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Zhang L, Ma X, Tong P, Zheng B, Zhu M, Peng B, Wang J, Liu Y. RNA-Seq analysis of long non-coding RNA in human intestinal epithelial cells infected by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Cytokine 2024; 173:156421. [PMID: 37944420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infects animals and induces acute intestinal inflammation. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to play crucial roles in modulating inflammation response. However, it is not clear whether lncRNAs are involved in STEC-induced inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS To understand the association of lncRNAs with STEC infection, we used RNA-seq technology to analyze the profiles of lncRNAs in Mock-infected and STEC-infected human intestinal epithelial cells (HIECs). We detected a total of 702 lncRNAs differentially expressed by STEC infection. 583 differentially expressed lncRNAs acted as competitive microRNAs (miRNAs) binding elements in regulating the gene expression involved in TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and apoptosis pathways. We analyzed 3 targeted genes, TRADD, TRAF1 and TGFB2, which were differentially regulated by mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA interaction network, potentially involved in the inflammatory and apoptotic response to STEC infection. Functional analysis of up/downstream genes associated with differentially expressed lncRNAs revealed their role in adheres junction and endocytosis. We also used the qRT-PCR technique to validate 8 randomly selected differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in STEC-infected HIECs. CONCLUSION Our results, for the first time, revealed differentially expressed lncRNAs induced by STEC infection of HIECs. The results will help investigate the molecular mechanisms for the inflammatory responses induced by STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuelian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Panpan Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Baili Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Mingyue Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China.
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2
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Ortiz Y, Heredia N, García S. Boundaries That Prevent or May Lead Animals to be Reservoirs of Escherichia coli O104:H4. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100053. [PMID: 36916560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O104:H4, a hybrid serotype carrying virulence factors from enteroaggregative (EAEC) and Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) pathotypes, is the reported cause of a multicountry outbreak in 2011. Evaluation of potential routes of human contamination revealed that this strain is a foodborne pathogen. In contrast to STEC strains, whose main reservoir is cattle, serotype O104:H4 has not been commonly isolated from animals or related environments, suggesting an inability to naturally colonize the gut in hosts other than humans. However, contrary to this view, this strain has been shown to colonize the intestines of experimental animals in infectious studies. In this minireview, we provide a systematic summary of reports highlighting potential evolutionary changes that could facilitate the colonization of new reservoirs by these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaraymi Ortiz
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Norma Heredia
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Santos García
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico.
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3
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Barth SA, Bauerfeind R, Berens C, Menge C. Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli in Animals: Detection, Characterization, and Virulence Assessment. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2291:19-86. [PMID: 33704748 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1339-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cattle and other ruminants are primary reservoirs for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains which have a highly variable, but unpredictable, pathogenic potential for humans. Domestic swine can carry and shed STEC, but only STEC strains producing the Shiga toxin (Stx) 2e variant and causing edema disease in piglets are considered pathogens of veterinary medical interest. In this chapter, we present general diagnostic workflows for sampling livestock animals to assess STEC prevalence, magnitude, and duration of host colonization. This is followed by detailed method protocols for STEC detection and typing at genetic and phenotypic levels to assess the relative virulence exerted by the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Bauerfeind
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany.
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4
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Subtilase cytotoxin induces a novel form of Lipocalin 2, which promotes Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli survival. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18943. [PMID: 33144618 PMCID: PMC7609767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) infection causes severe bloody diarrhea, renal failure, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Recent studies showed global increases in Locus for Enterocyte Effacement (LEE)-negative STEC infection. Some LEE-negative STEC produce Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB), which cleaves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone protein BiP, inducing ER stress and apoptotic cell death. In this study, we report that SubAB induces expression of a novel form of Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), and describe its biological activity and effects on apoptotic cell death. SubAB induced expression of a novel LCN2, which was regulated by PRKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase via the C/EBP homologous protein pathway. SubAB-induced novel-sized LCN2 was not secreted into the culture supernatant. Increased intracellular iron level by addition of holo-transferrin or FeCl3 suppressed SubAB-induced PARP cleavage. Normal-sized FLAG-tagged LCN2 suppressed STEC growth, but this effect was not seen in the presence of SubAB- or tunicamycin-induced unglycosylated FLAG-tagged LCN2. Our study demonstrates that SubAB-induced novel-sized LCN2 does not have anti-STEC activity, suggesting that SubAB plays a crucial role in the survival of LEE-negative STEC as well as inducing apoptosis of the host cells.
