Symptom perception in heart failure - Interventions and outcomes: A scoping review

Psychometric Evaluation of the Heart Failure Somatic Perception Scale in a Middle Eastern Heart Failure Population

BACKGROUND

The Heart Failure Somatic Perception Scale (HFSPS) is an 18-item instrument used to assess how bothersome are common signs and symptoms of heart failure (HF). To date, the psychometric properties of the HFSPS have been tested in American, Italian, and Japanese samples.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the HFSPS in a population of Lebanese patients living with HF.

METHODS

A rigorous translation and back-translation process was performed. Cultural appropriateness ratings were assessed by an expert panel. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to confirm construct validity, whereas an independent t test using the Minnesota Living With HF Questionnaire's scores was conducted to confirm convergent validity. Pearson correlation was performed to confirm discriminant validity using the Self-Care in HF Index Management subscale, whereas predictive validity was evaluated using the Control Attitudes Scale-Revised. Internal consistency reliability was evaluated using Cronbach α .

RESULTS

A total of 109 patients (mean age, 63.66 ± 10.55 years; 69.7% male) were included. A series of exploratory factor analyses was conducted and resulted in a 4-factor model. Cronbach α was 0.869. Convergent (high correlation with total Minnesota Living With HF Questionnaire; r = 0.762, P < .0001), discriminant (no correlation with self-care management; r = 0.180, P = .078), and predictive (significant correlation with the Control Attitudes Scale-Revised; r = -0.523, P < .0001) validity was supported.

CONCLUSION

The reliability and validity of the HFSPS were supportive in this Middle Eastern sample. The HFSPS can be used to assess how bothersome HF symptoms are to improve their management.

Self-care challenges of patients with heart failure from the perspectives of patients and caregivers: A qualitative study

OBJECTIVE

self-care is critically important for the long-term management of heart failure (HF) patients, with caregivers playing an important role in promoting self-care. However, adherence to self-care is typically low among HF patients worldwide.

METHODS

In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with individuals diagnosed with HF. To structure the interview guide and underpin the analysis, two established behavioral science frameworks, the Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), were used in this study.

RESULTS

A total of 32 participants were included (n = 16 patients, n = 16 caregivers), with themes involving: barriers included: "Self-care with Limited Capability," "Insufficient External Support," "Lack of Motivation for Self-Care." Facilitators included: "Striving to Adapt to Disease Demands," "Adequate External Support," "Positive Health Behaviors and Experiences."

CONCLUSIONS

Providing positive support to heart failure patients and their caregivers, along with cultivating intrinsic motivation for behavioral change, can enhance self-care ability.

Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index version 7.2

AIMS

It is more important for patients with heart failure (HF) to objectively identify their self-care status. The Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) version 7.2 is a reliable and valid instrument comprising three scales: self-care maintenance, symptom perception, and self-care management. We aimed to translate the SCHFI v.7.2 into Japanese and test its validity and reliability.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This was a cross-sectional study. Two translators performed forward and backward translations between English and Japanese. To assess structural validity, confirmatory factor analyses were performed using the structure of the original version. To assess convergent validity, the associations between each scale and self-care self-efficacy were evaluated. To assess internal consistency, model-based internal consistency coefficients were calculated. Participants were 314 Japanese outpatients with HF (mean age: 72.8 ± 12.8 years). Regarding structural validity, all scales showed adequate model fit indices, supporting a two-factor structure with items similar to those in the original version. However, to improve the model fit indices, it was necessary to add error correlations for the self-care maintenance and symptom perception scales. Regarding convergent validity, all scales showed significant associations with self-care self-efficacy. Regarding internal consistency, the model-based internal consistency coefficients were sufficient for all scales (0.739, 0.908, and 0.783 for the self-care maintenance, symptom perception, and self-care management scales, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The Japanese version of the SCHFI v.7.2 had adequate validity and reliability. This instrument is useful for assessing self-care in Japanese HF patients. However, factors influencing self-care should be considered when interpreting results.

Feasibility, acceptability, and outcome responsiveness of the SYMPERHEART intervention to support symptom perception in persons with heart failure and their informal caregivers: a feasibility quasi-experimental study

BACKGROUND

Symptom perception is an important process of heart failure (HF) self-care that persons with HF need in order to master self-care management. It also leads to better patient outcomes. Symptom perception consists of body observation and analysis, which are both challenging. We aimed to test the feasibility, acceptability, and outcome responsiveness of a novel intervention (SYMPERHEART) delivered to persons with HF with their informal caregiver.

