydration, fever, anxiety, fear, restlessness, agitation, seizures, hypersecretion, and pain. As the infection progresses, coma and respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, endocrine, or gastrointestinal complications will eventually ensue. When the facilities exist, the possibility of intensive care may arise, but although some patients may survive, they will be left with severe neurological sequelae. Recovery from rabies is extremely rare, and heroic measures with intensive care should be considered only in patients who have been previously vaccinated, develop rabies antibody within the first week of illness, or were infected by an American bat rabies virus. However, in most cases, clinicians must have the courage to offer compassionate palliation whenever the diagnosis of rabies encephalomyelitis is inescapable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Warrell
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology & Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Old Rd, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.
| | - David A Warrell
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DW, UK.
| | - Arnaud Tarantola
- Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP 61 ⁻ 98845 Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia.
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25
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Castillo-Neyra R, Zegarra E, Monroy Y, Bernedo RF, Cornejo-Rosello I, Paz-Soldan VA, Levy MZ. Spatial Association of Canine Rabies Outbreak and Ecological Urban Corridors, Arequipa, Peru. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:tropicalmed2030038. [PMID: 30270895 PMCID: PMC6082090 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the city of Arequipa, Peru, a rabid dog was detected in March 2015, marking the reintroduction of the rabies virus in the area; more rabid dogs have been detected since then. The presence of free-roaming dogs in Arequipa seems to be higher in dry water channels, which are widespread in the city. We created a geographic information system (GIS) with surveillance data on the location of rabid dogs detected during the first year of the outbreak, as well as the water channels. We conducted a spatial analysis using Monte Carlo simulations to determine if detected rabid dogs were closer to the water channels than expected. Thirty rabid dogs were detected during the first year of the outbreak, and they were statistically associated with the water channels (average distance to closest water channel = 334 m; p-value = 0.027). Water channels might play a role in the ecology of free-roaming dog populations, functioning as ecological corridors. Landscape ecology could assist in understanding the impact of these urban structures on control activities and the persistence of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru.
| | - Edith Zegarra
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa, Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa 04002, Peru.
| | - Ynes Monroy
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa, Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa 04002, Peru.
| | - Reyno F Bernedo
- Gerencia Regional de Salud de Arequipa, Ministerio de Salud, Arequipa 04002, Peru.
| | | | - Valerie A Paz-Soldan
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru.
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Michael Z Levy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru.
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26
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Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Phommachanh P, Chomdara K, Phiphakhavong S, Khounsy S, Mukaka M, Dance DAB, Blacksell SD. Rabies surveillance in dogs in Lao PDR from 2010-2016. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005609. [PMID: 28570561 PMCID: PMC5469496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal viral disease that continues to threaten both human and animal health in endemic countries. The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is a rabies-endemic country in which dogs are the main reservoir and continue to present health risks for both human and animals throughout the country. METHODS Passive, laboratory-based rabies surveillance was performed for suspected cases of dog rabies in Vientiane Capital during 2010-2016 and eight additional provinces between 2015-2016 using the Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT). RESULTS There were 284 rabies positive cases from 415 dog samples submitted for diagnosis. 257 cases were from Vientiane Capital (2010-2016) and the remaining 27 cases were submitted during 2015-2016 from Champassak (16 cases), Vientiane Province (4 cases), Xieng Kuang (3 cases), Luang Prabang (2 cases), Saravan (1 case), Saisomboun (1 case) and Bokeo (1 case). There was a significant increase in rabies cases during the dry season (p = 0.004) (November to April; i.e., <100mm of rainfall per month). No significant differences were noted between age, sex, locality of rabies cases. CONCLUSION The use of laboratory-based rabies surveillance is a useful method of monitoring rabies in Lao PDR and should be expanded to other provincial centers, particularly where there are active rabies control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bounlom Douangngeun
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Phouvong Phommachanh
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Keo Chomdara
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Sithong Phiphakhavong
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Ban Khunta, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David A. B. Dance
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
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27
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Tarantola A. Four Thousand Years of Concepts Relating to Rabies in Animals and Humans, Its Prevention and Its Cure. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:E5. [PMID: 30270864 PMCID: PMC6082082 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2020005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epitome of the One Health paradigm-and of its shortcomings-rabies has been known to humankind for at least 4000 years. We review the evolution through history of concepts leading to our current understanding of rabies in dogs and humans and its prevention, as transmitted by accessible and surviving written texts. The tools and concepts currently available to control rabies were developed at the end of the 19th Century, including the first live, attenuated vaccine ever developed for humans and the first post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen. No progress, however, has been made in etiological treatment, leaving clinicians who provide care to animals or patients with symptomatic rabies as powerless today as their colleagues in Mesopotamia, 40 centuries ago. Rabies remains to date the most lethal infectious disease known to humans. Widespread access to timely, effective, and affordable PEP in rural areas of developing countries is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Tarantola
- Epidemiology & Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, BP983 Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise en Maladies Infectieuses (UREMI), Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, 9800 Nouméa, New Caledonia.
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28
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Dacheux L, Larrous F, Lavenir R, Lepelletier A, Faouzi A, Troupin C, Nourlil J, Buchy P, Bourhy H. Dual Combined Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Diagnosis of Lyssavirus Infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004812. [PMID: 27380028 PMCID: PMC4933377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The definitive diagnosis of lyssavirus infection (including rabies) in animals and humans is based on laboratory confirmation. The reference techniques for post-mortem rabies diagnosis are still based on direct immunofluorescence and virus isolation, but molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods, are increasingly being used and now constitute the principal tools for diagnosing rabies in humans and for epidemiological analyses. However, it remains a key challenge to obtain relevant specificity and sensitivity with these techniques while ensuring that the genetic diversity of lyssaviruses does not compromise detection. We developed a dual combined real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (combo RT-qPCR) method for pan-lyssavirus detection. This method is based on two complementary technologies: a probe-based (TaqMan) RT-qPCR for detecting the RABV species (pan-RABV RT-qPCR) and a second reaction using an intercalating dye (SYBR Green) to detect other lyssavirus species (pan-lyssa RT-qPCR). The performance parameters of this combined assay were evaluated with a large panel of primary animal samples covering almost all the genetic variability encountered at the viral species level, and they extended to almost all lyssavirus species characterized to date. This method was also evaluated for the diagnosis of human rabies on 211 biological samples (positive n = 76 and negative n = 135) including saliva, skin and brain biopsies. It detected all 41 human cases of rabies tested and confirmed the sensitivity and the interest of skin biopsy (91.5%) and saliva (54%) samples for intra-vitam diagnosis of human rabies. Finally, this method was successfully implemented in two rabies reference laboratories in enzootic countries (Cambodia and Morocco). This combined RT-qPCR method constitutes a relevant, useful, validated tool for the diagnosis of rabies in both humans and animals, and represents a promising tool for lyssavirus surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Florence Larrous
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Lavenir
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Lepelletier
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Abdellah Faouzi
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Medical Virology and BSL3 Laboratory, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Cécile Troupin
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Jalal Nourlil
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Medical Virology and BSL3 Laboratory, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Herve Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
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