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Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Fusco V. Arcobacter butzleri: Up-to-date taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of an emerging pathogen. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2071-2109. [PMID: 33337088 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri, recently emended to the Aliarcobacter butzleri comb. nov., is an emerging pathogen causing enteritis, severe diarrhea, septicaemia, and bacteraemia in humans and enteritis, stillbirth, and abortion in animals. Since its recognition as emerging pathogen on 2002, advancements have been made in elucidating its pathogenicity and epidemiology, also thanks to advent of genomics, which, moreover, contributed in emending its taxonomy. In this review, we provide an overview of the up-to-date taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of this emerging pathogen. Moreover, the implication of A. butzleri in the safety of foods is pinpointed, and culture-dependent and independent detection, identification, and typing methods as well as strategies to control and prevent the survival and growth of this pathogen are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Chieffi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
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Xi D, Alter T, Einspanier R, Sharbati S, Gölz G. Campylobacter jejuni genes Cj1492c and Cj1507c are involved in host cell adhesion and invasion. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:8. [PMID: 32064001 PMCID: PMC7011364 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) has been assigned as an important food-borne pathogen for human health but many pathogenicity factors of C. jejuni and human host cell responses related to the infection have not yet been adequately clarified. This study aimed to determine further C. jejuni pathogenicity factors and virulence genes based on a random mutagenesis approach. A transposon mutant library of C. jejuni NCTC 11168 was constructed and the ability of individual mutants to adhere to and invade human intestinal epithelial cells was evaluated compared to the wild type. We identified two mutants of C. jejuni possessing altered phenotypes with transposon insertions in the genes Cj1492c and Cj1507c. Cj1492c is annotated as a two-component sensor and Cj1507c is described as a regulatory protein. However, functions of both mutated genes are not clarified so far. Results In comparison to the wild type, Cj::1492c and Cj::1507c showed around 70-80% relative motility and Cj::1492c had around 3-times enhanced adhesion and invasion rates whereas Cj::1507c had significantly impaired adhesive and invasive capability. Moreover, Cj::1492c had a longer lag phase and slower growth rate while Cj::1507c showed similar growth compared to the wild type. Between 5 and 24 h post infection, more than 60% of the intracellular wild type C. jejuni were eliminated in HT-29/B6 cells, however, significantly fewer mutants were able to survive intracellularly. Nevertheless, no difference in host cell viability and induction of the pro-inflammatory chemokine IL-8 were determined between both mutants and the wild type. Conclusion We conclude that genes regulated by Cj1507c have an impact on efficient adhesion, invasion and intracellular survival of C. jejuni in HT-29/B6 cells. Furthermore, potential signal sensing by Cj1492c seems to lead to limiting attachment and hence internalisation of C. jejuni. However, as the intracellular survival capacities are reduced, we suggest that signal sensing by Cj1492c impacts several processes related to pathogenicity of C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Xi
- 1Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- 2Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- 1Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soroush Sharbati
- 1Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- 2Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Ramees TP, Dhama K, Karthik K, Rathore RS, Kumar A, Saminathan M, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Singh RK. Arcobacter: an emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen, its public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017; 37:136-161. [PMID: 28438095 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1323355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter has emerged as an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen, causing sometimes serious infections in humans and animals. Newer species of Arcobacter are being incessantly emerging (presently 25 species have been identified) with novel information on the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic diversity among different Arcobacter species. These have been reported from chickens, domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, dogs), reptiles (lizards, snakes and chelonians), meat (poultry, pork, goat, lamb, beef, rabbit), vegetables and from humans in different countries. Arcobacters are implicated as causative agents of diarrhea, mastitis and abortion in animals, while causing bacteremia, endocarditis, peritonitis, gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans. Three species including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are predominantly associated with clinical conditions. Arcobacters are primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water sources. Identification of Arcobacter by biochemical tests is difficult and isolation remains the gold standard method. Current diagnostic advances have provided various molecular methods for efficient detection and differentiation of the Arcobacters at genus and species level. To overcome the emerging antibiotic resistance problem there is an essential need to explore the potential of novel and alternative therapies. Strengthening of the diagnostic aspects is also suggested as in most cases Arcobacters goes unnoticed and hence the exact epidemiological status remains uncertain. This review updates the current knowledge and many aspects of this important food-borne pathogen, namely etiology, evolution and emergence, genetic diversity, epidemiology, the disease in animals and humans, public health concerns, and advances in its diagnosis, prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thadiyam Puram Ramees