METHODS

We designed SYMPERHEART as a complex evidence-informed education and support intervention targeting body observation and analysis. We conducted a feasibility quasi-experimental study with a single group pre-post-test design. We included three subsamples: persons with HF receiving home-based care, their informal caregivers exposed to SYMPERHEART, and home-care nurses who delivered SYMPERHEART during 1 month. We assessed feasibility by recruitment time, time to deliver SYMPERHEART, eligibility rate, and intervention fidelity. We assessed acceptability by consent rate, retention rate, persons with HF engagement in body observation, and treatment acceptability. Outcome responsiveness was informed by patient-reported (PRO) and clinical outcomes: HF self-care and the informal caregivers' contribution to HF self-care, perception of HF symptom burden, health status, caregivers' burden, and HF events. We performed descriptive analyses for quantitative data and calculated Cohen's d for PROs. A power analysis estimated the sample size for a future full-scale effectiveness study.

RESULTS

We included 18 persons with HF, 7 informal caregivers, and 9 nurses. Recruitment time was 112.6 h. The median time to deliver SYMPERHEART for each participant was 177.5 min. Eligibility rate was 55% in persons with HF. Intervention fidelity revealed that 16 persons with HF were exposed to body observation and analysis. Consent and retention rates in persons with HF were 37.5% and 100%, respectively. Participants engaged actively in symptom and weight monitoring. Treatment acceptability scores were high. Symptom perception and informal caregivers' contribution to symptom perception were found to be responsive to SYMPERHEART. We estimate that a sample size of 50 persons with HF would be needed for a full-scale effectiveness study.

CONCLUSIONS

SYMPERHEART was found to be feasible and acceptable. This feasibility study provides information for a subsequent effectiveness study.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ISRCTN. ISRCTN18151041 , retrospectively registered on 4 February 2021, ICTRP Search Portal.

Knowledge about self-efficacy and outcomes in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction

AIM

Although education in self-management is thought to be an important aspect of the care of patients with heart failure, little is known about whether self-rated knowledge of self-management is associated with outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between patient-reported knowledge of self-management and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Using individual patient data from three recent clinical trials enrolling participants with HFrEF, we examined patient characteristics and clinical outcomes according to responses to the 'self-efficacy' questions of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire. One question quantifies patients' understanding of how to prevent heart failure exacerbations ('prevention' question) and the other how to manage complications when they arise ('response' question). Self-reported answers from patients were pragmatically divided into: poor (do not understand at all, do not understand very well, somewhat understand), fair (mostly understand), and good (completely understand). Cox-proportional hazard models were used to evaluate time-to-first occurrence of each endpoint, and negative binomial regression analysis was performed to compare the composite of total (first and repeat) heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular death across the above-defined groups. Of patients (n = 17 629) completing the 'prevention' question, 4197 (23.8%), 6897 (39.1%), and 6535 (37.1%) patients had poor, fair, and good self-rated knowledge, respectively. Of those completing the 'response' question (n = 17 637), 4033 (22.9%), 5463 (31.0%), and 8141 (46.2%) patients had poor, fair, and good self-rated knowledge, respectively. For both questions, patients with 'poor' knowledge were older, more often female, and had a worse heart failure profile but similar treatment. The rates (95% confidence interval) per 100 person-years for the primary composite outcome for 'poor', 'moderate' and 'good' self-rated knowledge in answer to the 'prevention' question were 12.83 (12.11-13.60), 12.08 (11.53-12.65) and 11.55 (11.00-12.12), respectively, and for the 'response' question were 12.88 (12.13-13.67), 12.22 (11.60-12.86) and 11.56 (11.07-12.07), respectively. The lower event rates in patients with 'good' self-rate knowledge were accounted for by lower rates of cardiovascular (and all-cause) death and not hospitalization for worsening heart failure.

CONCLUSIONS

Poor patient-reported 'self-efficacy' may be associated with higher rates of mortality. Evaluation of knowledge of 'self-efficacy' may provide prognostic information and a guide to which patients may benefit from further education about self-management.

Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Patients with COPD: Modifiable Explanatory Factors

Anxiety and depressive symptoms affect up to 80% of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To reduce this symptom burden, clinicians should target modifiable explanatory factors while accounting for nonmodifiable explanatory factors of these symptoms. The purpose of this secondary data analysis was to examine which modifiable factors explain anxiety and depressive symptoms in COPD. This secondary data analysis of 1,760 COPD patients used multiple regression to explain anxiety and depressive symptoms from sets of modifiable patient characteristics and demographic controls. Clinically significant symptoms of anxiety or depression presented in 29.6% (n = 526) of participants, and 20.6% (n = 363) had both. Significant modifiable explanatory factors of both disorder symptoms were perceived functional status, functional capacity, psychosocial impact, symptom self-management, and significant symptoms for the other. Somatic symptom burden and dyspnea explained anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively. Addressing these modifiable factors may reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with COPD.

A Single-Center, Randomized Controlled Trial to Test the Efficacy of Nurse-Led Motivational Interviewing for Enhancing Self-Care in Adults with Heart Failure

BACKGROUND

The role of nurse-led motivational interviewing (MI) in improving self-care among patients with heart failure (HF) is promising, even if it still requires further empirical evidence to determine its efficacy. For this reason, this study tested its efficacy in enhancing self-care maintenance (primary endpoint), self-care management, and self-care confidence after three months from enrollment in adults with HF compared to usual care, and assessed changes in self-care over follow-up times (3, 6, 9, and 12 months).

METHODS

A single-center, randomized, controlled, parallel-group, superiority study with two experimental arms and a control group was performed. Allocation was in a 1:1:1 ratio between intervention groups and control.

RESULTS

MI was effective in improving self-care maintenance after three months when it was performed only for patients (arm 1) and for the patients-caregivers dyad (arm 2) (respectively, Cohen's d = 0.92, p-value < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.68, p-value < 0.001). These effects were stable over the one-year follow-up. No effects were observed concerning self-care management, while MI moderately influenced self-care confidence.

CONCLUSIONS

This study supported the adoption of nurse-led MI in the clinical management of adults with HF.

Needs of patients with multi-morbidity and heart failure for the development of a mHealth to improve their self-management: A qualitative analysis

Objective

To provide practical information regarding needs, preferences of content and format of an app to assist the self-management in patients with multi-morbidity and heart failure (HF).

Methods

The three-phase study was conducted in Spain. Six integrative reviews, a qualitative methodology based on Van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenology through semi-structured interviews and user stories were used. Data collection continued until data saturation was reached. All data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a framework approach. Thematic analysis technique following the methods of Braun and Clarke was used for emerging themes.

Results

Integrative reviews conducted included practical recommendations to include in the content and format of the App and helped create the interview guide. Interviews revealed 15 subthemes that captured the meaning of narratives offering contextual insights into the development of the App. The main effective mechanisms of multicomponent interventions for patients with HF must contain (a) components that increase the patient's understanding of HF, (b) self-care, (c) self-efficacy and participation of the family/informal caregiver, (4) psychosocial well-being and (5) professional support and use of technology. User stories revealed that patients prioritized improvements in direct contact with health services in case of emergency (90%), nutritional information (70%), type of exercises in order to improve their physical condition (75%) and information about food and drug interaction (60%). The importance of motivation messages (60%) was highlighted by transversal way.

Conclusions

The three-phase process integrating theoretical basis, evidence from integrative reviews and research findings from target users has been considered a guide for future app development.

Symptom Recognition as a Mediator in the Self-Care of Chronic Illness

Background

The recognition of a symptom is needed to initiate a decision to engage in a behavior to ameliorate the symptom. Yet, a surprising number of individuals fail to detect symptoms and delay in addressing early warnings of a health problem.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that symptom recognition mediates the relationship between monitoring for and management of symptoms of a chronic illness.

Methods

A secondary analysis of existing cross-sectional data. A sample of 1,629 patients diagnosed with one or more chronic conditions was enrolled in the United States (US) (n = 407), Italy (n = 784) and Sweden (n = 438) between March 2015 and May 2019. Data on self-care monitoring, symptom recognition, and self-care management was assessed using the Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory. After confirming metric invariance in cultural assessment, we used structural equation modeling to test a mediation model where symptom recognition was conceptualized as the mediator linking self-care monitoring and self-care management with autonomous (e.g., Change your activity level) and consulting behaviors (e.g., Call your healthcare provider for guidance).

Results

Symptom recognition mediated the relation between self-care monitoring and autonomous self-care management behaviors (β = 0.098, β = 0.122, β = 0.081, p < 0.001 for US, Italy, and Sweden, respectively). No mediation effect was found for consulting self-care management behaviors.