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Harrison LM, Lacher DW, Mammel MK, Leonard SR. Comparative Transcriptomics of Shiga Toxin-Producing and Commensal Escherichia coli and Cytokine Responses in Colonic Epithelial Cell Culture Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:575630. [PMID: 33194815 PMCID: PMC7649339 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.575630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can result in a range of illness severity from asymptomatic to hemorrhagic colitis and death; thus risk assessment of STEC strains for human pathogenicity is important in the area of food safety. Illness severity depends in part on the combination of virulence genes carried in the genome, which can vary between strains even of identical serotype. To better understand how core genes are regulated differently among strains and to identify possible novel STEC virulence gene candidates that could be added to the risk assessment repertoire, we used comparative transcriptomics to investigate global gene expression differences between two STEC strains associated with severe illness and a commensal E. coli strain during in vitro intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) infections. Additionally, we compared a wide array of concomitant cytokine levels produced by the IECs. The cytokine expression levels were examined for a pattern representing STEC pathogenicity; however, while one STEC strain appeared to elicit a proinflammatory response, infection by the other strain produced a pattern comparable to the commensal E. coli. This result may be explained by the significant differences in gene content and expression observed between the STEC strains. RNA-Seq analysis revealed considerable disparity in expression of genes in the arginine and tryptophan biosynthesis/import pathways between the STEC strains and the commensal E. coli strain, highlighting the important role some amino acids play in STEC colonization and survival. Contrasting differential expression patterns were observed for genes involved in respiration among the three strains suggesting that metabolic diversity is a strategy utilized to compete with resident microflora for successful colonization. Similar temporal expression results for known and putative virulence genes were observed in the STEC strains, revealing strategies used for survival prior to and after initial adherence to IECs. Additionally, three genes encoding hypothetical proteins located in mobile genetic elements were, after interrogation of a large set of E. coli genomes, determined to likely represent novel STEC virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Harrison
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - David W Lacher
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Mark K Mammel
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Susan R Leonard
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
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Barth SA, Weber M, Schaufler K, Berens C, Geue L, Menge C. Metabolic Traits of Bovine Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli (STEC) Strains with Different Colonization Properties. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060414. [PMID: 32580365 PMCID: PMC7354573 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle harbor Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in their intestinal tract, thereby providing these microorganisms with an ecological niche, but without this colonization leading to any clinical signs. In a preceding study, genotypic characterization of bovine STEC isolates unveiled that their ability to colonize cattle persistently (STECper) or only sporadically (STECspo) is more closely associated with the overall composition of the accessory rather than the core genome. However, the colonization pattern could not be unequivocally linked to the possession of classical virulence genes. This study aimed at assessing, therefore, if the presence of certain phenotypic traits in the strains determines their colonization pattern and if these can be traced back to distinctive genetic features. STECspo strains produced significantly more biofilm than STECper when incubated at lower temperatures. Key substrates, the metabolism of which showed a significant association with colonization type, were glyoxylic acid and L-rhamnose, which were utilized by STECspo, but not or only by some STECper. Genomic sequences of the respective glc and rha operons contained mutations and frameshifts in uptake and/or regulatory genes, particularly in STECper. These findings suggest that STECspo conserved features leveraging survival in the environment, whereas the acquisition of a persistent colonization phenotype in the cattle reservoir was accompanied by the loss of metabolic properties and genomic mutations in the underlying genetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A. Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (C.B.); (L.G.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-804-2270; Fax: +49-3641-804-2482
| | - Michael Weber
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (C.B.); (L.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Katharina Schaufler
- Free University Berlin, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
- University of Greifswald, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (C.B.); (L.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Lutz Geue
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (C.B.); (L.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (C.B.); (L.G.); (C.M.)
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Peng Z, Liang W, Hu Z, Li X, Guo R, Hua L, Tang X, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X, Wu B. O-serogroups, virulence genes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and MLST genotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from swine and cattle in Central China. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:427. [PMID: 31783837 PMCID: PMC6883634 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a leading cause of worldwide food-borne and waterborne infections. Despite an increase in the number of STEC outbreaks, there is a lack of data on prevalence of STEC at the farm level, distribution of serogroups, and virulence factors. Results In the present study, a total of 91 (6.16%) STEC strains were isolated from 1477 samples including pig intestines, pig feces, cattle feces, milk, and water from dairy farms. The isolation rates of STEC strains from pig intestines, pig feces, and cattle feces were 7.41% (32/432), 4.38% (21/480), and 9.57% (38/397), respectively. No STEC was isolated from the fresh milk and water samples. By O-serotyping methods, a total of 30 types of O-antigens were determined, and the main types were O100, O97, O91, O149, O26, O92, O102, O157, and O34. Detection of selected virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eae, ehxA, saa) revealed that over 94.51% (86/91) of the isolates carried more than two types of virulence associated genes, and approximately 71.43% (65/91) of the isolates carried both stx1 and stx2, simultaneously. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that most of the STEC isolates were susceptible to ofloxacin and norfloxacin, but showed resistance to tetracycline, kanamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin. MLST determined 13 categories of sequence types (STs), and ST297 (31.87%; 29/91) was the most dominant clone. This clone displayed a close relationship to virulent strains STEC ST678 (O104: H4). The prevalence of ST297 clones should receive more attentions. Conclusions Our preliminary data revealed that a heterogeneous group of STEC is present, but the non-O157 serogroups and some ST clones such as ST297 should receive more attentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zizhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xibiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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