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- c Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Ramswaroop Singh Rathore
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- e Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- f ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
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Hanisch C, Sharbati J, Kutz-Lohroff B, Huber O, Einspanier R, Sharbati S. TFF3-dependent resistance of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells HT-29/B6 to apoptosis is mediated by miR-491-5p regulation of lncRNA PRINS. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:16106. [PMID: 28149533 PMCID: PMC5279457 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a double-edged cytokine associated with pathogenesis of inflammatory-related cancers being also able to induce cancer cell death. In the process of tumour development or metastasis, cancer cells can become resistant to TNF-α. In trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) overexpressing colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29/B6), we observed enhanced resistance against TNF-α/interferon gamma-induced apoptosis. TFF3 is a secreted small peptide that supports intestinal tissue repair but is also involved in intestinal tumour progression and scattering. We hypothesised that TFF3 rescues intestinal epithelial cancer cells from TNF-α-induced apoptosis by involving regulatory RNA networks. In silico-based expression analysis revealed TFF3-mediated regulation of selected microRNAs as well as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), whereas miR-491-5p was identified to target the lncRNA ‘psoriasis susceptibility-related RNA gene induced by stress’ (PRINS). RNA interference-based gain- and loss-of-function experiments examined miR-491-PRINS axis to exert the TFF3-mediated phenotype. Chemical inhibition of selected pathways showed that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT accounts for TFF3-mediated downregulation of miR-491-5p and accumulation of PRINS. Moreover, we showed that PRINS colocalises with PMAIP1 (NOXA) in nuclei of HT-29/B6 possessing inhibitory effects. Immunoprecipitation experiments proved molecular interaction of PMAIP1 with PRINS. Our study provides an insight into RNA regulatory networks that determine resistance of colorectal cancer cells to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hanisch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Sharbati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Lise Meitner School of Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Kutz-Lohroff
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Otmar Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital , Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Soroush Sharbati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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Gölz G, Alter T, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. The Immunopathogenic Potential of Arcobacter butzleri - Lessons from a Meta-Analysis of Murine Infection Studies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159685. [PMID: 27438014 PMCID: PMC4954699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Only limited information is available about the immunopathogenic properties of Arcobacter infection in vivo. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of published data in murine infection models to compare the pathogenic potential of Arcobacter butzleri with Campylobacter jejuni and commensal Escherichia coli as pathogenic and harmless reference bacteria, respectively. Methodology / Principal Findings Gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice generated by broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds were perorally infected with A. butzleri (strains CCUG 30485 or C1), C. jejuni (strain 81-176) or a commensal intestinal E. coli strain. Either strain stably colonized the murine intestines upon infection. At day 6 postinfection (p.i.), C. jejuni infected mice only displayed severe clinical sequelae such as wasting bloody diarrhea. Gross disease was accompanied by increased numbers of colonic apoptotic cells and distinct immune cell populations including macrophages and monocytes, T and B cells as well as regulatory T cells upon pathogenic infection. Whereas A. butzleri and E. coli infected mice were clinically unaffected, respective colonic immune cell numbers increased in the former, but not in the latter, and more distinctly upon A. butzleri strain CCUG 30485 as compared to C1 strain infection. Both, A. butzleri and C. jejuni induced increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6 and MCP-1 in large, but also small intestines. Remarkably, even though viable bacteria did not translocate from the intestines to extra-intestinal compartments, systemic immune responses were induced in C. jejuni, but also A. butzleri infected mice as indicated by increased respective pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in serum samples at day 6 p.i. Conclusion / Significance A. butzleri induce less distinct pro-inflammatory sequelae as compared to C. jejuni, but more pronounced local and systemic immune responses than commensal E. coli in a strain-dependent manner. Hence, data point towards that A. butzleri is more than a commensal in vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Zur Bruegge J, Backes C, Gölz G, Hemmrich-Stanisak G, Scharek-Tedin L, Franke A, Alter T, Einspanier R, Keller A, Sharbati S. MicroRNA Response of Primary Human Macrophages to Arcobacter Butzleri Infection. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2016; 6:99-108. [PMID: 27429792 PMCID: PMC4936332 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2016.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in infectious diseases is becoming more and more apparent, and the use of miRNAs as a diagnostic tool and their therapeutic application has become the major focus of investigation. The aim of this study was to identify miRNAs involved in the immune signaling of macrophages in response to Arcobacter (A.) butzleri infection, an emerging foodborne pathogen causing gastroenteritis. Therefore, primary human macrophages were isolated and infected, and miRNA expression was studied by means of RNAseq. Analysis of the data revealed the expression of several miRNAs, which were previously associated with bacterial infections such as miR-155, miR-125, and miR-212. They were shown to play a key role in Toll-like receptor signaling where they act as fine-tuners to establish a balanced immune response. In addition, miRNAs which have yet not been identified during bacterial infections such as miR-3613, miR-2116, miR-671, miR-30d, and miR-629 were differentially regulated in A. butzleri-infected cells. Targets of these miRNAs accumulated in pathways such as apoptosis and endocytosis – processes that might be involved in A. butzleri pathogenesis. Our study contributes new findings about the interaction of A. butzleri with human innate immune cells helping to understand underlying regulatory mechanisms in macrophages during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zur Bruegge
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Backes
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University , Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lydia Scharek-Tedin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel , Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Keller
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University , Germany
| | - Soroush Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Pawar K, Sharbati J, Einspanier R, Sharbati S. Mycobacterium bovis BCG Interferes with miR-3619-5p Control of Cathepsin S in the Process of Autophagy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:27. [PMID: 27014637 PMCID: PMC4783571 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Main survival mechanism of pathogenic mycobacteria is to escape inimical phagolysosomal environment inside the macrophages. Many efforts have been made to unravel the molecular mechanisms behind this process. However, little is known about the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of phagolysosomal biosynthesis and maturation. Based on a bottom up approach, we searched for miRNAs that were involved in phagolysosomal processing events in the course of mycobacterial infection of macrophages. After infecting THP-1 derived macrophages with viable and heat killed Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG), early time points were identified after co-localization studies of the phagosomal marker protein LAMP1 and BCG. Differences in LAMP1 localization on the phagosomes of both groups were observed at 30 min and 4 h. After in silico based pre-selection of miRNAs, expression analysis at the identified time points revealed down-regulation of three miRNAs: miR-3619-5p, miR-637, and miR-324-3p. Consequently, most likely targets were predicted that were supposed to be mutually regulated by these three studied miRNAs. The lysosomal cysteine protease Cathepsin S (CTSS) and Rab11 family-interacting protein 4 (RAB11FIP4) were up-regulated and were considered to be connected to lysosomal trafficking and autophagy. Interaction studies verified the regulation of CTSS by miR-3619-5p. Down-regulation of CTSS by ectopic miR-3619-5p as well as its specific knockdown by siRNA affected the process of autophagy in THP-1 derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Pawar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Sharbati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Soroush Sharbati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
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Pawar K, Hanisch C, Palma Vera SE, Einspanier R, Sharbati S. Down regulated lncRNA MEG3 eliminates mycobacteria in macrophages via autophagy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19416. [PMID: 26757825 PMCID: PMC4725832 DOI: 10.1038/srep19416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding RNA play a major part in host response to bacterial agents. However, the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in this context remains unknown. LncRNA regulate gene expression by acting e.g. as transcriptional coactivators, RNA decoys or microRNA sponges. They control development, differentiation and cellular processes such as autophagy in disease conditions. Here, we provide an insight into the role of lncRNA in mycobacterial infections. Human macrophages were infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and lncRNA expression was studied early post infection. For this purpose, lncRNA with known immune related functions were preselected and a lncRNA specific RT-qPCR protocol was established. In addition to expression-based prediction of lncRNA function, we assessed strategies for thorough normalisation of lncRNA. Arrayed quantification showed infection-dependent repression of several lncRNA including MEG3. Pathway analysis linked MEG3 to mTOR and PI3K-AKT signalling pointing to regulation of autophagy. Accordingly, IFN-γ induced autophagy in infected macrophages resulted in sustained MEG3 down regulation and lack of IFN-γ allowed for counter regulation of MEG3 by viable M. bovis BCG. Knockdown of MEG3 in macrophages resulted in induction of autophagy and enhanced eradication of intracellular M. bovis BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Pawar
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlos Hanisch