Conclusion

Our findings suggests that symptom recognition promotes autonomous self-care behaviors in people with a chronic condition. Self-care monitoring directly affects consulting self-care management behaviors but not through symptom recognition. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of symptom recognition in the self-care process.

Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness of an Empowerment-Based Self-care Education Program on Health Outcomes Among Patients With Heart Failure: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance

Strategies that enhance self-care of patients with heart failure reduce mortality and health care use.

Objective

To examine whether an empowerment-based self-care education program was more effective and cost-effective to improve self-care, health status, and hospital service use than a didactic education program in patients with heart failure.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, a consecutive sample of 988 patients with heart failure from the cardiac clinics of 2 regional hospitals underwent eligibility screening from February 1, 2017, to May 31, 2019, using the criteria of age of 55 years or older, heart failure diagnosed 6 months before screening, and New York Heart Association class II to IV. A total of 236 participants were randomized to the empowerment (n = 118) or education (n = 118) group.

Interventions

The 12-week, group-based, empowerment-based education program included self-care assessment, goal-orientated actions in symptom recognition and response, fluid and dietary modification, and lifestyle management. Didactic education covered the same topics without empowerment strategies.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was self-care measured by the Self-care Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) maintenance, management, and symptom perception subscales at posttest and 3-month end points. Secondary outcomes included measures of knowledge, confidence, health-related quality of life, and health service use. Direct, indirect, and social costs of the 2 programs were collected for cost-effectiveness analysis.

Results

A total of 236 Chinese patients (mean [SD] age, 70 [8.0] years; 149 [63.1%] men) were included in the study. The empowerment group reported significantly greater improvement in SCHFI management scores (mean difference, 13.76; 95% CI, 5.89-21.62; Cohen d = 0.46 at posttest and Cohen d = 0.35 at 3 months) and symptom perception scores (mean difference, 20.36; 95% CI, 13.98-26.75; Cohen d = 0.84 at posttest and Cohen d = 0.61 at 3 months). The empowerment group had lower risks of emergency department attendance (incidence rate ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.31-0.95; P = .03) and hospital admission (incidence rate ratio, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.21-0.68; P = .001) and better improved self-care knowledge (change in score [empowerment minus education], 1.29; 95% CI, 0.48-2.09) and confidence (change in score [empowerment minus education], 7.98; 95% CI, 1.91-14.05). Empowerment was cost-saving and cost-effective at T2 compared with the education group for quality-adjusted life-years, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of -114 485.

Conclusion and Relevance

In this randomized clinical trial, an empowerment approach led to clinically relevant improvement in symptom perception and self-care management among patients with heart failure. Its cost-effectiveness in improving these prognostic factors also benefits the patient-reported outcome.

Trial Registration

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR-IOR-16008254.

SYMPERHEART: an intervention to support symptom perception in persons with heart failure and their informal caregiver: a feasibility quasi-experimental study protocol

INTRODUCTION

Symptom perception in heart failure (HF) has been identified as crucial for effective self-care, and is related to patient and health system outcomes. There is uncertainty regarding the feasibility and acceptability of symptom perception support and doubts regarding how to include informal caregivers. This study aims to test the feasibility, acceptability and outcome responsiveness of an intervention supporting symptom perception in persons with HF and their informal caregiver.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

A feasibility study with a quasi-experimental pretest and post-test single group design is conducted. The convenience sample consists of 30 persons with HF, their informal caregivers and six nurses. SYMPERHEART is an evidence-informed intervention that targets symptom perception by educational and support components. Feasibility is measured by time-to-recruit; time-to-deliver; eligibility rate; intervention delivery fidelity rate. Acceptability is measured by rate of consent, retention rate, treatment acceptability and the engagement in the intervention components. Outcome responsiveness includes: HF self-care (via the Self-care of Heart Failure Index V.7.2); perception of HF symptom burden (via the Heart Failure Somatic Perception Scale V.3); health status (via the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12); caregivers' contribution to HF self-care (via the Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of Heart Failure Index 2); caregivers' burden (via the Zarit Burden Interview). Clinical outcomes include HF events, hospitalisation reason and length of hospital stay. Descriptive statistics will be used to report feasibility, acceptability, patient-reported outcomes (PRO) and clinical outcomes. PRO and caregiver-reported outcome responsiveness will be reported with mean absolute change and effect sizes.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The study is conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The Human Research Ethics Committee of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, has approved the study. Written informed consent from persons with HF and informal caregivers are obtained. Results will be published via peer reviewed and professional journals, and further disseminated via congresses.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ISRCTN18151041.

Outpatient nursing support for self-monitoring in patients with chronic heart failure

Background

Early symptoms of worsening heart failure are difficult for patients to detect and manage, contributing to the high readmission rate for worsening heart failure. Thus, it is important to promote self-monitoring and to support patients in recognizing and interpreting their symptoms. This study aimed to explore the ways in which specialized nurses in the outpatient setting provide support for self-monitoring in patients with chronic heart failure in Japan.

Methods

This exploratory study adopted a qualitative study design. The participants were a convenience sample of five nurses certified in chronic heart failure nursing and one advanced practice nurse certified in chronic care nursing, all with experience in outpatient nursing in Japan. Data were collected from June 2017 to October 2017 through semi-structured one-on-one interviews and were analyzed using an established qualitative inductive method.

Results

The analysis identified seven themes describing the nursing support provided by the study participants. Among these were three themes describing different forms of direct support for self-monitoring: “Encourage patients to reflect on their own,” “Support touching the body and developing body awareness,” and “Support sharing the task.” Two themes described practice perspectives: “Support self-monitoring that is not overly sensitive” and “Support connection with the patient’s life.” Two final themes described contextual factors in the outpatient care setting: “Struggling with constraints and powerlessness” and “Building a support system in the outpatient setting.”

Conclusions

The findings provide a practice for nurses promoting self-monitoring in patients with chronic heart failure in the outpatient setting. The study findings inform and provide goals for the support of self-monitoring in patients with heart failure and also, suggest the need to establish a strong support system for outpatient care in Japan.

Palliative key aspects are of importance for symptom relief during the last week of life in patients with heart failure

AIMS

This study aimed to describe symptom prevalence of pain, shortness of breath, anxiety, and nausea and to identify factors associated with symptom relief in patients with heart failure during their last week of life.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This nationwide study used data from the Swedish Register of Palliative Care and the Swedish Causes of Death Certificate Register. The sample included 4215 patients with heart failure as the underlying cause of death. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyse data. Pain was the most prevalent symptom (64.0%), followed by anxiety (45.1%), shortness of breath (28.8%), and nausea (11.4%). Pain was the most often totally relieved (77.5%), followed by anxiety (68.4%), nausea (54.7%), and shortness of breath (37.1%). Key aspects of palliative care such as documented palliative care in the patient record, individual medication prescriptions by injection, symptom assessment with validated scales, documented end-of-life discussions with patients and/or family members, and external consultation were significantly associated with symptom relief. Relief of pain, shortness of breath, anxiety, and nausea were significantly better managed in nursing homes and hospice/inpatient palliative care compared with care in hospitals.

CONCLUSIONS

The results show that key aspects of palliative care during the last week of life are significantly associated with symptom relief. Increased access to palliative care could provide a way to improve care during the last week of life for patients with heart failure. Home-based settings provided more symptom relief than hospitals, which may indicate that the latter focuses on treatments and saving lives rather than promoting life before death.

Does Symptom Recognition Improve Self-Care in Patients with Heart Failure? A Pilot Study Randomised Controlled Trial

Patients with heart failure have difficulty in self-care management, as daily monitoring and recognition of symptoms do not readily trigger an action to avoid hospital admissions. The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of a nurse-led complex intervention on symptom recognition and fluid restriction. A latent growth model was designed to estimate the longitudinal effect of a nursing-led complex intervention on self-care management and quality-of-life changes in patients with heart failure and assessed by a pilot study performed on sixty-three patients (33 control, 30 intervention). Patients in the control group had a higher risk of hospitalisation (IRR 11.36; p < 0.001) and emergency admission (IRR 4.24; p < 0.001) at three-months follow-up. Analysis of the time scores demonstrated that the intervention group had a clear improvement in self-care behaviours (βSlope. Assignment_group = −0.881; p < 0.001) and in the quality of life (βSlope. Assignment_group = 1.739; p < 0.001). This study supports that a nurse-led programme on symptom recognition and fluid restriction can positively impact self-care behaviours and quality of life in patients with heart failure. This randomised controlled trial was retrospectively registered (NCT04892004).