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio Eliseo Palma Vera
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Soroush Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Heimesaat MM, Karadas G, Alutis M, Fischer A, Kühl AA, Breithaupt A, Göbel UB, Alter T, Bereswill S, Gölz G. Survey of small intestinal and systemic immune responses following murine Arcobacter butzleri infection. Gut Pathog 2015; 7:28. [PMID: 26483849 PMCID: PMC4610047 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-015-0075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arcobacter (A.) butzleri has been described as causative agent for sporadic cases of human gastroenteritis with abdominal pain and acute or prolonged watery diarrhea. In vitro studies revealed distinct adhesive, invasive and cytotoxic properties of A. butzleri. Information about the underlying immunopathological mechanisms of infection in vivo, however, are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunopathological properties of two different A. butzleri strains in a well-established murine infection model. RESULTS Gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice, in which the intestinal microbiota was depleted by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, were perorally infected with two different A. butzleri strains isolated from a diseased patient (CCUG 30485) or fresh chicken meat (C1), respectively. Eventhough bacteria of either strain could stably colonize the intestinal tract at day 6 and day 16 postinfection (p.i.), mice did not exert infection induced symptoms such as diarrhea or wasting. In small intestines of infected mice, however, increased numbers of apoptotic cells could be detected at day 16, but not day 6 following infection with either strain. A strain-dependent influx of distinct immune cell populations such as T and B cells as well as of regulatory T cells could be observed upon A. butzleri infection which was accompanied by increased small intestinal concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IFN-γ, MCP-1 and IL-6. Remarkably, inflammatory responses following A. butzleri infection were not restricted to the intestinal tract, given that the CCUG 30485 strain induced systemic immune responses as indicated by increased IFN-γ concentrations in spleens at day 6, but not day 16 following infection. CONCLUSION Upon peroral infection A. butzleri stably colonized the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice. The dynamics of distinct local and systemic inflammatory responses could be observed in a strain-dependent fashion pointing towards an immunopathogenic potential of A. butzleri in vivo. These results indicate that gnotobiotic IL-10(-/-) mice are well suited to further investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying arcobacteriosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gül Karadas
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Gölz G, Karadas G, Alutis ME, Fischer A, Kühl AA, Breithaupt A, Göbel UB, Alter T, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM. Arcobacter butzleri Induce Colonic, Extra-Intestinal and Systemic Inflammatory Responses in Gnotobiotic IL-10 Deficient Mice in a Strain-Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139402. [PMID: 26406497 PMCID: PMC4584000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immunopathological impact of human Arcobacter (A.) infections is under current debate. Episodes of gastroenteritis with abdominal pain and acute or prolonged watery diarrhea were reported for A. butzleri infected patients. Whereas adhesive, invasive and cytotoxic capacities have been described for A. butzleri in vitro, only limited information is available about the immunopathogenic potential and mechanisms of infection in vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings Gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice were generated by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and perorally infected with the A. butzleri strains CCUG 30485 and C1 shown to be invasive in cell culture assays. Bacterial colonization capacities, clinical conditions, intestinal, extra-intestinal and systemic immune responses were monitored at day six and 16 postinfection (p.i.). Despite stable intestinal A. butzleri colonization at high loads, gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice were virtually unaffected and did not display any overt symptoms at either time point. Notably, A. butzleri infection induced apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells which was paralleled by increased abundance of proliferating cells. Furthermore A. butzleri infection caused a significant increase of distinct immune cell populations such as T and B cells, regulatory T cells, macrophages and monocytes in the colon which was accompanied by elevated colonic TNF, IFN-γ, nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, IL-12p70 and MCP-1 concentrations. Strikingly, A. butzleri induced extra-intestinal and systemic immune responses as indicated by higher NO concentrations in kidney and increased TNF, IFN-γ, IL-12p70 and IL-6 levels in serum samples of infected as compared to naive mice. Overall, inflammatory responses could be observed earlier in the course of infection by the CCUG 30485 as compared to the C1 strain. Conclusion/Significance Peroral A. butzleri infection induced not only intestinal but also extra-intestinal and systemic immune responses in gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice in a strain-dependent manner. These findings point towards an immunopathogenic potential of A. butzleri in vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Gül Karadas
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie E. Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A. Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B. Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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